Study on Concept of Smart City and Its Structural Components
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 8, August 2017, pp. 101–112, Article ID: IJCIET_08_08_012 Available online at http://http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=8 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SMART CITY AND ITS STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS Venkat Reddy P Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SR Engineering College, Warangal, Telangana, India Siva Krishna A Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SR Engineering College, Warangal, Telangana, India Ravi Kumar T Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SBIT Engineering College, Khammam, Telangana, India ABSTRACT A smart city is an urban development vision to integrate information and communication technology (ICT) and Internet of things (IOT) technology in a secure fashion to manage a city's assets. These assets include local departments' information systems, schools, libraries, transportation systems, hospitals, power plants, water supply networks, waste management, law enforcement, and other community services. A smart city is promoted to use urban informatics and technology to improve the efficiency of services. ICT allows city officials to interact directly with the community and the city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city, how the city is evolving, and how to enable a better quality of life. Through the use of sensors integrated with real-time monitoring systems, data are collected from citizens and devices then processed and analyzed. The information and knowledge gathered are keys to tackling inefficiency. Information and communication technology (ICT) is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and to improve contact between citizens and government. Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses. A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a simple 'transactional' relationship with its citizens. Yet, the term itself remains unclear to its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations. Other terms that have been used for similar concepts include cyberville, digital city, electronic communities, flexi city, information city, intelligent city, knowledge-based city, MESH city, telicity, teletopia, Ubiquitous city, wired city. Major technological, economic and environmental changes have generated interest in smart cities, including climate change, economic restructuring, the move to http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 101 [email protected] Venkat Reddy P, Siva Krishna A and Ravi Kumar T online retail and entertainment, ageing populations, urban population growth and pressures on public finances. The European Union (EU) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving 'smart' urban growth for its metropolitan city- regions. The EU has developed a range of programmes under 'Europe's Digital Agenda". In 2010, it highlighted its focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving public services and quality of life. Arup estimates that the global market for smart urban services will be $400 billion per annum by 2020. Examples of Smart City technologies and programs have been implemented in Milton Keynes, Southampton, Amsterdam, Barcelona. Key words: Smart City, Information and Communication Technology, Smart City Applications, Technology To Improve The Efficiency Of Services. Cite this Article: Venkat Reddy P, Siva Krishna A and Ravi Kumar T, Study on Concept of Smart City and its Structural Components. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(8), 2017, pp. 101–112. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=8 1. INTRODUCTION A smart city uses digital technologies to enhance performance and wellbeing, to reduce costs and resource consumption, and to engage more effectively and actively with its citizens. Key ‘smart’ sectors include transport, energy, health care, water and waste. A smart city should be able to respond faster to city and global challenges than one with a simple ‘transactional’ relationship with its citizens. The smart cities should be able to provide good infrastructure such as water, sanitation, reliable utility services, health care; attract investments; transparent processes that make it easy to run a commercial activities; simple and on line processes for obtaining approvals, and various citizen centric services to make citizens feel safe and happy. According to Frost and Sullivan report, 60% of the world’s population is expected to live in urban environment by 2025. It is expected that around 26 global cities and more than 90 sustainable cities will develop, which leads to the vast consumption of the world’s resources. The increased growth of smart cities will drive the need to innovate and provide solutions to foster convergence within the city. The smart city market is growing, especially with the rapid rate of urbanization taking place, with the market expected to be a $1.5 trillion by 2020. The significant growth presents certain challenges for organizations and city authorities. 1.2. Smart City Goals • Achieve a sustainable development • Increase the quality of life of its citizens • Improve the efficiency of the existing of the existing and new infrastructure 1.3. Main Actors • Government and city authorities • Public-private partnerships • Citizen participation http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 102 [email protected] Study on Concept of Smart City and its Structural Components 2. COMPONENTS OF A SMART CITY The main components of a smart city are: • Smart Buildings • Smart Environment • Smart Energy • Smart IT Communications • Smart Transportation 2.1. Smart Buildings 2.1.1. Definition of Smart Building SMART BUILDING development focuses on: • Identifying responsible practices in site location and materials selection • for new construction; • Defining and incorporating intelligent information infrastructure into the building architecture • Developing simple, flexible, and scalable network systems for buildings; • Incorporating power‐management for network systems 2.1.2. Innovative Insulating Materials Some natural materials, such as cellulose flocks or cotton, show very low values of Embodied Energy, while expanded polyethylene or polyurethane exhibit the highest values. There are also some natural materials (wood fibers) whose embodied energy is as high as that of synthesized materials. 2.1.3. Innovative Transparent Materials and Components Emerging smart glass technology can dynamically change optical properties, and can be activated manually or by automated control systems. In all of these cases electric lighting should be controlled to meet occupant needs, while maximizing energy efficiency and minimizing electric demand. Figure 1 Innovative facades http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 103 [email protected] Venkat Reddy P, Siva Krishna A and Ravi Kumar T Figure 2 2.1.4. Albedo control Figure 3 A cool roof is a roof system characterized by high albedo properties that make it able to reflect the so radiation incident on its surface, combined to an as much high infrared emissivity that allows the roof to emit the maximum quote of solar radiation previously absorbed, through thermal radiation. Such roof system allows achieving several energy environmental benefits, both direct effects on the building energy balance, and indirect effects, at urban scale and in terms of global climate. 2.1.5. Green Roofs and Walls Space constraints have further reduced the applicability of green surfaces in various areas surrounding the building envelope. Consequently, planted roofs become a promising choice in the present scenario. Good thermal protection can greatly reduce the high thermal loads that badly affect the comfort conditioning of building during summers. Planted roofs contribute not only in reducing the thermal loads on the building’s shell but also in reducing urban heat island effects in densely built areas having a little natural environment. For their biological functions such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and evaporation, the foliage materials absorb a significant proportion of the solar radiation. Thermal protection techniques of green roof can provide a great degree of reduction in the local air temperature near canopy, thus reducing the incoming heat flux into the building. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 104 [email protected] Study on Concept of Smart City and its Structural Components Figure 4 2.1.6. High‐Efficiency Plants Cogeneration(also combined heat and power, CHP) is the use of a heat engine or a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat. Figure 5 2.1.7. Natural Lighting Tubular Day lighting Devices (TDDs) use modern technology to transmit visible light through opaque walls and roofs. The tube itself is a passive component consisting of either a simple reflective interior coating or a light conducting fiber optic bundle. It is frequently capped with a transparent, roof‐mounted dome light collector and terminated with a diffuser assembly that admits the daylight into interior spaces and distributes the available light energy evenly or else efficiently if the use of the lit space is reasonably fixed, and the user desired one or more (‘bright spots'). http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 105 [email protected] Venkat Reddy P, Siva Krishna A and Ravi Kumar T 2.1.8.