Environment and Social Due Diligence Report IND: India

Home , Banihal, Jawahar Tunnel, Pir Panjal Range, Qazigund, Ramban district

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report

December 2011

IND: India Infrastructure Project Financing Facility II –Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

Prepared by

India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited for the Asian Development Bank

This report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

INDIA INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE COMPANY LTD.

Sub Project: Four Laning of 15.350 Km. Quazigund to Banihal Section from Km 189.350 to Km. 204.700 including two tunnels (2 lane) of 0.690Kms. And 8.450Kms of NH-1A in the state of Jammu & Kashmir on DBFOT (Annuity) basis in the state of Jammu & Kashmir.

December, 2011

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 4 Background 4 DUE DILIGENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS: ...... 7 2. AVAILABILITY OF EIA/EMP REPORTS: ...... 8 3. ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY AND DUE DILIGENCE: ...... 8 4. CATEGORIZATION OF SUB-PROJECT: ...... 9 5. STATUS OF REGULATORY CLEARANCES: ...... 9 6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE: ...... 12 7. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS: ...... 13 8. ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY CLAUSES IN CONCESSION AGREEMENT AND EPC CONTRACT: ...... 13 9. EMP IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET: ...... 14 10. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) IMPLEMENTATION: ...... 15 10.1. institutional framework for emp implementation: ...... 18 10.2. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING: ...... 18 11. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: ...... 19 12. MONITORING BY IIFCL: ...... 20 DUE DILIGENCE ON SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS: ...... 21 13. SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS COMPLIANCE REVIEW: ...... 22 13.1. Methodology adopted for social compliance review ...... 22 14. MINIMIZATION OF SOCIAL IMPACTS: ...... 22 15. DUE DILIGENCE OF SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 22 15.1. Magnitude of Land Acquisition in the Subproject: ...... 22 16. RESETTLEMENT IMPACT IN THE SUB-PROJECT: ...... 23 16.1. Magnitude of Impact on Project Affected People ...... 23 16.2. Magnitude of Impact by Category of people ...... 23 17. COMPENSATION AND ENTITLEMENT: ...... 24 17.1. Resettlement Policy ...... 24 18. REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMT (R&R) OF PROJECT AFFECTED PEOPLE 24 18.1. Monitoring and Evaluation through External Agency ...... 26 19. INCOME RESTORATION AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION: ...... 26 20. PUBLIC CONSULTATION/FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION ...... 26 20.1. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) ...... 26 21. GRIEVANCE REDRESS CELL (GRC) ...... 28 22. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION: ...... 28

APPENDICES: APPENDIX-I: EIA-EMP REPORT APPENDIX-II: RELEVANT CLEARANCES AND PERMITS APPENDIX-III: CONCESSION AGREEMENT APPENDIX-IV: EPC CONTRACT

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

EENNVVIIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL AANNDD SSOOCCIIIAALL DDUUEE DDIIILLLLIIIGGEENNCC RREEPPOORRTT 1. IIINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIIOONN Background

1. Based on the competitive bid process, NHAI has signed the Concession Agreement with M/s Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Private Limited, a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) formed for implementing this project. NHAI has awarded the project to the Consortium to NECL and KPCL vide their letter of Award No.NHAI/BOT/11019/1/2009/QB/58 dated 30.04.2010 to construct Four –Laning ofQazigund to Banihal Section from km 189.350 to km 204.700 of NH-1A.

2. The Proposed Road of NH-1A starts from km 189.350 and ends at km 204.700, which matches km 221.000 of existing road. The subproject location road lies between North latitude 33º9’5” to 33º32’26” and East Longitude 75º0’39” to 75º25’8”. The length of road is 15.350 km including two tunnels (2 lane) of Km0.690 and Km8.45 and lies in the Ramban and Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir. Figure -1: The proposed Project Road

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

3. The project road runs parallel to the River Bichleri at most of the locations between km 190.000 to km 195.000 traversing through villages Zenihal, Asar, Lambar, Gund & Banihal Town before traversing through one of the small ridges of the main Pir Panjal Mountain ranges through a 674 m long short tunnel. The Channage wise details of the subproject improvements is given in Table-1

Table-1: The details of proposed project is as details

Sl. Chainage Proposed work Length (Km.) 1 km 189.350 to km 193.792 4 lane divided carriageway 4.442 2 km 193.792 to km 194.488 Short, bi directional tunnel 0.696 3 km 194.488 to km 195.425 2 lane divided carriageway 0.937 4 km 195.425 to km 203.865 Long, bi directional tunnel 8.440 5 km 203.865 to km 204.700 4 lane divided carriageway 0.835 Total 15.350

4. NHAI had envisaged up gradation of a section of NH1A that starts at Quazigund (at Chainage of km 189.350) and ends at Banihal (at Chainage of km 204.700) from the existing 2 lane road to 4 lane road. The total length of the project road is 15.35km long.

5. The salient features of the projectare given in Table 2.

Table 2: Project Salient Features Particulars Project Road The Concessionaire M/s Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd. (NQEPL) The Subproject Rehabilitation, Strengthening & 4 Laning of Quazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from Km. 189.350 to Km.204.700 including 2 Tunnels (2 lane of 0.690m & 8.450 Km. length) on DBFOT (Annuity) Basis, in the state of Jammu & Kashmir. Length 15.350 Km. Passes The Project road passes through 5 villages and two districts namely Ramban and Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir.. Carriageway 5.090 K m for four lane,0.680 Km. Short, bi directional tunnel, 1.030 Km. two lane divided carriageway and 8.450 Km. long, bi directional tunnel m for six lane and 7.0 m service road excluding the median. Service Roads on Total length of service road is aggregating to 3.256 km with both sides paved shoulder on both sides.(the details are in below table. Toll Plaza Two Nos. (at Km.193.760 and203.880 Km.) ROW 30 m for tunnels, 60m for highway, 15m for access roads. Intersection There are neither major intersections nor minor junctions. 5

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

Underpasses No underpasses Truck Lay-byes Two (at Km.196.650 to Km.193.450) and ( Km.204.100 to Km.204.600) Bus-bays/shelter Two (at Km.193.600-village Lambar) and at Km. 204.300 at exist of North portal of long tunnel Minor Bridges 6 Major Bridges 3 Culverts (Box) 9 Tunnel Short (T-1) 1 Short Tunnel,( From Km 193.792. to Km.194.488) Length- 696.00 Mts.

Tunnel Long (T-2) 1 long tunnel,(From Km 195.425 to Km.203.865. (the details are in Table) ROB/RUB 1 Source: Information from EIA Report

6. The debt component of the proposed project is being financed by a syndicated loan with lead Bank as State Bank of India; Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd. has signed a Common Rupee Loan Agreement with a consortium of 9 banks. The consortium comprises of Punjab National Bank, Central Bank of India, Bank of IndiaAndhra Bank, State Bank of Hyderabad, Oriental Bank of Commerce,Corporation Bank and India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL).

7. M/s Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd has signed a Common Rupee Loan Agreement with a consortium of 9 banks with State Bank of India as the Lead Bank on 8th January 2011. With the lenders including India Infrastructure Finance Company Ltd. (IIFCL). IIFCL as part of its infrastructure scheme has approved Rs375 Crores to NQEPL out of the total project cost of Rs2414.15Crores. Out of the approved Rs375Crores, IIFCL has already disbursed Rs48.55Crores to the subproject till October 2011. 8. Service Road has not been provided all along the road because there was no requirement of traffic. Only small service road near Banihal town from Km 189.500 to 189.900 (400 m) has been provided. The width of service road is 3.50m + 1.0m Paved shoulders on both sides. Also a haulage road to the tunnel has been provided. Details of the service road and haulage road are given as underTable-3: Table-3: Service Road and Haulage Road Sr. Chainage Length Width (m) Side No (Km) Service Road 1 189.500-189.900 0.400 3.50 + 1.0 P.S. on both sides LHS Haulage Road

1 193.000- 193.700 1.180 5.0 + 1.0 P.S. on both sides For access 2 193.670- 194.500 0.340 5.0 + 1.0 P.S. on both sides to tunnel 3 193.670- 194.500 1.396 5.0 + 1.0 P.S. on both sides south portal 4 203.000- 204.000 0.340 5.0 + 1.0 P.S. on both sides and north portal.

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

DDUUEE DDIIILLIIIGGEENNCCEE OONN EENNVVIIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL SSAAFFEEGGUUAARRDDSS:::

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

2. AAVVAAIIILLAABBIIILLIIITTYY OOFF EEIIIAA///EEMMPP RREEPPOORRTTSS:::

9. M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. through its consultant M/s Green Circle, Inc. has prepared the Environmental Assessment and Environment Management Plan. A copy of the EIA/EMP report is given in Appendix-I.

3. EENNVVIIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL SSEENNSSIIITTIIIVVIIITTYY AANNDD DDUUEE DDIIILLIIIGGEENNCCEE:::

10. The environmental sensitivity of the NH-1A section between Banihal- Quazigund sections (From km 189.350 to Km 204.700), including two tunnels (2 lane of 0.690 km & 8.450 km length) has been assessed by reviewing the Environmental Assessment and Management Plan, prepared as part of the project. The environmental sensitivity assessment is given below:

 The project road is passing through hilly terrain because of which topography of the area is rolling. The project road lies at an altitude of 1810 m above mean sea level.

 The predominant land use along the alignment is agriculture and Pir Panjal Ranges of the Himalayas which are demarcated with fairly dense scrub and also with pine forest. However, the alignment is not demarcated in any of the dense forest.

 The proposed new tunnels are passing through the Pir Panjal Ranges which are demarcated forest of Jammu and Kashmir.

 The existing alignment alignment is passing through Chakore Conservation Reserve and Notified Forest resulting in fragmentation of Natural Habitat whereas the proposed alignment is passing beneath these areas. The area through which existing road is passing is rich in biodiversity and has well developed road side plantation. The new alignment is passing beneath the area so biodiversity will be least affected.

 As per EIA report, no wild fauna has been reported near the road;

 The rehabilitation, strengthening & 4-laning of this NH section involves diversion of 6.90 Hectares of forest land for construction of underground tunnel through Pir Panjal Range of Kashmir region in Anantnag Forest Division;

 The net present value amounting to Rs. 40,02,000/- has been deposited with the office of Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Forest Department, J&K for diversion of above mentioned forest land

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

 There are no archeological monuments and sites within corridor of impact for this project;

 There are some private properties as well as other Government properties/facilities within the RoW that are likely to be affected due to proposed project.

 As per LIE’s monthly progress report of November 2011, Rehabilitation and resettlement of 27 houses over tunnel-2 in Banihal has been completed by the local administration and occupants have already been shifted to new houses. There is no involvement of Concessionaire in this regard;

 There are 3 major bridges , 6 minor bridges, 2 no. Toll Plaza, 2 Truck Lay bays, 9 Culverts structures are going to be constructed along the entire length of the project road.

 Public consultations have been conducted during the environmental studies to disseminate the project information and to record the views/aspirations of the local people along this NH section.

 Elaborate environmental management and monitoring programme has been suggested for this NH section;

 As per EIA/EMP report, a cost provision of INR 5.24 Crores has been proposed for Environment Management and monitoring plan for this project which includes Chakore Conservation measures also.

 As mentioned in LIE’s monthly progress report of November 2011, Periodical environmental management and monitoring during the project implementation is being carried out by the concessionaire.

4. CCAATTEEGGOORRIIIZZAATTIIIOONN OOFF SSUUBB---PPRROOJJEECCTT:::

11. The sub-project can be classified as category B-Sensitive based upon ADB’s EA requirements as per their Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). This classification is based on the review of the EA report and other available documents of the sub-project with respect to the environmental sensitivity. 5. SSTTAATTUUSS OOFF RREEGGUULLAATTOORRYY CCLLEEAARRAANNCCEESS:::

12. The statutory clearances required as part of the proposed widening and strengthening of NH- 1A section between Quazigund-Banihal sections was assessed and current status of

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

availability of such clearances are given in Table 4. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA-1986) provides holistic framework for the protection and improvement to the environment. Under the EPA-1986, certain development projects have been identified requiring environmental clearance as defined under EIA notification dated 14th September 2006 including all its amendments.

Table 4: Status of Regulatory Clearances Obtained

Sl. Clearances Statutory Current Status of Clearance No. Required Authority 1 Environmental Ministry of NHAI has been granted the Environmental Clearance Environment and Clearance vide MoEF letters no. (i) 5-40/2006- Forests, New Delhi IA-III ,dated 13.07.2007

2 Permission for Principal Chief J&K Forest Dept. has sanctionedvide J&K Govt. Forest Land Conservator of Order No. 202-FST of 2008 ,dated 27/05/2008 Diversion Forests, J&K Forest for diversion of 6.90 Ha of forest land for Dept., Kashmir construction of underground tunnel through PirPanjal Range of Kashmir region in Anantnag Forest Division.

The net present value amounting to Rs. 40,02,000/- has been deposited with the office of Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Forest Department, J&K for diversion of above mentioned forest land. (Details given in NHAI, PIU-Jammu communication letter to PCCF, J&K Forest Dept., Kashmir as attached in Appendix-II for Approvals).Developer has been requested to provide the copy of EC.

3 Consent to J&K State Pollution Consent has been received from J&K State Establish for Control Board Pollution Control Board for construction work of Batching Plant the highway under section 25/26 of the water (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974, and under section 21 of Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. This consent is taken for establishment at followingsites: 1. Wangund Village, Qazigund, Tehsil Dooru, District Anantnag (Consent Order no. 201/ROK of 2011, date of issue: 30-3-2011, Validity: 30-03-2012)

4. Consent to J&K State Pollution Consent has been received from J&K State Operate for Control Board Pollution Control Board for operation of Four DG Diesel Sets under Section 21 of the Air (Prevention & Generator Set Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and as amended to date and subject to the Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules,2000. This consent is taken for operation of DG Set at followingsites:

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

1. Ujroo Village, Qazigund, Tehsil Dooru, District Anantnag (Consent Order no. 200/ROK of 2011, date of issue: 30-3- 2011, Validity: 30-03-2012)

5 Consent to J&K State Pollution As informed by Developer, The EPC Contractor Establish for Control Board has identified 2-3 parties for supply of material Asphalt Plant directly for project execution. Moreover, the material will only be required only after two years, since the road works will be carried out only after completion of tunnel works.

6 Quarry Additional District As informed by Developer, the quarry will not be Approvals Magistrate required, as the boulders will be obtained from (ADM) Mines & the blasting and excavation activities for the Geology and tunnel. Hence the quarrying permits are not Village Sarpanch required for this project.

7. Borrow Earth Permission from As informed by Developer, the borrow earth will Permission irrigation dept. If not be required, as the required material will be land taken from obtained from the blasting and excavation irrigation dept. / activities for the tunnel. Hence the borrow earth Village Panchayat permits are not required for this project.

8. NOC for Govt. of Jammu No objection certificate has been received from Installations of and Kashmir, Office District Commissioner’s Offices of Ramban and Diesel of the Deputy Anantnag district regarding temporary Dispensing Commissioner, installation of Diesel Dispensing Units. Units Anantnag & Ramban District

9. NOC for Govt. of Jammu No objection certificate has been received from setting up of and Kashmir District Magistrate’s Office of Ramban district Portable ,District Magistrate regarding setting up of Portable Explosive Explosive Office, Ramban Magazine. Magazine District

10. License for Chief Controller of Licenseshas been obtained from CCoE office Use of Explosives, North regarding possession for use of Explosives in Explosives Circle, Faridabad magazine under Explosive Rules,2008

11. Blasting Govt. of Jammu Permissions for carrying out blasting work for Permissions and Kashmir Tunnels have been obtained from District ,District Magistrate Magistrate’s Offices of Ramban and Anantnag Office, Anantnag & district. Ramban District

12. Labour Govt. of India, Labour License has been received from License Ministry of Labour, Regional Labour Commissioner for this project Office of the under Section 12(1) of the Contract Labour Licensing Officer & (Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970. Regional Labour Commissioner (Central), 11

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

Jammu,J&K

13. Copies of all relevant clearance, approvals and permits are given in Appendix-II. 6. PPUUBBLLIIICC CCOONNSSUULLTTAATTIIIOONN AANNDD IIINNFFOORRMMAATTIIIOONN DDIIISSCCLLOOSSUURREE:::

14. Public participation and community consultation has been taken up as an integral part of social and environmental assessment process of the Project. Systematic Analysis has been done on the basis of Reconnaissance Survey and discussion with various People to identify the Stakeholders. After identification of Stakeholders, Public Consultation has been carried out from Screening Stage to Project Design Formulation Stage at different levels and using different techniques which are detailed below:

 Local level (village level / Block level) villagers whose properties, land, etc arebeing affected by the project,  District level consultations involving State Pollution Control Board Officials, NHAIofficials, Local Municipal elected officials, Revenue officials etc.  Institutional Level involves Forest Department, Indian Army, Revenue Authorities andRailway People.

15. During Screening Stage, Informal discussions and Interview Surveys has been carried out with the residents of Villages from where alignment is proposed. Group Discussions (GDs) has been held at selected locations along the proposed project road and selected locations have been selected so as to be truly representative of the Stakeholders. District Level Consultation was organized by State Pollution Control Board, Jammu and Kashmir under the Guidance of District Authorities and with the support of National Highway Authority of India. There wasrepresentation of different Govt. Departments like Pollution Control Board, Department of Forest, Revenue Authorities, District Administration, Elected Municipal Representatives and Publics. The various Govt. Departments / NGO’s have been consulted to have a broader view about the Project.

16. As per the process of information propagation and collecting relevant informationfor the social requirements of the project, various government officials wereconsulted during the census and assets inventory exercise of the affectedhouseholds. Consultation with influential local community leaders was made mainly to resolve the possible conflict creating issues likely social, political, historical, cultural and religious matters that may be barriers in project’s implementation. The local leaders were involved actively in the consultation meetings at most of the locations along the all villages falling in the proposed route area. Public consultation is a continual process that has been carried out at all stages throughout the project period. In order to document the issues raised by the potential PAPs during public consultation at DPR phase was organized along all the villages, which are falling in land acquisition area. A large number of potentially affected persons expressed their views about the proposed project.

17. The results of public consultation at most of the places are more or less related to the issues of adequate land compensation, housing accommodation for displaced families, road safety precautions specifically for women and school going children, mode of payment in 12

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

cash, centreline to be marked all along the land acquisition area, advantageous livelihood rehabilitation schemes, public amenities and services, new establishment of Entertainment Plaza/NHAI Dhaba, no involvement of local administration during payment of compensation to the affected people, local labour should be employed by contractor, highly sound GRC mechanism, lifting ban over new construction in agriculture land etc. Source: Chapter-6 on Social Impact Assessment and R&R Study, EIA Report

7. AALLTTEERRNNAATTIIIVVEE AANNAALLYYSSIIISS:::

18. The analysis of alternatives has been made on the basis of “with and without project scenarios” in terms of potential environmental impacts and among alternatives with Project Scenario.On the basis of analysis we can say that project accrues positive/beneficial impacts “With” project scenario and will greatly improve the environment and enhance social and economic development of the region compared to “Without” project scenario, which will further deteriorate the existing environment and quality of life. Two alternatives were considered:

 Alternative I : Widening of existing NH 1A to four lane from existing two lane.  Alternative II : New Alignment at an elevation of 1800m with two new tunnels of length 0.69km and 8.750 km.

19. On the basis of analysis, it is concluded that existing alignment should not be widened to cater to the need of increased traffic as it will involve hill cutting with steep slopes in the area where there are already 32 known landslides spots, these number may increase and process of soil erosion may set in once hill cutting is resorted. By creating safer and comfort journey, the newly proposed road will reduce the travel time and travel length by 15 km.

8. EENNVVIIIRROONNMMEENNTT AANNDD SSAAFFEETTYY CCLLAAUUSSEESS IIINN CCOONNCCEESSSSIIIOONN AAGGRREEEEMMEENNTT AANNDD EEPPCC CCOONNTTRRAACCTT:::

20. As per article 5 under obligations of Concessionaire in concession agreement, the concessionaire shall comply with all applicable laws and applicable permits (including renewals as required) in the performance of its obligations under this agreement. . It is also mentioned that Concessionaire shall ensure and procure that its contractors comply with all applicable permits and applicable laws in the performance by them of any of the Concessionaire’s obligations under this agreement. Concession agreement for this project is attached as Appendix-III. Safety requirements are given under Article 18 in which it is specified that the Concessionaire shall comply with the provisions of applicable laws and applicable permits and conform to good industry practices for securing the safety of the users. In particular, the Concessionaire shall develop, implement and administer a surveillance and safety programme for providing a safe environment on or about the project highway, and shall comply with the safety requirements set forth in Schedule-L.

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

21. Requirement to obtain applicable permits by Concessionaire under applicable laws has also been specified in Schedule -E of Concession agreement. As per the schedule- L of CA safety requirements apply to all phases of construction, operation and maintenance with emphasis on identification of factors associated with accidents, consideration of the same, and implementation of appropriate remedial measures. The concessionaire shall abide with applicable laws and applicable permits, manual for safety in road design, issued by MORTH, relevant standards/guidelines of IRC relating to safety In accordance with the provisions of CA and good industry practices relating to safety of users. NHAI shall appoint an experienced and qualified firm or organization as a safety consultant for the project for carrying out safety audit of the project highway in accordance with the safety requirements.

22. Copy of EPC Contract has been attached as Appendix-IV. As per Clause 5 of EPC Contract, The EPC Contractor has agreed to execute the EPC works by deploying all the input resources and in accordance with the provisions of the said “Concession Agreement”, and be completely responsible for the Engineering, Procurement and Construction of the project. As per clause 5, The EPC Contractor shall comply with all labour laws and other statutory requirements as may be applicable in the work area.

9. EEMMPP IIIMMPPLLEEMMEENNTTAATTIIIOONN BBUUDDGGEETT:::

23. As part of the project, detailed EMP measures has been undertaken including a budget for implementing the same. The EMP budget exclusively includes the following measures: i. Prevention of water pollution ii. Environmental Monitoring and Training; iii. Road side Tree plantation and maintenance; iv. Landscaping; v. Safety signs and safety provisions at construction sites vi. Enhancement of public facilities; vii. Disposal and debris management generated due to Tunnels Excavation; viii. Under Chakore Conservation, following measures will be taken:  Protection of Chakore and other Wildlife in the reserve with additional manpower and vehicle in the reserve  Creation and management of an Animal Rescue Centre with veterinary facilities  Improvement of habitat through creation of water holes/water storage structures including harvesting of water structures for ground water recharging and plantation of shrubs and herbs  Research on Chakore ecology and population survey and census  Awareness development campaign including establishment of a Nature Interpretation Centre  Development of ecotourism facilities  Eco-development activities around the Chakore reserve

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

10. EENNVVIIIRROONNMMEENNTT MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT PPLLAANN (((EEMMPP))) IIIMMPPLLEEMMEENNTTAATTIIIOONN:::

24. The environmental management plan as appeared in EIA report is given in Appendix-I, which describes the proposed mitigation measures that would be adopted during different stages of the project.Mitigation measures in the present project for the tunnel environment have primarily been built into the design features of both the tunnels with the requisite safeguards for the construction and the implementation phase. Anticipated impacts over ground have been proposed to be kept at acceptable levels through a combination of cost‐effective mitigation and management measures.

Topography:The solid waste generated due to the construction of tunnel will be partly used in the construction of embankment in the Banihal side and around 1 million cubic meter of muck will be disposed at identified site as per dump management plan.

Geology: In case of finding of mineralized zones or fossils along the tunnel alignment during excavation, it will be brought to the notice of the Department of Geology and Mining of theStateGovernment for directions from their end. Appropriate blasting design will be opted which willconsider safety, blast geometry, free faces, burden, spacing, initiation pattern and angled holes.

Land Environment: Localquarries and borrow areas shall be landscaped and developed for a variety of recreational andeconomic uses. Slope embankments will be provided with the grass turf and run off from the roadswill be harvested to the ground water to prevent any possibility of soil erosion. Maintenance work ofthe construction machinery will be done on pre- designed cemented platforms which will be furtherprovided with oil drains/ oil segregators. The excavations from tunnel sites shall be specifically usedin following ways: (i) Soft sedimentaries from excavations shall be used in road embankments; (ii)Similarly volcanic obtained from tunnel excavation shall be used in production of aggregates for roadmaking; and (iii) Hard sedimentary rock formations/stones shall be used in engineering structures forconstruction of breast and retaining walls.

Dump Management Plan: The project involves approximately 9 km of tunneling to cross the PirPanjal ranges. The excavation of the tunnels will be carried out from two ends, i.e. from Banihal and Quazigund side. The debris at collection point and disposal site will be kept moist by sprinkling water regularly. In Banihal side, these will be utilized for Rock fill Embankment; and Filling in Truck Parking. The material that is unlikely to be utilized in the works will have to be disposed. All structures like retaining walls etc. required will be constructed to retain the spoil. After filling of spoil/ debris the site will be developed as agreed initially with the owner of site before handing over of site.

Safety Features in Tunnel Construction and Operation: In order to achieve optimal level of safety intunnels, the primary objective has been kept at prevention and the secondary objective will bereduction of consequences. To deal with situations as accidents and fires, the objective has been tocreate ideal conditions for: (a) People involved in accidents to rescue themselves; and (b) Immediateevacuation of road users to minimise consequences. (c) Ensuring appropriate andtimely response by emergency services; (d) Protecting the

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

environment; and (e) Limiting materialdamage. Accordingly, Tunnel Safety Measures have been prepared which include areas such as fire,lightening, special safety features, power supply, natural risks, traffic management, ground support,ground water and roadway water. Very robust fire detection, control and management system will be provided. Safe tunnel operation will be ensured with installation of some state of theart systems like Global CCTV network, Automatic incident detection system, Tunnel SCADA system.

Environmental Enhancements:Additional positive actions are encouraged to be taken up as part of the EAprocess apart from the remedial /mitigation measures that are being proposedto address the negative impacts due to the project. These positive actions are inaddition to several other enhancements that occur inherently because of thevery nature of the project such as improved drainage, pedestrian facilities,landslide control and stabilization, overtopping and flooding etc. as theseimprovements are in-built in the Highway design, as part of good engineeringpractices.In addition to general enhancement measures, enhancementmeasures for Chakore conservation will also be taken up for which details are given in EA report.

25. Safety & Traffic Management Plan Measures/Precautions: Safety management team headed by a safety officer, mobilized by the EPC contractor is ensuring proper traffic & safety management along the entire stretch of the project road especially at junctions. The work of providing barricades and reflective delineators are being made at junctions. Also cautionary boards at regular intervals are placed at the required locations to avoid any possibility of accidents. (i) Personal Protective equipments like safety helmets and reflector jackets are provided to all staff and workers. (ii) Adequate advance warning and information signs in line with IRC/MORTH standards and specification are provided. (Source: Lender’s Independent Engineer Monthly Progress Report of November 2011)

26. As per Lender’s Independent Engineer Monthly Progress Report of November 2011, its reported that on environmental & safety regulations, LIE does not foresee any risk during project implementation. The mitigation measures/precautions being taken to safeguard environment and ensure safety are enclosed as Appendix E-5 with LIE report. It has been observed that the EPC Contractor is following these measures. M/s. LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd. has been appointed as Lender’s Independent Engineer. Details of environmental and safety compliances as given in monthly progress report(November 2011) are shown in Table 5 below.

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

Table 5: Environment and Safety Compliance at Project Site

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

10.1. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION: 27. The project institutional framework as given in the project EMP indicates that the overall implementation responsibility of the EMP lies with the Project Implementation Unit (PIU); Project Director at PIU is supported by the Environment Officer of NHAI. NHAI has appointed supervision consultant (SC) for carrying out audit of the project highway in accordance with the regulatory requirements and shall take all other actions necessary for securing compliance with such requirements. Chief Project manager of EPC Contractor is responsible for implementing the EMP during all phases of construction and ensures that all subcontractors are aware of and comply with the EMP.

28. The reporting system will operate linearly with the contractor who is at the lowest range of the implementation system reporting to the Supervision Consultant, who in turn shall report to the NHAI. All reporting by the contractor and Supervision Consultant shall be on a quarterly basis. Responsibilities for overseeing will rest with the Supervision Consultant’s staff reporting to the NHAI. Capacity to quantitatively monitor relevant ecological parameters would be an advantage but monitoring will primarily involveensuring that actions taken are in accordance with contract and specification clauses, and specified mitigation measures as per the EMP.

29. Reporting and Monitoring Systems for various stages of construction and related activities have been proposed to ensure timely and effective implementation of the EMP. The reporting system has been prepared for each of the stage of road construction namely:  Pre- construction stage  Construction Stage  Operation Stage This reporting shall be done through:  Reporting by the Contractor to the SC  Reporting by SC to NHAI

10.2. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING: 30. Various physical, biological and social components identified as of particularsignificance is affecting the environment at critical locations in various stages ofthe project have been suggested as Performance Indicators (PIS) listed belowshall be the focus for monitoring.

 Air quality w.r.t SPM, RSPM, NOx and SOx;  Surface water quality w.r.t BOD and pH  Ground Water quality w.r.t pH, DO, and Coliform count;  Noise levels (Leq and Maximum Noise level) around sensitive locations;  Replantation success / survival rate.

31. The monitoring plan during construction and operation stages has beendescribed in detail in the respective EMP chapter. For each of theenvironmental components, the monitoring plan specifies the parameters to bemonitored; location of monitoring sites; frequency and duration of monitoring.The monitoring plan also specifies the applicable standards, implementationand

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

supervising responsibilities. Project developer is requested to provide the latest copy of Environmental Monitoring report.

11. CCOONNCCLLUUSSIIIOONN AANNDD RREECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIIOONN:::

32. Based upon the available documents and site visit, it is concluded that the concessionaire through their EPC contractor has undertaken adequate environmental safeguard measures. The conclusions for the sub-project are given below:  The sub-project has been prepared by NHAI as per its own funding requirement and not in anticipation to ADB operation.

 The sub-project has most of the required national and local level environmental clearance as well as permits and approvals for project implementation as given in Appendix-II.

 The existing alignment is passing through Chakore Conservation Reserve and Notified Forest resulting in fragmentation of Natural Habitat whereas the proposed alignment is passing beneath these areas so biodiversity will be least affected.

 All weather traffic flow will be maintained between Jammu and Srinagar as the new proposed alignment will avoid the 38 landslips areas and 15 Snow Avalanches zones. The traveling distance will be reduced by 15.40 km and climbing up and down the hill will be avoided as the long tunnel north portal is almost at the level of entrance to the valley.

 Saving in travel time will lead to lesser fuel consumption.The proposed Project will result in substantial environmental benefits. There will be less Green House Gas emissions because of reduction in travelling time, distance, and smooth flow of traffic.

 As per monthly progress report,EPC Contractor is taking mitigation measures/precautions to safeguard environment and ensure safety

 Based on the due diligence findings, the sub-project developer has taken adequate measures for environmental management so it can be deduced that the sub-project has no significant environmental safeguard issues.

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

12. MMOONNIIITTOORRIIINNGG BBYY IIIIIIFFCCLL:::

33. IIFCL has requested the developer to provide the details of Compensatory afforestation, copies of environment related clearance/permits, Environmental quality monitoring and Six Monthly EMP Compliance Reports.

IIFCL shall further undertake site visits to monitor the development of Environmental safeguards measures and safety measures as prescribed in the EIA/EMP report.

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

DDUUEE DDIIILLIIIGGEENNCCEE OONN SSOOCCIIIAALL SSAAFFEEGGUUAARRDDSS:::

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

13. SSOOCCIIIAALL SSAAFFEEGGUUAARRDDSS CCOOMMPPLLIIIAANNCCEE RREEVVIIIEEWW:::

13.1. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR SOCIAL COMPLIANCE REVIEW 34. The social safeguard due diligence study was carried out for the sub-project with the information and documents provided by the concessionaire, NavayugaQuazigund Expressway Private Limited(NQEPL). Social due diligence for the subproject was initiated by IIFCL after review of EIA/EMP report including social impact assessment and R&R studyto understand the salient features of the project and various social and resettlement concerns. Following documents were referred in order to prepare the Social Safeguard Due Diligence Report :  Environment Impact Assessment Report (EIA)  Environment Management Plan (EMP)  Concession Agreement (CA)  Lender’s In dependent Engineer Report (October 2011)

14. MMIIINNIIIMMIIIZZAATTIIIOONN OOFF SSOOCCIIIAALL IIIMMPPAACCTTSS:::

35. During the project planning stage efforts have been under taken by the Concessionaire to minimize the social impacts due to the project. The Various mitigation measures adopted by NQEPL at the time of design is briefed below:

 To ensure that all the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) are duly compensated on time.

 Avoiding / reducing the adverse social impacts during the project design stage, especially while finalizing the alignments;

 Mitigating the unavoidable adverse impacts at the planning, construction and implementation phase.

15. DDUUEE DDIIILLIIIGGEENNCCEE OOFF SSOOCCIIIAALL IIIMMPPAACCTTSS

15.1. MAGNITUDE OF LAND ACQUISITION IN THE SUBPROJECT: 36. The total land requirement of the project is only 793925.00 sqm, out of which 6358505.00 sqm has been acquired. This envisage that 80.08% of land is available with the NQEPL The breakup of required land details is given in Table-6.

Table -6Work Front Available/Handed over as on Date Sl.No. Particulars Forest Land Private Total (sqm) Land ( sqm) (sqm) A Banihal to 185300 450505 635805 Quazigund(Km.189.350 to Km. 204.700 22

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

Work Fron Not Available/Not Hand over B Banihal to Quazigund 0 158120 158120 (Km.189.350 to Km. 204.700 Total Land Required (A+B) 793925 Existing ROW 0 Total Land Handed over as on date 31/10/2011 635805 Source: LIE progress report October 2011

16. RREESSEETTTTLLEEMMEENNTT IIIMMPPAACCTT IIINN TTHHEE SSUUBB---PPRROOJJEECCTT:::

16.1. MAGNITUDE OF IMPACT ON PROJECT AFFECTED PEOPLE 37. During the project planning stage, it is found that 238households will be affected due to the land acquisition of the subproject which consists of 1494 project affected persons consists of 796 male and 698 females are affected and the average household size is 6.3.The project affected people are either commercial or residential or residential cum commercial or kiosks owners. There are 13 residential households is being affected and 225 Agricultural land households are affected due to the subproject. The distribution of affected families and persons is given in Table-7.

Table -7: Project Affected Families and Persons Type of Loss Families affected Project Affected Persons Male Female

Residential Households 13 796 608 Agricultural Land Households 225 Total 238 1496 Source: EIA

16.2. MAGNITUDE OF IMPACT BY CATEGORY OF PEOPLE

38. As mentioned in the SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND R&R STUDY report which is a part of Environmental Impact Assessment Report (chapter VI of EIA report), there is no affected vulnerable families belong to the social category of Schedule Tribe. However, it is estimated that only 22 of the total number of households (238) fall in the vulnerable category. However, there are no SC, ST, OBC, Women House Hold (WHH) and PHH households identified along the project road. The below Table8 gives the details of the vulnerable categories. Table -8 Vulnerable Group

Sl.No Vulnerable Group Number of % of all 238 Households HHs 1 Below Poverty line(BPL) 22 9.2 2 Other Backward Class (OBC) 0 0 3 Woman Headed Household (WHH) 0 0 4 Physically Handicapped Household 0 0

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

(PHH) Total 22 9.2 Source: EIA

17. CCOOMMPPEENNSSAATTIIIOONN AANNDD EENNTTIIITTLLEEMMEENNTT:::

17.1. RESETTLEMENT POLICY

39. All acquisition of land would be under the National Highways Act 1956. The project authorities will follow the normal procedure laid down in the Act for acquisition. The appointed “competent authority” will pay compensation for land and assets to the titleholders and to non-titleholders for their structures.The details of the compensation and entitlement matrix As mentioned in the social impact assessment and R&R study report which is a part of Environmental Impact Assessment Report (chapter VI of EIA report)Annexure-1,

40. While preparing the budget, the R&R team laid special emphasis on arriving at an estimate of the market value of the land that is being required. Market value surveys were also conducted at the time valuation. The resettlement budget, particularly, the compensation and assistance payment components for land and non-land assets, has been computed in consultation with Revenue Department Officials. The details are given in social impact assessment and R&R study report which is a part of Environmental Impact Assessment Report (chapter VI of EIA report), Annexure-1.

18. RREEHHAABBIIILLIIITTAATTIIIOONN AANNDD RREESSEETTTTLLEEMMTT (((RR&&RR))) OOFF PPRROOJJEECCTT AAFFFFEECCTTEEDD PPEEOOPPLLEE

41. The estimated budget for R&R, includes compensation for structure is about 0.80 crores, R&R Assistance for House Affected People is about 1.30 lakhs, Support for Project Implementation is about Rs. 3.47 lakhs and other miscellaneous is about 2.0 lakhs. All the above costs are excluded with contingency cost. Component wise budget break-up is indicated in the following Table-9.

42. The most positive aspect on social due diligence of the rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R) is 27 houses over tunnel-2 onBanihal has been completed by the local administration and occupants have already been shifted to new houses. There is no involvement of NQEPL in this regard and this is the holistic approach of the district administration of Jammu and Kashmir.

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

Table-9 Component wise Budget Break up

Sl. Item Unit Quantiy Unit Rate Amount Amonut No. (Crores.) in Crores A Compensation for Structure 1 Cost of Builtup Sqm 154.00 2200 338,800.0 0.03 Residential Area: Kutcha

2 Cost of Built up Sqm 628.00 3500 2,198,000.0 0.22 Residential Area: Semi- Pucca

3 Cost of Built up Sqm 1216.00 4500 5,472,000.0 0.55 Residential Area: Pucca

TOTAL 8,008,800.0 0.80 B Assistance R&R Assistance for PAF 13 10000 130,000.0 0.01 Housing Affected People

TOTAL C Support for Project Implementation 1 Training to staff and Lump 50,000.0 0.01 NGOs Sum

2 Translation and printing PAF 238 200 47,600.0 0.01 of the Policy, I cards, etc.

3 Studies and updating of Lump 50,000.0 0.01 survey data Sum

4 NGO Recruitment for Lump 200,000.0 0.02 RAP Sum implementation

TOTAL 347,600.0 0.05 D Other Activities 1 HIV/AIDS Awareness Lump 100,000.0 0.01 Campaign Sum

2 M&E Consultants Lump 100,000.0 0.01 Sum

TOTAL 200,000.0 0.02 GRAND TOTAL (A+B+C+D) 8,686,400.0 0.88 25

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

18.1. MONITORING AND EVALUATION THROUGH EXTERNAL AGENCY 43. IIFCL shall take up with the Lenders Independent Engineers to appropriately address the progress on social issues such as local employment during the construction and operation stages of the project.

44. Monitoring and Evaluation must be simultaneous with the implementation of R&R Plan and measure. The main purpose of involving such an agency is to bring the problems and difficulties faced by the PAFs to the notice of Administrator R&R on a regular basis for their redressal as well as to help in formulating and undertaking corrective measures. 19. IIINNCCOOMMEE RREESSTTOORRAATTIIIOONN AANNDD EEMMPPLLOOYYMMEENNTT GGEENNEERRAATTIIIOONN:::

45. Though, the subproject is a linear project and due to land acquisition the APs are losing part of their land and not getting economically displaced. However the focus of restoration of livelihoods is to ensure that the Affected Persons are able to “regain their previous living standards”. To restore and enhance the economic conditions of the affected people, local people are employed for unskilled activities during the construction and operation stage. 20. PPUUBBLLIIICC CCOONNSSUULLTTAATTIIIOONN///FFOOCCUUSS GGRROOUUPP DDIIISSCCUUSSSSIIIOONN

46. To ensure the peoples participation in the project planning and preparation phase of this project and treating public consultation and participation as a continuous process,numerous events were attempted at this stage of project preparation. In this project public consultation has been done in Local level, village level and also institutional level.

47. Initial Public consultation has been carried out for this this subproject with the objectives of minimizing probable adverse impacts of the project through alternate design solutions (alignment and cross-sectional). Several meetings have organized at various locations, promoting public understanding of the processes and mechanisms through which developmental problems and needs are investigated and solved.

20.1. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD) During project planning stage Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) has been held at selected locations along the proposed project road. The FGD’s has been carried twice at a place. In the first instance the information has been disseminated, public has been informed about the Project, Various Activities associated with the Projects their views and concerns has been solicited. In the second instance the public has been informed about the integration of the issues in the design raised by them and what could not be integrated and reasons for the same.The village wise focus group discussion are summarized in Table-10

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

Table-10 Village wise focus group held

Source: EIA

Sl. Date( Ist FGD) Date(IInd FGD) Place Duration No

1 February15 December 4,2006 Krawah 2.15 hrs 2005 Village

2 February16, December 5,2006 Kaskoot 2.00 hrs 2005 Village

3 February17, December6,2006 Kaskoot 2.50 hrs 2005 Village

4 February December7,2006 Zenhal Village 2.00 18,2005

5 February December8,2006 Asher Village 2.35 hrs 19,2005

6 February December9,2006 Lamber 2.00 20,2005 Village

7 February December10,2006 Chureel 1.50 hrs 21,2005 Village

8 February December11,2006 GundTethar 2.45 hrs 22,2005

48. District Level Consultation was organized by State Pollution Control Board, Jammu and Kashmir under the Guidance of District Authorities and with the support of National Highway Authority of India. There was representation of different Govt. Departments like Pollution Control Board, Department of Forest, Revenue Authorities, District Administration, Elected Municipal Representatives and Publics.

49. The various points raised in the meeting were mostly related to alignment modifications, landslides, snow avalanches zone, and employment to local people, loss of productive landand compensation criteria at market rates. All those attended the meetings are unanimously in favor of the project. Some of the general issues raised during the different consultation sessions can be summed and the details are find in the Annexure-1

Environment and Social Due Diligence Report Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Pvt. Ltd.

21. GGRRIIIEEVVAANNCCEE RREEDDRREESSSS CCEELLLL (((GGRRCC))) 50. GRC will assist the PAPs in resolving queries and complaints. Any disputes will be addressed through the grievance redressal mechanism in anticipation that most, if not all grievance are settled by the GRC. The GRC will continue to function for the benefit of the Project Affected People (PAP). All possible efforts will be made to motivate the affected landowners and structure owners for a voluntary and amicable settlement of their claims outside the court as far as possible. 22. CCOONNCCLLUUSSIIIOONNSS AANNDD RREECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIIOONN:::

51. Based upon the available documents it is concluded that the concessionaire has undertaken adequate social safeguard measures for the implementation of the sub project. The conclusions for the sub-project is given below:

 The sub-project has been prepared by NHAI as per its own funding requirement and not anticipation to ADB operation;  All acquisition of land would be under the National Highways Act 1956;  The project meets the social safeguard obligations of the Govt. of India legislations and responses adequately to the ESSF of IIFCL  The land acquisition would be underthe NationalHighways Act 1956 and the compensation has been paid to the affected families before handing over the land to the concessionaire.  Adequate measures have been adopted for the minimization of social impacts during the planning stage of the sub-project. The design has been finalized with due consideration so that the alignment do not pass through any congested settlement area.  Local people’s view have been given due consideration during the implementation of the project., road side drainages along the project alignment has been incorporated in the design during the construction stage after receiving such suggestions and demands from the local people.  No one shall be adversely affected due to the implementation of the project and if there are any adverse impacts, it is to be mitigated appropriately to the best possible extent.  The Current Sub-project, therefore does not appears to involve any kind of reputational risk to ADB on social safeguards.  Development of highway projects, especially two tunnels between Quzigund and Banihal along the NH-IA reduce the number of accidents. The most positive aspect on social due diligence of the rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R) is 27 houses over tunnel-2 on Banihal has been completed by the local administration and occupants have already been shifted to new houses. There is no involvement of NQEPL in this regard and this is the holistic approach of the district administration of Jammu and Kashmir.

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

PREPARED FOR

REHABILITATION, STRENGTHENING AND 4 LANING OF QAZIGUND

TO BANIHAL SECTION OF NH-1A FROM 189.350 TO KM 204.700 IN STATE OF JAMMU & KASHMIR OF

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd.

CONDUCTED & PREPARED BY

GREEN CIRCLE, INC.

EIA & Environmental R & D Laboratory

REGD. OFFICE: 401-402, Reign Plaza, Near Kalpvrush Complex, Gotri Road, Vadodara-390021 (Gujarat), India Ph no: 0265-2291228, Mobile: 09427301026 E mail ID: [email protected], Web site: www.greencircleinc.com

MUMBAI OFFICE: 506, Orchid Apts., B/h. Sanjog Hotel, Carter Road No.7 Borivali (East) Mumbai -400 066 (Maharashtra), India. Ph no: 0223207722, E mail ID: [email protected]. M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to Km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

QUALITY CONTROL SHEET

Rev. Date Reason History by Chkd Apprd.

Final Environmental Impact 02 21.07.10 AS DRP PJ Assessment Report

AS : Ms. Aneri Shah DRP : Dr. Prabhakar Reddy PJ : Mr. Pradeep Joshi

Prepared by : Ms. Aneri Shah, Executive Environment

Signature :

Cross checked by : Dr. Prabhkar Reddy, Sr. Manager (EIA & EE)

Signature :

Approved by : Mr. Pradeep Joshi, CEO

Signature :

Released by : Mr. Nachiket Joshi, Group Manager A & F

Signature :

Green Circle, Inc.

GREEN CIRCLE, INC. CCCEEERRRTTTIIIFFFIIICCCAAATTTEEE

This is to certify that M/s. Green Circle, Inc., has conducted the Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the “Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from 189.350 km to km 204.700 in State of Jammu & Kashmir by M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd.” and observed that the project does not have any major negative impact to the environment.

For: Green Circle, Inc.

(Pradeep Joshi)

Chief Executive Officer REGD. OFFICE

GREEN CIRCLE, INC.

401, Reign Plaza, Opp. Kalpvruksh Complex,

Gotri, Vadodara – 390 021 Ph No: 0265-2291228, Mobile: 09427301026 E mail ID: [email protected], Web site: www.greencircleinc.com

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Green Circle, Inc., highly acknowledge the opportunity provided by M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. for assigning the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment report for the Proposed Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from 189.350 to Km 204.700 in State of Jammu & Kashmir.

We express our sincere gratitude to the officials of M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. for the cooperation and support extended to us during this assignment, devoid of which this report could not have been successfully prepared.

The assistance of large number of persons in government departments and private individuals in secondary data collection is also thankfully acknowledged. DISCLAIMER

The information contained in this report is based on the scientific analysis of data/information/drawings provided by the client and also collected from other sources/nodal agencies (if required) during the time of the study. Conscious efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of information in the report, however, Green Circle, Inc. shall not own, in any manner, any legal, financial or consequential responsibility for any event of occurrence of any accident/hazard or direct or indirect damage/loss to any third party or to sponsor due to the use or inability to use the information contained in the report.

The sponsor shall exercise Impact assessment and make their own decision to implement the contents of this report. The report shall not be constructed as any guarantee or warranty from Green Circle, Inc. M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to Km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl. No. Title Page No. Executive Summary i-xix Chap- 1 Introduction 1.0 Preamble 1.1 1.1 About the proponent (NHAI) 1.5 1.2 Project background 1.6 1.3 Need for the project development 1.7 1.4 Scope of work 1.7 1.5 Structure of report 1.9 Chap-2 Project description 2.0 General 2.1 2.1 Type of project 2.1 2.2 Location 2.1 2.3 Project intervention 2.2 2.4 Benefits of project 2.9 2.5 Legal framework 2.9 2.5.1 Environmental clearance 2.9 2.5.2 Clearances required for the present project 2.10 2.5.3 Organizational arrangements 2.11 2.5.4 Qualifications and experience 2.13 2.5.5 Principal duties 2.14 2.5.6 Contractors 2.14 2.5.7 Environmental training 2.15 2.5.8 Environmental Monitoring 2.15 Chap-3 Description Of Environment 3.0 General 3.1 3.1 Site location 3.1 3.2 Physical environment 3.1 3.2.1 Topography 3.1 3.2.2 Physiography 3.1 3.2.3 Geology and Rocks 3.3

Green Circle, Inc. List of Contents

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to Km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. No. Title Page No. 3.2.4 Soil 3.7 3.2.5 Regional drainage/ natural drainage 3.9 3.2.6 Land use pattern 3.10 3.3 Climate and Meterology 3.11 3.3.1 Temperature 3.11 3.3.2 Rainfall 3.12 3.3.3 Snowfall 3.13 3.3.4 Wind 3.14 3.3.5 Humidity 3.15 3.4 Water quality assessment 3.16 3.4.1 Surface water Resources 3.16 3.4.2 Ground water Resources 3.19 3.5 Ambient air quality 3.20 3.6 Noise quality 3.23 3.7 Ecological parameters 3.25 3.7.1 Forest 3.26 3.7.2 Flora 3.27 3.7.3 Fauna 3.28 3.8 Socio economic environment 3.29 Chap-4 Environmental impact identification and mitigation measures 4.0 Introduction 4.1 4.1 Scale of study 4.8 4.2 Impact on physical resources 4.8 4.2.1 Impact on Topography due to proposed project 4.8 4.2.2 Impact on Geology due to proposed project 4.9 4.2.3 Impact on Water Environment 4.11 4.2.4 Impact on Land Environnent 4.16 4.2.5 Air Environment 4.19 4.2.6 Noise Environment 4.23 4.2.7 Impact on Ecological Resources 4.26 4.2.8 Impact on Social & Cultural Ressources 4.28

Green Circle, Inc. List of Contents

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to Km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. No. Title Page No. 4.2.9 Impact on Public health & Occupational safety 4.30 4.2.10 Impact on Road safety 4.31 4.2.11 Safety features in Tunnel construction and operation 4.33 Chap-5 Environmental management plan 5.0 Introduction 5.1 5.1 Objectives of the map 5.1 5.2 Meeting the EMP objective 5.2 5.3 Environmental Management Plan Matrix (EMPM) 5.3 5.4 Environmental monitoring 5.49 5.4.1 Monitoring plans 5.49 5.4.2 Contingency and event action plans 5.50 5.5 Environmental reporting system 5.59 5.5.1 Internalizing environmental expertise in the NHAI 5.62 5.6 Environmental enhancements 5.66 5.7 Environmental Budget 5.68 Chap- 6 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND R&R STUDY 6.0 Public consultation 6.1 6.1 Objectives 6.2 6.2 Methodology adopted for public consultations 6.3 6.2.1 Identification of stakeholders 6.3 6.2.2 Stages and levels of consultation 6.3 6.2.3 Methods used for consultation 6.3 6.3 Issues raised and community perception 6.8 6.3.1 Local/village level consultation 6.8 6.4 Consultation with local government officials 6.11 6.4.1 Consultation with local NGO 6.11 6.4.2 Consultation with community leaders 6.12 6.4.3 Consultation with affected people 6.15 6.5 Plan for continued public participation 6.28 6.5.1 Disclosure of information 6.31 6.5.2 Public information and transparency 6.31

Green Circle, Inc. List of Contents

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to Km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. No. Title Page No. 6.5.3 Community participation 6.32

6.6 Evaluation of census and socio-economic survey 6.38 6.6.1 Results of the census survey 6.38 6.7 Evaluation of baseline socio-economic survey 6.44 6.7.1 Vulnerable households 6.44 6.7.2 Possession of durable consumer items 6.45 6.7.3 Women’s participation in decision making activities 6.46 6.7.4 Migration 6.46 6.7.5 Health care 6.46 6.8 Policy and legal framework 6.47 6.9 Legal framework 6.47 6.9.1 The land acquisition act 1894 6.47 6.9.2 The (J&K) state land acquisition act, 1990 (1934 A.D.) 6.49 6.9.3 The national highways act, 1956 6.50 6.9.4 Ministry of environment and forests guidelines, 1989 6.51 6.9.5 The Indian national R&R policy, 2004 6.52 6.9.6 The NHAI R&R guidelines 6.53 6.9.7 The World Bank R&R Policy 6.54 6.9.8 The ADB policy 6.55 6.10 Proposed resettlement policy 6.56 6.11 Summary of entitlement matrix 6.58 6.12 Benefits enhancements as part of the entitlement 6.61 framework 6.13 Acquisition of land and properties 6.62 6.14 Estimated R&R budget 6.62 6.15 Registration cost and fees 6.66 6.16 Methodology for valuation of R&R assistance 6.67 6.17 Disbursement of compensation and assistance 6.66 Chap-7 Project benefits 7.0 General 7.1 7.1 Creating best transport facility to international airport 7.2

Green Circle, Inc. List of Contents

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to Km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. No. Title Page No. 7.2 Tourism development 7.2 7.3 Economic development 7.3 7.4 Employment opportunity 7.3 7.5 Reductions in accidents, morbidity and mortality 7.3 7.6 Reductions in operation cost 7.4 7.7 Indirect benefits 7.4 7.8 Environmental benefits 7.5

Green Circle, Inc. List of Contents

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No. 1.1 The Status of Indian Road Network 1.2 1.2 Implementation of work 1.4 2.1 Proposed configuration of road 2.2 2.2 Improvement proposal 2.5 2.3 Clearance requirement for the present project 2.10 Distribution of Litho-tectonic units along the Pir Panjal 3.1 3.7 tunnel 3.2 Temperature profile of Banihal 3.12 3.3 Rainfall profile at Banihal 3.12 3.4 Snowfall data published in Indian highways journal 3.14 3.5 Wind profile at Banihal 3.15 3.6 Relative humidity in % recorded at Banihal 3.16 3.7 Water quality of Bichleri river 3.18 Water quality criteria for Indian National Aquatic 3.8 3.18 Sources 3.9 Ground water monitoring stations 3.20 3.10 Ground water monitoring result 3.20 3.11 Monitoring locations of ambient air quality 3.22 3.12 Result of ambient air quality monitoring 3.22 3.13 Details of Noise quality monitoring locations 3.24 3.14 Results of noise quality monitoring 3.24 3.15 Distribution of forest area in Jammu Kashmir state 3.26 List of Settlement/Villages along the proposed 3.16 3.28 alignment 3.17 List of school/colleges 3.29 3.18 List of Religious structures 3.29 4.1 Details of materials 4.9

Green Circle, Inc. List of Tables & Figures i

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

4.2 Tunnel safety measures 4.33 Measure adopted during the different stages of the 5.1 5.4 project Contingency and event action plans in case of 5.2 5.51 exceeding prescribe limits 5.3 Stage-wise reporting system of NHAI 5.61 Training components for Banihal - Srinagar stretch of NH 5.4 5.63 – 1A 6.1 FGD’s locations 6.4 6.2 List of officials consulted 6.5 6.3 Issues and responses 6.8 6.4 Name of NGOs 6.12 6.5 Consultation with community leader 6.13 6.6 Continued participation of PAPs 6.29 6.7 Consultation with government official 6.33 6.8 Loss of properties 6.39 6.9 Magnitude of impact on PAPs 6.40 6.10 Magnitude of impact on households 6.40 6.11 Type of construction 6. 41 6.12 Occupation and Economic base of PAPs 6.41 6.13 Households annual income 6.42 6.14 Compensation options 6.43

6.15 Willingness to shift 6.43

6.16 Vulnerable groups 6.44 6.17 Possession of Durable consumer items 6.45 6.18 Proposed entitlement framework 6.60 6.19 Compensation for encroachment of land 6.63 6.20 The details of R&R cost 6.64 6.21 The summary of the R&R cost 6.66

Green Circle, Inc. List of Tables & Figures ii

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No. 1.1 National highways development project 1.3 1.2 The proposed road stretch 1.6 2.1 Place of proposed alignment in Asar village 2.3 2.2 Bridge location at Bicheleri river between two 2.3 tunnels 2.3 Location of south portal of long tunnel 2.4 2.4 Cross section of the 4 laning of Banihal to Srinagar 2.6 section (including Srinagar bypass) 2.5 Typical tunnel section fro 4 laning of Banihal to 2.7 Srinagar Section (including Srinagar bypass) in J & K state 2.6 Typical cross section for embankment height for 2.8 Banihal to Srinagar section (including Srinagar bypass) in J & K state 2.7 Proposed organization chart 2.12 3.1 Proposed project location map 3.2 3.2 Geological section along south portal area of small 3.4 tunnel 3.3 Geological section along small tunnel no.1 near 3.5 Lambar 3.4 Geological sections along main Pir Panjal tunnel 3.6 no.2 3.5 Soil type package – IV & V (Km 188.000 to Km 3.8 220.700) NH 1- A 3.6 NH – 1A – Banihal to Srinagar (Package V – km 188 3.9 to km 204 ) drainage map

Green Circle, Inc. List of Tables & Figures iii

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

3.7 Land use / landcover map package – IV % V (Km 3.10 188.000 to Km 220.700) NH 1 – A project, J & K 3.8 Year wise average rainfall in mm 3.13

3.9 Month wise Humidity in % 3.15 3.10 Proposed bypass over Bichleri river 3.17 3.11 Ambient air quality 3.23 3.12: Ambient noise quality (Day and Night) 3.24 3.13 Map of forest area, Jammu & Kashmir 3.26 4.1 Impact network for air environment 4.3 4.2 Impact network for water environment 4.4 4.3 Impact network for land environment 4.5 4.4 Impact network for social economics of study area 4.6 4.5 Comprehensive impact network for proposed 4.7 project 6.1 Administrative discussion of land acquision with 6.3 Naib Tahsildar at Banihal 6.2 A view of public participation of Zenhal 6.6 6.3 Village level consultation at Kaskoot 6.6 6.4 Group discussion at Kaskoot 6.6 6.5 Social scientist with affected people at Krawah 6.7 6.6 Stakeholder consultation at Banihal 6.7 6.7 Stakeholder consultation at Asar 6.7 6.8 Socio Scientist with local leaders sitting in the 6.11 complex of Mosque and Madarsa at Banihal 6.9 Social scientist with affected people at Krawah 6.15 6.10 Social scientist with PAPs at Krawah 6.16 6.11 Social scientist with PAPs at Kaskoot 6.17 6.12 PAPs at Kaskoot in the second public consultation 6.19 6.13 A view of public participation of PAPs at Zenhal 6.20

Green Circle, Inc. List of Tables & Figures iv

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

6.14 A view of public consultation at village Asher 6.22 6.15 Social scientist with affected landowners at lamber 6.24 6.16 People during consultation meeting at Chureet 6.25 6.17 A view of public participation 6.26 6.18 Social scientist with beneficiary population at 6.27 village Nowgaon 6.19 A view of household survey at village Zinhal 6.38

Green Circle, Inc. List of Tables & Figures v

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

ABBREVIATIONS

BIS : BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD CPCB : CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD DB (A) : DECIBEL EIA : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT EMP : ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN HR : HOUR DFO : DISTRICT FOREST OFFICER IMD : INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT IS : INDIAN STANDARD KM : KILOMETER % : PERCENTAGE TDS : TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS BOD : BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND EO : ENVIRONMENTAL OFFICER SOL : SURVEY OF INDIA NAAQS : NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS NHDP : NATIONAL HIGHWAYS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT CCI : CABINET COMMITTEE ON INFRASTRUCTURE NHAI : NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY OF INDIA ROW : RIGHT OF WAY LHS : LEFT HAND SIDE RHS : RIGHT HAND SIDE NGO : NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION HA : HECTARE PIA : PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA COI : CORRIDOR OF IMPACT AVG : AVERAGE

Green Circle, Inc. Abbreviations

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

BOD : BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND CO : CARBON MONOXIDE

CO2 : CARBON DIOXIDE COD : CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND E. COLI : ESCHERETIA COLI EIA : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT EPI : EXAPANDED PROGRAMME OF IMMUNIZATION FSI : FLOOR SPACE INDEX GOI : GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

H2S : HYDROGEN SULFIDE GAS IS : INDIAN STANDARD EMP : ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME NP : NATIONAL POLICY WHH : WOMEN-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS PAFs : PROJECT AFFECTED FAMILIES CGO : COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS NGOS : NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS R&R : REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT CRDD : CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR DALITS PAPs : PROJECT-AFFECTED PERSONS BPL : BELOW POVERTY LEVEL

Green Circle, Inc. Abbreviations

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 Introduction

Infrastructure developmental projects bring the changes in the existing environmental and social scenario in the project area. These changes are both positive and negative in nature. These impacts can be minimized by making modifications in the design, implementing cost effective technically and environment friendly mitigation measures during pre construction, construction and operation stages. The ultimate objective of environmental assessment is to make the projects environment friendly and people friendly by integrating environment concerns and Public opinion in the project and this approach has been adopted for the environmental assessment of the present study.

National Highways constitutes only about 2% of the road network but carries about 40% of road traffic. To provide good transport facility to commuters and goods, the NHAI has awarded the project to the Consortium to NECL and KPCL at an equal semi-annual annuity of Rs. 245 Crs, vide their letter of Award No. NHAI/BOT/11019/1/2009/QB/58 dated 30.04.2010 to construct Four –Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section from km 189.350 to km 204.700 of NH-1A. The total length of the project length is 15.25 km.

The Proposed Road of NH-1A starts from km 189.350 and ends at km 204.600, which matches km 221.000 of existing road. The proposed road lies between North latitude 33º9’5” to 33º32’26” and East Longitude 75º0’39” to 75º25’8”. The length of road is 15.25 km and lies in the Ramban and Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir. The proposed 4 laning includes 2 -tunnels (2-lane) of 0.69 km & 8.45 km length including ancillary buildings covering control centre, maintenance centre, ventilation plant, buildings, fire brigade station, water collection basins, bridges, viaducts, Truck Parkings, Toll Plaza and electrical and mechanical works for the tunnels and associated buildings etc.

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

1.1 Project Interventions The road takes off from km 189.350, ends at km 204.600 of existing road thus making a total length of 15.250 km. The road traverses through Doda and Anantnag district of Jammu and Kashmir with 9.13 km of the road length comprising of two tunnels, 2.21km length of over-bridge & viaducts and balance road of 3.919 km on ground. The alternate alignment is entirely a new 4-lane project which takes off from km 189.350, where a junction has been proposed and runs parallel to the River Bichleri at most of the locations between km 190.000 to km 195.000 traversing through villages Zenihal, Asar, Lambar, Gund & Banihal Town before traversing through one of the small ridges of the main Pir Panjal Mountain ranges through a 674 m long short tunnel. The Table 1 gives chainage wise details of proposed improvement and Table 2 gives the details of structures.

Table 1: Chainage wise details of proposed works Sl. Chainage Proposed work Length No km 189.35 to km 4 lane divided 1 4393 mts 193.743 carriageway km 193.743 to km Short, bi directional 2 680 mts 194.423 tunnel km 194.423 to km 2 lane divided 3 1030 mts 195.453 carriageway km 195.453 to km Long, bi directional 4 8450 mts 203.903 tunnel km 203.903 to km 4 lane divided 5 697 mts 204.60 carriageway

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary ii

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 2: Improvement Proposal Major Structures No Total 4 lane bridge across river km 189.460, Major 1 Bichlari km 189.850 Bridges Across a distributory km 190.115 7 Minor Across a stream km 193.250 6 Across a stream km 193.660 Box culverts 9 Culverts Slab culverts - 9 Pipe culverts - Viaduct km 192.310 1 Viaducts 2 Viaduct cum bridge Km 195.370 1 Km 193.760, Truck parking 2 2 km 203.880 Utilities Km 193.760, Toll plaza 2 2 km 203.880 ROB New B.G. Railway line km 190.600 1 1

1.3 Need for the Project Development

 The stretch is deficient in road geometrics and has sharp curves.

 The stretch has 32 identified Landslip locations and 15 Snow Avalanches zones which are required to be avoided.

 The existing 2-lane road cannot be widened to 4-lane requirement without hill cutting, which may set the process of landslips, which is common in the area of present alignment.

 To construct road below snow line to maintain all weather flow. There are frequent closures of the road during snow season due to heavy snowfall because the existing alignment lies above the heavy snow line.

 To maintain all weather flow on NH-1A.

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary iii

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 To make road as per Latest IRC Standards and Specifications.

 The present road has outlived its capacity and there is urgent need to upgrade it to 4-lane alignment.

2.0 Scope of work

The objective of the project is to supplement capacity for safe and efficient movement of traffic in the National Highway 1 A. The overall scope of works includes preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment Report and preparation of R&R cost details for the road section from km 188.000 to km 285.730 which includes two tunnels, six bridges, ROB and one Viaduct.

3.0 Baseline Environment Setup As a precursor for the prediction of various types of environment impacts likely to arise due to implementation of this project, information on Physical, Natural and Socio Cultural environment along the project road and in Project influence area has been collected through Secondary Sources, Generation of Primary data through field surveys, monitoring, Primary surveys and community consultations. In order to get the picture of the existing environment condition in the project area it has been summarized in Table 3. Table 3: Baseline Environment Environment Description Parameter Topography Hilly terrain Strong, moderate strong and weak rocks comprising Geology basalt, Quartzite, Silicified limestone, marl, agglomerate shale / Slate, phyllite, dolomitic limestone, Volcanic tuff Fluvoglacial deposits Fluvial sand, silt, clay with pebble, Soils gravel and boulders Fluvioglacial materials: Calcareous loam, clay silt, basaltic gravel etc. Dry Temperate Zone; wetter and colder weather is Climate experienced most part of year. Wind Speed Wind Speed varies between 1-19 km / hr. The prevalent

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary iv

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Environment Description Parameter and Direction wind direction is north and northwest during daytime and it is south during nighttime. Agriculture land is the predominant Land Use. Pir Panjal Land Use Ranges demarcated with fairly dense scrub and also with pine forest. Relative 70% to 85 % Humidity Temperature Min temp: - 4.70C , Max temp: 33.40C Rainfall 928 mm Air Quality SPM and RSPM is slightly higher in Banihal sampling site All parameters monitored were found to be within Water Quality permissible limits. Noise Levels Noise Levels are slightly higher then permissible limits Stone metal Md. Amin Crusher, United Stone Crusher, Jhelum River Bed Quarries Material Quarry River Sand Gandrabal River, Jhelum River Granular Nippora Quarry, Momin Abadh Dayal , Village Shankerpur, Material Village Qazigund Water River Bicheleri Resources Flora Predominant Species are Poplar, Willow, Kakar Chakooe reserve is near to the Project road lies at an Fauna distance of 1 km from the road. However no wild fauna near the road has been reported Settlements 6 villages: Wagon, Zanihal, Asar, Lamber, Gund, Wangund Religious 1 Madarasa, 1 Mosque, 1 Dargah, 2 Idgah, 2 Temples Structures Educational 5 Institutions

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary v

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

4.0 Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures The anticipated impacts and mitigation measures have been outlined in Table 4. Table 4: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Area Activities Impact Management Measures Construction Phase Topography  Raising of Embankments  Permanent change of  Solid waste generated due to the construction of  Dumping of solid waste topography but no negative tunnel will be partly used in the construction of impact embankment Geology  Tunnel excavations  Fossil finds may be disturbed  Finding of mineralized zones & fossil finds along  Blasting operations  Disturbance of rock formations the tunnel alignment will be brought to the  Extraction of materials , rock movements and notice of the Department of Geology and fragmentations Mining of the State Government for directions from their end.  Procurement of boulders from authorized suppliers Land  Acquisition of 53.23 ha land  Loss of productive soil  The acquisition of fertile land has been kept Environment-  Site clearance and  Soil Erosion minimum. Land Use & establishment of offices  Compaction of soil  Earth material generated from excavation of Soil  Movement of heavy  Contamination of Soil roadways & drainage will be reused during site

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary vi

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Area Activities Impact Management Measures vehicles development.  Dumping of waste  Construction debris will be disposed of in suitable  Oil spills, pre-identified dumping areas.  Storing of Bitumen &  Disposal of muck pre-identified sites Emulsions Climate  Tunelling  Increase in temperature  During operation phase ventilation system will  Operation of heavy vehicles  Short term , localized impact work in the tunnels and constant temperature & machinery will be maintained in both the tunnels.  Longitudinal ventilation system has been proposed Air quality  Site clearance,  Deterioration of air quality  Construction materials will be stored in enclosed establishment of offices,  Increase in SPM & RSPM spaces to prevent fugitive emissions. Demolition activities  Truck carrying soil, sand and stone will be duly  Movement of heavy covered to avoid spilling. vehicles  Adequate dust suppression measures such as  Transportation of regular water sprinkling on haul & unpaved roads construction materials, particularly near habitation will be undertaken to  Fugitive emissions control fugitive dust.

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary vii

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Area Activities Impact Management Measures  Operation of construction  Stringent construction material machineries and plants handling/overhauling procedures will be followed.  Low emission construction equipment & vehicles will be used. Noise quality  Setting of workers camp  Increase in noise level  Enforcement of noise standards for all site  Blasting operations vehicles, equipments, and construction  Operation of construction machinery machineries and plants  Maintenance of such construction machinery and equipments regularly with particular attention to silencers and mufflers to keep construction noise levels to minimum  Construction camps will be located at about 1000m away from habitations

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary viii

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Area Activities Impact Management Measures Water bodies  Sewage from construction  Impact on the local water  Existing water resources will not be used for camps. sources due to use of extracting water for construction. construction water.  New Ground water resources will be established  Increase of sediment load in as per existing rules and regulations. the run off from construction  Proper sanitation facilities will be provided sites and increase in turbidity in  All the construction activities will be carried out receiving streams/water during dry seasons only. bodies. Floral &  Cutting of 5549 Poplar  Loss of vegetation  Compensatory plantation of twice the number fauna (Populus spp.), Willows (Salix  The possibility of poaching and of trees removed spp.), Walnut (Juglans forest resource exploitation by  Such compensatory afforestation/plantation will regia), Chir (Pinus the workers in the close be done in consultation with the officials of the roxburghii), Bran (Ulmus proximity is anticipated Department of Forests. Species composition of villosa), Mulberry (Morus  Impacts like injuries /casualties compensatory plantation will be decided in alba), Apple (Mallus of wild animals through consultation with the local communities so as to pumila) collision with speeding traffic make usufructs available to the communities  Setting of construction will be a remote possibility. that will be lost during the process of execution camps  Development of fissures in Pir of the project.

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary ix

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Area Activities Impact Management Measures  Blasting operations Panjal ranges.  Controlled slow tunnel blasting will be done.

Archaeologic  Acquisition of land,  Beneficial Impact as it is likely  Resettlement and Rehabilitation of the PAP’s al and Socio- structures & Resettlement of to stimulate the economic  Process of land acquisition along with the cultural People: 53 private growth of the area. compensation package properties residential and  Reduced transportation costs  Relocation of community structures commercial structures will and availability of high-class  Mechanism for keeping the proponent be affected. transportation facilities for raw organization accountable for proper  Relocation of community materials and products implementation of RAP structures Occupational  Setting of construction  Transmission of communicable  Training to construction worker in respect of health and camps diseases. safety measures as well as environmental public safety  Digging of borrow areas will  Development of unhygienic protection measures. result in conditions around  Provisions of heath care facilities at construction  Psychological impacts on construction camps camps will be made available and training will project affected people.  Water accumulation leads to be imparted to reduce transmission of diseases  Operation of machinery breeding of vector diseases. i.e. HIV/AIDS. and vehicles  Discomforts arising out of air  Supply of potable water to the workers camp will  Blasting Operations and noise pollution especially be ensured.

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary x

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Area Activities Impact Management Measures due to blasting activities.  Collection and disposal of solid / liquid waste  Probability of accidents and generated from the camp as per the existing mis-happenings laws.  Provision of good drainage pattern  Prior information of blasting will be given. Road safety  Interception of traffic during  Negative as well as positive  Adoption of pre designed traffic management construction phase impacts anticipated. plan  During Operation phase  It is being new alignment  Improved crossing and alternatives access smooth vehicular intersection by road line traffic routes by use of signage, junctions with alternate movements & Heavy traffic will be nil arrangements. inflow  Installation of proper road safety system through  Accidents in tunnels signage, barricades, crash barriers. New alignment has been designed to avoid turns and curves.  Proper lighting/ illumination will be provided in tunnels  Elaborate safety system in the tunnels which are automatic.

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary xi

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

5.0 Analysis of Alternatives The analysis of alternatives has been made on the basis of “with and without project scenarios” in terms of potential environmental impacts and among alternatives with Project Scenario.

On the basis of analysis we can say that project accrues positive/beneficial impacts “With” project scenario and will greatly improve the environment and enhance social and economic development of the region compared to “Without” project scenario, which will further deteriorate the existing environment and quality of life. Two alternatives were considered:

 Alternative I : Widening of existing NH 1A to four lane from existing two lane.  Alternative II : New Alignment at an elevation of 1800m with two new tunnels of length 0.69km and 8.750 km.

On the basis of analysis, it is concluded that existing alignment should not be widened to cater to the need of increased traffic as it will involve hill cutting with steep slopes in the area where there are already 32 known landslides spots, these number may increase and process of soil erosion may set in once hill cutting is resorted. By creating safer and comfort journey, the newly proposed road will reduce the travel time and travel length by 15 km.

6.0 Social Impact Assessment and R&R Study Extensive public consultations have been carried out in the project corridor with the objective of minimising probable adverse impacts of the project through alternate design solutions and to achieve speedy implementation of the project through bringing in awareness among the project corridor community on the benefits of the project. Several meetings were organized at various locations, promoting public understanding of the processes and mechanisms through which developmental problems and needs are investigated and resolved. Consultations

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary xii

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 were also carried out with non-government organizations (NGOs); community based organizations (CBOs) and potentially project affected persons (PAPs).  The main objective of the consultation process was to minimize negative impacts of the project and to maximize the benefits of the project.

6.1 Institutional Setup For implementation of the project, the following organizations and their representatives constitute the Environmental Management System (EMS):  Environment Section at Corporate Level  PIU (NHAI)  Supervision Consultant  Design Consultant  Contractor  Ministry of Environment and Forest Government of India  Jammu and Kashmir State Pollution Control Board  Department of Forest, Jammu and Kashmir  Public Participation (Stakeholders and NGOs)

6.2 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP): The social impact assessment was carried out to determine the magnitude of the potential and actual impacts due to construction of new 4-lane road with tunnels across Pir Panjal ranges and to ensure that adequate social safeguards are in place to mitigate the adverse impacts on the project affected people. This exercise has been based on the NHAI’s Guidelines on Implementation of the National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation (NPPR) as well on the World Bank’s and ADB’s Policy on Involuntary Resettlement, as required in the project TOR.

6.3 Key Findings of the Survey  There are 1494 PAPs among 238 households. This number consists of 796 males (53.3%) and 698 females (46.7%)  The average household size is 6.3

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary xiii

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 There are 13 built up properties are likely to be affected and most of these are Pucca type construction  All the affected built up properties are of the residential type  In this package nearly 225 agriculture land owners to be affected  Approximately 9.2% of the total affected households are vulnerable and all of them fall under the category of BPL  There is no impact on SC, ST or physically challenged persons identified along the proposed carriageway  A majority of households have opted for cash compensation in against their land loss (84.9%) while households 4.6% has preferred housing in against their houses loss.  94.4% affected households are willing to shift voluntarily, if they are given full payment of compensation  The total affected area likely to be acquired for the project is 532308.2 m2. This includes area underneath 13 residential structures.

6.4 Magnitude of Land Acquisition This new separate 2-lane carriageway will require approx. 532308.2m2 land that involve largely agriculture (63.6%) followed by government (31.1%), community (2.7%) and residential land (2.6%). The break up about the type of land proposed to be acquired is given in the following Table 5. Table 5: Magnitude of Land Acquisition

Sl. No. Type of Land Area (Sqm) % 1 Agriculture 338683.8 63.6 2 Residential Land 13719.5 2.6 3 Community Land 14236.6 2.7 (Shamilat) 4 Government Land 165668.3 31.1 Total 532308.2 100

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary xiv

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

6.5 Magnitude of Property Loss

About 381 land properties likely to be affected in this package. A majority belongs to private ownership (238) followed by government owned (136) and community (7).

6.6 Population Dynamics: Impact on Number of PAPs

The census exercise has revealed that as many as 1496 PAPs are likely to be affected in 238 households. Out of total number of PAPs, males constitute 796 (53.3%) numbers and females 698 (46.7%).

6.7 Magnitude of Impact on Households

As indicated below in the table, there are 238 households have been identified due to the loss of their land and housing but agriculture land households are highest in number (94.4%) followed by residential households (5.5%).

6.8 Type of Construction Structure

The structures likely to be affected are residential (13) in which pucca construction constitutes (8) followed by semi-puca (4) and only one kutcha type.

7.0 Estimated R&R Budget

The social cost has been estimated as part of the overall project cost. This includes tentative cost of asset acquisition, administrative expenses, NGO involvement, and monitoring and evaluation. The cost estimate as discussed is only indicative and may change depending upon the starting date of the project.

However, consultants have collected the replacement cost of structures and other losses and mitigating measures have been suggested accordingly. These are budgeted and organized under the heading of Compensation, Assistance, Support, and Other Activities. The development of preliminary design of the road indicates acquisition of substantial amount of land. i.e., 53.23 hectares and the total compensation cost would be Rs. 33.31 crores (Table 6).

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary xv

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 6: Compensation for encroachment of Land

Unit Amount Sl. Item Unit Quantity Rate Amount (Rs) (in No. (Rs) Crores)

Cost of Agriculture 1 Sqm 338683.8 600 203210280.0 20.3 Land

Cost of Residential 2 Sqm 13719.5 1600 21951200.0 2.2 Land

Cost of Community 3 Land/Shamilat to Sqm 14236.6 600 8541960.0 0.9 be transferred to NHAI

Cost of government Land 4 Sqm 165668.3 600 99400980.0 9.9 to be transferred to NHAI

Total 532,308.2 333104420 33.31

The estimated budget for R&R, includes compensation for structure is about 0.80 crores, R&R Assistance for House Affected People is about 1.30 lakhs, Support for Project Implementation is about Rs. 3.47 lakhs and other miscellaneous is about 2.0 lakhs. All the above coat is excluded with contingency cost. Component-wise budget break-up is indicated in the following Table 7.

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary xvi

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 7: The details of R&R cost

Amount Sl. Unit Rate Item Unit Quantity Amount (Rs) Crore No. (Rs) (Rs)

A Compensation for Structure

Cost of Builtup 1 Residential Area: Sqm 154.00 2200 338,800.0 0.03 Kutcha

Cost of Built up 2 Residential Area: Sqm 628.00 3500 2,198,000.0 0.22 Semi-Pucca

Cost of Built up 3 Residential Area: Sqm 1216.00 4500 5,472,000.0 0.55 Pucca

Total 8,008,800.0 0.80

B Assistance

R&R Assistance for Housing Affected PAF 13 10000 130,000.0 0.01 People

Total 130,000.0 0.01

C Support for Project Implementation

Training to staff Lump 1 50,000.0 0.01 and NGOs Sum

Translation and 2 printing of the PAF 238 200 47,600.0 0.01 Policy, I cards, etc.

3 Studies and Lump 50,000.0 0.01

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary xvii

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Amount Sl. Unit Rate Item Unit Quantity Amount (Rs) Crore No. (Rs) (Rs)

updating of survey Sum data

NGO Recruitment Lump 4 for RAP 200,000.0 0.02 Sum implementation

Total 347,600.0 0.05

D Other Activities

HIV/AIDS Lump 1 Awareness 100,000.0 0.01 Sum Campaign

M&E Consultants Lump 2 100,000.0 0.01 Sum

Total 200,000.0 0.02

GRAND TOTAL (A+B+C+D) 8,686,400.0 0.88

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary xviii

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

The R&R budget for the construction of the proposed project is working out to Rs. 0.97 Crores, which includes 10 % contingency costs (Table 8).

Table 8: The summary of the R&R cost

Sl. Cost Item Cost (in Rs.) No. (in crores)

1 Compensation for Structure 8008800.00 0.8

Support for Project 2 130000.00 0.01 Implementation

Other activities – Awareness and 3 347600.00 0.05 M&E Consultants

4 Assistance 200000.00 0.02

5 Cost of Land* - -

TOTAL 8686400.00 0.88

Contingency (10% of Total) 868640.00 0.09

Grand Total 9555040.00 0.97

* The cost of the land has not been included in this Resettlement Budge as the rate and cost of the land need to be decided by the implementation agency (NHAI) through negotiation with the affected population.

8.0 Benefits of the Project

 The proposed road will reduce travel distance by 15.40 km and climbing up and down the hill will be avoided and also will save travel time and cost.

 Increased Road Safety with the construction of New Alignment as per latest specifications and Standards.

 The Vehicles will be able to travel at a speed of 70 km / hr, which in present case is restricted to 15 km / hr.

 The proposed project mainly creates safety and comfort transport facilities

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary xix

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

to commuters who are traveling in Banihal and Srinagar section.

 The proposed road and tunnels between Qazigund and Banihal will give important road connection resulting regional development through tourist travelers.

 Improved road network will create new business opportunities in the region

 The proposed project will create employment opportunity during construction period and also during operation through maintenance.

 The proposed road NH-IA will reduce the number of accidents

 Proposed road will drastically reduce Vehicle operating cost (VOC)

 In addition to above benefits, there are various indirect benefits

 Improved environmental benefits through reduced emissions, fuel, noise and construction of green belt will improve surrounding atmosphere

Green Circle, Inc. Executive Summary xx

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.0 PREAMBLE

Infrastructure development particularly faster movement and transportation of goods in a country like India is a guiding factor for economic development. Proper transportation of goods requires comprehensive transport systems and increasing road traffic requires better roads. Hence it becomes necessary to widen the existing road carriageways, and construct new roads and bypasses.

To increase safety and efficiency in trade and business and also promote free movement of traffic India has embarked on a 10-year highway transportation improvement program as part of the national policy to globalize its economy. The first stage was completed in 1991.

The National Highways Authority of India was constituted by an act of Parliament, the National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988. It is responsible for the development, maintenance and management of National Highways entrusted to it and for matters connected or incidental thereto. The Authority was operationalized in February 1995 with the appointment of full time Chairman and other Members.

India is a vast country and it is having large and diverse road network, which serves 1.1 billion people. Roads are the most important mode of transport carrying 85% of the passenger traffic and 65% of freight. The production of all categories of vehicles has grown at the rate of 16% during the years between 2001-2002 and 2005-2006.

Good physical connectivity is essential for sustaining the economic growth of the country. Major improvements are required in this sector to ensure level playing field for the producers and manufacturers located in different parts of the country. M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

The development of roads and highways also starts the process of change affecting eco-systems, productivity of land, settlements, and demographic pattern and may induce urbanization through which it traverses. Improved and efficient road network helps in the development of the hinterland.

It is also common knowledge that well developed and properly maintained road brings in the benefits as given below:

 Savings vehicle operating and maintenance costs

 Reduced fuel consumption resulting in reduction in air and noise pollution

 Benefits to trade especially in movement of perishable goods in trade

 Reduce traveling time and comfort journey to public

 All round development of areas in state

The status of the Indian road network is given in Table 1.1

Table 1.1: The Status of Indian Road Network

Sl. Type Length (km) No. 1 Expressways 1500 2 National Highways 66590 3 State Highways 12750 4 Major District Roads 470000 5 Rural and Other Roads 2650000 Total Length 3340000

Government of India has taken up an ambitious programme of National Highway Infrastructure development called as ‘National Highway Development Programme’ (NHDP). It comprises of construction of 4-lane road network facility to some selected road stretches and given below (Fig. 1.1).

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.2

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

(i) National Highways Connecting Delhi – Mumbai – Chennai - Kolkatta, the scheme known as ‘Golden Quadrilateral’.

(ii) National Highways connecting Porbandar to Silchar known as East-West Corridor

(iii) National Highways connecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari known as North – South Corridor.

Fig. 1.1: National Highways Development Project

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.3

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Jammu – Udhampur – Banihal – Srinagar is a part of North – South Corridor and it is one of the important stretchs under NHDP. To provide the good transport facility to commuters and transport, the NHAI has awarded the project to the Consortium of NECL and KPCL at an equal semi-annual annuity of Rs. 245 Crs, vide their letter of Award No. NHAI/BOT/11019/1/2009/QB/58 dated 30.04.2010 to construct Four –Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section from km 189.350 to km 204.700 of NH-1A.

The proposed 4 laning includes 2 -tunnels (2-lane) of 0.69 km & 8.45 km length of NH-1A on BOT (Annuity) basis in the State of Jammu & Kashmir (Length – 15.25 km) including ancillary buildings covering control centre, maintenance centre, ventilation plant, buildings, fire brigade station, water collection basins, bridges, viaducts, Truck Parkings, Toll Plaza and electrical and mechanical works for the tunnels and associated buildings etc. The proposed work is comes under Package V and other packages are given below (Table 1.2).

Table 1.2: Implementation of Work

Sl. Length Description Package No. (km)

1 Structures of Srinagar Bypass i.e 4 bridges I and one flyover

2 km 256.000 to km 286.110 including 30.110 II Pampore bypass and Awantipur bypass

3 Km 220.700 to km 254.84 including 34.14 III Khanabal and Qazigund bypass

3 Km 188.000 to km 220.700 including 32.700 IV Banihal bypass

4 Km 189.350 to km 204.600 including two 15.250 V tunnels of 0.69 km and km 8.45 km length

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.4

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

1.1 ABOUT THE PROPONENT (NHAI)

The National Highways Authority of India was constituted by an act of Parliament, the National Highways Authority of India Act 1988, it is responsible for the development maintenance and management of National Highways entrusted to it and for matters connected or incidental thereto. The authority started functioning on Feb 1995.

Primary mandate of NHAI is time and cost bound implementation of National Highways Development Project (NHDP) through host of funding options including funding by external multilateral agencies like World Bank, Asian Development Bank, JBIC etc. Work mainly comprises of strengthening and four laning of high-density corridors of around 13,146 km.

National Highway Development Programme’s prime focus is on developing international standard roads with facilities for uninterrupted flow of Traffic with

 Enhanced safety features

 Better road geometry

 Divided carriageway and service roads

 Over bridges and underpasses

 Better riding surface

 Better traffic management and noticeable signage

 Grade Separators

 Bypasses and Wayside amenities.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.5

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND

NH-1A is a part National Highway Development Programme. The project road forms the main section of NH-1A from km 189.35 to km 204.60 (which match km 220 of the existing NH-1A). The total length of Package V is 15.25 km., out of which the road passes through tunnels in 9.130 km and over bridges & viaducts in 2.201 km and balance road on ground is 3.919 km. This section of the road (Package-V) is designed entirely as a new 4-lane road as directed by NHAI excepting the stretch between North Portal of short tunnel and South Portal of long tunnel, which is 2-lane.

Fig 1.2: The proposed road stretch

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.6

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

After its start from the end of Banihal bypass it traverses the mountainous and steep terrain astride the river Bichlari before it crosses Pirpanjal Ranges. Two tunnels, 680m long (T1) 8.45 km long (T2) and a ROB over railway line have been proposed on the alignment. After crossing these tunnels it crosses another railway line (ROB) and the road joins the existing NH-1A at km. 204.60.

1.3 NEED FOR THE PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

 The stretch is deficient in road geometrics and has sharp curves.

 The stretch has 32 identified Landslip locations and 15 Snow Avalanches zones which are required to be avoided.

 The existing 2-lane road cannot be widened to 4-lane requirement without hill cutting, which may set the process of landslips, which is common in the area of present alignment.

 To maintain all weather flow on NH-1A.

 To make road as per Latest IRC Standards and Specifications.

 The present road has outlived its capacity and there is urgent need to upgrade it to 4-lane alignment.

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.7

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

The project will be developed keeping in mind the following:

 Every individual concerned and likely to be affected by the project is a partner in the development process.

 No one shall be adversely affected due to the implementation of the project and if there are any adverse impacts, it is to be mitigated appropriately to the best possible extent.

 Maximization of the benefits to the people arising from the road rehabilitation and capacity augmentation programme while minimizing the negative social impacts on the affected people by incorporating the social safety guards measures.

The prime objectives of the report are given below:

 To conduct studies on the environmental impacts of air, water, noise, land, flora, fauna and socioeconomic status due to construction and operation of this project.

 To determine the magnitude of actual and potential environmental concerns and to ensure that environmental considerations are given adequate weightage for carrying out proposed road improvements during detailed engineering design.

 To recommend environmental considerations to be taken into account for the selection of road section that should be improved based on the overall environmental impacts, both adverse and beneficial.

 Preparation of monitoring plan suggesting monitoring & reporting mechanism in order to keep check on performance indicators.

 The main goal is to identify the socio economic impacts of the project and formulate compensatory plans as per the standards and also to minimizing the impacts during and after the implementation of the project.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.8

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

1.5 STRUCTURE OF REPORT

The report has been prepared on the basis of available on-site primary data (survey/monitoring) and secondary/literature data. The structure of the Report is as follows:

Executive Summary

It gives insight of the Report and chapters there in.

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter provides background information on need of project, need of study and brief of the project. It also covers the identification of project & project proponent, brief description of nature, size, location of the project and its importance to the country and the region.

Chapter 2: Project Description

This chapter deals with the project details of the proposed Project, type of project, location, size & magnitude of operation including associated activities required by and for the project, proposed schedule for Development.

Chapter 3: Description of the Environment

This chapter presents the existing environmental status of the study area around the proposed project including topography, drainage pattern, water environment, geological, climate, transport system, land use, flora & fauna, socio-economic aspects, basic amenities etc. Environmental assessment of the proposed project site in regard to its capability to receive the proposed new development is also discussed in this Chapter.

Chapter 4: Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures

This chapter describes the overall impacts of the proposed project activities

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.9

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 and underscores the areas of concern, which need mitigation measures.

It predicts the overall impact of the proposed project on different components of the environment viz. Air, Water, Land, Noise, Biological, and Socio-Economic.

Chapter 5: Environmental Monitoring Plan

This chapter describes the inferences drawn from the environmental impact assessment exercise. It describes the overall impacts of the proposed activities during construction and operation phases and underscores the areas of concern, which need mitigation measures.

Chapter 6: Social Impact Assessment, Public Consultation & R & R Study

This chapter describes about the social impact of the project on local people, details of survey conducted, R & R issues, policy & Framework and cost/ budget of R & R and other compensatory issues.

Chapter 7: Conclusion & Projects Benefits

This Chapter concludes proposed project benefits

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.10

CHAPTER II PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.0 GENERAL

During last five decades, there is a rapid development in case of traffic volume. The Carrying capacity of the existing roads is not able to deal with the increased traffic and there is a demand to widen/upgrade these roads. Present chapter gives an outlook of the present condition of the proposed project passage along with the proposed development.

2.1 TYPE OF PROJECT

The proposed project is a highway project and the proposal is to four laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section from km 189.350 to km 204.700 of NH-1A including 2- tunnels (2-lane) of 0.69 km & 8.45 km length of NH-1A on BOT (Annuity) basis in the State of Jammu & Kashmir (Length – 15.25 km) including ancillary buildings covering control centre, maintenance centre, ventilation plant, buildings, fire brigade station, water collection basins, bridges, viaducts, Truck Parking, Toll Plaza and electrical and mechanical works for the tunnels and associated buildings etc. The total length of Package V is 15.25 km., out of which the road passes through tunnels in 9.13 km and over bridges & viaducts in 2.201 km and balance road on ground is 3.919 km.

2.2 LOCATION

 The existing road is 2-lane road traversing through Pir Panjal ranges covering a distance of approximately 32 km.  The existing road crosses Pir Panjal Ranges through 2.4 km long Jawahar tunnel, which is approx. 2050 m above Mean Sea Level and has two tubes one in each direction. M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00  There are 32 identified land slips zone and 15 snow avalanches zones.  There are steep gradients, Sharp Curves and Poor Road Geometrics in the existing alignment.

2.3 PROJECT INTERVENTION

The proposed alternate alignment takes off from km 189.350, where a junction has been proposed and runs parallel to the River Bichleri at most of the locations between km 190.000 to km 195.000 traversing through villages Zenihal, Asar, Lambar, Gund & Banihal Town before traversing through one of the small ridges of the main Pir Panjal Mountain ranges through a 674 m long short tunnel. The proposed configuration of road from km 189.350 to start of small tunnel is as follows (Table 2.1):

Table 2.1: Proposed Configuration of Road

Sl. No. Description Remarks

1. Carriageway 4 lane divided carriageway 2 x

7.25m

2. Median 1.5 m

3. Shoulder

(a) Paved 1.5m

(b) Unpaved 1m. (For Crash Barrier)

In order to avoid a very uncharacteristic feature of heavy cut on the Hill side involving sharp horizontal alignment and exceptional gradients and also to avoid stability problem along the hill slope, the alignment between km 189.350 to km 193.750 has been provided. On the valley side with a very smooth horizontal curve having a minimum radius of 300m and a maximum gradient of about 5 %, between km 189.350 and 190.00, the alignment crosses River Bichleri at two locations.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter II :Project Description 2.2 M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Fig. 2.1: Place of Proposed Alignment in Asar Village

Fig. 2.2: Bridge location at Bicheleri River between two tunnels

The Pir Panjal mountain ranges form a major obstacle to the North- South Connection between Jammu to Srinagar. The Pir Panjal range is proposed to be crossed with the help of two tunnels one short tunnel between km 193.743 and km 194.423 of length 679 m in order to maneuver one of the ridges of the main Pir Panjal mountain range. A long tunnel has been provided between km 195.463 and km 203.903 (8.440 m long) in order to avoid avalanche / land slide prone area to negotiate the Pir Panjal mountain range (Ref Fig and, for cross section details).

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter II :Project Description 2.3 M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Fig. 2.3: Location of South Portal of Long Tunnel

Between the short and long tunnel, the alignment crosses the river Bichleri (Fig. 2.2). The alignment in this section is governed by the sound geological formation suitable to support the tunnel section. The cross section of tunnel & road is depicted in Figure 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6. In addition to above facilities, the following structures are proposed (Table 2.2).

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter II :Project Description 2.4 M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 2.2: Improvement Proposal

Sl. No. Description Chainage

I. Major Bridges

1. Four Lane Bridge Across River Bichleri Km 189.420

II. Minor Bridges

1. Four Lane Bridge Across River Bichleri Km 189.855

2 Four Lane Bridge Across a Distributory Km 190.110

3 Four Lane Bridge Across a Stream Km 193.250

4 Four Lane Bridge Across a Stream Km 193.660

III. ROB

1. ROB cum Bridge Over Katra- Qazigund Line Km 190.600

IV. VIADUCT

1. Viaduct Km 192.310

2. Bridge cum Viaduct Km 195.220

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter II :Project Description 2.5 M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Fig 2.4: Cross section of the 4 laning of Banihal to Srinagar section (including Srinagar bypass)

Green6 Circle, Inc. Chapter II :Project Description 2.6 M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Fig 2.5: Typical Tunnel section for 4 laning of Banihal to Srinagar Section (Including Srinagar Bypass) in J & K state

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter II :Project Description 2.7 M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Fig 2.6: Typical Cross section for embankment height for Banihal to Srinagar Section (Including srinagar bypass) in J & K state

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter II :Project Description 2.8 M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 2.4 BENEFITS OF PROJECT

 All weather flow will be maintained between Jammu and Srinagar as the new proposed alignment is well below the snowline and will avoid the landslips area and Snow Avalanches zones.

 The traveling distance will be reduced by 15.40 km and climbing up and down the hill will be avoided as the long tunnel north portal is almost at the level of entrance to the valley.

 Saving travel time, fuel and cost.

 Increased Road Safety with the construction of New Alignment as per latest specifications and Standards. The existing alignment will be bypassed which has poor road geometrics like sharp curves, 38 Land slips area and 15 snow Avalanches zone.

 Increased Road safety with the construction of new alignment as per latest specifications and standards the existing alignment will be bypasses which has poor road geometrics like sharp curves, 32 landslips area and 15 snow Avalanches prone areas.

 The Vehicles will be able to travel at a speed of 70 km / hr, which in present case is restricted to 15 km / hr.

2.5 LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Review of the existing legislation, institutions and policies relevant to the Environmental Impact Assessment at the National and State levels has been done and clearance requirements for the project at various stages of the project have been identified.

2.5.1 Environmental Clearance In terms of the provision of Ministry of Environment and Forests 2006 notification, this project comes under category ‘A’ of the said notification. Though, the proposed road length is less than 30 km, there is requirement of environmental clearances. Since, the proposed road expansion activity involves new alignment and there is

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter II :Project Description 2.9 M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 construction of two tunnels, it is required to get the prior environmental approval with irrespective of road length. The requirement to obtained respective clearances from different authorities at the central and state level for the proposed project is indicated in Table 2.3

2.5.2 Clearances required for the present project

Following clearances will be required for the present project.

Table 2.3: Clearance requirement for the present project

Sl. No. Activity Statutory Authority Relevant Statute

1 Proposed Environmental Ministry of Environment Expansion in Road Clearance from and Forests 2006 Length MoEF notification

1 Construction of Committee Jammu and Kashmir tunnels and Road Constituted Under Forest (conservation) in the North Portal Section 3 of Forest Act, 1997 (Act no xxx Conservation Act. of 1997)

2 Construction of Hon’ble Supreme The Wildlife Tunnel beneath Court of India. (Protection) Act, 1972 Chakore Reserve

3 Permission for Deputy PCCF, Forest felling of Pvt. Trees Commissioner Department

Anantnag and Ramban

4 Permission for sand Jammu and Environment mining from river Kashmir Irrigation Protection Act, 1986 bed Department

5 Setting of hot mix Jammu and Air (Prevention and plants, crushers Kashmir State Control of Pollution) and batching Pollution Control Act, 1981 and the plants Board Noise Pollution

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter II : Introduction 2.10 M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. No. Activity Statutory Authority Relevant Statute

(Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

6 Storage, handling Jammu and Hazardous Waste and transport of Kashmir State (Management and hazardous Pollution Control handling) Rules, 1989 materials Board and Manufacturing, storage and Import of Hazardous chemical Rules, 1989

7 Waste water Jammu and Water (Prevention and discharge from Kashmir state Control of Pollution) labour camps Pollution Control Act, 1974 Board

8 Opening up new Department of Environment quarries Mining, Govt. of (Protection) Act, 1986 Jammu and Kashmir

2.5.3 Organizational arrangements

The NHAI is responsible for the implementation of the provisions made within the EMP through PIU. The services of a supervision consultants will be availed to assist the PIU for monitoring the environmental aspects of the project during implementation. The Organization chart for implementation arrangements is shown in Fig .2.7.

As per this organization chart, the Environmental Expert of supervision consultant and environmental officer of contractor will be ground level professionals. Environmental expert of SC will supervise the project road and implement through Environmental Officer of Contractor. Environmental Expert of SC will be in close contact with Manager Environment and Technical, NHAI. The Environmental

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter II : Introduction 2.11 M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 Manager, NHAI will guide and support expert of SC to full fills all environmental compliance. A pollution monitoring company will be engaged for generation of environmental baseline data. This agency will provide all inputs to contractor and environmental expert of SC. Various monthly and quarterly reports will be prepared by environmental officer of contractor and expert of SC under the guidance of environmental and technical manager of NHAI. All generated inputs and report will be discussed with Project Director, PIU Jammu, who will inform progress to Member, CGM and GM at NHAI New Delhi.

The Project Director (PD) will be overall responsible person as per the project is concern. Each individual responsibilities are given the below flow diagram.

Fig. 2.7: Proposed Organisation Chart

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter II : Introduction 2.12 M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 The supervision consultants will assume the powers and responsibilities of the Engineer during the implementation and assist the PIU in implementation. It is expected that the supervision consultants will have the necessary capability to supervise the implementation of the environmental measures proposed in the EMP.

The NH-1A portion between Jammu-Srinagar (Km 188.00-Km 220.700), integrates environmental and social issues in the Detail Project Report of the Highway. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared and is integrated in the technical specification and contract documents. The prime duty of the Environmental Specialist is to supervise the implementation of the EMP by the Contractors and to ensure that the day-to-day construction activities are carried out in an environmentally sound and sustainable basis. The scope includes development of environmental procedures and good construction practices, development and delivery of training programs etc.

2.5.4 Qualifications and Experience

 A civil engineer preferably with postgraduate specialization in environmental engineering.

 10 years of working experience related to the integration of environmental and social issues in the design, construction and operation of transport projects. Experience in construction management and operational maintenance of highways is preferred.

2.5.5 Principal Duties

 Supervise the implementation of the EMP by the Contractors.

 Hold regular consultation meetings with the Environmental Engineers of the PIU at Jammu.

 Review the Contractors’ Environment al Implementation Plans to ensure compliance with the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

 Organize periodic environmental training programs and workshops for the staff of the Contractors, Construction Supervision Consultants and the Project Implementation Units (PIU).

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter II : Introduction 2.13 M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 Develop good practices and construction guidelines to assist the contractors in implementing the EMP.

 Monitor tree plantation programs and the periodic environmental monitoring (air, noise, water, etc.) Programs to ensure compliance with the J&K State requirements and the EMP.

 Prepare and submit regular environmental monitoring and implementation progress reports.

2.5.6 Contractors

The Contractors of the respective Packages too will have to employ Environmental Engineer/s. The employees number will depending upon the number of contracts awarded to each successful bidder. The best situation would be the use of Civil Engineers with electives in environmental engineering during the final year or M.sc in Environmental Science to supervise the environmental aspects. Their duty will include the proper construction and maintenance of the facilities for the labour camps, the measurement and verification of quantities for environmental enhancement, ensuring that proper environmental safeguards are being maintained at borrow sites and quarries from which the contractor procures material for construction. They will also have to prepare the bills of quantities (BOQ) for the work carried out for enhancement. In addition, they will have to ensure that proper facilities are available for the monitoring of ambient air quality and collection of water and soil samples as provided in the environmental monitoring plan.

2.5.7 Environmental Training

Training of staff will be done at a number of levels. Some short term training is required for the Environmental Manager, other staff members of the Environmental Unit and contractor staff to raise their levels of environmental awareness. The Environmental and Natural resource division and State Pollution Control Boards conduct the training programmes and their help will be sought in this regard. In long term training, specialized training or special environmental issues will be examined and provided to the Environment Unit.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter II : Introduction 2.14 M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 2.5.8 Environmental Monitoring

In order to ensure that the prescribed environmental norms are maintained during the constructional and the operational phases, the regular monitoring is one of the most important components of the institutional arrangements. The monitoring of Air quality, Water quality, Noise quality and green belt development will be done at regular intervals. The field reports of various environmental components will be done at regular intervals. The field reports of various environmental components will be received at quarterly basis and any lapse has to be taken care.

Adequate awareness training will be provided to the contractors and their personnel to ensure that the EMP is implemented effectively. The project coordinator will assess the contractor practices and if high pollution levels are suspected at any stage, proper precautions will be implemented as per standards.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter II : Introduction 2.15 CHAPTER III DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

3.0 GENERAL

As a precursor for the prediction of various types of environment impacts likely to arise due to implementation of this project, it is essential to establish the base line environment status of the Physical, Natural and Socio Cultural environment parameters along the project road and in Project influence area i.e. 7 km on either side of road. Details of the baseline environment parameters are required for decision making for the project design, implementation and operation from environment point of views. The data was collected from Secondary Sources, Generation of Primary data through field surveys, monitoring, Primary surveys and community consultations.

3.1. SITE LOCATION

The Proposed project site of NH-1A starts from km 189.350 ends at km 204.600, which matches km 221.000 of existing road. The proposed road lies between North latitude 33º9’5” to 33º32’26” and East Longitude 75º0’39” to 75º25’8”. The length of road is 15.25 km and lies in the Ramban and Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir (Fig. 3.1).

3.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.2.1 Topography The project road is passing through Hilly terrain because of which topography of the area is rolling and in the valley where topography is slightly rolling. The project road lies at an altitude of 1810 m above Mean Sea Level. There is sudden change in the elevation pattern and having steep cut edges.

3.2.2 Physiography Physiographically, Jammu & Kashmir, located in the extreme north of the country, is situated between 32º 17' and 37º 5' N latitudes and 72º 40' and 80º 30' E longitudes. Geographically, this state is divided into four zones – the mountainous and semi-mountainous plain known as Kandi belt, hills including

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 3 : Description of Environment 3.1

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Siwalik ranges, mountains of Kashmir valley and Pir Panjal range and Tibetan tract of Ladakh and Kargil. The state has a number of lakes, rivers, rivulets and glacial regions. The important rivers of this state are Indus, Chenab and Sutlej (Jhelum). The project area comes under the Northen part from the Jammu city.

Fig: 3.1 Proposed Project Location Map

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.2

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

3.2.3 Geology and Rocks The geological setting of the proposed project area is complex and rocks are tectonically disturbed resulting in frequent landslides and slope failures along the existing road which crosses the Pir Panjal range about 10 km north of Banihal. Pir Panjal Mountain ranges are marked by sharp to round linear ridges. The valleys on both the northern and southern sides of mountain ranges have an altitude of approximately 1800m. The highest peaks directly above the proposed tunnel alignments are of the order of 3000m. The sharp crested ridges are characterized by drainage controlled by the geological structural features and lineaments. The drainage system feeds the Bichlari River on the Southern side and Sandarin River on the northern slopes of the mountain range.

Alignment across the two tunnels is having wide variety of geological formations ranging from Cambrian to Quaternary. The lithology of these formations is mainly represented by mixture of Strong, moderate strong and weak rocks comprising basalt, Quartzite, Silicified limestone, marl, agglomerate shale / Slate, phyllite, dolomitic limestone, Volcanic tuff etc. The rocks are steeply to moderately dipping towards South – West or North –East. The contacts of different geological formations are faulted and rock masses are tectonically deformed resulting in intensive fracturation and different dipping directions. The rocks are folded and infested with numerous shear zone and faults. The axial surface of structural fold has a strike with NW-SE direction. The geological setting of the area encompassing the proposed two tunnels and tentative distribution of the formations are shown in Fig 3.2. further, the geological sections along proposed tunnels are shown in Fig 3.3 and Fig 3.4.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.3

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Fig 3.2: Geological section along south portal area of small tunnel

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.4

M/s. Navyuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, strengthening and 4 laning of Quazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to Km 204.700 in state of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navyuga/EIA/2010-11/June/EMS-014/R00

Fig 3.3: Geological section along small tunnel No.1 near Lambar

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.5

M/s. Navyuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, strengthening and 4 laning of Quazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to Km 204.700 in state of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navyuga/EIA/2010-11/June/EMS-014/R00

Fig 3.4: Geological sections along main Pir Panjal tunnel No.2

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.6

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

3.2.4 Soil The soil of the area consists of Fluvoglacial deposits comprising Fluvial sand, silt, clay with pebble, gravel and boulders and Fluvioglacial materials comprising calcareous loam, clay silt, basaltic gravel etc. Fig. 3.5 gives the soil distribution along the alignment.

Table 3.1 Distribution of Litho – tectonic Units along the Pir Panjal Tunnel

Sl. Length (m), Rock Description Rock Mass Characteristics No. % age Distribution 1 Fluvioglacial deposits 100m, (1%) Soft Ground- Flowing conditions are expected on account of unconsolidated sediments. 2 Quartzites, Sandstones, 1600m (19 %) Quartzites are moderately Sandy shales intruded hard and shales generally by basic igneous rocks weak – Poor to Fair. Contact between lithounits 2 and 3 is faulted one and width of this fault zone is interpreted to be 100m at tunnel grade. 3 Agglomeratic shales / 750m Moderately Hard, Highly Slates tuff, Quartzite (9 %) Jointed rock zones would etc. require elaborate support system - Poor 4 Panjal Volcanics 1950 m Panjal Volcanics can be (Andesite and Basalt) (23 %) further divided in following 5 sub units 4 A to 4E. 5 Sedimentaries 3750 m Highly Jointed Limestone comprising Quartzite, (44 %) and Quartzite with the Limestone, Shale etc. Shale parting – very poor.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.7

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Prominent intra formation fault zones within sedimentaries are observed at the contact of limestone and shale rocks of vihi group and Wummuh group comprising Sandstone, Quartzite and limestone. The width of this fault zone / shear zone at tunnel grade is about 50m. 6 Shear Zones – Fault 350m Very poor to extremely Zones (4%) poor rock- difficult ground for tunneling – Exceptionally poor.

Fig 3.5: Soil Type Package – IV & V (Km 188.000 to Km 220.700) NH1-A

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.8

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

3.2.5 Regional Drainage/ Natural Drainage The Package V near Banihal town from km 189.35 to km 204.60. The area between Ch. 189.35 to Ch. 195.5 km lies on the Southern slopes of Pir-Panjal range. The Pir Panjal range acts as water divide between river Jhelum on Northern side and river Chanab on Southern side. The Southern slopes of Pir Panjal are steep and river Bichlari a tributary of river Chanab originates from the area. The drainage pattern is dendrite and the general gradient of streams is moderate to steep in the area. The proposed alignment falls on Western bank of river. Bichlari river crosses at Ch.194.80 before the main tunnel at km Ch. 195.60. The other minor, prominent stream cutting across the alignment is Khairkot, Lamber, Zenhal etc. The gravel gradient of these drains moderate to steep (Fig 3.6).

Fig 3.6: NH-1A - Banihal to Srinagar (Package V - km 188 to km 204) Drainage Map

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.9

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

3.2.6 Land use Pattern

The predominant Land Use along the alignment is Agriculture and Pir Panjal Ranges of the Himalyas which are demarcated with fairly dense scrub and also with pine forest. However, the alignment is not demarcated in any of the dense forest. The land use map of the proposed alignment surrounding area is given in Fig 3.7.

Fig. 3.7: land use / Landcover Map Package- IV & V (Km 188.000 to Km 220.700) NH 1-A Project, J&K

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.10

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

3.3 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY

Regional meteorological conditions and the Proposed project corridor air basin is of high significance in road development projects because the transportation and diffusion of all ambient air pollutants generated during proposed project implementation and/or operational phase once they are air borne are governed by local meteorological conditions. The data plays significant role in location of hot mix plants and other construction plants.

The Jammu and Kashmir state exhibits variants of Climate, extending from the cold arid in Laddakh region through predominantly temperate in Kashmir to Sub tropical in Jammu region. The climate of Jammu and Kashmir is Chracterized by following five macro climatic zones.  Sub tropical  Dry Temperate  Intermediate  Valley Temperate  Cold arid

The Package V of the Project area falls under Dry Temperate Zone where there is concentration of monsoon precipitation but relatively wetter and colder weathers are experienced.

3.3.1 Temperature The temperature recorded at IMD center Banihal is given in Table 3.2. It is observed from the table that maximum temperature observed at Banihal is 340C and varies between 150C to 340C through out the year. It is also evident from the temperature data that Climate of the area remains hot from June to September and temperature remains above 250C at Banihal from June to September. The minimum temperature observed is - 4.70C during the month of January and varies between - 4.70C and 13.50C. The temperature at Banihal remains below

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.11

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

00C from November to March. Table 3.2 Temperature Profile of Banihal Maximum Minimum Sl. No. Months Temperature Temperature 1 January 16.1 - 4.7 2 February 17.5 - 4.2 3 March 22.8 - 0.9 4 April 27.7 3.8 5 May 30.9 7 6 June 33.4 10.2 7 July 32 13.5 8 August 30.3 12.8 9 September 29.4 7.4 10 October 27.7 3.8 11 November 23.4 - 0.7 12 December 18.1 - 4.2 Source: IMD published data

3.3.2 Rainfall The average yearly rainfall measured at Banihal is shown in Table 3.3 and Fig 3.8 shows Average Rainfall Bar Graph. Table 3.3: Rainfall profile at Banihal Average Rainfall Sl. No. YEAR (mm) 1 1990 1543.10 2 1991 1544.20 3 1992 1884.60 4 1993 2723.90 5 1994 1955.70 6 1995 1606.20

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.12

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

7 1996 1996.30 8 1997 1637.40 9 1998 1332.50 10 1999 963.60 11 2000 928.00

Average Rainfall (mm) 3200 2800 2400

2000

1600 1200 800 Rainfall mm in 400 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Year Fig. 3.8: Year wise average Rainfall in mm

3.3.3 Snowfall Himalayan rivers are mostly snow fed in nature. Therefore calculation of flood discharge for these rivers involves both rainfall and snow melt discharge. Generally region an elevation of 4500 – 4700 m is considered as permanent snow line and snow above it is considered as not contributing to the river flow. There is a temporary snow line upto which snow descends in winter and in this region both rainfall and snow contribute to flow. Below temporary snow line only rainfall causes the runoff. There is no direct method which can be used to calculate the discharge from snowfall therefore on an average 10 to 20 % of lean discharge is considered as discharge due to snow melt. Snow melting contribution to runoff of this zone is very less.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.13

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Winter precipitation, which occurs in the form of snow, goes on accumulation till summer. As the summer advances, the accumulations melt and release water into the stream. Glaciers are located at an altitude of 5500 mt. The permanent snow line is at an elevation of about 4500 mts, during winter season the seasonal snowline dips to height of about 1800 mt. The depth of snow precipitation decreases from west to east and from north to south. Snow season in J&K commences during mid November reaches its peak during mid December to mid February and starts from March onwards. 8 to 10 spells of heavy snowfall are experienced between km 102 to 125 (Patni Top) and Km 185 to 210 (Banihal) on NH-1A. Snowfall data published in Indian Highways Journal, June 2004 is shown in Table 3.4. Table 3.4: Snowfall data published in Indian Highways Journal Banihal to Jawahar Jawahar Tunnel to Lower Parameter Tunnel Munda (Km 180 to Km 204) (Km 207 to 226) Annual Snow 9.20 Mtrs 9.00 Mtrs Precipitation Minimum Minus 60 C Minus 80C temperature Maximum Wind 40 KMPH 45 KMPH velocity Sector length 15 Km 19 Km

3.3.4 Wind It is observed from IMD data that prevalent wind direction in Banihal is 1-19 km/h and wind speed varies from 20 - 61 km/h, the wind speed is high particularly in winters. The data for percentage of days wind is shown in Table 3.5. The prevalent wind direction is North and North West during daytime and South and Northwest during Night.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.14

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 3.5: Wind profile at Banihal Sl. Banihal Direction No. Day Night 1 North (N) 9 9 2 North East (NE) 0 0 3 East (E) 0 0 4 South East (SE) 0 1 5 South (S) 2 14 6 South West (SW) 0 1 7 West (W) 1 2 8 North West (NW) 9 13 9 Calm 79 60 Source: IMD published data

3.3.5 Humidity The relative humidity varies from 70 % to 85 %. During rainy season relative humidity is very high. The daytime humidity recorded at Banihal is given in Table 3.6 & fig 3.9.

Percentage (%) of Humidity

100

Percentage 20

0 t r ry ay ne er pril July us A M Ju g tob mbe nua e March Au vember Ja February Oc September No Dec Month

Fig 3.9: Month wise Humidity in %

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.15

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 3.6 Relative Humidity in % recorded at Banihal

Sl. No. Month Units in % 1 January 75 2 February 76 3 March 70 4 April 66 5 May 60 6 June 62 7 July 79 8 August 85 9 September 83 10 October 74 11 November 70 12 December 68

3.4 WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT The water resources may be divided into two categories Surface Water and Ground Water Resources.

3.4.1 Surface Water Resources

The main rivers that flow through the Jammu and Kashmir region are Jhelum, Chenab and Indus. These rivers are of Himalayan origin. The other great rivers that originate from glaciers in the Himalayan region are the Ganges and the Yamuna. The river Indus originates at the Mansarovar Lake in Tibet. Some of the lakes in the Jammu and Kashmir region are Manasbal Lake, Dal Lake and the Wular Lake. Rising from a deep spring at Vernag, the Jhelum meanders northwest from the northern slope of the Pir Panjal Range through the Valley of Kashmir to the Wular Lake.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.16

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

The river Jhelum flows through a long stretch through Jammu and finally drains into the river Indus. This river flows as a muddy stream and is a famous tourist attraction, especially for the nine old bridges over it.

The river Indus originates at the confluence of the Sengge River and the Gar River, that is the Mansarovar Lake in Tibet. This river traces a lengthy and tortuous course and passes through the Kashmir region. This is an excellent area for those interested in white water rafting. The riverbanks are flanked by steep hills that have pine and deodar vegetation. The Indus river flows in-between the Ladakh range and the Zanskar range. The river Indus has several tributaries, principal among them are Gilgit river, Gumal river and Kabul river.

The merging of two Himalayan rivers forms the river Chenab, these are the Chandra river and the Bhaga rivers. Thus the river Chenab is popularly known as the Chandrabhaga. This river is also well known for its historical importance.

However in Immediate corridor of Influence is Bichleri Nala, which drains water. A bridge is proposed to be constructed over Bichleri Nala. The water quality was monitored at the Bridge site in Bichleri Nala and results are given in Table 3.7.

Fig 3.10: Proposed bypass over Bichleri River

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.17

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 3.7: Water Quality of Bichleri River Sl. No. Parameter UNITS SW1 1 pH - 7.03 2 Color - Whitish 3 Odor Unobjectionable 4 Electrical Conductivity mhos/ cm 672 5 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 380 6 Dissolve Oxygen mg/l 6 7 Chlorides mg/l 6.4 8 Sulphates mg/l 82 9 Phosphates mg/l 0.6

10 Calcium as CaCo3 mg/l 46.21

11 Magnesium as CaCo3 mg/l 54.79 12 Total Hardness mg/l 101 13 Alkalinity mg/l 146 14 Iron - 0.83 15 Fluoride mg/l Nil 16 Total Coliform MPN/ 100 ml 5 The water Quality criteria for Indian National Aquatic Sources as defined by Central Pollution Control Board is Given in Table 3.8.

Table 3.8: Water Quality Criteria for Indian National Aquatic Sources

Sl. Designated Class of Criteria No. Best Use Water 1 Drinking A Total Coliforms OrganismMPN/100ml Water Source shall be 50 or less without pH between 6.5 and 8.5 conventional Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more treatment but Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days after 20oC 2mg/l or less disinfection

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.18

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. Designated Class of Criteria No. Best Use Water 2 Outdoor B Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml bathing shall be 500 or less (Organized) pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less 3 Drinking water C Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml source after shall be 5000 or less conventional pH between 6 to 9 treatment and Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more disinfection Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less 4 Propagation D pH between 6.5 to 8.5 of Wild life and Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Fisheries Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less 5 Irrigation, E pH between 6.0 to 8.5 Industrial Electrical Conductivity at 25oC micro Cooling, mhos/cm Max.2250 Controlled Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 Waste disposal Boron Max. 2mg/l 6 Below E Not meeting A, B, C, D and E

The water of Bichleri River is fit for drinking water source without conventional treatment but with disinfections as per Central Pollution Control Board Norms for National Aquatic Sources.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.19

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

3.4.2 Ground Water Resources

Large number of hand pumps and irrigation wells are used for extraction of Ground water. However dependence on groundwater is limited as there are no of Rivers and Fresh water Nallahs in the area. The Ground water quality was monitored at following two locations as given in Table 3.9and monitoring results in Table 3.10. Table 3.9: Ground Water Monitoring Stations Station Nos. Location Chainage Remarks GW1 Village Varinag Km 212.000 Depth of Sample 30 m GW2 Qazigund Km 225.000 Depth of Sample 30 m Table 3.10: Ground Water Monitoring Result Drinking Water Sl. No. Parameter UNIT GW1 GW2 Standards (IS) 1 pH - 7.50 7.0 6.5 to 8.5 2 Electrical µS/cm 325 342 - Conductivity 3 Chloride mg/l 15.50 17.94 250 4 Sulphate mg/l 115.40 246.90 200 5 Calcium mg/l 26 35 75 hardness 6 Alkalinity mg/l 3.50 3.00 10.00 7 Total Dissolved mg/l 155 135 500 Solids

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.20

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

3.5 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Deterioration of air quality in and around urban areas results mainly from industrial emission and traffic exhaust. Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) monitoring has been conducted for one season at 3 locations along the project site. The air quality sampling locations were identified primarily based on regional meteorological data and by considering the existing residential areas. The factors considered for Selection of AAQ Monitoring Location are given below.

(i) The monitoring station should be located at a place where interferences are not present or anticipated. (ii) The site should be away from major pollution sources. The distance depends upon the source, its height and its emissions. (iii) The monitoring station should be at least 25 m away from domestic chimneys, especially if the chimneys are lower than the sampling point; with larger sources the distance should be greater. (iv) The site should be away from absorbing surfaces such as absorbing building material. The clearance to be allowed will depends on the absorbing properties of the material for the pollutant in question, but it will normally be at least 1 m away from such place. (v) The instrument must be located in such a place where free flow of air is available. (vi) The instrument should not be located in a confined place, corner or a balcony. (vii) Height of the inlet must be 3 – 10 m above the ground level.

The AAQ monitoring has been conducted twice a week for 24 hours duration at all the 3 AAQ monitoring locations. Due to limitation of availability of electricity at few monitoring locations, 24 hourly samples were not obtained but for the entire AAQ samples, representative sample has been taken for duration of ≥ 08 hours.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.21

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Composite air samples were collected for 8 hours duration at two locations (Ref Table 3.11 for location) using High Volume Sampler with an average flow of 1m3/s and analysis was done for Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (Nox), Carbon mono oxide (CO) and Hydro Carbon (HC) given in Table 3.12.

Table 3.11: Monitoring Locations of Ambient Air Quality

Sl. No. Location Chainage (km) Remarks 1 Banihal 189.000 Near Jammu and Kashmir Tourist Center. Residential rural and others 2 Qazigund 224.000 Market area, Residential rural and others

Table 3.12: Result of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Permissible Standards Sl. No. Parameter Unit AQ1 AQ2 (Residential rural and others) Suspended 1 Particulate g/m3 235 190 200 Matter (SPM) Respirable Suspended 2 g/m3 105 94 100 Particulate Matter (RSPM) Sulphur dioxide 3 g/m3 16 19 80 (SO2) Nitrogen Oxides 4 g/m3 21 25 80 (NOX)

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.22

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Permissible Standards Sl. No. Parameter Unit AQ1 AQ2 (Residential rural and others) Carbon Mono 5 ppm 1.6 1.3 2.0 oxide (CO) Hydro Carbon 6 ppm 0.04 0.05 - (HC)

Ambient Air Quality 250 AQ1 200 AQ2 Standards

150

100 micro grams / m3 / grams micro 50

0 SPM RSPM SO2 NOX Parameters Fig. 3.11: Ambient Air Quality

It can be seen from the results that, Suspended Particulate Matter and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter are slightly above permissible limits at AQ1 site, which may be because of Heavy traffic congestion, frequent jams in Qazigund and Banihal town, on going construction activities of Railway line by IRCON, Quarry and Mining activities in the area. The reason for slow movement of traffic and frequent traffic Jam in Qazigund and Banihal town is narrow carriageway and movement of mix traffic. The RSPM and SPM in Banihal town may also be high because of steep gradient of road before Banihal town. The electric supply to towns is also erratic resulting in the use of Diesel Generator,

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.23

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 which may be responsible for slightly high values of SPM and RSPM in the area.

3.6 NOISE QUALITY Automobiles contribute significantly to the noise pollution especially in the congested area, particularly in crowded commercial areas and Market places. Noise levels are going higher and higher in India due to increase in number of vehicles on road and high industrial activities. Noise levels were monitored at three locations along the proposed alignment. The monitoring locations were selected to represents sample of the area. The details of locations are given below in Table 3.13 and observed noise levels in Table 3.14.

Table 3.13: Details of Noise Quality Monitoring Locations

Sl. Location Chainage Remarks No. NQ1 Banihal Town Km 189 Residential cum Commercial NQ2 Near Jawahar Tunnel Km 204 Sensitive Area NQ3 Hospital in Qazigund Km 223 Sensitive Area

Table 3.14: Results of Noise Quality Monitoring

DAY NIGHT Sl. No. Leq Lmax Lmin Standard Leq Lmax Lmin Standard NQ1 58.5 72 45 55 49.5 59 40 45 NQ2 58.0 69 47 50 42.5 46 39 40 NQ3 61.0 71 51 50 51.0 58 44 40

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.24

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Ambient Noise Quality 65 NQ1 60 NQ2

NQ3 55

Leq dB(A) 45

35 Leq Standard Leq Standard Day Night Day / Night time

Fig. 3.12: Ambient Noise Quality (Day and Night)

The noise levels monitored were found to be higher which may be due to following reasons.  Slow movement of Army Convoy, which mostly consists of Heavy Traffic  Steep Gradient of Road  Inadequate carriageway width and Poor road geometrics leading to frequent traffic jams.  Old vehicles in Jammu and Kashmir.  Congested Road Section leads to Slow Movement of Traffic  Erratic Power Supply which forces the use of generator in Commercial Areas in Banihal and Qazigund and most of these generators are Diesel.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.25

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

3.7 ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS Study of ecological attributes is one of the most important aspects in environmental impact assessment. Ecological studies of both plant and animal would help to protect the environment through proper planning.

3.7.1 Forest

Forest The Jammu and Kashmir is blessed with rich forests spread over huge areas, particularly in the outer and inner Himalayans ranges, which are characterized by heavy Precipitation in the form of rains and Snow. Laddakh a high altitude region is berefet of forests since the high mountains receive scant rainfall. (Fig. 3.13 Shows Forest Cover of Jammu and Kashmir)

The total forest area spread in Jammu and Kashmir state is estimated to be 20,230 sq. km accounting for about 20 % of its geographical area. The region wise distribution of Forests in State is given in Table 3.15.

Fig. 3.13: Map of Forest Area, Jammu & Kashmir

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.26

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 3.15 Distribution of Forest area in Jammu and Kashmir State Area (sq.km) % of forest area w.r.t to Sl. No. Region Geographical Forest Geographical area 1 Kashmir 15948 8128 50.97 2 Jammu 26293 12066 45.89 3 Ladakh 59146 36 0.06 Total 101387 20230 19.95

The principal types of forest found in Jammu and Kashmir are

Kashmir Temperate Forest (1600-2700m)

These forests are characterized by the extensive occurrence of coniferous forests with little species diversity and often interspersed with some broad-leaved deciduous arboreal elements. The species distribution varies greatly with altitude and aspect as a result of which two main subgroups may be organized viz., The Karewa forests (1600-2500 m): These forests are distributed on the Karewa mounds along foothills and being nearer to habitations is subjected to much biotic interferences. This type of forest can further be classified as  Karewa Blue Pine Forest  Karewa Deciduous Forest The Montane Forests (2100 – 2700 m): These forest comprises a variety of forests with pure and mixed stands of coniferous and Broadleaved elements. These are further divided into three categories based on crop characteristics.  Montane mixed coniferous Forest  Montane deciduous Forests  Montane high-level Kail forests.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.27

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Kashmir Subalpine Forests (2700 – 3400/3500m): These are characterized by the preponderance of Silver fir in the lower reaches and birch at higher elevations, Accordingly two types of forests are discemble Montane high-level Forest and Birch Forest Kashmir Alpine Forests (> 3400 / 3500 m): These forests occur above the tree line, in very cold and rigorous climate. These comprise alpine scrubs, formed mainly by stunted Betula utilis and Juniperus squamata. Among other scrubs occurring in these scrubs are Rhododendron spp., Salix karelini, Lonicera spp, spiraea affinis and Berberis Jaeschkeana. The herbaceous species such as Silene tenuis, Cerastium dahuricum, Parnassia laxmanni and Elymus spp are frequently associated with these scrubs.

3.7.2 Flora The proposed road is passing through agriculture fields and the proposed two new tunnels is passing through the Pir Panjal Ranges which are demarcated forest of Jammu and Kashmir. There are walnut orchards, willow trees in the area. The predominant species of the area are.

3.7.3 Fauna

The varying geographical conditions, flora and fauna of Kashmir have given rise to many kinds of plant and animal life. The inaccessible peaks of the Himalayas are ideal breeding grounds for the Chiru, the endangered deer, while the snow leopard finds a home in the snows covered mountain crevices. The plains of Jammu harbor birds like Cinnamon Sparrows, pheasants, yellow grosbeak and other species. The Himalayan Grey Langur is found in the green valleys of Kashmir. The rocky terrain of Ladakh harbors yak, ibex and mouse hares.

The road is passing near to Chakore Reserve and is approximately 1 km from National Highway. The wild life has not been reported around the National

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.28

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Highway, which may be because stretch of Land along National Highway is devoid of any forest and increased human interference. However the new proposed long tunnel will pass beneath the Chakore reserve.

3.8 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT The description of socio-economic features of the concerned districts comprise the demographic, social and economic aspect of the population, which includes the features of population distribution, density of population and the Vulnerable Groups. The details of Settlements along the proposed road alignment are given the Table 3.16. Table 3.16: List of Settlements/Villages along the proposed alignment Sl. Name of Chainage Side Tehsil Districts No. Village From To 1. Wagon Left 189.350 190.00 Banihal Doda 2. Zanihal Both 190.00 192.00 Banihal Doda 3. Asar Both 192.00 193.00 Banihal Doda 4. Lamber Both 193.00 194.00 Banihal Doda 5. Gund Both 194.00 (After Banihal Doda Long Tunnel) 6. Wangund Both 220.700 (Before Ananthnag long

Tunnel) All the above village setups are small with very few houses in each settlement.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.29

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 3.17: List of School / Colleges

Side Distance Sl. Chainage (Left/ from C/L Name No. (km) Right) (m) 1 188.850 Left 30 High School Alam Shah Convent 2 190.550 Left 25 School 3 195.130 Left 20 Govt. Girls High School 4 195.150 Left 20 Govt. Boys High School 5 198.320 Right 25 Primary School There are no any college existed along the proposed alignment and all are primary and secondary schools. Table 3.18: List of Religious Structures Sl. Chainage Side Name/Type No. (km) (Left/ Right) 1 Madarasa 188.950 Center 2 Mosque 195.250 Right 3 Dargah 195.265 Left 4 Idgah 195.490 Right 5 Idgah 198.190-198.250 Right 6 Temple 210.200 Right 7 Temple 212.500 Right

Much of the religious structures are belongs to Muslim community and very few Hindu temples are existed along the alignment.

Overall, the Most of the base line monitoring samples are well with in the permissible limits except few air and noise monitoring samples. This is mainly due to increase in traffic load in the existing road.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter III : Description of Environment 3.30

CHAPTER IV

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION & MITIGATION MEASURES

4.0 INTRODUCTION

EIA is required to forecast the changes in environmental conditions due to new proposed project. The information generated during impact assessment can be used to make informed decisions about the proposed activities. The prediction of change is central to the process and the better the predictions, the better will be prescriptions on mitigation measures.

The potential environmental impacts depend on the current status of the bio- physical parameters the eco-system. Such impacts will also to a great extent be determined by the magnitude of different operations like leveling, stripping, cutting, clearing of vegetation, felling of trees along the road, construction of culverts & bridges, setting up of labour camps, installation of construction machinery and equipment.

Mitigation of impact implies the elimination, reduction or control of the adverse environmental effects of the project and includes restoration for any damage to the environment caused by such effects through replacement, restoration, compensation or any other means.

Identification of significant impacts for the proposed project is a prominent step in the process of environmental impact assessment. This provides a way forward to other elements of EIA study such as quantification and evaluation of site specific impacts exclusively from proposed project. Although, variety of concerns/ issues are identified while describing existing (baseline) environmental status, it is necessary at this stage to identify the likely critical impacts on various components of environment due to proposed project.

For construction and operation phases of the proposed expansion of High way project the “Network Method” has been adopted for identification of impacts, which involves understanding of cause-condition-effects relationships between an

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 activity and the consequences/ impacts on environmental and socio-economic parameters for identification of significant impacts and has been found to be the most appealing tool.

The detailed list of activity corresponding to proposed project at the site identified, as described in previous chapters of this report have been taken into consideration for generation of cause-condition-effect networks (i.e. chains of events and consequences). This type of method has been basically advantageous in recognizing the series of impacts that would trigger by the proposed activities. Thus this method has provided a “road map” type of approach for identification of primary, secondary as well as tertiary levels of impacts.

The idea was to account for the proposed project activities and identify the corresponding impacts, which would initially occur. The next was to select each primary impact and identify the relevant secondary and tertiary impacts which are induced as a result. This process was repeated until all possible impacts were identified. The greatest advantage of this type of approach is that it allows to identifying the impacts by selecting and tracing out the events and consequences as they are expected to occur.

The present project is distinctive to the extent that it has two tunnels –one small and the other long coupled with small stretches of the road providing access and exit at the south and north portal of the long tunnel. Impacts on different parameters of the environment for the stretches over ground and underground are likely to be different both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Impacts on different environmental attributes and proposed mitigation measures are described in this chapter. Road projects particularly bring in adverse impacts on pollution load of different environmental parameters like soil, water, air, noise, and ecological resources. There may also be impact on the socio- economic parameters of the locality resulting in displacement / dislocation / relocation for people and properties. This may also impact sensitive areas as far as conservation of biological resources of a particular area is concerned. Cultural properties / heritage sites may also be affected by such project execution.

The impact networks have been delineated for construction and operation phases

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.2

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 of proposed project. The identified impacts for various components of environment, viz., air, water, land and socio-economic are presented in Figs. 4.1- 4.5. Based on primary, secondary and tertiary impacts, the Impact statement is produced and using Matrix analysis the Environmental Impact Assessment matrix is generated for the proposed project.

Proposed Project

Construction Operational Phase Phase

Release Release of of Air Pollutants Heat

Impact Particulates Deposition on on Soil – Water Structure Visibility

Change in Climate Air Quality Changes

Impact Aesthetic on Impact Agricultural Produce

Impact Impact on on Human Health Flora & Fauna

Impact Impact on on Socio-Cultural Economic Output Environment

Fig. 4.1: Impact Network for Air Environment

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.3

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Proposed Project

Activity Construction Operation Phase Phase

Change in Change in Surface Drainage Pattern Morphology

Primary Impact on Hydraulics of Water Course Impacts

Impacts on Impacts on Impacts on Secondary Agriculture Aquatic Life Amenity Impact Production /Recreation

Impact on Impact on socio-cultural Tertiary Economic Output Impacts

Fig. 4.2: Impact Network for Water Environment

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.4

M/s. Navyuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, strengthening and 4 laning of Quazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to Km 204.700 in state of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navyuga/EIA/2010-11/June/EMS-014/R00

Proposed Project

Activity Construction Operation Phase Phase

Change in Land Use

Primary Impact on flora Change in Soil Texture and Impacts and Fauna Permeability

Impact on Secondary Soil Biota Impact Impacts on Agriculture Production

Tertiary Impact on socio- Impact on Economic Impacts cultural Environment Output

Fig. 4.3: Impact Network for Land Environment

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Mea

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Proposed Project

Activity Construction Operation Phase Phase

Development of Primary Change in Transportation of Workforce Impacts Land Use Raw material

Environm Change in Demand for ental Change in Change in Employmen Infrastructure Impact Resource Economy Trade t Pattern Facilities Base and Commerce

Secondary Change in Impact on Amenity Impact on and Recreation Impact Income Landscape Distribution

Change in Socioeconomic Status and Cultural Tertiary Value Impacts

Fig 4.4: Impact network for social economics of study area.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.6

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Fig. 4.5: Comprehensive Impact Network for Proposed Project

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.7

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

4.1 SCALE OF STUDY

Impacts on different environmental attributes and proposed mitigation measures are described in this chapter.

4.2 IMPACT ON PHYSICAL RESOURCES

4.2.1 Impact on Topography due to proposed project The topography of the proposed activity will be impacted in following ways:  The approaches to the short tunnel, the formation between the northern portal of the short tunnel and the southern portal of the long tunnel will raise/ change the topography.  The alignment runs parallel to the North Bank of River Bichleri and to contain high embankment (> 1 mt) overpass has been proposed at km 192.310 of 330m long. This will lead to change in topography permanently.  The dumping of construction waste including tunnel construction/ excavation will generate large volume of solid waste which may alter the topography of the area.

Thus the overall impact of the project activities is not having any negative impact rather it will help in overcoming the flood situations.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.8

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Mitigation Measures  Impact has been assessed as low and permanent as such impacts will not affect the drainage of watersheds in the project corridor. Therefore no mitigation measure has been suggested.  The solid waste generated due to the construction of tunnel will be partly used in the construction of embankment in the Banihal Side and around 10- lakhs cubic meter of manure will be disposed at identified site as per dump management plan which will be prepared prior to disposing of waste.

4.2.2 Impact on Geology due to proposed project

Tunnel excavation will require extraction of geological resources consisting of sedimentatries i.e. sandstones, shales, limestone and conglomerates and metamorphic (panjal volcanics) i.e. Basalts and andesites. Such extraction/ removal are not likely to result in loss of mineral resources as no mineralized zone is present along the axis of the tunnel.  Excavation activity from tunnels may have some impact on the fossil finds in the sedimentaries  The blasting operations will lead to rock movement, minor fragmentations and vibrations. Thus directly impacting the geology.  Likely impact on the geological resources will occur from the extraction of materials (borrow of earth, stone metals, granular sub base and aggregates for base courses and bridges).

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.9

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 4.1: Details of Materials Name Distance (km) Capacity Source Md. Amin Crusher 0.400 300 m3 / day Trawl Navder River Bed United Stone 0.100 250 m3/day Jhelum River Bed Crusher Jhelum River Bed 0.100 ----- Jhelum River Bed Material Quarry Nippora Quarry 2.00 4000000 m3 Natural Stone Quarry Momin Abadh 6.00 600000 m3 Natural Stone Quarry Dayal Village Shankerpur 5.00 3150000 m3 Sandra River Bed Material Village Qazigund 0.150 800000 m3 Jhelum River Bed Material

Mitigation measures

In case of finding of mineralized zones along the tunnel alignment during excavation, it will be brought to the notice of the Department of Geology and Mining of the State Government for directions from their end. Some fossil finds in the sedimentaries excavated from the tunnel which may generate some new information on the stratigraphy of the Pir Panjal Range will also be brought to the notice of the said Department.

Appropriate blasting design will be adopted which will consider safety, blast geometry, free faces, burden, spacing, initiation pattern and angled holes. Specific techniques used for minimizing the air overpressure and vibrations will include:

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.10

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

- Delayed detonator initiation systems - Reducing whole diameters - Splitting of explosive charge columns into discrete charges fired on separate delayed - Avoiding use of exposed explosives - Adequate confinement of explosives - Quantity and quality of shooting

The boulders will be procured from the authorized suppliers and prevalent rules will be followed for borrowing of soil. Hence, the impact on general geology of the region is insignificant

4.2.3 Impact on Water Environment

(A) Surface water Bichlari River drains from the proposed project passage. A large number of streams and nallas feature in the dendritic pattern of drainage on the Pir Panjal slopes on which the present project is aligned. Monitoring of the Bichlari River indicates that as per the water quality criteria for Indian National Aquatic Sources defined by the Central Pollution Control Board; this will be classified as ‘A’ class implying that the water is fit for drinking water without conventional treatment but with disinfections.

Factors which will have potential impacts on surface water quality are:  Tunnel construction and operation – including seepage, wash-down water and spillage  Portal areas, worksites and spoil placement areas  Construction of two major bridges on the Bichlari River and 3 minor bridges on streams and distributaries.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.11

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Pre Construction Phase  Due to tree felling, soils around the water bodies and surface drainage channels will be exposed during the pre construction stage.  Establishment of labor camps will require water in fulfilling their day to day activities. This may have a small impact on the locally available resources.  Such impacts, however, will be low to moderate, short term and reversible.

Construction Phase The sources of water pollution from the construction activities include the following:  Leachates from stored bitumen and emulsion will pollute the near by surface water source.  Oil spill from the operation of the mechanical workshop, diesel pumps, diesel storage, transportation and transfer  From the foundation work of bridges and culverts such as piling and excavation for open / well foundation  Operation of construction camps will require a well developed drainage system to manage the sewage generated and avoiding its mixing with nearby surface water.  Water flow from scarified bitumen material  Operation of emulsion sprayer and laying of hot-mix  Soil erosion during the construction phase of the road embankment and the bridges can contribute large amounts of sediments and silt to run-off waters and this can affect surface water quality adversely.  Heavy metals, oils, and other toxic substances and debris from construction traffic and spillage can be absorbed by soil at construction site and carried with run-of water to the water courses, which can thus lead to increase in turbidity and alkalinity & impact aquatic flora and fauna adversely.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.12

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Operation Phase

There are chances of water quality degradation due to construction activities. It is envisaged that there is possibility of positive impacts, during operation phase, due to the proposed widening/strengthening of existing road. The extent of vehicles going on to the berms causing dust would be reduced and the drainage system along the raised embankments will be improved. This will reduce adverse effects of soil erosion.

(B) Ground Water Impacts on ground water due to other activities One aquifer is coming within ROW at Asar village which is used by local villagers for drinking purposes. Apart from that no ground water resource is being impacted.

Impacts on ground water due to tunneling Ground water conditions are indicative that the jointed and sheared rock masses, and jointed lime-stones and quartzites will lead to water seepage in the tunnel. During tunneling in situations where the water table is higher than the project road level water may drip from the roof and also enter from the sidewalls of the tunnel. The discharge volume of such water will primarily depend upon the head of such ground water. Ingress of ground water under conditions of high head of more than 100m is expected in some stretches. Ground water inflow under variable hydraulic head is anticipated in profusely jointed rock formations, sheared/fault zones at the contacts of different rock formations particularly in sequence of sedimentary rocks especially in the northern part of the tunnel.

Investigations carried out for the existing tunnel renovations indicated that the seepage along the tunnel varied from wetting/dripping seepage to heavy seepage depending on the degree of fracturation of rocks. The cumulative

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.13

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 seepage rates recorded during the excavation of this tunnel ranged between 75 l/s and 115l/s.

Therefore, it is clear that the likely impacts of ground water during tunneling in different stretches of the alignment may be of varying degrees, duration and this will call for specific management measure both during the construction and the operation phase.

Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measures to control degradation of surface water quality will include both for the stretches of road over ground as well as the stretches covered by the long and the short tunnel. Surface water in the form of run-off in areas of construction over ground will be collected through pucca longitudinal drains and safely led to the existing water courses through the appropriately designed cross- drainage structures.

Mitigation measures to avoid degradation of the water quality will include:

 Development of a comprehensive erosion and sediment control plan prior to earth-moving activities  Application of erosion and sediment control practices to prevent excessive onsite damage  Apply perimeter control practices to protect the disturbed areas from onsite run-off and to prevent sediment damage to areas below the construction site  Keeping run-off velocities low and trying to retain much of the run-off on the site  Stabilization of the disturbed areas as soon as the final grade has been attained.

The adoption of the best management practices as detailed below will meet the

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.14

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 desired objective of silt and sediment control:

Grassed swales: These are shallow channeled grass depressions through which run-off is conveyed Sodding: Establishment of grass blankets on soil embankments to provide quick vegetative cover to lessen rill and sheet erosion Terracing: breaking long slopes into a number of flat surfaces to help establishment of vegetation Infiltration trenches: Shallow excavated trenches backfilled with stones to create underground reservoirs with diverted run-off Detention ponds or basins: Temporary storage of run-off from a site and controlled release to minimize downstream flooding Silt Fences: Vertical fences of filter fabric stretched across supports to retain sediment on the construction site and protect streams from sediment-laden run- off.

The adoption of these measures will be strengthened and supported by:  Use of oil/ water separators to extract floating oils.  Proper storage of contaminated liquids and disposal after treatment to bring such liquids within prescribed permissible limits.  Restricting construction activities near water courses as far practicable during the dry season.  On site fueling area of vehicles and equipments will be selected away from water bodies and should be protected by a berm to prevent run- off from leaving the area.  A construction material handling protocol (e.g. storage away from water sources and provision of retention areas to contain accidental spills of such toxic, hazardous and harmful construction materials like asphalt, oil and petroleum products) will be prepared and applied.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.15

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Mitigation measures for the tunnel part will include:  Installation of a water proofing system between the initial ground support system and the final concrete lining. This will consist of a PVC membrane with protection layers made from geo-textile material  Collection of roadway water in a dedicated drainage system to separate it out from the clean water drainage system. As the tunnel will be open for vehicular traffic carrying dangerous goods, the drainage system will consist of a slotted gutter. This will be connected to the principal longitudinal drains by gully pits containing a siphon system.  Water collection basins will be put at each end of the portals where drainage water will be collected.

4.2.4 Impact on Land Environment

Impact on Land Environment

Loss of Productive Soil

Soil Erosion

Compaction of soil

Contamination of soil

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.16

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Pre Construction Phase

The stretch of the road over ground will require acquisition of agricultural land. The new 4-lane will require acquisition of 53.23 ha of land. This will impact production but the impact will be low, insignificant & restricted to areas of the project corridor of the specific stretches and irreversible. Setting of worker camps construction camps, offices, Plants, Stockyards located on productive agricultural soils will impact the soil productivity. Setting of site offices and worker camps will also accelerate the movement of heavy vehicles on those sites which may gradually lead to soil compaction and physical disruption.

Construction phase  Loosening of the top soil will take place after removal of vegetation which will be more prone to erosion.  As a part of project proceedings huge amount of solid waste will be generated in the form tunnel excavations, muck etc. Disposal of these excavated materials without any proper management may pose a problem to environment.  Near the approaches to the bridges the embankments will be higher by 1 m above ground level. During construction if proper drainage is not maintained then soil erosion process may be set in.  Movement of construction machinery, vehicles during construction especially haul roads will lead to physical disruption of soil.  Sub soil contamination may also be attributed to: - Leachates from stripped bitumen waste will directly penetrate the soil profile thus polluting it. - Maintenance of the machinery and operation of the diesel generator sets on site - Oil Spill from the operation of the mechanical work shops, diesel pumps and diesel storage, during transportation and transfer, parking places, and diesel generator sets

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.17

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

- Operation of the emulsion sprayer and laying of hot mix - Operation of the residential facilities for the labour and staff - Storage and stock yards of bitumen and emulsion - Excess production of hot mix and rejected materials Operation Stage

 The likelihood of soil erosion during operation phase in the regions of high embankments is anticipated due to heavy vehicular movement.  During this stage there is a possibility of soil contamination by spills from accidents or leakage from vehicles carrying hazardous chemicals. The probability of incidents is low and such impacts will depend to a great extent on how such situations are handled on ground.

Mitigation Measure

 During design phase the alignment has been chosen such that acquisition of agriculture land is minimum.  Construction camps, offices, plants, stockyards, traffic detour’s will not be located on fertile land unless and otherwise unavoidable. If these are to be located on fertile land topsoil should be stripped, stored and such areas will be restored after completion of work.  Best work period will be chosen in order to limit erosion i.e. rainy season will be avoided.  District authorities have been approached for identification and handing over of dump disposal sites.  The solid waste generated from the worker camps would be dumped in locally identified site. The liquid discharge from the workers camp will be disposed to the existing drainage system in order to prevent soil pollution.  Solid waste dumps will be re-vegetated through use of stock piled top soil obtained from areas of construction of embankments.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.18

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 Local quarries and borrow areas can be landscaped and developed for a variety of recreational and economic uses  Engineering structures like toe-walls will be constructed to prevent debris flow from dumping as well as storage sites.  Slope embankments will be provided with the grass turf and run off from the roads will be safely disposed of to the existing drainage system to prevent any possibility of soil erosion.  Movement of construction machinery will be restricted to designated paths which will not pass through agriculture fields in order to avoid compaction and physical disruption of agricultural soil.  Maintenance work of the construction machinery will be done on pre- designed cemented platforms which will be further provided with oil drains/ oil segregators.  The vegetal cover that will come up gradually with time through compensatory afforestation will also hold the soil firmly through their root system and also by cutting down on quantum of precipitation reaching the ground through canopy interceptions and evaporation through canopy foliage.  The excavations from tunnel sites can be specifically used in following way:  Soft sedimentaries from excavations may be used in road embankments if necessary after proper treatment.  Similarly volcanic obtained from tunnel excavation can be used in production of aggregates for road making.  Hard sedimentary rock formations, volcanics and quartzites can be used in construction of breast and retaining walls as well as gabion walls. Reuse of excavated material after testing their suitability will minimize requirement surface areas for dumping.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.19

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

4.2.5 Air Environment Ambient Air Quality in the area may deteriorate due to following activities in different phases as discussed below.

Pre Construction Stage Clearing of site & excavation works required for the establishment of project offices and portal offices involving typical construction methods through excavators, graders, cranes etc. may result in loosening of soil particles. This may result in rise of SPM and RSPM levels in ambient air, which will be localized, short term and reversible.

Construction Stage

During construction stage air quality is to be impacted of dust generation and construction vehicle emissions. The potential for air quality impacts from construction activities will arise from:  Raising of dust from open construction areas by wind, vehicle movements and other activities  Demolition of built up structures along the road will lead to temporary increase in SPM & RSPM  Spill of construction material during transportation, loading, unloading & materials transfer operations of construction material.  Haulage roads used for transportation of material and for disposal of debris generated due to various construction activities.  Gaseous emissions from installed asphalt hot mix plants can pose a problem to environment due to dust produced. Dust is not only a threat to lungs and eyes, but may contribute to poor visibility, especially when trucks, front-end loaders, or other equipment are working around the stockpiles.  Fugitive emissions from construction machinery / vehicles involved in construction. . Vehicles working at the surface construction site, including earth/ debris

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.20

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

moving equipment, concrete trucks, material delivery trucks, truck-mounted cranes etc. i. Stationary plant emissions like mobile generators, dewatering pumps, concrete pumps etc. ii. Vehicles and equipment within the underground excavation area or within the enclosed work shed including the front-end loaders, trucks, mobile generators and the like. iii. Stone crushers may contribute in deterioration of air quality due to generation of dust.

Operation

Emissions from vehicles running on road and discharge from tunnels to the open environment may deteriorate the ambient air quality in the immediate corridor of impact. The ambient air quality of the area, as a whole will improve, as the vehicles will not climb up and down the hills resulting in fewer emissions and with the construction of new alignment at a uniform elevation of 1800m distance will be reduced. The overall impact will be positive.

Mitigation Measures:

The contractor will be responsible for putting in place a comprehensive dust and odor management strategy and typical components of such a strategy will include:

 Demolition activities will be performed using appropriate dust controls such as consideration of meteorological conditions, use of water sprays and ensuring proper covering of materials transported from the one site and to other site.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.21

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 Trucks transporting excavated material will be washed down and covered with Tarpaulin prior to exit from the worksites to prevent windblown dust during transport.  The place where muck generated due to the construction will be collected shall be kept covered from all the sides and upto sufficient height, So that soil/ rock particles are not carried by wind.  Water will be sprinkled regularly twice a day on haulage roads.  Provision of water sprays on unsealed trafficked areas in the worksites and newly established stockpiles at the dumpsites.  All vehicles / construction machineries involved in the construction will adhere to the Emission norms as specified by the State Pollution Control Board.  Asphalt hot mix plants will be sited around 1 km away from the congested locations & human settlements.

Management measures of diesel exhaust emission will include:  Avoiding queuing of the construction traffic vehicle fleet on the roads adjacent to the sites to minimize the exhaust emissions generated during construction work  Wherever possible exhaust emissions from mobile and stationary plant will be directed away from the ground  Vehicles, plant and machinery will be fitted with appropriate emission control equipment and maintained adequately to meet manufacturer’s specification.

Specific Mitigation Measures Mitigation measures identified during tunneling to reduce air pollution:  Excavation at the tunnel portals will be performed within the enclosed work sheds constructed prior to the commencement of works

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.22

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 Tunnel ventilation air during construction will be treated by passing through particulate filter prior to the exit from work sheds to meet the required standards. Mitigation measures identified in operational phase to maintain and monitor air quality includes:  Installation of CO and NO censors at both the ends of tunnels connected to the tunnel SCADA system supported by uninterrupted power supply for monitoring of CO and NO.  Longitudinal Ventilation System in Short tunnel and Longitudinal and Transverse Ventilation system which will be placed in long tunnels to maintain the desired levels of ambient air quality in the tunnels.  Monitoring of ambient air quality at the ventilation outlets and airflows will be manipulated accordingly to conform to the air discharge norms.  Monitoring of traffic flows and management in tunnel to maintain ambient air quality in the tunnel.

4.2.6 Noise Environment

The project involves construction of new stretches on the surface. There are some small settlements along these stretches. Noise sensitive receivers are generally absent along this corridor of impact. The sites of Portals both North and South of both the short and the long tunnel are located away from the settlements. Machinery such as excavators, bulldozers, stabilizers, drills, stone crushers, graders, vibratory rollers, concrete-mixing plants, and screening plants will generate noise during proposed activity in the project corridor.

Pre construction During pre-construction phase noise levels may increase due to pre- construction activities like establishment of worker’s camp, movement of construction materials, movement of machineries and equipments for construction. This change of noise level will have a short term impact.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.23

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Construction phase Impacts on different receptors will also vary considerably during the construction stage and these impacts will be localized and limited to stretches where construction work will be under progress, near equipment / vehicle yard, plant sites.  During construction operation of machineries and equipment including stone crushing, asphalt production and batching plants and diesel generators used in construction will add some significant changes into the noise level  The duration and time of the day when vibration occurs affects human perception of vibration. The vibration resulting from blasting generally lasts for a few seconds. Such vibrations at night may cause sleep disturbance to population of habitations within 1 km of the site of such blasting. Rock cover along the tunnel alignment varies between 30m to 1075m. Therefore, it is anticipated that regenerated noise levels from road heading will not likely to result in sleep disturbance of the people in settlements along the alignment of the tunnel.  Anticipated vibration levels generated by road heading are likely to be low enough to cause any disturbance to structures in settlements along the project corridor.

Operation Stage

During operation stage noise levels will considerable come down due to smooth riding pavement, improvement in junctions etc. Thus impacts will be low, local short term and reversible.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.24

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Mitigation measures for such stretches will include:  Enforcement of noise standards for all site vehicles, equipments, and construction machinery  Maintenance of such construction machinery and equipments regularly with particular attention to silencers and mufflers to keep construction noise levels to minimum  Construction camps will be located at about 1000m away from habitations  Provision of personal protective equipments like ear plugs to the work force working in noisy environment to protect them from high noise levels for a prolonged period.  Installation of noise screens ,if required  “No horn” sign boards will be put near all sensitive places like schools, hospitals, etc.  Diverting traffic in sensitive areas, providing signboards will help reduce in noise. Proper design and maintenance of vehicles will also help in reduction of noise levels  Noise levels are likely to be high during tunnel excavation at the portals. Such high and unreasonable noise levels are proposed to be mitigated through adoption of the following measures:  Construction of an acoustic enclosure over the Portals  Design of continuous ventilation to ensure that mechanical plants only operate at night within the enclosure to meet nighttime desirable noise levels.  Monitoring of noise levels from variable noise sources such as rock drills to ensure that those activities are only carried out during hours of the night when noise levels are low enough to meet reasonable night time noise limits.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.25

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

4.2.7 Impact on Ecological Resources

Pre Construction Stage Some trees and ground vegetation will be impacted during establishment of construction workers camps, stockyards for material storage and construction machinery and equipment camps. Such impacts will be temporary and reversible.

Construction Stage The project road has two tunnels namely the Lambar Tunnel (680m) & a long tunnel spanning a length of 8.420km.The project road has also some stretches running over ground. The stretch of the road passing over ground before the short tunnel, between the short and the long tunnel and the stretch beyond the northern Portal of the long tunnel has roadside vegetation.  Inventory of the road vegetation in over ground stretches of the project road indicate that approximately 2269 trees will be impacted by the project road. Tress impacted belong to species like Poplar(Populus spp.), Willows (Salix spp.), Walnut (Juglans regia), Chir (Pinus roxburghii), Bran ( Ulmus villosa), Mulberry (Morus alba), Apple (Mallus pumila), etc. Bulk of the trees belong to low girth classes of 30-60cm and 61-90cm.  Some trees in the areas of the tunnel adjoining the portals may be impacted by vibrations during tunneling operation.  The project has a Chukor Reserve within its indirect area of influence. This is a conservation area targeted towards conservation of avian fauna.  Vibration from drilling and blasting may scare away same birds.  Due to Construction activities in these stretches no fragmentation of any wildlife habitat or shrinkage of such habitat is anticipated.  Impacts like injuries /casualties of wild animals through collision with speeding traffic will be a remote possibility.  The possibility of poaching of Chukor and other wild animals and forest resource exploitation by the workers in the close proximity is anticipated

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.26

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 Portals of both the tunnels are located in forest areas and these are at high altitudes. Probability of straying of some wild animals into the construction site of the portal cannot be ruled out and such animals may be injured or killed by construction impacts.

Both the tunnels have more than 50m cover of rock for most part of the tunnel. As such the vegetation and the wildlife on ground will not be impacted by the tunneling operations.

Operation Stage There will be only beneficial impact during this stage. With the removal of causative factors the ground vegetation will reappear in areas not sealed off during the up-gradation process, as most of these species are colonizers. Compensatory afforestation will be raised along the stretch of the road and this will cover a much larger area.

Mitigation Measures

Roadside vegetation which will be impacted because of removal of tree vegetation coming within the proposed ROW for the stretches overground will be mitigated through  Compensatory plantation of twice the number of trees removed  Such compensatory afforestation/plantation will be done in consultation with the officials of the Department of Forests. Species composition of compensatory plantation will be decided in consultation with the local communities so as to make usufructs available to the communities that will be lost during the process of execution of the project.  Compensatory afforestation for the small patch of forests to be impacted at the northern portal of the long tunnel  The contractor and workers will be well informed about the issues related to poaching and forest resource exploitation and the same will be

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.27

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

restrained by doing that.  Chukors are active during the early of morning and late hours of afternoon. These periods will generally be avoided for hard drilling and blasting operations.  Awareness camps will be organized to sensitise the workforce against hunting of game-birds or animals. This will be organized in consultation with wildlife officials roping in the services of local NGOs.  Chukors tend to migrate to lower altitudes during winter when they become more vulnerable to poachers. To intensify protection during winter months, the wildlife organization will be assisted through additional input of manpower during the construction stage.  During the season of migration of birds, construction will be restricted in the stretches where the tunnel runs deep down the Pir Panjal Range.  The impacts of noise and blasting will be low, medium and small because most of tunnels runs deep underground for most of the stretches.  No construction camp will be place near forest area.

4.2.8 Impact on Social & Cultural Resources

The proposed activity in general have beneficial impact on socio- economic front both locally and regionally through improved connectivity of the project area with adjoining areas. But there will be also some adverse impacts resulting from: 1. Acquisition of land, structures & Resettlement of People: 13 private residential and commercial structures will be affected. 2. Relocation of community structures: Two villages, one school & government properties 3. Influx of Construction Workers 4. Economic Impacts

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.28

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

The impact of the road improvement on the socio-economic environment will be significantly beneficial, as it is likely to stimulate the economic growth of the area. Reduced transportation costs and availability of high-class transportation facilities for raw materials and products will be the most important advantage of the improved road. More over it very basic necessary to provide safe transport facility to local people and this will be significantly influence people and goods movement between Jammu and Srinagar.

Mitigation Measures:

One hospital that will be impacted by the project will be relocated at a suitable site in consultation with the local communities and the new site of the mosque will be enhanced through drawal of a suitable plat in consultation with such communities. As far as other government structures are, the same will be relocated in consultation with the line departments concerned. Compensation packages for private structures have built into Resettlement Action Plan. The resettlement action plan provides for  Resettlement and Rehabilitation of the project affected people  Process of land acquisition along with the compensation package  Relocation of community structures  Mechanism for keeping the proponent organization accountable for proper implementation of RAP

Mitigation measures considered for this loss are:  Provision of alternate space for local activities earlier taking place within ROW. Continued operation of roadside stalls, customer parking, pickup areas for public transport services by covered drains.  Service area provision adjacent to the new routes and encouraging local community to make use of new opportunities  Provision of enhancements for various amenities and religious structures along the alignment

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.29

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 The labors will be restrained from using the local resources that are held in common by indigenous people.  Private land acquired will be compensated properly as per State Govt. laws.

4.2.9 Impact on Public Health & Occupational Safety

Construction Stage

Communities inhabiting the area of impact corridor will obviously bear the brunt of discomforts arising out of increasing pollution load during the construction stage. Similarly the labors involved in the project activity may also pass through environmental health and sanitation issues. Also both groups will be having concern for safety measures.

The impacts on whole can be classified as:  Migration of workers and establishments of construction camps which may lead to problems of sanitation. This might also lead to transmission of communicable diseases.  Uncontrolled digging of borrow areas will result in water accumulation and thus breeding of vector diseases.  Psychological impacts on project affected people.  Discomforts arising out of air and noise pollution especially due to blasting activities.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.30

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Mitigation Measures  During construction regular training will be given to construction worker in respect of safety measures as well as environmental protection measures.  Provisions of heath care facilities at construction camps will be made available and training will be imparted to reduce transmission of diseases i.e. HIV/AIDS.  Supply of potable water to the workers camp will be ensured.  There will be proper collection and disposal of solid / liquid waste generated from the camp as per the existing laws.  Avoid water accumulation points, casual water from empty containers, old tiers etc. which act as mosquito breeding areas i.e. provide good drainage of site.  Construction workers will be fully trained and will be provided adequate safety measures viz. helmets, gumboots, earplugs, and gloves.  Prior notification of blasting will be given in the COI .During blasting signals will be provided in the form of notices, sign boards and announcements & after blasting monitoring will be done to identify any undue impact on the immediate COI.

4.2.10 Impact on Road Safety

Construction phase During construction phase the proposed activity will have a negative impact on people living in immediate vicinity.  Due to construction activities normal traffic will be intercepted and the flow of traffic will break which can lead to some accidents in the project area.  There has be an increased risk of accidents in the project road due to presence of sharp curves at some locations

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.31

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Operation Phase The operation stage will obviously envisage both negative and positive impacts.  Positive impacts will arise from increase width of pavement on road way, more effective cross and lateral drainage and increasing safety measures at areas of urbanization.  The negative impact will ensue from larger traffic volumes exposing commuters and users of the road to hazards of accidents.  Tunnels can be a main site of accident due to darkness inside the same and reduced visibility especially during extreme climatic conditions.

Mitigation Measures Special attention will be given while organizing construction work particularly in and around minor and major settlements along the project road.  Proper traffic management plan during construction phase will be adopted to ensure the safety of the local residents and workers.  Improved crossing and alternatives access routes by use of signage, junctions, & alternate arrangement for local traffic circulation has been provided.  Installation of proper road safety system through signage, barricades, crash barriers, edge posts / parapets will add to be safety of the vehicular traffic on the stretch of the road.  Sharp turns and curves of the roads have been realigned to improve public safety in operational stage.  Proper lighting/ illumination will be provided in tunnels in order to avoid accidents during night as well as adverse climatologically conditions

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.32

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

4.2.11 Safety Features in Tunnel Construction and Operation For both the road tunnels, structural and technical safety installations will comply with national and international recommendations, regulations or standards. These safety installations will be effective only when they are well operated with combination of an efficient emergency service. Appropriate behavior of the tunnel users in emergency situations may also contribute significantly to tunnel safety during operation. Tunnel Safety Measures is given in Table 4.2 as below.

To achieve optimal level of safety in tunnels, the primary objective has been kept at prevention and the secondary objective will be reduction of consequences. To deal with situations as accidents and fires, the objective has been to create ideal conditions for:

 People involved in accidents to rescue themselves  Immediate intervention of road users to prevent greater consequences. This stems from the experience that tunnel fires can be extinguished immediately after it breaks out but after a few minutes , there are chances of development of full blaze involving loss of life and damage to tunnel  Ensure appropriate and timely response by emergency services.  Protecting the environment  Limiting material damage

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.33

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 4.2: Tunnel Safety Measures SL Subject Short Tunnel Long Tunnel 1 Traffic  Design Speed – 70 km/hr  Design Speed – 70 km/ hr Manage  Minimum Spacing- 100 m between two vehicles  Minimum Spacing- 100 m between two vehicles ment  Additional parking areas at various locations of the  Additional parking areas at various locations of the Highway to control flow of traffic Highway to control flow of traffic  Overtaking forbidden  Overtaking forbidden  Turning and reversing regulated  Turning and reversing regulated. Short transverse galleries  Use of headlights during travel provided to allow emergency vehicles to take U-turn in  No stopping within tunnel will be allowed except the tunnel under emergency and in such a case the engine of  Use of headlights during travel the vehicle has to be switched off immediately  No stopping within tunnel will be allowed except under emergency and in such a case the engine of the vehicle has to be switched off immediately 2 Ground  Use of regularly spaced dowels and a shortcrete  Use of regularly spaced dowels and shortcrete lining for support lining for higher quality rocks higher quality rocks  Installation of steel arches for poor quality ground  More complicated systems like installation of steel arches, conditions construction of an inverted arch, and the use of

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4.34

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

SL Subject Short Tunnel Long Tunnel  Provision of final tunnel lining with un-reinforced cast forepolling and grouting for poor quality ground in- situ concrete to assure long term stability of the conditions tunnel  Use of finite element method to validate the ground support system under very difficult and complicated ground conditions  Provision of final tunnel lining with un-reinforced cast in situ concrete  Reinforced concrete lining for bad ground conditions with large in situ stresses 3 Ground  Provision of water proofing system consisting of a  Provision of water proofing system consisting of a PVC water PVC membrane with protection layers made from membrane with protection layers made from geo-textile and geo-textile material between the initial ground material between the initial ground support system and Roadway support system and the final concrete lining the final concrete lining water  Collection of roadway water in a dedicated  Collection of roadway water in a dedicated drainage drainage system through provision of 2.5% roadway system through provision of 2.5% roadway cross-fall to the cross-fall to the western side of the tunnel. western side of the tunnel.  The drainage system to consist of slotted gutter  The drainage system to consist of slotted gutter

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4. 35.

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

SL Subject Short Tunnel Long Tunnel connected the principal longitudinal drains by gully connected the principal longitudinal drains by gully pits pits containing siphoning arrangement containing siphoning arrangement 4 Natural Tunnels being located in seismic zone V having a record of Tunnels being located in seismic zone V having a record of a risks a few major earthquakes in last 50 years, the substructures few major earthquakes in last 50 years, the substructures of the of the tunnel like roadway slab, ventilation ducts etc , the tunnel like roadway slab, ventilation ducts etc , the fixation of fixation of equipment, external structures and buildings are equipment, external structures and buildings are designed in designed in accordance with Indian design standards to accordance with Indian design standards to resist earthquake resist earthquake generated forces. generated forces 5 Fire  Installation of a mechanical ventilation system  Installation of a mechanical ventilation system ( semi- (longitudinal) for control of heat and smoke. transverse ) for control of heat and smoke. The smoke  Provision of evacuation routes, safety recesses to control strategy will be based on allowing stratification of house fire extinguishers; fumes to develop.  Provision of fire recesses to house fire fighting  Provision of evacuation routes, safety recesses to house equipment of the fire brigade- such equipments will fire extinguishers; include fire hydrants and fire hoses  Provision of fire recesses to house fire fighting equipment  Provision of a fire fighting network consisting of main of the fire brigade- such equipments will include fire water pipe connected to the main water tank hydrants and fire hoses

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4. 36.

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

SL Subject Short Tunnel Long Tunnel located at the northern portal of the tunnel -the tank  Provision of a fire fighting network consisting of main capacity will be 160 cum. The steel pipe of the water pipe connected to the main water tank. It is network will be embedded sufficiently below the possible to provide for tanks of 500 cu m capacity at ground level to prevent freezing during winter each tunnel portal. The steel pipe of the network will be months. embedded sufficiently below the ground level to prevent  Installation of pumps required to maintain the fire freezing during winter months. mains at the required pressure  Installation of pumps required to maintain the fire mains  Installation of emergency call network , supported at the required pressure by radio-communication system dedicated to the  Installation of emergency call network, supported by tunnel emergency intervention teams, traffic radio-communication system dedicated to the tunnel management system and the tunnel closing emergency intervention teams, traffic management equipment system and the tunnel closing equipment In case of fire  In case of fire detection in the tunnel, the SCADA detection in the tunnel, the SCADA system will analyse system will analyse the ventilation requirements the ventilation requirements according to the fire according to the fire position. The activation or position. The activation or isolation of the required isolation of the required ventilation equipments ventilation equipments ( exhaust fans, fresh air fans, jet (exhaust fans, fresh air fans, jet fans and exhaust fans and exhaust dampers will be fully automatic

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4. 37.

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

SL Subject Short Tunnel Long Tunnel dampers will be fully automatic.  Permanent fire brigades dedicate to tunnel safety interventions will be positioned at each tunnel portal during the period of tunnel operation. 6 Lighting i. The tunnel lighting system will be designed according to i. The tunnel lighting system will be designed according to the the following parameters: following parameters:  The average luminance level (L) candela per sq m.  The average luminance level (L) candela per sq m.  The average illumination (E) in Lux  The average illumination (E) in Lux  The transversal uniformity level of luminance (UO) at  The transversal uniformity level of luminance (UO) at the the level of pathway and roadway level of pathway and roadway  The longitudinal uniformity level of luminance(UL) at  The longitudinal uniformity level of luminance(UL) at the the level of tunnel pathway and roadway level of tunnel pathway and roadway  The level of uniformity on th tunnel walls upto 2  The level of uniformity on tunnel walls upto 2 metres high metres high and and  The depreciation factor.  The depreciation factor. ii. The tunnel lighting system will be controlled by SCADA ii. The tunnel lighting system will be controlled by SCADA system system according to light sensors disposed outside the according to light sensors disposed outside the tunnel located tunnel located approximately 90 m away from the tunnel approximately 90 m away from the tunnel portals. This will be

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4. 38.

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

SL Subject Short Tunnel Long Tunnel portals. This will be in addition to the manual control in addition to the manual control system system 7 Power The power supply system of the long tunnel will also meet i. The power supply installation will consist of networks base on supply the requirement of the short tunnel. Important features of the voltage level as described below: such system have been detailed under the long tunnel.  11 kV medium voltage distribution network for the power supply of Electrical Sub-stations of both the long and short tunnels as well as the Tunnel Control centre.  700V low voltage power supply network for the ventilation fans located in the ventilation plants  400/230 normal voltage power supply network  400/230V safety low voltage power supply network issued to the Unterrupted Power Supply ii. Since the tunnel is equipped with smoke extraction ventilation equipment and fire fighting pressurization plants an alternative emergency power supply system will be involved. This emergency power supply system will meet the requirements of power of all vital equipments such as:

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4. 39.

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

SL Subject Short Tunnel Long Tunnel  Smoke extraction ventilation equipments  Jet fans inside the tunnel  Ventilation of evacuation routes  Fire fighting pressurization plants  Uninterruptible power supply equipment 8 Special Safe tunnel operation will be ensured with installation of Safe tunnel operation will be ensured with installation of some safety some modern systems like: modern systems like: features  Global CCTV network: video cameras will be  Global CCTV network: video cameras will be installed all installed all along the tunnel roadway and in the along the tunnel roadway and in the transit rooms of the transit rooms of the emergency exits. All video emergency exits. All video pictures from the video pictures from the video cameras will be transmitted cameras will be transmitted in real time to the Tunnel in real time to the Tunnel control centre and control centre and continuously recorded on HDD digital continuously recorded on HDD digital recording recording system. system.  Automatic incident detection system: Such a system will  Automatic incident detection system: Such a system continuously analyse video pictures obtained from the will continuously analyse video pictures obtained tunnel video cameras and transmit in real time to the from the tunnel video cameras and transmit in real control centres alarms concerning unusual events

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4. 40.

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

SL Subject Short Tunnel Long Tunnel time to the control centres alarms concerning occurring in the tunnel. After an alarm is generated by unusual events occurring in the tunnel. After an the system, the system will be able to isolate the alarm is generated by the system, the system will be corresponding event on the HDD digital recording system able to isolate the corresponding event on the HDD for analysis. digital recording system for analysis.  Tunnel SCADA system: This system will conform to the  Tunnel SCADA system: This system will conform to the best standards and codes of practice. Such a system will best standards and codes of practice. Such a system provide the traffic operators a large number of tools, will provide the traffic operators a large number of both in practical and functional terms to operate the tools, both in practical and functional terms to tunnel installations, to obtain information and to avoid operate the tunnel installations, to obtain information taking wrong decisions. All equipments will be manually and to avoid taking wrong decisions. All equipments controlled form the tunnel control centre via the SCADA will be manually controlled form the tunnel control system. centre via the SCADA system.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter IV : Environmental Impact Identification & mitigation Measures 4. 41.

CHAPTER V ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

5.0 INTRODUCTION

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) consists of mitigation measures, monitoring programme and institutional arrangements to be taken during the design, construction phases and operation phase of the project to eliminate adverse environmental impacts, to offset them and to reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan also includes the actions needed for the implementation of these measures.

The major components of the Environmental Management Plan are:  Mitigation of potentially adverse impacts  Monitoring during project implementation and operation  Implementation Schedule and Environmental Budget  Integration of EMP with project planning, design, construction and operation.

5.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE EMP

The main objective of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to ensure that the various adverse impacts associated with the project are properly mitigated. The objective of the EMP at various stages of the project planning and implementation are as follows:

Design Stage

 To have minimum impact on roadside trees, forest and ground cover,

 To keep land acquisition minimum,

 To provide maximum safety to the highway users and as well as segregation of local and slow moving traffic in the congested areas, by preparing road designs to meet these needs,

 Minimal widening to avoid breaking of fresh forest land,

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 To develop a design that incorporates environmental safeguards, and

 To define a mitigation measure that effectively reduces all expected environmental degradation to an acceptable level.

Construction Phase

 To prevent and reduce the negative environmental impacts of the project by implementation of techno-economically feasible mitigation measures, and

 To ensure that the provisions of the EMP are strictly followed and implemented.

Operation Phase

 To prevent deterioration of environmental components viz. air, water, soil, noise etc.,

 To improve the safety of the highway users and road side communities.

5.2 MEETING THE EMP OBJECTIVE

The following commitments are important for effective implementation of EMP and have been adopted to address the various objectives of EMP: a) Commitment to address environmental health, safety and social impacts To improve environmental conditions, including areas such as environmental health, safety and social impacts, measures have been included as part of the EMP b) Commitment for constant dialogue with public and interested stakeholders The community consultation process was carried out right from the inception stage of the project. Continuous dialogue with local inhabitants and stakeholders including pubic agencies have been established on various environmental issues to obtain their feedback, Consultation would continue throughout the implementation stage of the project.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.2

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 c) Commitment to meet legal requirements The legal clearances and permits those are necessary or mandatory for the commencement of the project will be met. The conditions stipulated by the various statutory authorities such as the State Pollution Control Boards, State Forest Departments, Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF), etc. will be complied with.

5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN MATRIX (EMPM)

The Environmental Management Plan is meant for mitigation/management /avoidance of the negative impacts and the enhancement of the various environmental components along the project road. For each mitigation measure to be taken its location, timeframe, implementation and overseeing/supervising responsibilities are listed in the EMP matrix. The measure adopted and /or to be adopted during the different stages of the project have been detailed in Table 5.1.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.3

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Environmental Responsibility Sl. No. Management Measures Issue Planning & Execution Supervision/Monitoring PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE Pre-construction activities by Project Implementation Unit The acquisition of land and private properties will be carried out in accordance with the RAP and entitlement framework for the PIU, Revenue Dept., P.1 Land Acquisition project PIU has to ascertain that any additional environmental NGOs, Collaborating PIU impacts resulting from acquisition of land shall be addressed Agencies and integrated into the EMP and other relevant documents. The project road involves removal of trees for construction of approaches to tunnel Tree cutting is to proceed only after all the legal requirements including obtaining of In-principle and Formal Clearances from PIU, Forest Preservation of Supervision Consultants P.2 the Forest Dept./MoEF are completed and subsequently a Department, Trees and PIU written order is issued to the Contractor. Contractor Particular species declared as ‘protected’ by the State’s Forest Dept. in the private land will be felled only after due clearance from the Forest Dept. is obtained.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.4

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Environmental Responsibility Sl. No. Management Measures Issue Planning & Execution Supervision/Monitoring In the event of design changes, additional assessments including the possibility to save trees shall be made. Stacking, transport and storage of the wood will be done as per the relevant norms. Systematic corridor level documentation for the trees cut and those saved will be maintained by the PIU. Relocation of Common Common properties resources impacted will be relocated in PIU, Concerned P.3 PIU Property consultation with the communities. Agencies, Contractor Resources Relocation of Cultural and Religious Property impacted will be relocated in affected Cultural PIU, NGOs, P.4 consultation with the management of these properties and PIU and Religious Contractor local communities. Properties Pre-construction activities by the Contractor/Environmental Expert of Supervision Consultants (SC) P.5 Field Verification and Modification of the Contract Documents P.5.1 Joint Field The Environmental Expert of SC and the Contractor will carry Contractor/ PIU

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.5

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Environmental Responsibility Sl. No. Management Measures Issue Planning & Execution Supervision/Monitoring Verification out joint field verification to ascertain the possibility to saving Environmental Expert trees, environmental and community resources. of SC The verification exercise should assess the need for additional protection measures or changes in design/scale/nature of protection measures including the efficacy of enhancement measures suggested in the EMP. Proper documentation and justifications/reasons shall be maintained in all such cases where deviation from the original EMP is proposed. Assessment of The Environmental Expert of SC will assess impacts and Impacts due to Contractor/ revise/modify the EMP and other required sections of the P.5.2 Changes/Revision Environmental Expert PIU project document/s in the event of changes/revisions s/Additions in the of SC (including addition or deletion) in the project’s scope of work. Project Work Crushers, hot-mix Hot mix plants and batching plants will be sited sufficiently Contractor/ plants and away from settlements and agricultural operations or any P.5.3 Environmental Expert PIU Batching Plants commercial establishments. Such plants will be located at least of SC Location 1000 m away from the nearest village/settlement preferably in

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.6

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Environmental Responsibility Sl. No. Management Measures Issue Planning & Execution Supervision/Monitoring the downwind direction. The Contractor shall submit a detailed lay-out plan for all such sites and approval of Environmental Expert of SC shall be necessary prior to their establishment. Arrangements to control dust pollution through provision of windscreens, sprinklers, and dust encapsulation will have to be provided at all such sites. Specifications of crushers, hot mix plants and batching plants will comply with the requirements of the relevant current emission control legislations and Consent/NOC for all such plants shall be submitted to the SC and PIU. The Contractor shall not initiate plant/s operation till the required legal clearances are obtained and submitted. Other All vehicles, equipment and machinery to be procured for Contractor/ Construction construction will confirm to the relevant Bureau of India P.5.4 Environmental Expert PIU Vehicles, Standard (BIS) norms. The discharge standards promulgated of SC Equipment and under the Environment Protection Act, 1986 will be strictly

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.7

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Environmental Responsibility Sl. No. Management Measures Issue Planning & Execution Supervision/Monitoring Machinery adhered to. Noise limits for construction equipments to be procured such as compactors, rollers, front loaders concrete mixers, cranes (moveable), vibrators and saws will not exceed 75 dB (A), measured at one meter from the edge of the equipment in free field, as specified in the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986. The Contractor shall maintain a record of PUC for all vehicles and machinery used during the contract period. P.6 Identification and Selection of Material Sources The Contractor will not start borrowing earth from select borrow area until the formal agreement is signed between land owner and contractor and a copy is submitted to the SC and the PIU. Contractor/ Planning of haul roads for accessing borrow materials will be P.6.1 Borrow Areas Environmental Expert PIU undertaken during this stage. The haul roads shall be routed to of SC avoid agricultural areas as far as possible (in case such a land is disturbed, the Contractor will rehabilitate it as per Borrow Area Rehabilitation Guidelines) and will use the existing village roads

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.8

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Environmental Responsibility Sl. No. Management Measures Issue Planning & Execution Supervision/Monitoring wherever available. In addition to testing for the quality of borrow materials by the SC, the environmental personnel of the SC will be required to inspect every borrow area location prior to approval (follow criteria for evaluation of borrow areas). The borrow areas will be operated & managed in line with Guidelines I attached. In case the contractor decides to use quarries other than recommended by DPR consultants, then it will be selected based on the suitability of the materials. The contractor will procure necessary permission for procurement of materials from Mining Department, District Environmental Expert of P.6.2 Quarry Administration and State Pollution Control Board and shall Contractor SC and PIU submit a copy of the approval and the rehabilitation plan to the PIU and Environmental Expert of the SC. Contractor will also work out haul road network and report to Environmental Expert of SC and SC will inspect and in turn report to PIU before approval. The Quarry areas will be opened

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.9

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Environmental Responsibility Sl. No. Management Measures Issue Planning & Execution Supervision/Monitoring operated & managed in line with Guidelines II attached. The contractor will use ground water/surface water as a source of water for the construction and if necessary will set up the own bore well facility for construction work. Contractor can use some water bodies, which are not in use by community, but in that case, before using any water body contractor will obtain written consent from the owner and submit then to SC. Arrangement for To avoid disruption/disturbance to other water users, the Environmental Expert of P.6.3 Construction Contractor contractor will extract water from fixed locations and consult SC and PIU Water the Environmental Expert of SC before finalizing the locations. The Contractor will provide a list of locations and type of sources from where water for construction will be used. The contractor will not be allowed to pump from any irrigation canal and surface water bodies used by community. The contractor will need to comply with the requirements of the State Ground Water Department and seek their approval for

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.10

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Environmental Responsibility Sl. No. Management Measures Issue Planning & Execution Supervision/Monitoring doing so and submit copies of the permission to SC and PIU. The contractor preferably will use unskilled labor drawn from Labor Environmental Expert of P.7 local communities to give the maximum benefit to the local Contractor Requirements SC and PIU community. Siting of the construction camps will be as per the guidelines as below. Construction camps will not be proposed within 500 m from the nearest settlements to avoid conflicts and stress over the infrastructure facilities with the local community. Construction Location for stockyards for construction materials will be Camp Locations – Environmental Expert of P.8 identified at least 1000 m from water courses. Contractor Selection, Design SC and PIU The waste disposal and sewage system for the camp will be and Lay-out designed, built and operated such that no odor is generated. Unless otherwise arranged by the local sanitary authority, arrangements for disposal of night soils (human excreta) suitably approved by the local medical health or municipal authorities or as directed by Environmental Expert of SC will

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.11

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Environmental Responsibility Sl. No. Management Measures Issue Planning & Execution Supervision/Monitoring have to be provided by the contractor. The labor camps be sited & layout in line with Guidelines III attached. The contractor as per prevalent rules will carry out negotiations with the landowners for obtaining their consent for temporary use of lands for construction sites/hot mix plants/traffic Arrangements for detours/borrow areas etc. Environmental Expert of P.9 Temporary Land Contractor The Environmental Expert of SC will be required to ensure that SC and PIU Requirement the clearing up of the site prior to handing over to the owner (after construction or completion of the activity) is included in the contract. The PIU shall organize orientation sessions and regular training Orientation of sessions during all stages of the project. This shall include on-site Implementing P.10 training These sessions shall involve all staff of Environmental EMU/PIU PIU Agency and Cells, field level implementation staff of PIU, Environmental Contractors Experts of SCs and Contractors.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.12

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring CONSTRUCTION STAGE Activities to be Carried Out by the Contractor C.1 Site Clearance Vegetation will be removed from the construction zone before commencement of construction. All works will be carried out such that the damage or disruption to flora other than those identified for cutting is minimum. Only ground cover/shrubs that impinge directly on the permanent works or necessary temporary works will be removed Clearing and Environmental C.1.1 with prior approval from the Environmental Expert of SC. Contractor Grubbing Expert of SC, PIU The contractor, under any circumstances will not cut or damage trees. Trees identified under the project will be cut only after receiving clearance from the Forest Dept./DoEF (as applicable) and after the receipt of PIU’s written permission in this regard. The site clearance be done in line with Guidelines IV “ Guidelines for site clearance” .

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.13

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring

 Debris generated due to construction of tunnel / dismantling of the structures will be suitably reused in the proposed construction, subject to the suitability of the materials and approval of the Resident Engineer and Environmental Expert of SC. The contractor will suitably dispose off unutilized debris Generation of Debris materials either through filling up of borrow areas located in due to construction wasteland or at pre-designated disposal locations. Environmental C.1.2 Contractor of tunnel /from The pre-designed disposal locations will be a part of Expert of SC, PIU dismantling structures Comprehensive Dump Management Plan to be prepared by Contractor in consultation and with approval of Environmental Expert of SC. The contractor will prepare dump management plan in line with generic dump management plan Guidelines given in Guidelines V and will get it approved by the “ Engineer” Debris generated from pile driving or other construction activities shall be disposed such that it does not flow into the surface water

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.14

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring bodies or form mud puddles in the area. The pre-identified disposal locations will be a part of Comprehensive Waste Disposal Solid Waste Management Plan to be prepared by the Contractor in consultation and with approval of Environmental Expert of SC. Location of disposal sites will be finalized prior to completion of the earthworks on any particular section of the road. The Environmental Expert of SC will approve these disposal sites Other Construction Environmental C.1.3 after conducting a joint inspection on the site with the Contractor Wastes Disposal Expert of SC, PIU Contractor. Contractor will ensure that any spoils of material unsuitable for embankment fill will not be disposed off near any water course, agricultural land, and natural habitat like grass lands or pastures. Such spoils from excavation can be used to reclaim borrow pits and low-lying areas located in barren lands along the project corridors (is so desired by the owner/community).

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.15

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring Non-bituminous wastes may be dumped in borrow pits (preferably located in barren lands) covered with a layer of the soil. All waste materials will be completely disposed and the site will be fully cleaned and certified by Environmental Expert of SC before handing over. The contractor at its cost shall resolve any claim, arising out of waste disposal or any non-compliance that may arise on account of lack of action on his part. The top soil from all areas of cutting and all areas to be permanently covered will be stripped to a specified depth of 150 mm and stored in stockpiles. A portion of the temporarily Stripping, stocking acquired area and/or Right of Way will be earmarked for storing Environmental C.1.4 and preservation of Contractor topsoil. The locations for stock piling will be pre-identified in Expert of SC, PIU top soil consultation and with approval of Environmental Expert of SC. The following precautionary measures will be taken to preserve them till they are used:

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.16

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring (a) Stockpile will be designed such that the slope does not exceed 1:2 (vertical to horizontal), and height of the pile is restricted to 2 m. To retain soil and to allow percolation of water, the edges of the pile will be protected by silt fencing. (b) Stockpiles will not be surcharged or otherwise loaded and multiple handling will be kept to a minimum to ensure that no compaction will occur. The stockpiles shall be covered with gunny bags or vegetation. (c) It will be ensured by the contractor that the top soil will not be unnecessarily trafficked either before stripping or when in stockpiles. Such stockpiled topsoil will be utilized for -

 covering all disturbed areas including borrow areas (not those in barren areas)

 top dressing of the road embankment and fill slopes

 filling up of tree pits,

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.17

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring

 In the agricultural fields of farmers, acquired temporarily. Residual topsoil, if there is any will be utilized for the plantation at median and side of the main carriageway. The contractor will provide safe and convenient passage for vehicles, pedestrians and livestock to and from roadsides and property accesses connecting the project road, providing Environmental C.1.5 Accessibility temporary connecting road. Contractor Expert of SC, PIU The contractor will also ensure that the existing accesses will not be undertaken without providing adequate provisions and to the prior satisfaction of Environmental Expert of SC. Temporary diversions will be constructed with the approval of the Resident Engineer and Environmental Expert of SC. Planning for Traffic Detailed Traffic Control Plans will be prepared and submitted to Environmental C.1.6 Diversions and Contractor the Environmental Expert of SC for approval, five days prior to Expert of SC, PIU Detours commencement of works on any section of road. The traffic control plans shall contain details of temporary diversions, traffic

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.18

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring safety arrangements for construction under traffic, details of traffic arrangement after cessation of work each day, safety measures undertaken for transport of hazardous materials and arrangement of flagmen. The Contractor will provide specific measures for safety of pedestrians and workers at night as a part of traffic control plans. The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic flow. The contractor will also inform local community of changes to traffic routes, conditions and pedestrian access arrangements with assistance from SC and PIU. The temporary traffic detours will be kept free of dust by sprinkling of water three times a day and as required under specific conditions (depending on weather conditions, construction in the settlement areas and volume of traffic).

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.19

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring C.2 Procurement of Construction Material No borrow area will be opened without permission of the Environmental Expert of SC. The location, shape and size of the designated borrow areas will be as approved by the Environmental Expert of SC and in accordance to the IRC recommended practice for borrow pits for road embankments (IRC 10: 1961). The borrowing operations will be carried out as Earth from Borrow specified in the guidelines for siting and operation of borrow Environmental C.2.1 Areas for areas. Contractor Expert of SC, PIU Construction The unpaved surfaces used for the haulage of borrow materials, if passing through the settlement areas or habitations; will be maintained dust free by the contractor. Sprinkling of water will be carried out twice a day to control dust along such roads during their period of use. During dry seasons (winter and summer) frequency of water sprinkling will be increased in the settlement areas and

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.20

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring Environmental Expert of SC will decide the numbers of sprinkling depending on the local requirements. Contractor will rehabilitate the borrow areas as soon as borrowing is over from a particular borrow area in accordance with the Guidelines for Redevelopment of Borrow Areas or as suggested by Environmental Expert of SC. The contractor shall obtain materials for quarries only after consent of the Department of Mining and District Administration. The contractor will develop a Comprehensive Quarry Environmental C.2.2 Quarry Operations Redevelopment plan, as per the Mining Rules of the state and Contractor Expert of SC, PIU submit a copy to PIU and SC prior to opening of the quarry site. The quarry operations will be undertaken within the regulatory framework of the State Government. Transporting Contractor will maintain all roads (existing or built for the project), Environmental C.2.3 Construction which are used for transporting construction materials, Contractor Expert of SC, PIU Materials and Haul equipment and machineries as précised. All vehicles delivering

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.21

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring Road Management fine materials to the site will be covered to avoid spillage of materials. All existing highways and roads used by vehicles of the contractor or any of his sub-contractor or suppliers of materials and similarly roads, which are part of the works, will be kept clear of all dust/mud or other extraneous materials dropped by such vehicles. Contractor will arrange for regular water sprinkling as necessary for dust suppression of all such roads and surfaces. The unloading of materials at construction sites in/close to settlements will be restricted to daytime only. Contractor will arrange adequate supply and storage of water for the whole construction period at his own costs. The Environmental C.2.4 Construction Water Contractor will submit a list of source/s from where water will be Contractor Expert of SC, PIU used for the project to SC and PIU. The contractor will source the requirement of water preferentially

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.22

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring from ground water but with prior permission from the Ground Water Board. A copy of the permission will be submitted to SC and PIU prior to initiation of construction. The contractor will take all precaution to minimize the wastage of water in the construction process/ operation. C.3 Construction Work While working across or close to any perennial water bodies, contractor will not obstruct/ prevent the flow of water. Construction over and close to the non-perennial streams shall River Training and be undertaken in the dry season. If construction work is expected Environmental C.3.1 Disruption to Other Contractor to disrupt users of community water bodies, notice shall be Expert of SC, PIU Users of Water served well in advance to the affected community. The contractor will serve notice to the down stream users well in advance to divert the flow of water of any surface water body. Wherever excavation for diverting water flow

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.23

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring will take place, contractor will ensure that the slopes are not steeper than 1:2 (vertical: horizontal) otherwise proper slope protection measures will be taken as approved by the Environmental Expert of SC. The contractor will take prior approval of the River Authority or Irrigation Department or SC for any such activity. The PIU will ensure that contractor has served the notice to the downstream users of water well in advance. Contractor will ensure that no construction materials like earth, stone, ash or appendage disposed off so as not to block the flow of water of any water course and cross drainage channels. Drainage and Flood Contractor will take all necessary measures to prevent the Environmental C.3.2 Contractor Control blockage of water flow. In addition to the design requirements, Expert of SC, PIU the contractor will take all required measures as directed by the Environmental Expert of SC to prevent temporary or permanent flooding of the site or any adjacent area.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.24

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring The Contractor will not excavate beds of any stream/canals/ any other water body for borrowing earth for embankment construction. Contractor will construct silt fencing at the base of the embankment construction for the entire perimeter of any water body (including wells) adjacent to the RoW and around the Siltation of Water stockpiles at the construction sites close to water bodies. The Bodies and fencing will be provided prior to commencement of earthwork Environmental C.3.3 Contractor Degradation of and continue till the stabilization of the embankment slopes, on Expert of SC, PIU Water Quality the particular sub-section of the road. The contractor will also put up sedimentation cum grease traps at the outer mouth of the drains located in truck lay byes and bus bays which are ultimately entering into any surface water bodies / water channels with a fall exceeding 1.5 m. Contractor will ensure that construction materials containing fine

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.25

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring particles are stored in an enclosure such that sediment-laden water does not drain into nearby water course. The contractor will take slope protection measures as per design, or as directed by the Environmental Expert of SC to control soil erosion and sedimentation through use of dykes, sedimentation chambers, basins, fibber mats, mulches, grasses, slope, drains and other devices. All temporary sedimentation, pollution control works and Slope Protection and maintenance thereof will be deemed as incidental to the earth Environmental C.3.4 Contractor Control of Soil Erosion work or other items of work and as such as no separate payment Expert of SC, PIU will be made for them. Contractor will ensure the following aspects:

 During construction activities on road embankment, the side slopes of all cut and fill areas will be graded and covered with stone pitching, grass and shrub as per design specifications.

 Turfing works will be taken up as soon as possible provided

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.26

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring the season is favorable for the establishment of grass sods. Other measures of slope stabilization will include mulching netting and seeding of batters and drains immediately on completion of earthworks.

 In borrow pits, the depth shall be so regulated that the sides of the excavation will have a slope not steeper than 1 vertical to 2 horizontal, from the edge of the final section of the bank.

 Along sections abutting water bodies, stone pitching as per design specification will protect slopes. C.4 Pollution C.4.1 Water Pollution The Contractor will take all precautionary measures to prevent Water Pollution from the wastewater generated during construction from entering into Environmental C.4.1.1 Contractor Construction Wastes streams, water bodies or the irrigation system. Contractor will Expert of SC, PIU avoid construction works close to the streams or water bodies

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.27

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring during monsoon. All waste arising from the project is to be disposed off in the manner that is acceptable to the State Pollution Control Board or as directed by Environmental Expert of SC. The Environmental Expert of SC will certify that all liquid wastes disposed off from the sites meet the discharge standards. The contractor will ensure that all construction vehicle parking location, fuel/lubricants storage sites, vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and refueling sites will be located at least 500 m from rivers and irrigation canal/ponds. Water Pollution from All location and lay-out plans of such sites will be submitted by Environmental C.4.1.2 Contractor Fuel and Lubricants the Contractor prior to their establishment and will be approved Expert of SC, PIU by the Environmental Expert of SC and PIU. Contractor will ensure that all vehicle/machinery and equipment operation, maintenance and refueling will be carried out in such a fashion that spillage of fuels and lubricants does not

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.28

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring contaminate the ground. Oil interceptors will be provided for vehicle parking, wash down and refueling areas as per the design provided. In all, fuel storage and refueling areas, if located on agricultural land or areas supporting vegetation, the top soil will be stripped, stockpiled and returned after cessation of such storage. Contractor will arrange for collection, storing and disposal of oily wastes to the pre-identified disposal sites (list to be submitted to SC and PIU) and approved by the Environmental Expert of SC. All spills and collected petroleum products will be disposed off in accordance with MoEF and state PCB guidelines. Environmental Expert of SC will certify that all arrangements comply with the guidelines of PCB/ MoEF or any other relevant laws.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.29

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring C.4.2 Air Pollution The contractor will take every precaution to reduce the level of dust from crushers/hot mix plants, construction sites involving earthwork by sprinkling of water, encapsulation of dust source and by erection of screen/barriers. All the plants will be sited at least 1 km in the downwind direction from the nearest human settlement. The contractor will provide necessary certificates to confirm that Environmental C.4.2.1 Dust Pollution all crushers used in construction conform to relevant dust Contractor Expert of SC, PIU emission control legislation. The suspended particulate matter value at a distance of 40m from a unit located in a cluster should be less than 500 g/m3. The pollution monitoring is to be conducted as per the monitoring plan. Alternatively, only crushers licensed by the PCB shall be used. Required certificates and consents shall be submitted by the

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.30

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring Contractor in such a case. Dust screening vegetation will be planted on the edge of the RoW for all existing roadside crushers. Hot mix plant will be fitted with dust extraction units. Contractor will ensure that all vehicles, equipment and machinery used for construction are regularly maintained and Emission from confirm that pollution emission levels comply with the relevant Construction Environmental C.4.2.2 requirements of PCB. Contractor Vehicles, Equipment Expert of SC, PIU The Contractor will submit PUC certificates for all vehicles/ and Machineries equipment/machinery used for the project. Monitoring results will also be submitted to SC and PIU as per the monitoring plan. C.4.3 Noise Pollution The Contractor will confirm the following: Noise Pollution: Noise  All plants and equipment used in construction (including the Environmental C.4.3.1 from Vehicles, Plants Contractor and PIU, NHAI aggregate crushing plant) shall strictly conform Expert of SC, PIU and Equipments to the MoEF/CPCB noise standards.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.31

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring

 All vehicles and equipment used in construction will be fitted with exhaust silencers.

 Servicing of all construction vehicles and machinery will be done regularly and during routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers will be checked and if found defective will be replaced.

 Limits for construction equipment used in the project such as compactors, rollers, front loaders, concrete mixers, cranes (moveable), vibrators and saws shall not exceed 75 dB (A) (measured at one meter from the edge of equipment in the free field), as specified in the Environment (Protection) rules, 1986.

 Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be regular and up to the satisfaction of the Environmental Expert of SC to keep noise levels at the minimum. At the construction sites within 150 m of the nearest habitation,

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.32

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring noisy construction work such as crushing, concrete mixing, batching will be stopped during the night time between 9.00 pm to 6.00 am. No noisy construction activities will be permitted around educational institutes/health centers (silence zones) up to a distance of 100 m from the sensitive receptors Monitoring shall be carried out at the construction sites as per the monitoring schedule and results will be submitted to SC and PIU. Environmental Expert of SC will be required to inspect regularly to ensure the compliance of EMP. C.5 Safety Contractor will provide:

 Protective footwear and protective goggles to all workers Personal Safety Environmental C.5.1 employed on mixing asphalt materials, cement, lime mortars, Contractor Measures for Labour Expert of SC, PIU concrete etc.

 Welder's protective eye-shields to workers who are engaged

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.33

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring in welding works

 Protective goggles and clothing to workers engaged in Factories Act, 1948 stone breaking activities and workers will be seated at sufficiently safe intervals

 Earplugs to workers exposed to loud noise, and workers working in crushing, compaction, or concrete mixing operation.

 Adequate safety measures for workers during handling of materials at site are taken up.

 The contractor will comply with all regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress. The contractor will comply with all the precautions as required for ensuring the safety of the workmen as per the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention No. 62 as far as those are applicable to this contract.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.34

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring The contractor will make sure that during the construction work all relevant provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 and the Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Services) Act, 1996 are adhered to. The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 14 years for any work and no woman will be employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form. The contractor will also ensure that no paint containing lead or lead products is used except in the form of paste or readymade paint. Contractor will provide facemasks for use to the workers when paint is applied in the form of spray or a surface having lead paint dry is rubbed and scrapped. The Contractor will mark ‘hard hat’ and ‘no smoking’ and other ‘high risk’ areas and enforce non-compliance of use of PPE with zero tolerance. These will be reflected in the Construction Safety

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.35

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring Plan to be prepared by the Contractor during mobilization and will be approved by SC and PIU. The contractor will take all necessary measures for the safety of traffic during construction and provide, erect and maintain such barricades, including signs, markings, flags, lights and flagmen as proposed in the Traffic Control Plan/Drawings and as required by the Environmental Expert of SC for the information and protection of traffic approaching or passing through the section of any Environmental C.5.2 Traffic and Safety existing cross roads. Contractor Expert of SC, PIU The contractor will ensure that all signs, barricades, pavement markings are provided as per the MoRTH specifications. Before taking up of construction on any section of the existing lanes of the highway, a Traffic Control Plan will be devised and implemented to the satisfaction of the Environmental Expert of SC. C.5.3 Risk from Electrical The Contractor will take all required precautions to prevent Contractor Environmental

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.36

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring Equipment(s) danger from electrical equipment and ensure that - Expert of SC, PIU

 No material will be so stacked or placed as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public.

 All necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public in construction zones. All machines to be used in the construction will conform to the relevant Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free from patent defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly inspected and properly maintained as per IS provision and to the satisfaction of the Environmental Expert of SC. The contractor will take all reasonable precautions to prevent danger to the workers and public from fire, flood etc. resulting due to construction activities. Environmental C.5.4 Risk Force Measure Contractor The contractor will make required arrangements so that in case Expert of SC, PIU of any mishap all necessary steps can be taken for prompt first aid treatment. Construction Safety Plan prepared by the

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.37

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring Contractor will identify necessary actions in the event of an emergency. The contractor will arrange for -

 a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances as per the Environmental C.5.5 First Aid Contractor Factories Rules in every work zone Expert of SC, PIU

 Availability of suitable transport at all times to take injured or sick person(s) to the nearest hospital The contractor will provide, erect and maintain Informatory Signs and informatory/safety signs, hoardings written in English and local Environmental C.5.6 Contractor Hoardings language, wherever required or as suggested by the Expert of SC, PIU Environmental Expert of SC. Explosives will be stored, Handled and used as per applicable laws. C.5.7 Blasting Controlled and Slow Blasting will be carried out to minimize the damage.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.38

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring Areas near the blasting site will be given prior information of blasting; Flagmen will be stationed near the site. C.6 Flora and Fauna: Plantation/Preservation/ Conservation Measures 6807 nos of trees will be planted and median plantations in the median will be carried out. Minimum 75 percent survival rate of the saplings will be Road side Plantation Environmental C.6.1 acceptable otherwise the contractor will replace dead plants at Contractor Strategy Expert of SC, PIU his own cost.. The Environmental Expert of SC will inspect regularly the survival rate of the plants and compliance of tree plantation guidelines. The contractor will take reasonable precaution to prevent his workmen or any other persons from removing and damaging any flora (plant/vegetation) and fauna (animal) including fishing in Environmental C.6.2 Flora and Fauna Contractor any water body and hunting of any animal. Expert of SC, PIU If any wild animal is found near the construction site at any point of time, the contractor will immediately upon discovery thereof

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.39

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring acquaint the Environmental Expert of SC and carry out the SC's instructions for dealing with the same. The Environmental Expert of SC will report to the near by forest office (range office or divisional office) and will take appropriate steps/ measures, if required in consultation with the forest officials. C.7 Labor Camp Management Contractor will follow all relevant provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 and the Building and the other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 for construction and maintenance of labour camp. The location, layout and basic facility provision of each labour Environmental C.7.1 Accommodation Contractor camp will be submitted to SC and PIU prior to their construction. Expert of SC, PIU The construction will commence only upon the written approval of the Environmental Expert of SC. The contractor will maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities in functional and hygienic manner and as

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.40

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring approved by the SC. The Contractor will construct and maintain all labour accommodation in such a fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing. The Contractor will also provide potable water facilities within the precincts of every workplace in an accessible place, as per standards set by the Building and other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996. Environmental C.7.2 Potable Water The contractor will also guarantee the following: Contractor Expert of SC, PIU a) Supply of sufficient quantity of potable water (as per IS) in every workplace/labor camp site at suitable and easily accessible places and regular maintenance of such facilities. b) If any water storage tank is provided that will be kept such that the bottom of the tank at least 1mt. from the surrounding ground level. c) If water is drawn from any existing well, which is within 30mt.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.41

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring proximity of any toilet, drain or other source of pollution, the well will be disinfected before water is used for drinking. d) All such wells will be entirely covered and provided with a trap door, which will be dust proof and waterproof. e) A reliable pump will be fitted to each covered well. The trap door will be kept locked and opened only for cleaning or inspection, which will be done at least once in a month. f) Testing of water will be done every month as per parameters prescribed in IS 10500:1991. Environmental Expert of SC will be required to inspect the labour camp once in a week to ensure the compliance of the EMP. The contractor will ensure that -

 The sewage system for the camp are designed, built and Sanitation and Environmental C.7.3 operated in such a fashion that no health hazards occurs and no Contractor Sewage System Expert of SC, PIU pollution to the air, ground water or adjacent water courses take place

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.42

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring

 Separate toilets/bathrooms, wherever required, screened from those from men (marked in vernacular) are to be provided for women

 Adequate water supply is to be provided in all toilets and urinals

 All toilets in workplaces are with dry-earth system (receptacles) which are to be cleaned and kept in a strict sanitary condition

 Night soil is to be disposed off by putting layer of it at the bottom of a permanent tank prepared for the purpose and covered with 15 cm. layer of waste or refuse and then covered with a layer of earth for a fortnight. The contractor will provide garbage bins in the camps and ensure that these are regularly emptied and disposed off in a C.7.4 Waste Disposal hygienic manner as per the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan approved by the Environmental Expert of SC.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.43

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring Unless otherwise arranged by local sanitary authority, arrangements for disposal of night soils (human excreta) suitably approved by the local medical health or municipal authorities or as directed by Environmental Expert of SC will have to be provided by the contractor. C.8 Contractor’s Demobilization Contractor will prepare site restoration plans, which will be approved by the Environmental Expert of SC. The clean-up and restoration operations are to be implemented by the contractor Clean-up prior to demobilization. The contractor will clear all temporary Operations, structures; dispose all garbage, night soils and POL waste as per Environmental C.8.1 Contractor Restoration and Comprehensive Waste Management Plan and as approved by Expert of SC, PIU Rehabilitation SC. All disposal pits or trenches will be filled in and effectively sealed off. Residual topsoil, if any will be distributed on adjoining/ proximate barren land or areas identified by Environmental

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.44

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring Expert of SC in a layer of thickness of 75 mm-l50 mm. All construction zones including river-beds, culverts, road-side areas, camps, hot mix plant sites, crushers, batching plant sites and any other area used/affected by the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the entire satisfaction to the Environmental Expert of SC. OPERATION STAGE Activities to be Carried Out by the PIU The CMU will monitor the operational performance of the various mitigation/ enhancement measures carried out as a part of the Monitoring project. O.1 Operation The indicators selected for monitoring include the survival rate of CMU CMU Performance trees; utility of enhancement provision for relocated structures; statuses of rehabilitation of borrow areas; and utility of noise barriers. O.2 Maintenance of CMU will ensure that all drains (side drains, median drain and all CMU CMU

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.45

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring Drainage cross drainages) are periodically cleared especially before monsoon season to facilitate the quick passage of rainwater and avoid flooding. CMU will ensure that all the sediment and oil and grease traps set up at the water bodies are cleared once in every three months. The periodic monitoring of the ambient air quality, noise level, water (both ground and surface water) quality, soil pollution/contamination O.3 Pollution Monitoring in the selected locations as suggested in pollution monitoring CMU CMU plan will be responsibility of CMU. CMU will appoint PCB approved pollution-monitoring agency or will set up its own system for this purpose. Ambient air concentrations of various pollutants shall be Atmospheric O.3.1 monitored as envisaged in the pollution-monitoring plan. CMU CMU Pollution Roadside tree plantation will be maintained. O.3.2 Noise Pollution Noise pollution will be monitored as per monitoring plan at CMU CMU

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.46

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring sensitive locations. Noise control programs are to be enforced strictly. Monitoring the effectiveness of the pollution attenuation barriers, if there is any, will be taken up thrice in the operation period. Visual monitoring and inspection of soil erosion at borrow areas, Soil Erosion and quarries (if closed and rehabilitated), embankments and other O.4. Monitoring of Borrow CMU CMU places expected to be affected, will be carried out once in Areas every three months as suggested in monitoring plan. Monitoring of Visual monitoring and inspection of disposal site will be carried O.5. CMU CMU disposal sites out atleast once in three months. O 6.0 SAFETY AND SECURITY Parking areas have been provided on both side of approaches of Tunnel to regulate the traffic in tunnel. 0 6.1 Traffic Safety Minimum spacing of 100m will be maintained between the two tunnels, No overtaking of vehicles will be permitted. Turning, reversing will be regulated and will be permitted in extreme

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.47

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Responsibility Environmental Sl. No. Management Measures Execution / Civil Supervision/ Aspect/Issue Work Monitoring conditions through short transverse galleries provided for U turning. No Vehicles will be allowed to stop in tunnel except under emergency and in such a case the engine of vehicles has to be Switched off immediately. Mechanical ventilation system for control of Heat and smoke will be maintained. Evacuation Routes, Safety recesses and fire O 6.2 Fire extinguishers will be regularly checked. Fire fighting network laid in tunnels will be periodically checked Periodic Maintenance of Power Equipments will be carried out, O 6.3 Power Supply Alternate Power Source will also be periodically Checked when there will be no traffic in the tunnel.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.48

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

5.4.1 Monitoring Plans The purpose of the environmental monitoring programme is to ensure environmental quality and desired benefits to the target population. To ensure the effective implementation of the EMP, it is essential that an effective monitoring programme be designed and carried out. The broad objectives are:

 To evaluates the performance of mitigation measures proposed in the EMP;

 To evaluates the adequacy of Environmental Impact Assessment;

 To suggests improvements in management plan, if required;

 To enhance environmental quality; and

 To satisfies the legal and community obligations.

Various physical, biological and social components identified as of particular significance is affecting the environment at critical locations in various stages of the project have been suggested as Performance Indicators (PIS) listed below shall be the focus for monitoring.

 Air quality w.r.t SPM, RSPM, NOx and SOx;

 Surface water quality w.r.t BOD and pH

 Ground Water quality w.r.t pH, DO, and Coliform count;

 Noise levels (Leq and Maximum Noise level) around sensitive locations;

 Replantation success / survival rate.

The monitoring plan during construction and operation stages has been described in detail in the respective EMP document. For each of the environmental components, the monitoring plan specifies the parameters to be monitored; location of monitoring sites; frequency and duration of monitoring. The monitoring plan also specifies the applicable standards, implementation and supervising responsibilities.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.49

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

5.4.2 Contingency and Event Action Plans The contingency and event action plan provides the basis for evaluating the efficiency of mitigation and enhancement measures and suggested criteria is exceeding the prescribed standards, authority to check including proposed and additional mitigation measures and further actions that need to be taken to achieve the desired effect. The contingency and event action plan includes: (i) Visual observations; (ii) Selection of environmental parameters at specific locations; (iii) Monitoring of these parameters The objectives of the contingency and event action plans are:

 Evaluation of the efficiency of mitigation and enhancement measures;

 Updating of the actions and impacts of baseline data;

 Adoption of additional mitigation measures if the present measures are insufficient;

 Generating the data, which may be incorporated in environmental management plan in future projects. The contingency and action plans methodology covers the following key aspects:

 Components to be monitored;

 Parameters for monitoring of the above components;

 Monitoring frequency;

 Monitoring standards;

 Responsibilities for monitoring;

 Direct responsibility,

 Overall responsibility;

 Monitoring costs.

The Contingency and Event Action Plans along with the environmental parameters and the time frame is presented in the Table 5.2.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.50

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 5.2: Contingency and Event Action Plans in case of Exceeding Prescribe Limits Institutional Regular Monitoring Parameters Responsibilities Duration Duration Location exceeds exceeds Standards Standards Frequency Frequency Supervision Supervision Parameters case criteria criteria case Action plan in Implementation Environment Environment component Project Stage

SO2, NOX, CO, Air Wherever Thrice in a Continuo Check Contract SC,

HC, PM 10 & (Preventi the year us 24 and or NHAI

PM 2.5 on and contractor winter, hours/ or modify through Control of decides to post for 1 full control approve Pollution) locate the monsoon working devices d Rules, Hot mix and day like bag monitori CPCB, plant summer filter/cyclo ng

Construction stage 1994 Near season) nes of hot agency Amendm Sensitive for three mix plant. ent, 2009 locations years Air SO2, NOX, CO, Air Inside two Thrice in a Continuo Regulation CMU NHAI

HC, PM 10 & (Preventi tunnels year us 24 of Traffic through

PM 2.5 on and (winter, hours/ or approve Control of summer for 1 full d Pollution) and post working monitori Rules, monsoon day ng CPCB, seasons) agency Operation stage 1994, for three or itself Amendm years ent, 2009

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.51

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

DO,EC, NO2 Water River year and or NHAI

+NO3-N, quality before modify through Suspended standards the onset petrol approve Solids Fecal by CPCB of inerceptor d coliform, monsoon s, Silt monitori Static every fencing ng Construction stage Construction stage

Surface Water Quality Water Surface Bioassay, year for devices. agency Zebra fish three years pH, BOD, EC, Ground Banihal Once in a - Check Contract SC,

NO2 +NO3-N, Water year and or NHAI Suspended quality before modify through Solids (except standards the onset petrol approve monsoon by CPCB of inerceptor d times), Fecal monsoon s, Silt monitori coliform, every fencing ng

Construction stage Construction Static year for devices. agency Ground Water QualityGround Water Bioassay, three Zebra fish years

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.52

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Institutional Regular Monitoring Parameters Responsibilities Duration Duration Location Location exceeds Standards Standards Frequency Supervision Parameters case criteria criteria case Action plan in Implementation Environment Environment component Project Stage Noise levels Noise At Thrice in a Readings Check Contract SC, on dB (A) standards equipment year at to be and or NHAI scale by CPCB yards an taken at modify through interval of 15 equipment approve four seconds and d months interval devices monitori for three for 15 used to ng years, as minutes protect agency required every noise level. by the hour and

Noise levels engineer then

Construction stage average d. Readings are to be taken for 24 hours of day.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.53

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Institutional Regular Monitoring Parameters Responsibilities Duration Duration Location Location exceeds Standards Standards Frequency Supervision Parameters case criteria criteria case Action plan in Implementation Environment Environment component Project Stage Noise levels Noise Sensitive Thrice a Readings Check Contract SC, on dB (A) standards locations year for to be and or NHAI scale by CPCB three taken at modify through years 15 moving approve during seconds and d the interval constructio monitori constructi for 15 n ng on minutes equipment agency period. every . Whether hour and Proper then devices average are being d. used by Readings labour and are to be engineers taken for 24 hours of the day.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.54

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Institutional Regular Monitoring Parameters Responsibilities Duration Duration Location Location exceeds Standards Standards Frequency Supervision Parameters case criteria criteria case Action plan in Implementation Environment Environment component Project Stage Monitoring of Threshold At Once a Grab Check Contract SC, Pb, Cr, Cd, for each productive year for 3 sample and fine or NHAI contamin agricultura years tuning of through ant set by l lands constructio an IRIS abutting n vehicles approve database traffic d of USEPA detours monitori Soil until and traffic ng national diversions, agency

Construction stage standards to be are identified promulga by the SC ted. (Two locations)

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.55

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Institutional Regular Monitoring Parameters Responsibilities Duration Duration Location Location exceeds Standards Standards Frequency Supervision Parameters case criteria criteria case Action plan in Implementation Environment Environment component Project Stage Turbidity in As At the Pre- Inspection Contract NHAI Storm water specified drains, monsoon and or under by the ponds and and post- modificati advice Silt load in engineer rivers near monsoon on of silt of SC ponds Water constructio seasons fencing/ quality n site for 3 any standards years leakage of drains to

Construction stage these surface water

Soil Erosion bodies Turbidity in As At major Every Check Contract NHAI Storm water specified water year drains, or under by the bodies before culverts advice Silt load in engineer identified onset of and its of SC ponds / Water by the monsoon modificati quality NHAI. and after on Operation stage Operation standards the monsoon.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.56

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Institutional Regular Monitoring Parameters Responsibilities Duration Duration Location Location exceeds Standards Standards Frequency Supervision Parameters case criteria criteria case Action plan in Implementation Environment Environment component Project Stage Monitoring of: To the At Storage Quarterly Check Contract NHAI 1. Storage satisfactio area and in the sanitation/ or under Area n of the constructio constructi drainage advice 2. Drainage PIU and n camps on stage. and of SC Arrangements the standards 3. Sanitation in standards of camp

Camps Construction given in sites and Camps the bring upto Construction Stage reporting level of form. satisfactio Construction Sites and Construction n of PIU Monitoring of As laid All along During - Check if Contract NHAI felling of trees out in the the the felling there is or and (to Detailed corridor of trees any illegal SC in assist Design for cutting/m consulta in co- the arked tion with ordina project trees are Forest tion being Departm with cut/make ent the Road side Road plantation Pre-Construction Stage more visits Contra to road ctor) stretch.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.57

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Fire Fighting Network recess project Power As laid In long As laid in During CMU NHAI Equipment out in the Tunnel design Operatio Detailed Report n

Power Design for Operation the project

The Environmental Reporting systems describing details of responsibilities and coordination has been discussed in the following section.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.58

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

5.5 Environmental Reporting System Monitoring and Evaluation are critical activities in implementation of all projects. Monitoring involves periodic checking to ascertain whether activities are going according to the plans. It provides the necessary feedback for project management to keep the program on schedule. By contrast evaluation is essentially a summing up at the end of the project to assess whether those activities actually achieved as was intended.

The reporting system will operate linearly with the contractor who is at the lowest range of the implementation system reporting to the Supervision Consultant, who in turn shall report to the NHAI. All reporting by the contractor and Supervision Consultant shall be on a quarterly basis. The NHAI shall be responsible for preparing targets for each of the identified EMP activities.

The compliance monitoring and the progress reports on environmental components may be clubbed together and submitted to the NHAI quarterly during the implementation period. The operation stage monitoring reports may be annual or biennial provided the Project Environmental Completion Report shows that the implementation was satisfactory. Otherwise, the operation stage monitoring reports will have to be prepared as specified in the said Project Environmental Completion Report.

Responsibilities for overseeing will rest with the Supervision Consultant’s staff reporting to the NHAI. Capacity to quantitatively monitor relevant ecological parameters would be an advantage but monitoring will primarily involve ensuring that actions taken are in accordance with contract and specification clauses, and specified mitigation measures as per the EMP.

During the implementation period, a compliance report may include description of the items of EMP, which were not complied with any of the responsible agencies. It would also report to the management about actions taken to enforce compliance. It may however, be noted that certain items of the EMP

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.59

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 might not be possibly complied with for a variety of reasons. The intention of the compliance report is not to suppress these issues but to bring out the circumstances and reasons for which compliance was not possible (such as jurisdictional issues). This would help in reinforcing the implementation of the EMP.

Photographic records will also be established to provide useful environmental monitoring tools. A full record will be kept as part of normal contract monitoring. Reporting and Monitoring Systems for various stages of construction and related activities have been proposed to ensure timely and effective implementation of the EMP. The reporting system has been prepared for each of the stage of road construction namely:

 Pre construction stage

 Construction Stage

 Operation Stage This reporting shall be done through:

 Reporting by the Contractor to the SC

 Reporting by SC to NHAI The stage-wise reporting system is explained in the following Table 5.3.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.60

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 5.3: Stage-Wise Reporting System of NHAI Supervision Project Contractor Consultant (SC) Implementation (PIU) Item SC Format No. Field NHAI on and Oversee/ Monitoring Supervision Supervision Reporting to Reporting Reporting to Reporting Environment Environment Compliance Report to GM Implementati

Monitoring of Before construction C1 start of Quarterly Quarterly site and work construction camp Target sheet As After After C2 for Pollution require Monitorin Monitoring Monitoring d g Target sheet Monthl C3 for roadside Quarterly Quarterly Half yearly y plantation Target sheet for monitoring Monthl C4 Monthly Quarterly Half yearly of cleaning y water bodies

Target sheet As per After O1 for Pollution monitorin monitoring Monitoring g plan

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.61

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Supervision Project Contractor Consultant (SC) Implementation (PIU) Item SC Format No. Format Field NHAI on and Oversee/ Monitoring Supervision Reporting to Reporting to Environment Environment Compliance Report to GM Implementati

Target sheet for survival After O2 reporting of Quarterly monitoring roadside plantation Target sheet for After O3 monitoring Quarterly monitoring of cleaning water bodies

5.5.1 Internalizing Environmental Expertise in the NHAI

Moreover, as a long chain of projects is envisaged over the next decade or so in the highways sector in India, the acquired capacity needs to be fully internalized. Two things become important in this respect. Firstly, there should be substantial environmental capacity beyond the staff directly responsible for implementing the EMP in different projects. This may be achieved through training and dissemination of information.

Operationalisation Operationalisation of the environmental set-up for this project would involve two distinct elements. These are:  Identification and appointment of Staff  Procurement of NGOs and other agencies responsible for implementation

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.62

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Training The training modules for the present project been devised with the objective of mainstreaming the environmental concerns into the day-to-day functioning of the organisation. Though there will be more intensive training for member of the staff directly involved in the project, the training intends that the environmental awareness will percolate down to other sections of the NHAI too. The suggestive training programme for NHAI (PIU) contractors associated with different packages, supervision consultants and other stake holders is given below:

Table 5.4: Training Components for Banihal – Srinagar Stretch of NH– 1A Environmental and Training Training Mode of Social Aspects to be Sl. No. Conducting Recipients Training covered training Agency module 1 Environmental Lecture s Environmental overview Specialist staff of Workshops Environmental Trainers; “Environmental Group Regulations and Acts Supervision Cell” Discussion Environmental Consultants’ Associated Short term management Plan Environmental NGOs in training Environmental pollution Specialist implementation course associated with road and PIU staff projects associated with J&K Forest Act construction Road Projects and supervision Environmental issues Environmentally sound construction management Planning for environmental sustainable operation of roads Long term

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.63

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Environmental and Training Training Mode of Social Aspects to be Sl. No. Conducting Recipients Training covered training Agency module environmental issues in road management 2 Supervision, Seminar Environmental overview Specialist consultant and Workshop Environmental Impact Trainers; contractors Lecturers Assessment Supervision Environmental Consultants’ Management Plan Environmental Implementation Specialist Environmental Regulations and Acts J&K Forest Act & regulatory framework Environmental pollution associated with road projects Environmentally sound construction management Road Projects and Environmental Issues 3 All PIU staff / Short term Land slide control Specialist officials training measures including bio- Trainers; associated with courses/wor engineering techniques Supervision the kshop. Consultants’ project/contract Environmental or and staff Specialist deployed on environmental issues.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.64

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Environmental and Training Training Mode of Social Aspects to be Sl. No. Conducting Recipients Training covered training Agency module 4 Collaborating Multimedia Environmental Environmental Government presentatio Overview Cell of PIU, Agencies such as ns Environmental Supervision Pollution Control Lectures Regulations and Acts Consultants’ Board, Traffic Environmental Pollution Environmental and Transport J&K Forest Act & Specialist; Departments, regulatory framework J&K State Forest Department etc. 6 All staff of PIU Short term Solid waste (non Specialist Trainers entrusted with training hazardous) disposal site Environmental course design and selection Related Matters criteria and Contractors Hazardous waste staff on disposal site selection environmental criteria and site design issues. 7 All staff of PIU Short term Overview of Specialist Trainers entrusted training “Manufacture, Storage Environmental course and Impact of Matters Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989” and their applicability to road users (tankers) Risk Analysis and Disaster Management Plan (DMP) reports preparation for tanker accident.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.65

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Environmental and Training Training Mode of Social Aspects to be Sl. No. Conducting Recipients Training covered training Agency module Vulnerability zone estimation and mitigatory plans for tanker accidents 8 All workers of Short term Environmental Environmental contractors course management in expert of construction contractors, PIU, Safe handling of SC specialist animals and wild life Trainers and chance finds during construction.

5.6 ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENTS Additional positive actions are encouraged to be taken up as part of the EA process apart from the remedial /mitigation measures that are being proposed to address the negative impacts due to the project. These positive actions are in addition to several other enhancements that occur inherently because of the very nature of the project such as improved drainage, pedestrian facilities, landslide control and stabilisation, overtopping and flooding etc. as these improvements are in-built in the Highway design, as part of good engineering practices.

Environmental Enhancements specifically refer to positive actions to be taken up during the implementation of the project for the benefit of the road users and the communities living close to project road alignment. The enhancements have been carried out with the following objectives: - To enhance the appeal and environmental quality of the project road to the users; - To enhance visual quality along the highway; and

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.66

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

- To add to the tree cover along the project road. In addition to general enhancement measures, following enhancement measures for Chukor conservation will be corrected out.

 Chukors are opportunistic feeders; these birds forage on seeds of local grasses, herbs and shrub fruits. Seeding of grasses and planting of local fruiting shrubs may help in maintaining an optimal population level. Groves of local shrubs planted in the preferred habitat zone restricted to the lower altitudes of the slopes to provide the required over from predation from large birds. These groves should be dispersed in the reserve preferred by the Chukors. These groves may also be useful for roosting sites of coveys of Chukors.

 Awareness development through the print and the audio-visual media during the construction and initial years of operation phase may greatly help conservation efforts of the Chukor population and the associated wildlife. Establishment of a Nature Interpretation Centre may also significantly add to this effort.

 Creation of waterholes and water storage structures for the Chukor population and the associated wild animals will be taken up for the improvement of the habitat. These will be appropriately designed and sited all over the reserve.

 Creation of animal rescue center for seized/injured wild animals in the reserve will help in rehabilitation of such animals in this reserve or other reserves of the state taking into consideration the habitat suitability. Facilities for veterinary care of wildlife will also be provided.

 Research on Chukor ecology, population census during the project construction and operation stage will improve the conservation status of the Chukor in this tract.

 Development of eco-tourism facilities along with intensification of protective arrangements with additional manpower and equipment will assist this project. This will raise conservation ethic of the local population through participation in promotional activities.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.67

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 Taking up eco-development activities for economic uplift of the fringe communities.

5.7 ENVIRONMENTAL BUDGET The Environment Budget for the proposed project road has been given in the Table No. 5.5.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Monitoring Programme 5.68

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 5.5: Environmental Budget UNIT TOTAL COST COMPONENT STAGE ITEM UNIT COST QUANTITY (INR) (Rs.) (A) Mitigation Costs Oil Interceptors at Vehicle parking 13010.00 Water No. 2,602 5 areas Constructio Plantation of saplings including 6807000.00 No. 1,000 6807 n tree Guard and its maintenance Covered Flora Constructio under Median plantations Per Km - - n Engineering cost Covered

Demarcating borrow areas clearly under Constructio m - - Safety using fencing if needed Engineering ns cost.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.69

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

UNIT TOTAL COST COMPONENT STAGE ITEM UNIT COST QUANTITY (INR) (Rs.) Covered Miscellaneous informatory signs under L.S. - - and others Engineering cost (A) Mitigation costs 68,20,010.00 (B) Monitoring costs Monitoring near all hot mix plant / At 2 location, Thrice in a No. Of Batching Plants locations 5,000 year for 3 years. (18 90,000.00 Samples Constructio approved by the Engineer Samples) n At 2 locations Thrice in a Monitoring at construction sites in No. Of Air 5,000 year for 3 years (18 90,000.00 tandem with construction Samples samples) At sensitive receptors specified in At 2 locations, Thrice in No. of Operation the monitoring plan and inside two a year for 3 yrs. (18 90,000.00 Samples 5,000 tunnels samples)

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.70

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

UNIT TOTAL COST COMPONENT STAGE ITEM UNIT COST QUANTITY (INR) (Rs.) At 2 locations twice a Surface Water Quality No. of year for 3 years (12 48,000.00 Constructio (Bichlari River) Samples 4,000 samples) Water Quality n At 1 locations once in a Ground Water Quality -do- 4,000 year (Before monsoon) 12,000.00

for 3 years (3 Samples) At 1 location Thrice in a No. of At equipment yards 3,000 year for 3 years 27,000.00 Constructio Samples (9 Samples) Noise n At 5 locations Thrice in a No. Of As directed by the Engineer 3,000 year for 3 years (45 135,000.00 Samples Samples)

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.71

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

UNIT TOTAL COST COMPONENT STAGE ITEM UNIT COST QUANTITY (INR) (Rs.) At productive agricultural lands Constructio At 2 locations once in a abutting traffic detours and traffic No of n 10,000 year for 3 years (6 60,000.00 diversions, to be identified by the Samples samples) Soil Engineer At accident/ spill locations At 2 Location once in a No of Operation involving bulk transport carrying 10,000 year for 3 years. (6 60,000.00 Samples hazardous material Samples) Sub-Total B- Monitoring Costs 612000.00 (C) Training & Mobilization Costs Portions Training & Constructio of total Mobilisation n and As per modules developed L.S. cost of 1000,000.00 costs operation training Enhancemen Enhancement of Mosque / 1. No. 2,50,000 1 50,00,000.00 t Sites Madarsa Sub-Total C: Training & Mobilization costs 6000000.00

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.72

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

UNIT TOTAL COST COMPONENT STAGE ITEM UNIT COST QUANTITY (INR) (Rs.) (D) Debris Disposal Disposal 1 Disposal of Debris from Tunnels 1,65,0000 1 No. 1,65,00000.00 Site Excavation 0 Sub-Total D: land Acquisition for Dumping Debris 1,65,00000.00 (E) Chukor Conservation Sl. No. Items Quantum Cost During Construction phase Protection of Chukor and other wildlife in the reserve with additional 1 and 3 yrs of operation 4000000.00 manpower in the reserve with additional manpower and vehicles phase Creation and management of an Animal Rescue Centre with 2 Same as above 3000000.00 veterinary facilities Improvement of habitat through creation of water holes/water Details to be worked out 3 storage structures including harvesting of water structures for ground 4000000.00 by the Wildlife wing water recharging and plantation of shrubs and herbs 4 Research on Chukor ecology and population survey and census Same as above 1500000.00

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.73

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

UNIT TOTAL COST COMPONENT STAGE ITEM UNIT COST QUANTITY (INR) (Rs.) Awareness development campaign including establishment of a 5 Same as above 2000000.00 Nature Interpretation Centre 6 Development of ecotourism facilities Same as above 1500000.00 7 Eco-development activities around the Chukor reserve Same as above 3000000.00 8 Miscellaneous LS 1000000.00 Sub Total E: Chukor Conservation 20000000.00

SUMMARY Sub Total A: Mitigation Costs 6820010.00 Sub Total B: Monitoring Cost 612000.00 Sub Total C: Training & Mobilization 6000000.00 Costs Sub Total D: Land Acquisition for Dumping Debris 16500000.00 Sub Total E: Chukor Conservation 20000000.00 TOTAL 49932010.00

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.74

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

UNIT TOTAL COST COMPONENT STAGE ITEM UNIT COST QUANTITY (INR) (Rs.) Contingency @ 5% 2496600.5 TOTAL BUDGETED COSTS 52428610.5 Rupees Five Crore Twenty Four Lakhs Twenty Eight Thousand Six hundred Ten only

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter V : Environmental Management Plan 5.75

CHAPTER VI

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND R&R STUDY

6.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Public participation and community consultation has been taken up as an integral part of social and environmental assessment process of the Project. Public participation has been viewed as a continuous two way process, involving promotion of public understanding of the processes and mechanisms through which developmental problems and needs are investigated and solved. Consultation was used as a tool to inform and educate stakeholders about the proposed action both before and after the development decisions were made. It supported in identification of the problems associated with the project as well as the needs of the population likely to be impacted. This participatory process helped in reducing the public resistance to change and enabled the participation of the local people in the decision making process. The involvement of the various stakeholders ensured that the affected population and other stakeholders are informed, consulted and allowed to participate at various stages of project preparation.

Initial Public consultation has been carried out in this Project with the objectives of minimizing probable adverse impacts of the project through alternate design solutions (alignment and cross-sectional) and to achieve speedy implementation of the project through bringing awareness amongst the community on the benefits of the project. The public consultation has been taken up as an integral part of social and environmental assessment process for this project. Several meetings were organized at various locations, promoting public understanding of the processes and mechanisms through which developmental problems and needs are investigated and solved.

To ensure the peoples participation in the planning phase of this project and treating public consultation and participation as a continuous process, numerous events were attempted at this stage of project preparation. Aiming at promotion of

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 public understanding and fruitful solutions of developmental problems such as local needs of road users and problem and prospect of resettlement, various sections of community people and other stakeholders were consulted through individual Consultations.The option of alternative design was also discussed to meet their local transport needs and to achieve speedy implementation of the project with peoples’ involvement and support. Necessary information was already gathered during the time of Environmental Survey.

6.1 Objectives

The main objective of the consultation process was to minimize negative impacts of the project and to maximize the benefits of the project. Other objectives of the consultation process was the following

 To promote public awareness about the proposed project especially amongst the Stakeholders;

 To educate the potentially impacted communities / individuals about the proposed course of action and the project alternatives;

 To solicit the views of affected communities / individuals on environmental and social issues;

 To gather inputs from the affected communities / individuals in crucial decisions regarding mitigation of the identified environmental and social issues;

 To stimulate community self evaluation and analysis;

 To inform Project Affected Persons (PAPs) about the entitlement framework and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), and to settle their problems with mutual consent and to assist them during relocation and resettlement;

 To ensure lessening of public resistance to change by providing them a platform in the decision making process.

 To minimize the negative impacts of the project and to maximise the benefits of the project

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.2

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

6.2 Methodology Adopted for Public Consultations 6.2.1 Identification of Stakeholders

Systematic Analysis has been done on the basis of Reconnaissance Survey and discussion with various People to identify the Stakeholders. After systematic analysis, the following stakeholders has been identified.  Road Users like Truck Drivers and Indian Army.  Resident of Kashmir Valley, Banihal town, Villages falling in Right of way of Proposed Alignment.  Forest Department  Wild Life Department  Agriculture Department  Public Works Department Fig 6.1: Administrative Discussion of Land Acquisition with Naib Tahsildar at Jammu and Kashmir Banihal

After identification of Stakeholders, Public Consultation has been carried out from Screening Stage to Project Design Formulation Stage at different levels and using different techniques which are detailed below: 6.2.2 Stages and Levels of Consultation

Public consultations have been held at three levels as follows:

Local level (village level / Block level) villagers whose properties, land, etc are being affected by the project,

District level consultations involving State Pollution Control Board Officials, NHAI officials, Local Municipal elected officials, Revenue officials etc. Institutional Level involves Forest Department, Indian Army, Revenue Authorities and Railway People. 6.2.3 Methods used for Consultation Local Level (i) Informal discussion and Interview Surveys

During Screening Stage Informal discussions and Interview Surveys has been carried out with the residents of Villages from where alignment is

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.3

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

proposed. For carrying out these Informal discussions / Interview Surveys a Professional team consisting of Environment Engineer, Social Scientist and Local People to communicate in Local language has been formed. Social Scientist has been included in the team with a view as Public Consultation is a specialized job and can be performed better by a social scientist. Local People have been included for better communication in vernacular language. (ii) Focus Group Discussions

Group Discussions (GDs) has been held at selected locations along the proposed project road and selected locations have been selected so as to be truly representative of the Stakeholders. The FGD’s has been carried twice at a place. In the first instance the information has been disseminated, Public has been informed about the Project, Various Activities associated with the Projects their views and concerns has been solicited. In the second instance the Public has been informed about the integration of the issues in the design raised by them and what could not be integrated and reasons for the same.

The focus Group Discussion has been carried at the following locations (Table 6.1):

Table 6.1: FGD’ s Locations

Date Date Sl. No Place Duration ( Ist FGD) (IInd FGD)

December 4, 1 February15 2005 Krawah Village 2.15 hrs 2006

December 5, 2 February16, 2005 Kaskoot Village 2.00 hrs 2006

December 3 February17, 2005 Kaskoot Village 2.50 hrs 6,2006

February 18, December 4 Zenhal Village 2.00 hrs 2005 7,2006

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.4

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

February 19, December 5 Asher Village 2.35 hrs 2005 8,2006

February 20, December 6 Lamber Village 2.00 hrs 2005 9,2006

February 21, December 7 Chureel Village 1.50 hrs 2005 10,2006

February 22, December 8 Gund Tethar 2.45 hrs 2005 11,2006

(iii) District Level Consultation

District Level Consultation was organized by State Pollution Control Board, Jammu and Kashmir under the Guidance of District Authorities and with the support of National Highway Authority of India. There was representation of different Govt. Departments like Pollution Control Board, Department of Forest, Revenue Authorities, District Administration, Elected Municipal Representatives and Publics.

(iv) Institutional Level / Stake Holders Consultative

The various Govt. Departments / NGO’s has been consulted to have a broader view about the Project. The following Officers were consulted which includes. Table 6.2: List of Officials Consulted

Sl. No. Name Designation

1 Mr.Jia Lal Sharma ADC Ramban

2 Mr.G.Mir Tehsildar Banihal

3 Mr. Viqar Chairmen Municipality Banihal 4 Mr.G. Ahmed Bhat DFO Ramban

5 Mr.M.R.Mir Range Officer Ramban

6 Gulam Hasan DFO

7 Madam Afsan DFO 8 Mr. Shohail Wild Life Officer

9 C.B. Ahmad Ranger officer

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.5

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Fig 6.2: A view of public participation at Zenhal

Fig. 6.3: Village level consultation at Kaskoot

Fig. 6.4: Group Discussion at Kaskoot

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.6

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Fig 6.5: Social Scientist with affected people at Krawah

Fig. 6.6: Stakeholder consultation at Banihal

Fig. 6.7: Stakeholder consultation at Asar

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.7

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

6.3 ISSUES RAISED AND COMMUNITY PERCEPTION 6.3.1 Local / Village Level Consultation Some of the general issues raised during the different consultation sessions can be summed up as follows. Table 6.3: Issues and Responses Sl. No. Issue Raised Response 1 Existing alignment Existing Alignment is not proposed to be should not be widened instead alternative alignment widened as it will has been chosen which involves involve Hill Cutting construction of two tunnels and elevation of approx.1800m has been maintained. 2 Land Slides / Snow Land Slides / Snow Avalanches Zone has Avalanches Zone been avoided by providing alternate alignment traversing Pir Panjal ranges through two tunnels. 3 Disposal of Muck / The Muck generated because of debris generated construction of two tunnels will be used in due to construction construction of High embankment in the of Tunnels Banihal Side and on Anantnag Side it will be disposed in an environmentally safe manner. The disposal site is proposed to be taken from the Govt. of Jammu and Kashmir and a Dump Disposal Management plan will be prepared and accordingly muck will be disposed as per plan in an environmentally safe manner. 4 Drainage of the The Height of Embankment along River Area may be Bichleri is High and no doubt all the water impacted as is drained in Bichleri. To ensure that natural Proposed Alignment drainage is not affected adequate runs parallel to River number of Cross Drainage Structures Bichleri and Height based on Hydraulic and Drainage studies

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.8

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. No. Issue Raised Response of Embankment is has been Proposed which includes 11 High Culverts and 7 Bridges in 5km stretch. 5 Loss of Trees Compensatory afforestation in the ratio of 1:2 will be carried out in lieu of trees felled. 6 Compensation at Compensation will be paid as per Jammu Market rates and Kashmir Land Acquisition Act, ADC (Ramban) and ADC (Anantnag) has been appointed the competent Authority for Land Acquistion. For addresal of Grievances a District Level Grievance addressal committee will be constituted which will have Public representatives also. 7 Longitudinal Longitudinal Drainage has been provided Drainage on Hill sides with outfalls in Culvert. 8 Employment to Preference will be given to local people in Local People employment. 9 All weather flow of The alignment is well below the Snowline traffic at an elevation of 1800m, 10 Pollution of River No Construction Material will be stored Bichleri during near the Bichleri. construction Two Channels along the River Bichleri near the construction sites will be constructed and all storm water will be collected in these channels and made to pass through the sedimentation chamber before discharging in River Bichleri. No Oil, Fuels and Chemicals will be stored near the watercourse. No refueling of Vehicles will be allowed near the watercourse.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.9

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Institutional Level Sl. No Issue Response of Project Authorities Forest Department 1 Controlled blasting in Controlled Blasting will be done and all Pir Panjal Ranges, so relevant laws will be strictly followed. that damage is minimized 2 Disposal of Muck at Muck will be disposed at identified location identified locations to in environment friendly manner. avoid land degradation Road User’s / Residents of Srinagar 1 Road Safety The proposed alignment conforms to latest Safety Standards. 2 All weather Flow The proposed alignment is below the between Jammu and Permanent snowline at an elevation of Srinagar about 1800m above MSL. Agriculture Department 1 Submergence of Land Cross drainage structures based on between Hill and road Hydrologic Studies have been provided to due to obstruction of maintain the natural drainage of the area. Flow of water Longitudinal drains have been proposed on hillsides of adequate size based on Hydrologic Study of the area with outfalls in CD’s. 2 Loss of Productive The choice was between two evils either Land acquisition of Agriculture Land or Cutting of Hills, lesser of the evil was chosen, However the topsoil will be preserved and reused.

Wild Life Department 1 Protection of Wild Life The Proposed Alignment is passing beneath

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.10

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

the Chakore Reserve and every precaution will be taken during construction not to disturb the fauna. Public Works Department (Jammu and Kashmir) 1 Road Safety The proposed alignment conforms to latest Safety Standards 2 Connectivity between The proposed alignment is devoid of any Jammu and Srinagar landslips and Snow Avalanches Area and below permanent snow line.

6.4 CONSULTATION WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

As per the process of information propagation and collecting relevant information for the social requirements of the project, various government officials were consulted during the census and assets inventory exercise of the affected households.

6.4.1 Consultation with local NGOs

Project implementation is done through government departments and the process of resettlement and rehabilitation needs humane approach as well as closeness to the people and community service orientation. As social development is not a mandate of the NHAI, whose engineers are not trained in these activities, it was necessary to find out the capacity of the existing NGOs to involve them in rehabilitation and resettlement work. The NGOs have been identified and examined on the basis of their past work performance, areas of work experience, organizational Fig. 6.8: Socio Scientist with Local set-up, the total strength of professional Leaders sitting in the complex of and non-professional staff and total Mosque and Madarsa at Banihal turnover in the past five years.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.11

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

The identified NGOs also work in the area of HIV/AIDS related activities. They lack experience in the area of R&R. However, with training and technical assistance, they would be able to carry out these tasks. During consultation they had shown deep interest to work on R&R related project. The following NGOs have been identified along the project area as are given in Table 6.4

Table 6.4: Name of NGOs

Sl. No. Name of NGO

1. Social Welfare Association Banihal (SWAB)

Mr. Nazir Ahmad Wani (President)

Banihal, Distt.-Ramban. 2. Mr. Safiruddin Ahmed (Secretary)

Near New Central Bus Stand Anantnag 3. Majestic Voluntary Organisation

Mrs. Shameema Raina (Secretary) 170-N, Bemina, Srinagar

4 Mothers and Women’s Welfare Society Mrs. Mahajabeen Kamli (Secretary)

Kursu, Rajbagh, Srinagar 5 Human Effort for Love and Peace (HELP) Ms. Nighat Shafi (President)

Saida Kadal, Rainawari, Srinagar

Source: Public Consultation

6.4.2 Consultation with Community Leaders

Consultation with influential local community leaders was made mainly to resolve the possible conflict creating issues likely social, political, historical, cultural and religious matters that may be barriers in project’s implementation. The local leaders

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.12

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 were involved actively in the consultation meetings at most of the locations along the all villages falling in the proposed route area. However the issues discussed with them are outlined below: Table 6.5: Consultation with community leader

Sl. Name Profession Location No. 1 Aijaz Ahmed Tung Municipality, Banihal Chairman 2 Munir Ahmed Khan Municipality, Member Banihal 3 Mohd. Sharif Ganai Municipality, Member Banihal 4 Mohd. Iqbal Ganai Municipality, Member Banihal 5 Imtiyaz Ahmed Municipality, Member Banihal Nayak 6 Altaf Ahmed Wani Municipality, Member Banihal 7 Imtiyaz Khandey Municipality, Member Banihal 8 Sajjad Ahmed Shah Municipality, Member Banihal 9 Abdul Quddus Malik Lambardar Kaskoot 10 Bashir Khan Lambardar Zenhal 11 Mohd. Yusuf Wani Lambardar Asher 12 Ghulam Nabi Sheikh Lambardar Lamber 13 Mohd. Ashraf Beg Lambardar Chureel 14 Asadullah Nayak Lambardar Gund Tethar Source: Public Consultation Issues Discussed  Mosque, madarsa and graveyard premises should not be shifted  Land compensation to be determined at the local market price  Payment of compensation likely to be in the mode of cash  Livelihood rehabilitation measures specifically for agriculture land losers  Road safety precautions to be followed keeping in view women and school going children.  Transparent and people friendly R&R mechanism

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.13

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 Road markings specifically near schools, college, hospitals, mosque, madarsa, graveyard, army transit camp, police ckeck post, petrol pump, garage, PCO booth, residential area, land sliding zone, valley, hills and blind curves etc.  Replacement cost of houses and other private structures may be paid adequately  GRC system should be highly applicable  Cash payment disbursement should be made by NHAI/Central government officers rather than local district administration  Housing affected households may be provided with housing that should be established by NHAI  Resettlement site should be equipped with all facilities including water and local road access  Centerline should be marked in the proposed 2-lane carriageway  One Entertainment plaza/NHAI Dhaba is required to be established at Banihal along proposed new 2-lane road that should contain all facilities likely playing cards, carom board, news papers, magazines and TV set  Bus sheds are required to be established along all the villages falling in new proposed 2-lane separate carriageway  Drainage system should be highly modernized  Private tree cutting should be authorized by the owners themselves  Local people are required to be employed by the contractor  Compensation should include the cost of standing crop if the possession of land is being taken before harvesting  People have no right to reconstruct their houses on their vacant land because of enforcement of J&K law in the region. Therefore, this ban should be lifted for a shorter duration specifically for those losing houses and shops  Children parks, bus sheds, parking and pedestrian facilities should be incorporated in the road design.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.14

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

6.4.3 Consultation with Affected People

Public consultation is a continual process that has been carried out at all stages throughout the project period. In order to document the issues raised by the potential PAPs during public consultation at DPR phase was organized along all the villages, which are falling in land acquisition area. A large number of potentially affected persons expressed their views about the proposed project. The location wise public gathering, discussed issues and a list of participants are presented as follows:

Fig. 6.9: Social Scientist with affected people at Krawah

6.4.3.1 At Krawah

Sl. No. Name Profession Sex Age 1 Parvez Ahmed Farmer Male 65 Sheikh 2 Mohd. Sharif Business Male 45 3 Mohd. Qasim Farmer Male 42 4 Ajaz Ahmed Farmer Male 38 5 Abdul Rashid Shah Farmer Male 40 6 Irshad Ahmed Mir Farmer Male 56 7 Javed Ahmed Business Male 28 8 Mrs. Shahnaz Housewife Female 38 9 Mohd Yusuf Matto Farmer Male 23 Source: Public Consultation

The issues discussed with the likely affected people at Krawah are summarized

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.15

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 below and the gathering is shown in Figure 5.4.

 Replacement cost of houses and other private properties may be paid adequately

 Appropriate grievance redress system be adopted

 Appropriate compensation and assistance to all affected landowners

 Payment should be in cash and the concerned officers who will be involved in this task, should be from NHAI/Central government rather than Fig. 6.10: Social Scientist with local district administration PAPs at Krawah  Housing affected households may be provided with housing that should be developed by NHAI in nearby areas.

 Safety precautionary measures for human beings specifically women and school going children.

 If proposed alignment is passing through religious settings that should be avoided.

6.4.3.2 At Kaskoot (I)

Sl. No. Name Profession Sex Age

1 Saifudin Malik Business Male 55

2 Master Javed Farmer Male 40 Ahmed

3 Ghulam Qadir Dar Farmer Male 55 4 Bashrul Hasan Farmer Male 35

5 Manzoor Ahmed Farmer Male 35 Najar

6 Mohd. Yusuf Farmer Male 40 7 Ghulam Hasan Farmer Male 45 Nayak

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.16

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. No. Name Profession Sex Age 8 Abdul Rashid Najar Farmer Male 50

9 Farooque Ahmed Business Male 25

10 Qaisher Hussain Business Male 25 11 Javed Ahmed Bhat Farmer Male 45

12 Jalil Iqbal Khan Farmer Male 40 13 Sanaullah Ganai Farmer Male 42 Source: Public Consultation

The issues discussed with the likely affected people at Kaskoot are summarized below and is shown in Figure 5.5. . Appropriate compensation and assistance to all affected landowners . Housing affected households may be provided accommodation in government housing . Replacement cost of houses and other private properties may be done Fig. 6.11: Social adequately Scientist with PAPs at . Highly sound GRC mechanism to be Kaskoot adopted . Appropriate compensation and assistance to all affected groups . Payment of compensation disbursement should be made available through NHAI/Central government officers rather than local district administration . Road design should involve bus sheds, parking and pedestrian facilities 6.4.3.3 At Kaskoot (II)

Sl. No. Name Profession Sex Age

1 Ghulam Mohd Rather Farmer Male 50 2 Naseem Dar Senior Citizen Male 80 3 Ali Mohd. Dar Senior Citizen Male 90

4 Naseem Dar Farmer Male 50

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.17

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. No. Name Profession Sex Age 5 Gani Sofi Farmer Male 50

6 Mohdir Sofi Farmer Male 60

7 Qadir Rather Farmer Male 60 8 Mushtaque Rather Farmer Male 60

9 Salam Sofi Business Male 40 10 Ghulam Hasan Sofi Business Male 22

11 Bashir Ahmed Mir Student Male 24

12 Bashir Ahmed Dar Business Male 48

13 Aziz Dar Farmer Male 50 14 Gulzar Rather Student Male 22

15 Arshad Rather Student Male 21

16 Iqbal Lone Business Male 24 17 Sakir Wani Student Male 18

18 Muqaddar Dar Student Male 15

19 Firdaus Ahmed Sofi Student Male 17

20 Haji Abdul Qaddir Malik Farmer Male 72 21 Mohd. Afzal Nayak Farmer Male 70

22 Ghulam Qadir Dar Farmer Male 60 23 Ghulam Qadir Nayak Farmer Male 70 24 Farooque Ahmed Wani Business Male 35

25 Mohd Afzal Lone Farmer Male 45 26 Zaheer Haque Business Male 32

27 Abdul Waheed Nayak Business Male 33

28 Qadir Nayak Farmer Male 70

29 Bahar Ahmed Malik Student Male 25 30 Mohd Iqbal Malik Farmer Male 50

31 Farooq Khan Farmer Male 67 32 Muzaffer Ahmed Business Male 40

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.18

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. No. Name Profession Sex Age 33 Mohd. Yasir Bhat Business Male 26

34 Ishhaque Lone Farmer Male 32 Source: Public Consultation

The issues discussed with the likely affected people at Kaskoot (II) are outlined below:  Land compensation to be given at the local market price  Payment likely to be made in the mode of cash  Specific livelihood rehabilitation measures for agriculture land losers  Private tree cutting should be Fig. 6.12: PAPs at Kaskoot authorized by the owners themselves in the second Public  Replacement cost of houses and other Consultation private structures  Sound settlement system of grievances  Clear signage near schools, college and hospital  GRC system should be highly applicable  Land and structure compensation payment disbursement should be made by NHAI/Central government officers rather than local district administration  Housing affected households may be provided with housing that should be established by NHAI in the same area  Relocation site should be equipped with all facilities including water and approach road  In the proposed 2-lane separate highway, centerline is required to be marked  Employment of Local people during civil work should be ensured by NHAI

6.4.3.4 At Zenhal

Sl. No. Name Profession Sex Age 1 Ghulam Mohd Farmer Male 50

2 Mohd Rather Farmer Male 80

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.19

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. No. Name Profession Sex Age 3 Abdul Lateef Dar Farmer Male 43

4 Aziz Sohail Farmer Male 65

5 Ghulam Qadir Farmer Male 40 6 Mohd Sharif Farmer Male 35

7 Mohd. Naseem Dar Farmer Male 60 8 Gani Safi Farmer Male 48

9 Sanaullah Rather Farmer Male 60

10 Gaffar Dar Farmer Male 58

The issues discussed with the likely affected people at Zenhal are outlined below:

 Compensation disbursement to be made by the NHAI officers rather than local district administration  Land compensation to be determined at the local market price  Compensation should include the cost of standing crop if the possession of land is being taken before harvesting  Mode of payment likely to be in the mode of cash  Livelihood rehabilitation measures for agriculture land losers  Sound road safety management keeping in view hilly terrain belt  Centerline should be marked in the proposed 2-lane carriageway  GRC system should be highly sound  Housing affected households may Fig. 6.13: A view of public be provided with housing colony participation of PAPs at Zenhal that should be established by NHAI  Local people are required to be employed by the contractor  Bus sheds are required to be established along all the villages falling in new proposed 2-lane separate carriageway

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.20

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

6.4.3.5 At Asher

Sl. Name Profession Sex Age No.

1 Sultan Ahmed Bhat Business Male 32

2 Mushtaque Ahmed Farmer Male 25 Wani

3 Abdullah Bhat Farmer Male 60

4 Parvez Ahmed Magrey Student Male 13

5 Bilal Ahmed Beg Student Male 23

6 Ajaz Ahmed Dar Business Male 42

7 Mohd Rafi Tantrey Farmer Male 59

8 Mohd Ishhaque Bhat Farmer Male 62

9 Mohd Irfan Dar Business Male 38

10 Asif Iqbal Business Male 22

11 Abdul Rahim Tantrey Farmer Male 64

12 Jabbar Ahmed Tantrey Farmer Male 63

13 Irfan Student Male 21

14 Mohd Yusuf Dar Farmer Male 56

15 Abdul Gani Mir Farmer Male 55

16 Manzoor Ahmed Dar Farmer Male 45

17 Javed Ahmed Bhat Farmer Male 42

18 Ajaz Ahmed Business Male 32

19 Ashique Ahmed Dar Farmer Male 34

20 Zakir Husain Business Male 22

Source: Public Consultation

The issues discussed with the PAPs at Asher are outlined below:  Compensation should include the cost of standing crop if the possession

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.21

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

of land is being taken before harvesting  Payment should be made in the mode of cash  Livelihood affected households may be treated adequately  Road safety precautions to be followed keeping in view women and school going children  Centerline should be marked in the proposed 2-lane carriageway  Transparent and people friendly R&R mechanism  Replacement cost of houses and other private structures may be paid adequately  GRC system should be highly sound  People have no right to reconstruct their houses on their vacant land Fig. 6.14: A view of Public because of enforcement of J&K law in Consultation at village Asher the region. Therefore, this ban should be lifted for a shorter duration specifically for those losing houses and shops  Blind curving may be minimized  Cash payment disbursement should be made by NHAI/Central government officers rather than local district administration  Drainage system should be highly modernized  Housing affected households may be provided with housing that should be established by NHAI  Resettlement site should be equipped with all facilities including water and local road access  Private tree cutting should be authorized by the owners themselves  Local people are required to be employed by the contractor

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.22

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

6.4.3.6 At Lamber

Sl. No. Name Profession Sex Age

1 Salman Ahmed Shah Farmer Male 52

2 Mohd Abbas Bhat Farmer Male 43

3 Mohd. Salam Beg Business Male 42

4 Mohd Ramzan Nayak Farmer Male 62

5 Ghulam Rasool Shah Farmer Male 67

6 Abdul Aziz Gani Farmer Male 58

7 Shaukat Hussain Gani Farmer Male 54

8 Mohd Ramzan Gani Farmer Male 53

9 Shaukat Ali Khan Business Male 32

10 Ishhaque Ahmed Bhat Business Male 28

11 Haji Mohd Sharif Mir Farmer Male 68

12 Javed Hussain Gani Business Male 34

13 Nasim Ahmed Mir Farmer Male 42

14 Barkat Ali Khan Student Male 24

The issues discussed with the PAPs at Lamber are outlined below:  Land and structure cost should be determined at the latest market price  Payment should be made in the mode of cash  Centerline should be marked in the proposed 2-lane carriageway  Replacement cost of houses and other private structures may be paid adequately  GRC system should be highly sound  Blind curving may be minimized  Contractor should employ local labour

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.23

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 Cash payment disbursement should be made by NHAI/Central government officers rather than local district administration  Housing affected households may be provided with housing that should be established by NHAI in nearby location  Resettlement site should be equipped with all facilities including water and local road access Fig. 6.15: Social Scientist with Affected Landowners at Lamber

6.4.3.7 At Chureel

Sl. No. Name Profession Sex Age 1 Haji Abdul Gani Business Male 68

2 Abdul Waheed Farmer Male 62

3 Abdul Rasheed Farmer Male 48 Sheikh

4 Mohd Amin Mir Farmer Male 52

5 Iftikhar Mir Student Male 20 6 Mohd Sadiqe Sheikh Farmer Male 55

7 Salam Waghey Farmer Male 67 8 Ghulam Mohd Gani Farmer Male 72

9 Mohd Sheikh Farmer Male 58

10 Abdul Razzaq Mir Farmer Male 70 11 Mohd Akbar Khan Business Male 42

12 Ghulam Qadir Bhat Farmer Male 60 13 Mohd Ayyub Bhat Business Male 50

14 Mohd Ismail Waghey Farmer Male 59 Source: Public Consultation

The issues discussed with the PAPs at Chureel are outlined below:

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.24

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 Land and structure cost should be determined at the market price  Payment should be made in cash and officers likely to be involved in cash/cheques disbursement should be from NHAI/Central government rather than local administration  Replacement value of houses and other private structures may be given adequately  Centerline should be marked in the proposed 2-lane carriageway  GRC system should be highly sound  Contractor should employ local labour

 Housing affected households may be Fig. 6.16: People during provided with housing that should be Consultation meeting at Chureel

established by NHAI in the same locality  Resettlement site should be equipped with all facilities including water and local road access

6.4.3.8 At Gund Tethar

Sl. No. Name Profession Sex Age

1 Ghulam Mohd Business Male 45

2 Mohd Ayyub Business Male 48

3 Ghulam Khan Business Male 32

4 Mohd Yakoob Farmer Male 56

5 Ghulam Rasool Sheikh Farmer Male 62

6 Nazir Ahmed Business Male 38

7 Ramzan Sheikh Business Male 55

8 Sanaullah Bhat Business Male 45

9 Asadullah Nayak Farmer Male 60

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.25

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

The issues discussed with the PAPs at Gund Tethar are outlined below:

 Compensation should include the cost of standing crop if the possession of land is being taken before harvesting

 Payment should be made in the mode of cash

 Livelihood affected households may be treated adequately

 Centerline should be marked in the proposed 2-lane carriageway

 Structures compensation cost calculation may be done at replacement value

 GRC system should be highly sound

 People have no right to reconstruct their houses on their vacant land because of enforcement of J&K law in the region. Therefore, this ban should be lifted for a shorter duration specifically for those losing houses and shops

 Blind curving may be minimized

 Cash payment disbursement should be made by NHAI/Central government officers rather than local district administration

 Housing affected households may be provided with housing that should be established by NHAI

 Resettlement site should be equipped with all facilities including water and local road access Fig. 6.17: A view of Public  Local people are required to be Participation employed by the contractor

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.26

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

6.4.3.9 At Nowgaon

Sl. No. Name Profession Sex Age 1 Abdul Ali Business Male 42

2 Bilal Ahmed Student Male 22

3 Abdul Ramzan Farmer Male 64

4 Nazir Ahmed Farmer Male 54 5 Firdaus Ahmad Business Male 23

6 Imtiazuddin Farmer Male 47 7 Nazir Ahmed Farmer Male 48

8 Bashir Ahmed Business Male 60

9 Ghulam Mohd Dar Farmer Male 70 10 Ghulam Mohd Business Male 58 Wani Source: Public Consultation

The issues discussed with the PAPs at Nowgaon are outlined below:

 Land and structure cost should be determined at the most recent market price

 Payment should be made in cash and officers likely to be involved in Fig. 6.18: Social Scientist with cash/cheques disbursement should Beneficiary Population at village be from NHAI/Central government Nowgaon rather than lal administration

 Calculation of compensation of house and shop in the light of replacement value

 Centerline should be marked in the proposed 2-lane carriageway

 Contractor should employ local labour

 Housing affected households may be provided with housing that should

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.27

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

be established by NHAI in the same locality

The results of public consultation at most of the places is more or less related to the issues of adequate land compensation, housing accommodation for displaced families, road safety precautions specifically for women and school going children, mode of payment in cash, centreline to be marked all along the land acquisition area, advantageous livelihood rehabilitation schemes, public amenities and services, new establishment of Entertainment Plaza/NHAI Dhaba, no involvement of local administration during payment of compensation to the affected people, local labour should be employed by contractor, highly sound GRC mechanism, lifting ban over new construction in agriculture land etc.

6.5 Plan for Continued Public Participation

The project would continue to ensure that the affected population and other stakeholders are informed, consulted and allowed to participate actively during the implementation of the project. The suggested consultations to be carried out throughout the project period are outlined below Table 6.6

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.28

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 6.6: Continued Participation of PAPs

Project PAPs and Representatives NGOs Local Officials Stage

Identificati  Receive information on project impacts  Design and carry out  Assist in census and socio- on information and suggestions economic survey  Participate in coordination committee  Assist in census and socio-  Assist NGO in information

 Participate in census survey economic survey dissemination.

 Keep records of consultations  Participate in coordination  Participate in arrange  Choose resettlement alternatives or committee consultations. housing schemes  Participate in consultations  Arrange PAP transport to consultation sites  Inputs of design of resettlement locations  Representations on  Participate in grievance tribunals grievance tribunals.  Assist in the documentation of the  Facilitate PAP inter-group consultations meetings

Implement  Monitor the provisions of entitlement  Provide up dated information  Participate in grievance ation on PAPs redress  Labour and other input at site  Provide support in group  Provide assistance under

 Management of sites and project input management local schemes

 Management of common property  Members of implementation  Membership of resources (CPR) committee implementation committee  Process documents for welfare and socio-

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.29

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Project PAPs and Representatives NGOs Local Officials Stage economic services (e.g., BPL card) Monitoring  Participate in grievance tribunals  Provide information on  Participate in correctional & project staff on vulnerable strategies  Evaluation Report on service quality on sites groups.  Provide inputs to M&E

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.30

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

The following provisions and methods are required for ensuring continued public participation. This public participation in return smoothen the implementation process of resettlement action plan and ensure time-bound achievements of the set objectives.

6.5.1 Disclosure of Information

The RAP will be disclosed at several locations for the benefit of the various stakeholders and other interested group. The RAP will be disclosed and kept for public reference at the following locations:

 State Public Library at Srinagar

 District Public Library at Ramban

 District Public Library Anantnag

In addition, copies of the RAP report will be available at the NHAI headquarters and Project Implementation Unit (PIU) office.

6.5.2 Public Information and Transparency

The Project Implementation Unit (PlU) will provide actual information on policies and information related to resettlement and rehabilitation action plan to the people in a continual manner. The following set of activities and mechanisms are proposed for this purpose:

 Organizing public meetings by NGOs to appraise the likely affected communities about the progress in the implementation of R&R works. Inform the community about the payment of compensation and assistance to the likely affected people

 District grievance redress committees comprising a representative of PAPs for each district

 Consultation with likely affected communities for resettlement site development and community infrastructure to be made available to PAPs

 Public discloser regarding monitoring and evaluation of R&R components of the project.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.31

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

6.5.3 Community Participation

To implement the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) in a proper way, it is essential to involve the local communities and the affected persons in the process. Stakeholders’ participation throughout the stages of project implementation and monitoring and evaluation will be ensured complying the following components of process.

Community Participation in Implementation Process

 PAPs & their representatives (viz., village heads and town leaders) participation in monitoring provision of entitlements, managing common property resources, managing community development funds, developing resettlement sites, disbursing compensation and assistance as a member of implementation committee

 NGO’s participation in information dissemination, monitoring provision of entitlements, perusing income generation programmes, managing common property resources in capacity of a member of implementation committee

 Local government official’s participation in grievance redress process, perusing income restoration programmes and assistance under local income generation scheme as an active member of implementation committee

 Host Community’s participation in management of common property resources and amenities and site development

Participation in Monitoring and Evaluation

 PAPs and their representatives’ participation in grievance tribunals, income generation and service quality at site

 NGO’s participation in information dissemination, reporting on R&R components

 Local government official’s participation in monitoring income restoration programmes, & action taken regarding

 Host Community’s participation in providing inputs for monitoring.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.32

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 6.7: Consultation with Government Officials

Sl. Activity Coordination Coordination Issues No.

1 Census and Socio- Deputy Commissioner (Ramban)  Information dissemination to build awareness and Economic survey to inform about the objective of the project generate RAP  Rehabilitation and resettlement issues such as compensation rates for affected assets

 Discussed the relocation of the potential project displaced families and households.

2. Census and Socio- Naib Tehsildar, Ramban  Information dissemination to make people aware of Economic survey to the very objective of the project generate RAP  Land rates

3. Census and Socio- Additional Commissioner,  Information dissemination and building awareness for Economic survey to Ramban the very objective of the project. generate RAP  BPL level of urban population in accordance with the annual income of the family as per state government norms.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.33

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. Activity Coordination Coordination Issues No.

4. Census and Socio- Assistant Commissioner  Information dissemination to make people aware of Economic survey to the very objective of the project. (Rural Development), Ramban generate RAP  Discussed developmental schemes/programmes mainly for tribal population, SCs and OBCs in order to enhance their living standards.

 Collection of data on ongoing development schemes in Ramban district.

5 Census and Socio- Social Welfare Officer, Banihal  Information dissemination to make people aware of Economic survey to the very objective of the project generate RAP  Discussed developmental schemes including housing, interest free loan, free education, scholarships specially STs, SCs and OBCs in order to raise their socio-economic status as per the policy of the funding agency.

 Reputed NGOs working in Anantnag district.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.34

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. Activity Coordination Coordination Issues No.

6 Census and Socio- Assistant Director (Planning)  Information dissemination to make the people aware Economic survey to of the very objective of the project Anantnag generate RAP  Discussed developmental schemes/programmes

mainly for tribal population, SCs and OBCs in order to raise their socio-economic status as per policy of the funding agency.

 BPL level of urban population in accordance with the annual income of the family as per J&K government.

7 Census and Socio- Project Officer (DRDA)  Information dissemination to build consensus among Economic survey to Anantnag the people on the objective of the project. generate RAP

8 Census and Socio- Chief Planning Officer,  Information dissemination to make the people aware Economic survey to Anantnag of the very objective of the project generate RAP  Discussion made on ongoing developmental schemes/program

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.35

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. Activity Coordination Coordination Issues No.

 List of NGOs and other local social voluntary organizations.

9 Census and Socio- Social Welfare Scheme  Information dissemination to make the people aware Economic survey to incharge, of the very objective of the project generate RAP Anantnag  NGOs in the local area.

10 Census and Socio- Tehsildar  Information dissemination to make people aware of Economic survey to the very objective of the project Anantnag generate RAP  Land rates

11 Census and Socio- District Commissioner,  Information dissemination to build awareness among Economic survey to the likely affected people. Anantnag. generate RAP  Discussed rehabilitation and resettlement issues such as compensation and assistance to all the people who may lose their assets and livelihood.

 Discussed the matter of relocation of the project displaced families and households.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.36

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Sl. Activity Coordination Coordination Issues No.

 Discussion made on ongoing development and schemes including housing, interest free loan, free education, and scholarships for the vulnerable people, namely STs/SCs/OBC.

12 Census and Socio- Section Officer (Revenue)  Information dissemination to make people aware of Economic survey to Anantnag the very objective of the project generate RAP  Land rates

Source: Public Consultation

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.37

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

6.6 EVALUATION OF CENSUS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

A census of potential Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and Project Displaced Persons (PDPs), falling within proposed ROW, were carried out in the course of the project cycle, when the engineering design of the road was available. The purpose of this exercise was to gather information on the affected persons for resettlement and rehabilitation entitlements. In essence, the purpose of a census is to find out who the affected people are, what they do for a livelihood, and what they are likely to lose as a result of the project.

A socio-economic survey of the PAPs, based on a 25 percent random sample was carried out along with the census. The objective of conducting socio-economic survey was to generate a baseline for preparing mitigating and support measures. The analysis of the survey has revealed the needs and resources of different groups and individuals including intra-household Fig. 6.19: A view of analysis and gender analysis and the level of household survey at village socio-economic status of the PAPs. In other Zinhal words, the baseline socio-economic survey provides baseline data to monitor and evaluate project-affected persons in the future. Results of the Census Survey

6.6.1 Results of the Census Survey

The census of PAPs and properties are tabulated and analysed for a better understanding of the potential loss. The findings of the survey are indicated below:

6.6.1.1 Magnitude of Property Loss

About 381 land properties likely to be affected in this package. A majority belongs to private ownership (238) followed by government owned (136) and community (7). However detailed break up is presented in the following Table 6.8.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.38

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 6.8: Loss of Properties

Sl. No. Type Land Ownership Number %

1 Private

1a Residence Owner 13 3.4

1b Agricultural Owner 225 59.1

1c Total 238 62.5

2 Government

2a Cultivation 23 6.0

2b Orchard Land/Sericulture/Fishery 17 4.5

2c No Use of Land 96 25.2

2d Total 136 35.7

3 Community Land

3a Cultivation 3 0.8

3b No Use of Land 4 1.0

3c Total 7 1.8

Grand Total (1+2+3) 381 100

6.6.1.2 Population Dynamics: Impact on Number of PAPs

The census exercise has revealed that as many as 1496 PAPs are likely to be affected in 238 households. Out of total number of PAPs, males constitute 796 (53.3%) numbers and females 698 (46.7%) and the average household size is 6.3. The details of project-affected persons of this package are summarized in Table 6.9.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.39

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

TABLE 6.9: MAGNITUDE OF IMPACT ON PAPs

Sl. No. Particulars Number %

1 Male PAPs 796 53.3

2 Female PAPs 698 46.7

3 Total 1494 100

6.6.1.3 Magnitude of Impact on Households

Table 6.10: Magnitude of Impact on Households

Sl. No. Particulars of Households Number %

1 Residential Households 13 5.5

Agricultural Land 225 94.5 2 Households

3 Total 238 100

6.6.1.4 Type of Construction Structure

The structures likely to be affected are residential (13) in which pucca construction constitutes (8) followed by semi-puca (4) and only one kutcha type. However the construction break up is given in the following Table 6.11.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.40

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 6.11: Type of Construction

Type of Sl. No. Number % Construction

1 Pucca 8 61.5 2 Semi-Pucca 4 30.8 3 Kutcha 1 7.7

4 Total 13 100

6.6.1.5 Occupation and Economic Base of PAPs As far as occupation of PAPs is concerned, a majority belongs to the category of unemployed, housewives and children (34.9%) followed by student (26.5%), business (19.9%), agriculturists (16.3%), labour (1.7%) and PAPs involved in service only (0.6%). The detailed break up is summarised in the following Table 6.12

Table 6.12: Occupation and Economic Base of PAPs

Gender Sl. Occupation PAPs % Femal No. Male % % e

1 Agriculture 244 16.3 206 25.9 38 5.4

2 Service 9 0.6 8 1.0 1 0.1

3 Business 298 19.9 296 37.2 2 0.3

4 Labor 25 1.7 25 3.1 0 0.0

5 Student 396 26.5 198 24.9 198 28.4

Any other (unemployed, 6 522 34.9 63 7.9 459 65.8 aged, housewives, and children)

7 Total 1494 100.0 796 100.0 698 100.0

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.41

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

The gender disaggregated occupational pattern shows that an insignificant percentage of women participate in the agricultural activities (5.4% of the total agricultural work force). It is significant to notice the percentage of female students (28.4%), which is more than the male student percentage. However, women are not found to participate in any other occupations apart from involvement in cultivation.

6.6.1.6 Annual Income of Affected Households

Income of the affected people has been grouped into 7 slabs and the number of households falling into a defined slab has been shown against that slab. This exercise has given a base to determine the number of BPL families among all the affected households. The BPL yardstick in the J&K as per Planning Commission of India estimate (1999-2000) is Rs.22047/- annually per family of 5 members in the rural areas and Rs.25212/- in the urban areas. As the project package passes through rural areas, a fixed amount of Rs.22000/- has been considered to be the BPL.

Table 6.13: Households Annual Income

Sl. No. Annual Income (Rs) Number % 1 22000 (BPL limit) 22 9.2 2 22000 to 30000 24 10.1 3 30000 to 40000 34 14.3 4 40000 to 60000 91 38.2 5 60000 to 80000 16 6.7 6 80000 to 100000 23 9.7 7 Above 100000 28 11.8 8 Total 238 100

The above Table 6.13 shows that in the project area is having only 22 (9.2%) households under BPL. However the expenditure of the same are higher than their earnings as Consultant has observed during door-to-door household survey. In spite of huge efforts made by consultant to find out the additional incomes avenues of the people is an out of reach of the consultant. The

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.42

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

remaining households are those, who have an annual income above Rs.22,000.00 annually.

6.6.1.7 Compensation Options

A majority of the affected people have preferred for cash for land loss (84.9%) followed by land for land loss (9.7%), house/shop for house lost (4.6%) and 0.8% cash for house/shop lost. The detailed people perception is summarised in the following Table 6.14

Table 6.14: Compensation Options

Sl. Number of Compensation Options % No. Households

1 Land for land lost 23 9.7

2 Cash for land lost 202 84.9

3 House/Shop for House lost 11 4.6

4 Cash for House/Shop lost 2 0.8

6 Total 238 100

6.6.1.8 Willingness to Shift

It is apparent from the field survey that most of the affected households (94.4%) are willing to shift voluntarily, if they are given full payment of compensation at the market rate. On the other hand, 4.6% households hold the view of not willingly moving out of their land despite the house/shop for house/shop compensation package as indicated in the Table 6.15.

Table 6.15: Willingness to Shift

Number of Sl. No. Willingness to Shift % Households

1 Voluntarily 227 95.4

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.43

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

2 Non-voluntarily 11 4.6

Total 238 100

6.7 EVALUATION OF BASELINE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

A 25% baseline socio-economic survey was carried out to assess the socio economic conditions in order to establish a benchmark for future evaluation of project impacts. The findings of the survey are of the following orders:

6.7.1 Vulnerable Households

The total number of properties is also differentiated on the basis of vulnerability, i.e. those structures or properties that are owned by people belonging to one of the vulnerable categories defined in the resettlement policy framework for the project. The vulnerable category includes all those people who belong to SC/ST category according to the Government of India norms and those who come under the category of women headed households (WHH), households headed by physically handicapped persons (PHH) and households earning as annual income below the State poverty line of Rs.22,000/-. However, it is estimated that only 5.5% of the total number of households (238) fall in the vulnerable category. However, there are no SC, ST, OBC, WHH and PHH households identified along the project road. The below Table 6.16 gives the details of the vulnerable categories.

Table 6.16: Vulnerable Groups

Number of % of all Sl. No. Vulnerable Group Households 238 HHs

1 Below Poverty Line (BPL) 22 9.2

2 Other Backward Class (OBC) 0 0

3 Woman Headed Household (WHH) 0 0

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.44

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Physically Handicapped Household 4 0 0 (PHH)

Total 22 5.5

6.7.2 Possession of Durable Consumer Items

The baseline data collected through the household survey shows that the living standard of the project-affected households is quite reasonable. The survey was carried out among 20 households offered multiple responses for the ownership of consumer durable items. Approximately 67% of the households had LPG connections and 39% owned television sets, while 22% owned radio. The detailed facts are outlined in the following Table 6.17.

Table 6.17: Possession of Durable Consumer Items

Sl. Number of Items Owned % No. Households 1 Radio 4 22.2 2 Bicycle 0 0.0 3 Music system 2 11.1 4 L.P.G Connection 12 66.7 5 Television 7 38.9 6 Refrigerator 2 11.1 7 Motor cycle/Scooter 2 11.1 Household 8 18 100.0 (Multiple Reponses)

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.45

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

6.7.3 Women’s Participation in Decision Making Activities

The decision-making activity of women in the project-affected area is evident from the socio-economic data, which has revealed that women’s participation in various decision-making activities in day-to-day life is only confined to health care of child and household work apart from little engagement in farming related activities. And also they are consulted on matter related to business and outdoors link likely bank, post office, police station and decision making as revealed from household survey.

6.7.4 Migration

Usually three varieties of migration pattern is observed elsewhere: rural to urban, rural to rural, and transhumance. The first two varieties are related to the search of livelihoods. However, as far as project area is concerned, it was found that the mobility of the local population is very limited and confined to local towns because of the prevalent of terror climate in the State. Further it was revealed during the field survey that when the Kashmiri people move out to other states they are watched with suspicion as potential terrorists. This forces most of the Kashmiri people not to move anywhere besides their home State. The Consultants observed the practice of transhumance in the project area.

6.7.5 Health Care

HIV/AIDS is inadvertently related to the highways due to the behaviour of the long-distance truckers. But, specifically along the highways did not come to the notice of the social survey team. This may be explained by the following reasons:

 The local socio-cultural environment is very much conservative

 Jammu and Kashmir is a terminal state for a trucker; hence, the behaviour of truckers towards this attitude are very much limited

 Dominating Islamic culture that does not permit prostitution

 As a disturbed state, the vigilance of military and para-military forces

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.46

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

It may be presumed that HIV/AIDS is not prevalent along the highway corridor and even the entire Kashmir region

6.8 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

A road-upgrading project often involves the acquisition of land where the existing right of way is not adequate to accommodate the improved road requirements. This process leads to the involuntary displacement of the affected people and loss of their livelihoods (both temporary and permanent), culminating in a process of impoverishment. Both the country and the State as well as the NHAI have administrative, policy and legal frameworks to counter this process, including the J&K State Land Acquisition Act 1990, Indian Land Acquisition Act 1894/1984, the National Highways Act 1956, the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests Guidelines 1989, and the recently published Indian National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families-20031and the subsequent NHAI guidelines on the NPRRP (2005). An overview of these laws and policies as well as that of the World Bank is attempted in this chapter in the context of the social impact of the present project.

6.9 LEGAL FRAMEWORK

6.9.1 The Land Acquisition Act 1894/1984

The Land Acquisition Act (LA Act), legislated in British India in 1894 and amended as late as 1984, guides the basis of the Indian land acquisition practices.

The LA Act facilitates the acquisition of the privately owned lands by the Government in India. The objective of the LA Act is to empower the Government to acquire lands only for public purpose or for a company. If lands are needed for a public purpose they cannot be acquired by an executive action without following the provisions of the LA Act. The provisions of the Act will apply only to the private lands. There are separate rules for alienation or transfer of Government land in favour of any other Government department for public purposes.

For any land acquisition by the Government, the Land Acquisition Act under section

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.47

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

4(1) stipulates publication of a notification to that effect in the official Gazette and in two daily newspapers circulated in the locality, of which at least one shall be in the regional (“vernacular”) language. After the notification, the Land Acquisition Officer (LAO) will make a preliminary survey to ascertain the suitability of the land in question and determine the exact portion of the land to be required. The conclusions arrived at are announced in the form of a public notice at a convenient place in the locality in which the land is to be acquired. Such a notification provides an opportunity to the affected parties to objections to the proposed acquisition under section 5A of the LA Act.

As the Government acquires private land for “public purposes” which are defined in the Act, a court of law is not empowered to entertain any litigation regarding the appropriateness of the “public purpose”. The law is also silent if any person, other than the “interested person” can object to the Government order under section 4(1) for acquisition of private land.

In order to proceed with the acquisition of the notified land or any portion of it, a declaration under section 6 of the Act specifying the precise boundaries of the area of the land need to be made. Every declaration is to be published in the official gazette and in two daily newspapers, which have circulation in the local areas. With the appearance of the notification under section 6 of the Act in the Gazette, the Revenue Department issues a direction to the Collector under section 7 of the Act to issue the order for acquisition of the notified land and/or other immovable properties.

Section 8 of the Act requires land to be marked out, measured and planned, while under section 9 notices are served to the concerned person stating the intention of the Government to take possession of the land and that any claims for compensation should be made to the Collector. Finally, the award of compensation is made by the Collector under section 11 of the Act after enquiring into objections (if any) in pursuant to the notice given under section 9, to the measurements made under section 8 and into the value of the land on the date of publication of the

1 Published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary Part-I, Section 1, No. 46, dated 17th February, 2004

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.48

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 notification under section 4(1). The award under section 11 is made within two years from the date of publication of the declaration and if no award is made within this period the entire proceedings of the land acquisition lapses and a fresh notification needs to be initiated. Once the award is made, the Collector takes possession of the land, which thereupon vests absolutely in the Government free from all encumbrances.

Land is in the Eminent Domain under the Indian laws and in case of urgency, section 17 of the Act empowers the Collector to take possession of the land after 15 days of issuing notice under section 4(1). However, section 17 of the LA Act is invoked only when it is considered to be absolutely necessary.

The above discussion makes it clear that the Indian LA Act has built in safeguard measures to protect the interests of the common man titleholder of land under normal circumstances. If an “interested person” is not satisfied with the award or with the measurement of his land to be acquired by the Government, he is free to approach a court of law for redress of his grievances. Experience and precedents show, however, that this is a lengthy exercise and takes a long time to resolve.

6.9.2 The (J&K) State Land Acquisition Act, 1990 (1934 A.D.)

Like the national LA Act 1894, the J&K LA Act, too, was enacted (by repealing the State Land Acquisition Regulation, 1903) for the expedient acquisition of land for public purposes. Whenever the government needs land for a recognised public purpose, the Collector notifies it under section 4 of the J&K LA Act, 1990. The notification is effected by the local Panchayats and the Patwaris (clause 4a), as well as its publication in the Government Gazette (clause 4b) and two largest circulation dailies (clause 4c).

An affected person may bring in an objection to the notification within 15 days of its publication by writing to the Collector under section 5-A of the J&K LA Act. The decision of the government on the objection is held final. Under section 7 of the J&K LA Act, the Collector takes order for the acquisition of the land and under section 9 effects a public notification, indicating the government’s intention to take possession of the land and paying compensation for the same.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.49

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

The Collector makes the award of compensation under section 11 of the LA Act and the award becomes final under section 12, and the possession of the land is taken under section 16. Like the Indian LA Act, the J&K LA Act, too, has a provision of the urgency clause under section 17 to take possession of land after 15 days of effecting the notification under section 4, even without making an award for the compensation.

An affected person, who refuses to accept the award on grounds of wrong measurements of land or inadequate amount of compensation, may apply to the Collector in writing for referring the matter for determination to a court of law. The court disposes of the matter under section 23 of the LA Act, by considering the market price of the land on the date the notification was published under section 4 of the J&K LA Act.

Furthermore, it is mentioned in J&K Laws Volume-VI, Section-3, that there is a prohibition on building construction activities on paddy and saffron growing land. Only the Revenue Minister of the State has authority to make amendments for the land use.

6.9.3 The National Highways Act, 1956

The National Highways Authority of India acquires land for a public purpose by invoking Section 3 (and its sub-sections) of the National Highways Act 1956. The Land Acquisition Act of 1894 does not apply when the National Highways Act 1956 is invoked. The NH Act 1956 provides for acquiring land through “competent authority”, which means any person or authority authorized by the Central Government by notification in the official Gazette to perform functions of the competent authority for such areas as may be specified in the notifications. Like the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, the National Highways Act, 1956, too does not per se provide for mitigation measures, but the Competent Authority under this Act determines the amount payable as compensation.

For the purpose of land acquisition, the NH Act defines the various procedures as follows:

Section 3A : Intention of Central Government to acquire land

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.50

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Section 3B : Power to enter for survey

Section 3C : Hearing of objections

Section 3D : Declaration of acquisition

Section 3E : Power to take possession,

Section 3F : Power to enter into the land where land has vested in the central government

Section 3G : Determination of compensation and

Section 3F : Deposit and payment of the amount.

The Act requires that the processes must be completed within a year from 3A to 3D. Although the NH Act significantly reduces the timeframe for acquisition, the rules and principles of compensation have been derived from the LA Act of 1894. The act covers only legal titleholders and provides for

(i) Market value of the land;

(ii) Additional amount for trees, crops, houses or other immovable properties;

(iii) Damage due to severing of land, residence, place of business.

As indicated before, the existing laws do not address many of the social and economic issues associated with displacement and resettlement, which will be addressed in this project with a project specific resettlement and rehabilitation policy framework.

6.9.4 Ministry of Environment and Forests Guidelines, 1989

As this project will require acquisition of land, structures and other assets and cause displacement of people as a consequence, the social impact requirement of the Government of India refers to the Relocation section in the Environmental Guidelines for Rail/Road/Highway Projects2. The Guidelines recommend the following mitigation measures for social impacts, including a special programme for squatters:

2 The Environmental Guidelines for Rail/Road/Highway Projects, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, 1989.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.51

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 Advance notification of enough (say, two years) time must be given to enable the relocates to find a suitable place. At the same time, the Project Authorities could arrange for public relations through television, radio, and advertisement on the need for the project and how land acquisition and compensation will be effected

 Advance realistic payment should be available in some form for the relocates to secure a new unit.

 The estimation of compensation for land and property should be based on the fair market value. The term fair market value is defined as being the amount at which the property would exchange between a willing buyer and a willing seller and both parties should have reasonable knowledge of all relevant facts.

 The choice of replacement of a living unit organized by the Project Authority may be made available for the relocates who are not satisfied with the compensation amount or who cannot find a suitable house.

 Re-establishment cost must be carefully considered to offset the loss in income, increase in expenditure resulting from disconnection of public utility services and moving cost. Special attention must be paid to the possible loss of jobs or business that cannot be re-established.

 In case of any squatters, a special programme for construction of a low cost housing unit (the labour provided by relocates) may be set up.

 A social work subsection should be established in the PIU to follow up and monitor the problems faced by the relocates. This sub-section should also be entrusted with the responsibility to ensure that individual households relocated receive sufficient compensation with enough lead-time to secure a living unit.

6.9.5 The Indian National R&R Policy, 2004

The Indian National R&R Policy (“National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families-2003”) was published in the Gazette of India on 17 February 2004. The Policy recognises the need to minimise large-scale displacement

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.52

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 to the extent possible and, where displacement is inevitable, the need to handle with utmost care and forethought issues relating to resettlement and rehabilitation of project affected families. It specifically invokes such an approach in respect of tribal people, small and marginal farmers and women.

As mentioned in the Preamble to the Policy, it essentially addresses the need to provide succour to the assetless rural poor and supports the rehabilitation efforts of the resource poor sections (including the SCs/STs), which have been displaced. The Policy is applicable to projects displacing 500 or more families en masse in plain areas and 250 families en masse in hilly areas, Desert Development Programme Blocks, and areas mentioned in the Schedule-V and Schedule-VI of the Constitution of India.

The National R&R Policy proposes grants and other monetary benefits, which are the minimum amounts and would be applicable to all project affected families, irrespective of whether they are BPL families or not. As some States have their own R&R policies, the National R&R Policy gives them freedom to adopt their own packages if these are higher than those proposed in the National Policy.

The National Policy, however, has several self-imposed barriers for the affected people to take advantage of it. The first barrier of exclusion is the clause that says that only those losing 100% of their lands will be eligible for compensation. Another exclusion is derived from the clauses that only if 500 families (or more) in the plains villages and 250 families (or more) in hilly or scheduled areas are affected by the project, will the area be declared an affected zone. Unless further clarified, these exclusions will adversely affect the project-affected people from getting justice.

6.9.6 The NHAI R&R Guidelines

The NHAI has brought out a set of Guidelines on Implementation of the National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation based on the NPRR discussed above. According to the NHAI Guidelines, all project-affected families will receive Rs.10000/- as R&R assistance. This flat amount includes assistance for lost wages, shifting, rental, etc.

As per the NHAI Guidelines, the titleholder PAPs will be identified by validating the

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.53

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 census data with the revenue records, such as Khasra, Khetauni, etc. For non- titleholder PAPs, voters’ list of the area, ration card, or telephone/electricity bills will be verified to establish their proof of residence. In the absence of any of this documentary evidence, a certificate from the Gram Pradhan or local government bodies on a stamp paper will be considered.

6.9.7 The World Bank R&R Policy

The World Bank has set out certain mandatory requirements for its loan projects. The Operational Procedure 4.12 describes the Bank policy and procedures for projects that involve involuntary resettlement. This Directive aims to improve or at a minimum, restore the welfare of the people who will be displaced because of a development project. It requires that projects minimize the need for involuntary resettlement. Where displacement is unavoidable, resettlement plans should pay particular attention to the vulnerable groups. This Directive recommends land for land compensation as the first preference and requires that compensation be made at replacement value, which is similar in tone to the “market value” of the Indian Land Acquisition Act.

Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.

As discussed before, an important principle in the Indian Land Acquisition Act is that lost assets should be compensated at the price a willing seller may reasonably expect from a willing buyer. This is referred to as replacement cost in the World Bank guidelines.

With reference to the replacement cost of assets of the Bank and the “market value” of the Land Acquisition Act, what is debatable is "market value" by whose definition? - According to the Government's revenue records (which tend to have lesser values), or according to the open market where demand and supply are the important parameters for determining "market price?" It is therefore necessary to assess whether current compensation levels do in fact represent replacement.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.54

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Legal compensation criteria in India are based upon a registered market price that systematically underestimates actual market cost. This occurs because people tend to hide the real land transaction price to avoid larger taxation. This leads to market value of land recorded by the Revenue Department being much lower than realistic values. Moreover, compensation often falls below replacement cost because of delays in actual payment of compensation.

6.9.8 The ADB Policy

The Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (1995) is a cornerstone of ADB’s safeguard policies, which in turn are linked to the poverty reduction strategy (PRS) and long- term strategic framework. The policy is designed to avoid the risk of impoverishment among those displaced as a direct result of ADB investment. The policy recognizes that restoring the incomes and living standards of the affected people is complex, and requires a development strategy that encompasses compensation, resettlement and rehabilitation packages to improve, or at least restore, their social and economic base. For the poor and vulnerable, the policy requires special measures for improvement. Socially inclusive development, as defined in the PRS, includes protection of the poor and vulnerable from external shocks and offers assistance to individuals, households, and communities to manage impoverishment risks more effectively, to continue with their security of property and tenure rights, and to ensure their economic security. These accords with the policy focus on the needs of the poor and vulnerable, including households with female heads, ethnic minorities, and those without land titles.

It is important to note that the ADB policy covers all categories of Affected-Persons (APs) and requires the implementing agency to pay for all land and all other assets affected by the project, apart from implementing measures for income restoration. The Bank recognises that land compensation and resettlement policies vary widely among its member countries and that each has its own framework for land acquisition. In most countries, this framework defines procedures for land expropriation and for compensation. When comparing these policies to those of the ADB, it is important to note that the Bank’s policy:

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.55

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 Does not distinguish between those who do and do not have formal legal title to their assets

 Emphasises the need for replacement costs for lost assets: this includes the need, not just for compensation at replacement rates to restore lost assets, but also measures to restore living standards and livelihoods so that people are not disadvantaged by resettlement.

6.10 PROPOSED RESETTLEMENT POLICY

The resettlement policy for the project has been proposed following the NHAI’s recent (2004) Guidelines on Implementation of the National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation (NPRR), and also considering the principles laid down in the Operational Policy (OP/BP 4.12) of the World Bank, as required in the TOR. The action plan has been prepared on the basis of the broad outlines laid down in the policy. The principles of the R & R policy are the guiding philosophy to provide a developmental approach to resettle and rehabilitate the people affected by the project. In particular:

 Wherever possible displacement will be minimised or avoided altogether by sensitive design of civil works (e.g., alternative designs or modifications to the design).

 Where displacement is unavoidable, those displaced will have their living standards improved.

 They will be located as a single unit among the peer groups or will be assisted to integrate into their new community. Particular attention will be paid to the needs of the most vulnerable groups to be resettled.

 PAPs will be compensated at replacement cost for assets lost.

 PAPs and the host communities will be encouraged to participate in the design and the implementation of the RAP.

The RAP delivers a comprehensive package of compensation and assistance to entitled persons, families, and groups suffering losses as a result of the project. It provides mitigating measures for:

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.56

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

 Loss of assets, including land and house or work place

 Loss of livelihood or income opportunities (as part of the R&R assistance).

Support Principles for Different Categories of Impact

All losses will be compensated at replacement value and assistance will be provided, irrespective of their legal standing in the project area. As per the NHAI Guidelines, the latter includes people losing their livelihood as a result of the project, viz., wage earners, sharecroppers, and agricultural labourers, etc. whose dependence on the agricultural land/commercial structure is established.

Entitlement for Loss of Land Tenure

The basic principle is land for land. However, given the fact that there is hardly any land left in the hilly terrain for replacement of lost land, the affected people have desired that they be compensated cash for land so that they could set up some business.

As per the J&K Laws there is a prohibition of construction activities on a piece of agricultural land (particularly on saffron and paddy fields). It is recommended that this regulation be relaxed on a special ground for the welfare of the displaced families losing their residences and shops due to the project. This relaxation may enable the affected families to restore their pre- project livelihoods.

Method of Valuation of Losses

The valuation of losses has been determined on the basis of consultation with the local revenue officials as well as with the project affected population. While the information obtained from the revenue officials has been treated as the rate of official compensation, the information obtained from the affected people is treated as the existing market value or replacement costs.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.57

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

The Indian Railways had paid compensation at the rate of Rs.1.9 lakhs per kanal (1 kanal = 506 m2) for paddy fields as replacement cost. According to the local revenue officials, though, the replacement cost of paddy growing field presently is to be determined @ approximately Rs.3 lakhs per kanal. The assistance of a local government valuer shall be sought on the matter.

The NHAI Guidelines indicate that in case of assets of the PAPs other than the titleholders, the “Administrator” by may do the valuation of structures by engaging local Government approved valuer for specific cases. For other assets like trees, etc., the concerned Government Departments may be requested to assess the value.

6.11 SUMMARY OF ENTITLEMENT MATRIX

The basic features of the proposed policy framework are the following:  Compensation for the loss of land, or replacement land  Cash assistance to all PAFs @ Rs. 10000/-  Other, advisorial assistance. The proposed entitlement framework for this project is presented in the following Table 6.18

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.58

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to Km 204.700 in state of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Table 6.18: Proposed Entitlement Framework

Land Acquisition Inside Right of Way Impacts and Assistance Criteria Vulnerable Non -Vulnerable Vulnerable Non - Vulnerable

Corridor of Impact: Loss of Land, other Assets and Income – Support given to Families

1 Consultation, counselling regarding alternatives, and assistance in     identifying new resettlement zones and opportunities

2 Compensation for land/assets at replacement cost plus allowances for   fees or other charges

3 Advance notice to harvest non- perennial crops, or compensation for     lost standing crops

4 Compensation for perennial crops and   trees, price evaluated by valuer

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.59

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to Km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Land Acquisition Inside Right of Way Impacts and Assistance Criteria Vulnerable Non -Vulnerable Vulnerable Non - Vulnerable

5 Compensation for structures or other     non-land assets

6 Right to salvage materials from existing     structures

7 R&R Assistance3     4

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.60

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to Km 204.700 in state of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

6.12 BENEFITS ENHANCEMENTS AS PART OF THE ENTITLEMENT FRAMEWORK The project will endeavour to provide group oriented support to mitigate negative impacts on the community and to enhance development opportunities, as follows:

 Access to the villages during construction phase will be damaged and population of the concerned area will face problem due to widening; therefore, safety measures and temporary access will be undertaken. Subways/signalised crossing would be provided to facilitate for crossing the road near market places

 The places where weekly markets are being held will be affected due to widening and, therefore, suitable places for holding weekly markets will be earmarked in the corridor of impact

 The structure of clubs/trusts buildings/religious structures will be removed affecting daily activities of the people and, therefore, alternative space/site/costs will be provided to the people, which are convenient for attending the activities of these structures

 Due to increased traffic volume in future and possible uncontrolled growth, the rates of accidents and deaths are anticipated to be increased and therefore, measures like proper road signing, traffic signals, road markings, road safety education programmes and proper enforcement will be undertaken to mitigate the accident

 As the J&K Law prohibits construction activities on saffron and paddy- cultivation fields, it is recommended that the people who would be losing their houses and shops (elsewhere along the corridor) be allowed to construct their replacement houses and shops in their own agricultural land (either saffron and paddy cultivation fields)

 PAFs who have sold or purchased their properties without necessary formalities like registration and documentation of the sale/purchase, will be required to register their properties as per the rules and regulation with the revenue department before transfer of the land title to the NHAI. The fees for this process will have to be borne by the

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.61

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

affected PAFs, or this will be deducted from their compensation amount

6.13 ACQUISITION OF LAND AND PROPERTIES

All acquisition of land would be under the National Highways Act 1956. The project authorities will follow the normal procedure laid down in the Act for acquisition. The appointed “competent authority” will pay compensation for land and assets to the titleholders and to non-titleholders for their structures.

6.14 ESTIMATED R&R BUDGET

The social cost has been estimated as part of the overall project cost. This includes tentative cost of asset acquisition, administrative expenses, NGO involvement, and monitoring and evaluation. The cost estimate as discussed in this chapter is only indicative and may change depending upon the starting date of the project.

The earlier example gives that, the social survey that the Indian Railways had paid compensation for land acquisition in the area a few years ago at the rate of Rs.1,90,000/- per kanal of agricultural land. The local revenue officials suggested that compensation for land at the rate of Rs. 3,00,000/- per kanal of agricultural land and Rs.8,00,000/- per kanal of built up land would be reasonable in compare to present days. The cost estimate that follows has been based on this notion. An estimate of unit cost for different use of land has been generalized as shown in Table 6.18.

The NHAI guidelines recommend that the compensation for the lost land and structures be paid through the competent authority. In case of non-titleholder PAFs, a government-approved valuer will carry out the valuation of the affected structures. For structures valuation, the concerned government department may be requested to assess the value.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.62

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

However consultants have collected the replacement cost of structures and other losses and mitigating measures have been suggested accordingly. These are budgeted and organized under the heading of Compensation, Assistance, Support, and Other Activities. The development of preliminary design of the road indicates acquisition of substantial amount of land. i.e., 53.23 hectares and the total compensation cost would be Rs. 33.31 crores which excludes registration cost (Table 6.19).

Table 6.19: Compensation for encroachment of Land

Unit Amount Sl. Item Unit Quantity Rate Amount (Rs) (in No. (Rs) Crores)

Cost of Agriculture 1 Sqm 338683.8 600 203210280.0 20.3 Land

Cost of Residential 2 Sqm 13719.5 1600 21951200.0 2.2 Land

Cost of Community 3 Land/Shamilat to Sqm 14236.6 600 8541960.0 0.9 be transferred to NHAI

Cost of government Land 4 Sqm 165668.3 600 99400980.0 9.9 to be transferred to NHAI

Total 532,308.2 333104420 33.31

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.63

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

2.0 lakhs. All the above costs are excluded with contingency cost. Component- wise budget break-up is indicated in the following Table 6.20.

Table 6.20: The details of R&R cost

Amount Sl. Unit Rate Item Unit Quantity Amount (Rs) Crore No. (Rs) (Rs)

A Compensation for Structure

Cost of Builtup 1 Residential Area: Sqm 154.00 2200 338,800.0 0.03 Kutcha

Cost of Built up 2 Residential Area: Sqm 628.00 3500 2,198,000.0 0.22 Semi-Pucca

Cost of Built up 3 Residential Area: Sqm 1216.00 4500 5,472,000.0 0.55 Pucca

Total 8,008,800.0 0.80

B Assistance

R&R Assistance for Housing Affected PAF 13 10000 130,000.0 0.01 People

Total 130,000.0 0.01

C Support for Project Implementation

Training to staff Lump 1 50,000.0 0.01 and NGOs Sum

Translation and 2 printing of the PAF 238 200 47,600.0 0.01 Policy, I cards, etc.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.64

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

Amount Sl. Unit Rate Item Unit Quantity Amount (Rs) Crore No. (Rs) (Rs)

Studies and Lump 3 updating of survey 50,000.0 0.01 Sum data

NGO Recruitment Lump 4 for RAP 200,000.0 0.02 Sum implementation

Total 347,600.0 0.05

D Other Activities

HIV/AIDS Lump 1 Awareness 100,000.0 0.01 Sum Campaign

M&E Consultants Lump 2 100,000.0 0.01 Sum

Total 200,000.0 0.02

GRAND TOTAL (A+B+C+D) 8,686,400.0 0.88

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.65

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

The R&R budget for the construction of the proposed project is working out to Rs. 0.97 crores, which includes 10 % contingency cost (Table 6.22).

Table 6.22: The summary of the R&R cost

Sl. Cost Item Cost (in Rs.) No. (in crores)

1 Compensation for Structure 8008800.00 0.8

Support for Project 2 130000.00 0.01 Implementation

Other activities – Awareness and 3 347600.00 0.05 M&E Consultants

4 Assistance 200000.00 0.02

5 Cost of Land* - -

TOTAL 8686400.00 0.88

Contingency (10% of Total) 868640.00 0.09

Grand Total 9555040.00 0.97

6.10 REGISTRATION COST AND FEES As per the revenue officials’ reference, the cost of registration of agricultural land is 7% of the total value of land transfer, and that for the built up land is 21% of the total value of the land transfer. However, PAFs who have sold or purchased their properties without necessary formalities like registration and documentation of the sale/purchase, will be required to register their properties as per the rules and regulation with the revenue department before transfer of the land title to the NHAI. The fees for this process will have to be borne by the affected PAFs, or this will be deducted from their compensation amount.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.66

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 Laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

6.17 METHODOLOGY FOR VALUATION OF R&R ASSISTANCE

As recommended in the NHAI Guidelines, the rehabilitation assistance includes the following items, amount of money for each item and the duration of entitlement as detailed in the R&R Principles and Policy Framework.

a) Residential/Commercial and Residential cum Commercial Families

R&R Assistance to the affected Families @ Rs.10,000 Lump sum

b) Agricultural Families (including share croppers and labourers)

R&R Assistance to the affected Families @ Rs.10,000 Lump sum

c) Wage Earners

R&R Assistance to the affected Families @ Rs.10,000 Lump sum

6.18 DISBURSEMENT OF COMPENSATION AND ASSISTANCE The disbursements to the PAP/PDP (EP) would be made against the purchase of assets/ enhancement of assets and building/construction of structures.

A joint account will be opened at a local Bank. The signatories will be the EP and the construction package level R&R Officer as Verifying Officer. All the amounts under the R&R category would be paid from the joint bank account. Cheques will be given for all assistance, which includes shifting, rental and loss of wage. The EP will withdraw the amount against the proof of expense, and this would need to be certified by the NGO/GoJ&K. In case of structures the withdrawal will be in three instalments against the progress of construction, i.e., (a) foundation, (b) walls, and (c) roof completion.

According to the current law the owner will receive cheques from the NHAI for the entitled compensation. All payments of cheques will be made in the village office in the presence of the district administration representative, the construction package level R&R Officer and the NGO representatives. The following organogram illustrates the disbursement mechanism from the PIU to the affected person.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter 6: Social impact assessment and R&R study 6.67

CHAPTER VII

PROJECT BENEFITS

7.0 GENERAL

Highways have varied embedded implication, like the backbone of modern economy, the philosophy of life signifying the ’voyage unremitting’ from birth till death, the history of mankind and its endeavor, the passion for speed and dart non-episodically etc. Highways projects promote access to markets, materials and opportunities by facilitating movement of persons and goods and improve earning and thereby level of living. This in turn enhances the demand for transport. This two-way interactions works through a host of inter-sectoral forward and backward linkages effects and dynamic externalities, tends to relocate industries, services and labour thus help the shape the economic geography of the region.

The ultimate aim of the developmental activities, such as NH-IA is to promote societal welfare of the Jammu-Kashmir State. The main aim is to provide best transport connectivity to Banihal to Srinagar section. The developments of above widening project play a significant roll in changing the socio-economic condition of the living of people of a region through dynamic externalities that such development often generates.

The benefit of proposed Tunnel of NH-IA may also be seen from a different angle, viz., the local benefit and the wider regional or national level benefit. The entire regional and national economy lying beyond this neighborhood should also be benefit from the development such effect may be called the regional or national level benefits. Further the benefit may be direct or indirect in nature.

All these should have a bearing on the level of well being of the households, although some of them may not themselves necessarily use more of the highway facility created. These would in turn lead to changes in the level of well-being and human development, through their benefit on consumption level, educational attainment, health status etc. M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00

7.1 CREATING BEST TRANSPORT FACILITY

 All weather flow will be maintained between Jammu and Srinagar as the new proposed alignment is well below the snowline and will avoid the landslips area and Snow Avalanches zones.

 The traveling distance will be reduced by 15.40 km and climbing up and down the hill will be avoided as the long tunnel north portal is almost at the level of entrance to the valley.

 Saving in Travel time and cost.

 The Vehicles will be able to travel at an speed of 70 km / hr, which in present case is restricted to 15 km / hr.

 The proposed project mainly creates safety and comfort transport facilities to commuters who are traveling in Banihal and Srinagar section.

7.2 TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

India is a multi-destination country with a variety of tourist attractions and facilities. It hosts a number of wildlife parks, bird sanctuaries, museums and hundreds of historical monuments. The tourist places are accessed and reached also serves the comfort travel benefits to the people. Jammu & Kashmir is an important tourist destination in India and this land is a combination of the mighty splendor of mountains, of lovely glades and forests. The proposed Tunnels between Quzigund and Banihal connectivity will give important connection to

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter VII : Project Benefits 7.2

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 other places of Srinagar also.

7.3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Highways Development program can contribute to economic development by encouraging the attraction of businesses to sites equipped with good access and by improving the travel efficiencies of existing businesses and to start a new avenues. They also help for:

 The development of new project sites,

 The development of new industrial parks,

 New Infrastructure projects,

 Development of IT parks,

7.4 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY

Highway development project serves as an important employment generator and provide employment opportunity during construction period and also during operation through maintenance. Creation of tool gate will create substantial employment opportunities.

7.5 REDUCTIONS IN ACCIDENTS, MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY

Development of highway projects, especially two tunnels between Quzigund and Banihal along the NH-IA reduce the number of accidents through the following developments.

Improved crossing and alternatives access routes by use of signage, junctions & alternate arrangement for local traffic circulation has been provided.

Installation of proper road safety system through signage, barricades, crash barriers, edge posts will add to be safety of the vehicular traffic on the stretch of the road.

Sharp turns and curves of the roads have been realigned to improve public safety in operational stage.

Proper lighting/ illumination will be provided in tunnels in order to avoid accidents

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter VII : Project Benefits 7.3

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 during night as well as adverse climatologically conditions.

Reduces loss of life by avoiding head to head direct collision and also reduces damages to vehicles etc.

7.6 REDUCTIONS IN OPERATION COST

Vehicle operating cost (VOC) will be reduced when a road is improved. Fuel consumption, wear and tear of tyres, suspension will be benefited when a geometric design is improved and the road surface is made more even. The savings are perceived by the road user in the form of lower expenditure, VOC consist of the following components:

 Fuel Consumption

 Lubricating oil consumption

 Spare part consumption

 Tyre consumption

 Vehicle depreciation

7.7 INDIRECT BENEFITS

In addition to direct impacts, a number indirect benefit attributed to highway project. Implementation of Proposed High way Project will take less time to reach destination and also it reduces the distance also which help to reduce fuel consumption. Lowering transportation cost for users and improving access to goods and services enables new and increased economic and social activity. Over time individuals, households and firms adjusts to take the advantage of those benefits, leading to several indirect impacts. These indirect impacts include changes in land use and development, changes in decision to locate houses and business in areas where houses and land are less expensive or more desirable, and changes in warehouse and delivery procedure for businesses in order to take advantage of improved speed and reliability in the transportation system. These impacts then lead to increased property values, increased productivity, employment and economic growth.

The indirect benefit of proposed project would work through the dynamic

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter VII : Project Benefits 7.4

M/s. Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd. EIA Report for Rehabilitation, Strengthening and 4 laning of Qazigund to Banihal Section of NH-1A from km 189.350 to km 204.700 in State of J & K

Report No: GCI/V/Navayuga/EIA/2010-11/July/EMS-014/R00 developmental externalities generated through the forward and backward linkages. The change in Land use pattern in the areas that are greater connectivity due the highway, since there will be a change in the patterns of settlement, agricultural land use and non-farm unorganized sector activities. All the above would reflect in the changes in the pattern of economic activities, income generation, price evolution, employment condition and ground rent prevailing in the region of Bangalore suburban and rural area.

A new Landuse pattern may in turn induce greater accessibility to job market, health and educational facilities etc., attract investment for development of feeder roads, power distribution networks, telecommunication facilities and other modes of connectivity among other, leading to a greater access to of the local people to markets and infrastructure facilities.

7.8 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Reductions in adverse environmental impacts of transportations – Reduced emissions, noise and other impacts are also the direct benefits of highways projects. Construction of green belt area will improve surrounding atmosphere and create employment opportunities. However, these benefits are difficult to quantify and value them; as a result, they are less often included in cost benefit analysis of transportation investment.

Green Circle, Inc. Chapter VII : Project Benefits 7.5