International Journal of Civil and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 8, August 2017, pp. 101–112, Article ID: IJCIET_08_08_012 Available online at http://http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=8 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SMART CITY AND ITS STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

Venkat Reddy P Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SR Engineering College, , , India

Siva Krishna A Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SR Engineering College, Warangal, Telangana, India

Ravi Kumar T Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SBIT Engineering College, Khammam, Telangana, India

ABSTRACT A smart city is an urban development vision to integrate information and communication technology (ICT) and Internet of things (IOT) technology in a secure fashion to manage a city's assets. These assets include local departments' information systems, schools, libraries, transportation systems, , power plants, water supply networks, waste management, law enforcement, and other community services. A smart city is promoted to use urban informatics and technology to improve the efficiency of services. ICT allows city officials to interact directly with the community and the city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city, how the city is evolving, and how to enable a better quality of life. Through the use of sensors integrated with real-time monitoring systems, data are collected from citizens and devices then processed and analyzed. The information and knowledge gathered are keys to tackling inefficiency. Information and communication technology (ICT) is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and to improve contact between citizens and government. Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses. A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a simple 'transactional' relationship with its citizens. Yet, the term itself remains unclear to its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations. Other terms that have been used for similar concepts include cyberville, digital city, electronic communities, flexi city, information city, intelligent city, knowledge-based city, MESH city, telicity, teletopia, Ubiquitous city, wired city. Major technological, economic and environmental changes have generated interest in smart cities, including climate change, economic restructuring, the move to

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online retail and entertainment, ageing populations, urban population growth and pressures on public finances. The European Union (EU) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving 'smart' urban growth for its metropolitan city- regions. The EU has developed a range of programmes under 'Europe's Digital Agenda". In 2010, it highlighted its focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving public services and quality of life. Arup estimates that the global market for smart urban services will be $400 billion per annum by 2020. Examples of Smart City technologies and programs have been implemented in Milton Keynes, Southampton, Amsterdam, Barcelona. Key words: Smart City, Information and Communication Technology, Smart City Applications, Technology To Improve The Efficiency Of Services. Cite this Article: Venkat Reddy P, Siva Krishna A and Ravi Kumar T, Study on Concept of Smart City and its Structural Components. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(8), 2017, pp. 101–112. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=8

1. INTRODUCTION A smart city uses digital technologies to enhance performance and wellbeing, to reduce costs and resource consumption, and to engage more effectively and actively with its citizens. Key ‘smart’ sectors include , energy, health care, water and waste. A smart city should be able to respond faster to city and global challenges than one with a simple ‘transactional’ relationship with its citizens. The smart cities should be able to provide good infrastructure such as water, sanitation, reliable utility services, health care; attract investments; transparent processes that make it easy to run a commercial activities; simple and on line processes for obtaining approvals, and various citizen centric services to make citizens feel safe and happy. According to Frost and Sullivan report, 60% of the world’s population is expected to live in urban environment by 2025. It is expected that around 26 global cities and more than 90 sustainable cities will develop, which leads to the vast consumption of the world’s resources. The increased growth of smart cities will drive the need to innovate and provide solutions to foster convergence within the city. The smart city market is growing, especially with the rapid rate of urbanization taking place, with the market expected to be a $1.5 trillion by 2020. The significant growth presents certain challenges for organizations and city authorities.

1.2. Smart City Goals • Achieve a sustainable development • Increase the quality of life of its citizens • Improve the efficiency of the existing of the existing and new infrastructure

1.3. Main Actors • Government and city authorities • Public-private partnerships • Citizen participation

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2. COMPONENTS OF A SMART CITY The main components of a smart city are: • Smart Buildings • Smart Environment • Smart Energy • Smart IT Communications • Smart Transportation

2.1. Smart Buildings 2.1.1. Definition of Smart Building SMART BUILDING development focuses on: • Identifying responsible practices in site location and materials selection • for new construction; • Defining and incorporating intelligent information infrastructure into the building architecture • Developing simple, flexible, and scalable network systems for buildings; • Incorporating power‐management for network systems

2.1.2. Innovative Insulating Materials Some natural materials, such as cellulose flocks or cotton, show very low values of Embodied Energy, while expanded polyethylene or polyurethane exhibit the highest values. There are also some natural materials (wood fibers) whose embodied energy is as high as that of synthesized materials.

2.1.3. Innovative Transparent Materials and Components Emerging smart glass technology can dynamically change optical properties, and can be activated manually or by automated control systems. In all of these cases electric lighting should be controlled to meet occupant needs, while maximizing energy efficiency and minimizing electric demand.

Figure 1 Innovative facades

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Figure 2

2.1.4. Albedo control

Figure 3 A cool roof is a roof system characterized by high albedo properties that make it able to reflect the so radiation incident on its surface, combined to an as much high infrared emissivity that allows the roof to emit the maximum quote of solar radiation previously absorbed, through thermal radiation. Such roof system allows achieving several energy environmental benefits, both direct effects on the building energy balance, and indirect effects, at urban scale and in terms of global climate.

2.1.5. Green Roofs and Walls Space constraints have further reduced the applicability of green surfaces in various areas surrounding the building envelope. Consequently, planted roofs become a promising choice in the present scenario. Good thermal protection can greatly reduce the high thermal loads that badly affect the comfort conditioning of building during summers. Planted roofs contribute not only in reducing the thermal loads on the building’s shell but also in reducing urban heat island effects in densely built areas having a little natural environment. For their biological functions such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and evaporation, the foliage materials absorb a significant proportion of the solar radiation. Thermal protection techniques of green roof can provide a great degree of reduction in the local air temperature near canopy, thus reducing the incoming heat flux into the building.

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Figure 4

2.1.6. High‐Efficiency Plants Cogeneration(also combined heat and power, CHP) is the use of a heat engine or a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat.

Figure 5

2.1.7. Natural Lighting Tubular Day lighting Devices (TDDs) use modern technology to transmit visible light through opaque walls and roofs. The tube itself is a passive component consisting of either a simple reflective interior coating or a light conducting fiber optic bundle. It is frequently capped with a transparent, roof‐mounted dome light collector and terminated with a diffuser assembly that admits the daylight into interior spaces and distributes the available light energy evenly or else efficiently if the use of the lit space is reasonably fixed, and the user desired one or more (‘bright spots').

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2.1.8. Responsive Buildings Elements Building component/subsystems which are actively used for transfer and storage of heat, light, water and air. This means that construction elements (like floors, walls, roofs, foundation etc.) are logically and rationally combined and integrated with building service functions such as heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting. Dynamic and adaptive” concepts translate into the fact that functions, features and thermo physical behavior of such building components may change over the time and adapt to different building/occupants requirements (heating & cooling, higher/lower ventilation, and to different boundary conditions (meteorological, internal heat / pollution loads).

3. SMART ENVIRONMENT 3.1. Green Buildings Climate change, caused by the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, has been recognized as one of the greatest threats of the 21st century. Share of energy consumption in India and China has also been on the raise due to sharp urbanization, population explosion, and intensive growth of IT and related business. Buildings are the dominant energy consumers in modern cities account up to 40% energy consumption. Along with introduction of energy efficiency measures, more effective means are needed to induce or compel greater efforts, especially to the signatories to the Kyoto Protocol. The role of energy efficiency in green buildings in Indian scenario to reduce the energy consumption and environmental degradation through Green House Gas emission (GHG). The possibility and benefits of harmonizing governmental and private-sector schemes are also discussed.

Figure 6 Energy Consumption Forecast by Sector

3.2. Compulsions of Going Green Green Buildings save the resources in the entire lifecycle of the structure and it starts from Green design. Green design has environmental, economic and social elements that benefit all stakeholders, including owners and the occupants. Even though these broad benefits are oft discussed in the context of Green Buildings, it is interesting to go a step forward and compile the specific salutary spin offs that may come with Green Buildings. With rapid improvements in construction techniques and ethos, it is possible that many of the contemporary office buildings being built across metropolitan cities in India may have already included some of the Green features listed in the table as part of the buildings being delivered for occupation.

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3.3. Indian Urban population and Energy consumption pattern in buildings The global urban population is expected to grow from 47% of the total in 2000 to 70% in 2050. Shows the rising urban population trend in developing countries like China, India and Brazil. The urban populations of China and India are continuing to grow rapidly to 2050, reaching more than one billion in China and India. By 2050, it is predicted that about 73% of the Chinese population will be urban, increasing from 40 in 2005. In India drastic urbanization is mainly due to both socio–political motivations. Brazil‘s urbanization rate is beginning to reach saturation level and it is a much more urban country than others. The construction boom, especially in China, is increasing building energy demand dramatically with economic development and living standard improvement In line with expanding development and population, India‘s building sector is expected to grow five- fold from 2005 to 2050 as two-thirds of the commercial and high-rise residential structures that will exist in 2030 are yet to be built (70%). While India's total energy requirement is projected to grow at 6.5 percent per year between 2010-11 and 2016-17 to support the country‘s projected growth rate, India is en route to becoming the world‘s second largest emitter of greenhouse gases.

Figure 7 The rising urban population in developing countries Energy consumption varies widely by size, building type, culture and wealth. Average home size is 200m2 in the US and only 40 m2 in India. Average household energy consumption [5] varies due to culture, climate and wealth. Space heating is dominant in Europe due cold climate, while water heating is the main energy use in Japan. Lighting and appliances, water heating and space heating share similar portions (28-33%) of household energy use in China, while cooking is the main energy use in India, especially in rural India, where man houses have no electricity access and biomass is the main energy source for cooking. With the rising wealth in developing countries, more energy will be used for electric appliances to meet the increasing living quality.

3.4. Building Energy by Sources Electricity and natural gas are the main energy commodities used in OECD countries, accounting for over 70% of total energy demand in 2005, while renewable and coal contributed much higher shares of energy consumption in China, India and South Africa than developed countries, but the share is decreasing due to inefficient traditional biomass use.

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Development and urbanization are associated with increased electricity use, which significantly increased energy demand in China and India during the past years. More efficient renewable energy resources are sought to meet the increased energy demand. It is accounted worldwide, taking into account its entire lifespan buildings are responsible in each country for: 25 - 40% of the total energy use, 30 - 40% of solid waste generation, 30 - 40% of Global Green House Gas Emissions (CO2, N2o,CH4, HFC, PFC, SF6).

3.5. Contributions by Intelligent and Green Buildings to GHG Reductions High performance buildings reduce the overall demand for energy, helping to limit the need for new power plants. As many new plants still burn coal, this reduction also helps limit associated emissions Intelligent buildings make several contributions to reducing GHG emissions. More than 40% CO2 emissions in developed countries come from eating, cooling and powering buildings. It was estimate that cutting UK building emissions by 25% would have a similar impact to take every car off the in the UK. For existing buildings, good insulation, efficient boiler, window glazing and recovering heat from ventilation systems are efficient ways to reduce emissions

3.6. Key Benefits of Intelligent Buildings An intelligent building is one that uses both technology and processes to create a facility that is safer and more productive for its occupants and more operationally efficient for its owners. It exhibits key attributes of environmental sustainability to benefit present and future generations. Each building is unique in its mission and operational objectives, and therefore, must balance short and long term needs. A building is typically termed intelligent when the building‘s subsystems provide the occupants with productive and comfortable conditions by responding to their requirements and enhancing the workplace environment. Table1. Shows the key benefits of intelligent buildings

3.7. India’s Sustainable Development India‘s economic growth can only be sustained with corresponding to growth in infrastructure. Presently the growing demand is being met by crumbling infrastructure, such as road networks, city transport, water & sanitation etc. A solution to the contradiction requires a massive enlargement of urban infrastructure which will further require newer green and sustainable techniques for building this infrastructure. These newer techniques encapsulate the foundation of green buildings. Energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions will continue to rise unless actions to direct the construction industry towards sustainable consumption and production are urgently taken.

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The objective of sustainable development is to reduce the baseline energy consumption by supporting adoption and implementation of efficiency measures in buildings is well supported in India by the use of energy efficient passive and active techniques. Compact planning is emphasized to enable daylight and naturally ventilated indoor areas. Landscaped courtyards are adopted as they act as a climate buffer and reduce glare. Efficient use of land, water, natural lighting and air make all the difference in achieving sustainability. Typically, the building envelope is designed differently in all six climatic zones keeping in view of the climatic advantage one can derive. As an example, the exposure of the south wall to sunlight is maximized by incorporation of a solarium in cold climates, whereas insulated reinforced cement concrete (RCC) diaphragm walls are used in hot climates to limit its direct radiation. The integration of windows with light shelves and double-glazed windows with proper sealing further ensures the building efficiency and reduces cooling loads.

3.8. Background of Energy Efficiency in India There is an urgent need to improve the energy efficiency of the Indian economy. About 70% of the infrastructure in 2030, such as buildings, will be added in next two decades-between 2012 and 2032. The projections for energy demand in 2032 imply a fourfold increase in requirement In 2001, the Government of India (GOI) passed the Energy Conservation Act (EC Act) and the following year established the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under its provisions.

Figure 8

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3.9. Energy Efficiency in Indian Buildings Majority of energy consumption in buildings occurs for HVAC, lighting pumping etc. Higher the energy consumption greater the opportunities for energy efficiency Energy conservation and efficiency are the words these days but developed countries have left the developing world far behind. Awareness and dissemination of information are the keywords that lead to late start of the whole process. There is an urgent need to improve the energy efficiency of the Indian economy. About 70% of the infrastructure in 2030, such as buildings, will be added in next two decades between 2012 and 2032. The projections for energy demand in 2032 simply a fourfold increase in requirements achieving doesn‘t cost you much, but offers a lot many advantages, in terms of energy savings as well as environment protection. For existing buildings, good insulation, efficient boiler, window glazing and recovering heat from ventilation systems are efficient ways to reduce emissions. The benefits of energy efficiency in building are compelling, cost effective and can help consumers to save money in the long term. It helps to meet energy targets and resource energy shortage. There are many ways and means to achieve Energy efficiency in buildings can be achieved by adopting strategies like using low energy materials, insulation for walls, roofs, roof garden, glass carpet for roof, glass technology. Figure shows the growth story of sustainable or green buildings in India. Though developed countries have gone far ahead, rest of the world is catching up, due to economic growth and infrastructure surge.

3.10. Integrated Design Process The integration design of buildings requires the integration of many kinds of information into an elegant, useful, and durable whole. An integrated design process includes the active and continuing participation of users and community members, code officials, building technologists, contractors, cost consultants, civil engineers, mechanical and electrical engineers, structural engineers, specifications specialists, and consultants from many specialized fields. The best buildings result from continual, organized collaboration among all players. Building design for green buildings involves many professionals across different areas. Many factors need to be taken into account, including climate, building share, comfort levels, material and systems, and health illustrates the interrelationships among these four main influences on energy efficiency and the key energy consumers. It shows that energy use are affected by many factors, for example, four factors including design, building envelope, equipment and infrastructure all have impacts on the energy needs for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).

3.11. Energy Efficient Built - Green Building Concept Innovations in technology and production processes have resulted in significant changes in building industry. The future of buildings depends not only on innovation by homebuilders, but also on promotion by planners. Growth of green buildings in India Planners are interested in promoting innovative practices that conserve the environment, improve quality and reduce costs. The direct emissions from energy use in buildings are only part of total footprints; moreover, structural green building planning can contribute to the sustainability development in terms of building location and public transportation (Harvey, 2009) Green Building (GB) is synonymous with 'high performance buildings', 'sustainable design and construction' as well as other terms that refer to a holistic approach to design and construction. Green Building

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 110 [email protected] Study on Concept of Smart City and its Structural Components design strives to balance environmental responsibility, resource efficiency, occupant comfort, wellbeing and community sensitivity. The Green Building design includes all players in an integrated development process, from the design team and maintenance staff and building occupants. The green building process results in a high quality product that maximizes the owner's returns on investment by sustained savings of energy by 40 -50 %, Water savings: 20-30 % and a good reduction in initial investment. A Green Building is one, which incorporates several Green features. The appearance of a Green Building will be similar to any other building. Today a variety of green building projects are coming up in the country residential complexes, exhibition centers, hospitals, educational institutions, laboratories, IT parks, airports, government buildings and corporate offices. But recent statistics lists about 315 green buildings operational not only in four metros of India but also in fastest growing cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad. Looking at the merits GB offering, there is going to be a lot more growth for GB to come up in the years to come.

3.12. Bright Green Building

Figure 9

3.13. Green Building Rating Systems Motivated by a desire to appear environmentally conscious, many commercial facilities have adopted Green technologies‖ in order to earn Green and Sustainable‖ certifications. The Green Buildings Ratings and Certification process has gained tremendous momentum over the last few years particularly, growth in the number of projects certified by rating systems such as Energy Star and LEED has nearly doubled in size during this period. In India, the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) provides LEED ratings to structures and aims to make the country one of the leaders in green buildings by the year 2015.

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Figure 10 REFERENCES [1] EU, Cities of tomorrow. Challenges, visions, ways forward. In: European Commission, Directorate General for Regional Policy (2011) [2] Giffinger, R. et al.: Smart Cities: Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities. Centre of Regional Science (SRF), Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria (2007) [3] Harrison, C., et al.: Foundations for Smarter Cities. IBM J. Res. Develop. 54(4), 350–365 (2010) [4] Lazaroiu, G.C., Roscia, M.: Definition methodology for the smart cities model. Energy 47,326–332 (2012) [5] Nam, T., Pardo, T.A.: Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. In: The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (2011) [6] UN-Habitat the State of African Cities 2014. Re-imagining sustainable urban transitions. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2014) [7] Batty, M. et al.: Smart Cities of the future. UCL Working Paper Series, Paper 188. (2012) ISSN 1467-1298 [8] Caragliu, A., del Bo, C., Nijkamp, P.: Smart cities in Europe. In: 3rd Central European Conference in Regional Science– CERS, (2009) [9] Correia, L.M.: Smart cities applications and requirements, White Paper. Net! Works European Technology Platform (2011) [10] B.Gopala Krishna Reddy, Y.Harsha, N.Lingeshwaran and SS.Asadi A Critical SWOT Analysis for Smart City Planning: A Model Study From Eluru City, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology. 8(4), 2017, pp.1506-1513. [11] P. Vinod Kumar Reddy, Raja Sekhar Reddy K and SS. Asadi Estimation of Infrastructure Requirements for Development of Smart City: A Model Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp. 984–998.

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