Gupta-Empire
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The Emergence of the Mahajanapadas
The Emergence of the Mahajanapadas Sanjay Sharma Introduction In the post-Vedic period, the centre of activity shifted from the upper Ganga valley or madhyadesha to middle and lower Ganga valleys known in the contemporary Buddhist texts as majjhimadesha. Painted grey ware pottery gave way to a richer and shinier northern black polished ware which signified new trends in commercial activities and rising levels of prosperity. Imprtant features of the period between c. 600 and 321 BC include, inter-alia, rise of ‘heterodox belief systems’ resulting in an intellectual revolution, expansion of trade and commerce leading to the emergence of urban life mainly in the region of Ganga valley and evolution of vast territorial states called the mahajanapadas from the smaller ones of the later Vedic period which, as we have seen, were known as the janapadas. Increased surplus production resulted in the expansion of trading activities on one hand and an increase in the amount of taxes for the ruler on the other. The latter helped in the evolution of large territorial states and increased commercial activity facilitated the growth of cities and towns along with the evolution of money economy. The ruling and the priestly elites cornered most of the agricultural surplus produced by the vaishyas and the shudras (as labourers). The varna system became more consolidated and perpetual. It was in this background that the two great belief systems, Jainism and Buddhism, emerged. They posed serious challenge to the Brahmanical socio-religious philosophy. These belief systems had a primary aim to liberate the lower classes from the fetters of orthodox Brahmanism. -
Configurations of the Indic States System
Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 34 Number 34 Spring 1996 Article 6 4-1-1996 Configurations of the Indic States System David Wilkinson University of California, Los Angeles Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Wilkinson, David (1996) "Configurations of the Indic States System," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 34 : No. 34 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol34/iss34/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Wilkinson: Configurations of the Indic States System 63 CONFIGURATIONS OF THE INDIC STATES SYSTEM David Wilkinson In his essay "De systematibus civitatum," Martin Wight sought to clari- fy Pufendorfs concept of states-systems, and in doing so "to formulate some of the questions or propositions which a comparative study of states-systems would examine." (1977:22) "States system" is variously defined, with variation especially as to the degrees of common purpose, unity of action, and mutually recognized legitima- cy thought to be properly entailed by that concept. As cited by Wight (1977:21-23), Heeren's concept is federal, Pufendorfs confederal, Wight's own one rather of mutuality of recognized legitimate independence. Montague Bernard's minimal definition—"a group of states having relations more or less permanent with one another"—begs no questions, and is adopted in this article. Wight's essay poses a rich menu of questions for the comparative study of states systems. -
The Succession After Kumaragupta I
Copyright Notice This paper has been accepted for publication by the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, which is published by Cambridge University Press. A final version of the article will be appearing in the JRAS in 2014. 1 The Succession after Kumāragupta I Pankaj Tandon1 Most dynastic lists of the Gupta kings state that Kumāragupta I was succeeded by Skandagupta. However, it is widely accepted that Skandagupta did not accede to the throne peacefully. Nor is it certain that the succession was immediate, since there is a gap between the known dates of Kumāragupta’s and Skandagupta’s reigns. This paper is concerned with the events following the death of Kumāragupta, using numismatic evidence as the primary source, and inscriptional and other epigraphic evidence as further support. Some of the numismatic evidence is new, and even the evidence that is not new has so far received little attention in the literature on the succession after Kumāragupta. Questions are raised about one particular theory that is presently enjoying some currency, that Skandagupta was challenged primarily by his uncle Ghaṭotkacagupta. Some other possible scenarios for the political events in the period after the death of Kumāragupta I will then be proposed and analyzed. Most authors agree that Skandagupta was not the rightful heir to the throne. While he does announce himself on his inscriptions as the son of Kumāragupta I, his mother is not identified by name in any known text or inscription,2 suggesting that he was, at best, the son of a minor queen of Kumāragupta, or more probably the son of a woman who was not a queen at all. -
Chapter-11 India During the Ages (4Th Century to 7Th Century)
History Class VI Chapter-11 India During The Ages (4th Century to 7th Century) I. Chandragupta I (320-335 AD):- Chandragupta I founded the Gupta Empire around 320 AD. He was the first ruler of the Gupta Dynasty. II. Samudragupta (335-375 AD):- After Chandragupta I, the great Gupta Ruler who ruled India was his son Samudragupta. The Allahabad Inscription, which is engraved on a pillar at Allahabad, is the main source of information about the reign of Samudragupta. III. Chandragupta II (375-415AD) : Chandragupta II, the son of Samudragupta, was also called Vikramaditya or Chandragupta Vikramaditya. IV. The Later Guptas : After Chandragupta II, Kumargupta and Skandagupta were powerful gupta rulers. V. The Post Gupta Period In north, the kingdom of Harshvardhana was the most powerful and in south it was the Pallavas. Deccan was dominated by the Chalukyas. VI. Harshavardhana(606-647 AD): As we know more about Harshavardhana from two literary works, the first being his biography Harshacharita, written by his court poet Banabhatta. Military Campaigns: Harsha ascended the throne at the age of 16. The capital of his empire was Kanauj. 1 |Page History Class VI The Pallavas And The Chalukyas : Pallava Dynasty: Between the early third century and late ninth century AD, the Pallava Dynasty ruled the northern part of Tamil nadu and the southern parts of Andhra Pradesh. Chalukya Dynasty: The kingdom of the Chalukyas centered around the Raichur Doab, between the River Krishna and River Tungabhadra. Their Capital was Vatapi (or Badami). Revenue: The main occupation of the people was agriculture. Most of the revenue came from the land. -
SYBA SEM 4 History of Ancient India QUESTIONS Pushyamitra Sunga
SYBA SEM 4 History of Ancient India QUESTIONS Pushyamitra Sunga destroyed the great Buddhist Monastery known as Kukkutarama at ________ The finest Buddhist Stupas of _________belonged to Sunga period. The great grammarian ____________was contemporary of Pushyamitra Sunga. ______was the first well known ruler of the Kushanas. All the gold and copper coins of Vima Kadphises show signs of his faith in ____________ According to Hiuen Tsang , __________was the capital of Kanishka. Kanishka was the propagator of ______________religion. Kanishka built a relic tower at __________four hundred feet in height. Kanishka convened the ________Buddhist council in Kundalavana Vihara in Kashmir. Who was the president of the Fourth Buddhist Council? The Fourth Buddhist Council prepared an encyclopaedia of Buddhist philosophy called _______ During the age of Kanishka new style of sculpture emerged in India know as ________________ Kanishka built town near Taxila , the name of the city was Kanishkapura in ____________ The Buddhist stupa at Amravati is one of the best example of ____________art Fa-hien mentions in his account _____________was regarded as outcastes. Fa-hien was quite impressed with the wealth and prosperity of __________ During Gupta period ________caste enlisted themselves in the army. _______the greatest poet and dramatist have been the part of Court of Chandragupta II Kumaragupta I performed the Ashvamedha sacrifice and assumed the title of _________ The Bhitari Pillar inscription mentions Skandagupta victory over the _______ Who was the first sovereign to assume the title of Vikramaditya? On the silver coins of Chandragupta II the symbol of Chaitya was replaced by __________symbol. Harisena was a __________minister under the court of Samudragupta. -
Gupta Empire and Their Rulers – History Notes
Gupta Empire and Their Rulers – History Notes Posted On April 28, 2020 By Cgpsc.Info Home » CGPSC Notes » History Notes » Gupta Empire and Their Rulers Gupta Empire and Their Rulers – The Gupta period marks the important phase in the history of ancient India. The long and e¸cient rule of the Guptas made a huge impact on the political, social and cultural sphere. Though the Gupta dynasty was not widespread as the Maurya Empire, but it was successful in creating an empire that is signiÛcant in the history of India. The Gupta period is also known as the “classical age” or “golden age” because of progress in literature and culture. After the downfall of Kushans, Guptas emerged and kept North India politically united for more than a century. Early Rulers of Gupta dynasty (Gupta Empire) :- Srigupta – I (270 – 300 C.E.): He was the Ûrst ruler of Magadha (modern Bihar) who established Gupta dynasty (Gupta Empire) with Pataliputra as its capital. Ghatotkacha Gupta (300 – 319 C.E): Both were not sovereign, they were subordinates of Kushana Rulers Chandragupta I (319 C.E. to 335 C.E.): Laid the foundation of Gupta rule in India. He assumed the title “Maharajadhiraja”. He issued gold coins for the Ûrst time. One of the important events in his period was his marriage with a Lichchavi (Kshatriyas) Princess. The marriage alliance with Kshatriyas gave social prestige to the Guptas who were Vaishyas. He started the Gupta Era in 319-320C.E. Chandragupta I was able to establish his authority over Magadha, Prayaga,and Saketa. Calendars in India 58 B.C. -
The Gupta Empire: an Indian Golden Age the Gupta Empire, Which Ruled
The Gupta Empire: An Indian Golden Age The Gupta Empire, which ruled the Indian subcontinent from 320 to 550 AD, ushered in a golden age of Indian civilization. It will forever be remembered as the period during which literature, science, and the arts flourished in India as never before. Beginnings of the Guptas Since the fall of the Mauryan Empire in the second century BC, India had remained divided. For 500 years, India was a patchwork of independent kingdoms. During the late third century, the powerful Gupta family gained control of the local kingship of Magadha (modern-day eastern India and Bengal). The Gupta Empire is generally held to have begun in 320 AD, when Chandragupta I (not to be confused with Chandragupta Maurya, who founded the Mauryan Empire), the third king of the dynasty, ascended the throne. He soon began conquering neighboring regions. His son, Samudragupta (often called Samudragupta the Great) founded a new capital city, Pataliputra, and began a conquest of the entire subcontinent. Samudragupta conquered most of India, though in the more distant regions he reinstalled local kings in exchange for their loyalty. Samudragupta was also a great patron of the arts. He was a poet and a musician, and he brought great writers, philosophers, and artists to his court. Unlike the Mauryan kings after Ashoka, who were Buddhists, Samudragupta was a devoted worshipper of the Hindu gods. Nonetheless, he did not reject Buddhism, but invited Buddhists to be part of his court and allowed the religion to spread in his realm. Chandragupta II and the Flourishing of Culture Samudragupta was briefly succeeded by his eldest son Ramagupta, whose reign was short. -
Teacher Overview: What Led to the Gupta Golden Age? How Did The
Please Read: We encourage all teachers to modify the materials to meet the needs of their students. To create a version of this document that you can edit: 1. Make sure you are signed into a Google account when you are on the resource. 2. Go to the "File" pull down menu in the upper left hand corner and select "Make a Copy." This will give you a version of the document that you own and can modify. Teacher Overview: What led to the Gupta Golden Age? How did the Gupta Golden Age impact India, other regions, and later periods in history? Unit Essential Question(s): How did classical civilizations gain, consolidate, maintain and lose their power? | Link to Unit Supporting Question(s): ● What led to the Gupta Golden Age? How did the Gupta Golden Age impact India, other regions, and later periods in history? Objective(s): ● Contextualize the Gupta Golden Age. ● Explain the impact of the Gupta Golden Age on India, other regions, and later periods in history. Go directly to student-facing materials! Alignment to State Standards 1. NYS Social Studies Framework: Key Idea Conceptual Understandings Content Specifications 9.3 CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS: 9.3c A period of peace, prosperity, and Students will examine the achievements EXPANSION, ACHIEVEMENT, DECLINE: cultural achievements can be designated of Greece, Gupta, Han Dynasty, Maya, Classical civilizations in Eurasia and as a Golden Age. and Rome to determine if the civilizations Mesoamerica employed a variety of experienced a Golden Age. methods to expand and maintain control over vast territories. They developed lasting cultural achievements. -
Hindu India: 300 to 1100 Ce
CHAPTER 2 Hindu India: 300 to 1100 ce During these eight centuries, empires, religion, commerce, science, technology, literature and art flourished in India. ATI O In ways vitally important C N U A D L to Hindus to this day, the E I N S S T Hindu faith was advanced I G H victoria and albert museum by temple building, the Bhakti Movement, holy texts and great philosophers, saints and sages. This is an 8th century South Indian bronze of Supreme God Siva as Nataraja. This divine dance depicts His five cosmic powers of creation, preservation, dissolution, veiling grace and revealing grace. Note to Students, Parents and Teachers This Educational Insight is the second chapter in our series staff of HINDUISM TODAY in collaboration with Dr. Shiva Baj on Hindu history intended for use in US primary schools. pai, Professor Emeritus of History, California State University, During this period, India was the richest region of the Northridge. Academic reviewers: Dr. Klaus Klostermaier, world and one of the most populous. Great agricultural Professor of Religious Studies, University of Manitoba; Dr. abundance, plus plentiful natural resources, were key to Jeffrey D. Long, Chair, Department of Religious Studies, Eliz the region’s prosperity. India lay in the center of the world’s abethtown College; Dr. Vasudha Narayanan, Distinguished ancient trade routes. Merchants sent spices, cotton, sugar Professor, Department of Religion, University of Florida; Dr. and exotic items east to China and west to Europe. Hindu Anantanand Rambachan, Professor of Religion, St. Olaf Col religion and culture and the Sanskrit language linked all of lege; Dr. -
Mandsaur PDF\2316
CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 MADHYA PRADESH SERIES -24 PART XII-A DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK MANDSAUR VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS MADHYA PRADESH 2011 INDIA MADHYA PRADESH DISTRICT MANDSAUR To Kota To Chittorgarh N KILOMETRES To Kota !GANDHI SAGAR 4 2 0 4 8 12 16 HYDEL COLONY A C.D. B L O C K From Rampura B H A N P U R A H G To Kota A ! Sandhara BHANPURA To C Jhalrapatan ! J H U RS . R l J a b M !! Bhensoda ! ! ! ! m ! ! ! a ! h ! C ! ! E ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! From Neemuch ! ! ! R ! ! ! ! ! I ! ! E ! ! T T C ! T N From Ajmer S C To Mandsaur I GAROTH RS ! ! ! J ( D ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! MALHARGARH ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! From Jiran ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! C.D. B L O C K G ! A R O T H ! ! ( NARAYANGARH ! G ! ! R ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Boliya ! B ! To Kotri ! ! G !! ! ! ! Budha ! S ! ! ! RS ! ! ! ! ! D ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Chandwasa C.D. B L O C K M A L H A R G A R H ! ! ! . ! ! ! ! SHAMGARH Sh a R ! ! i vn ! N PIPLYA MANDI ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! R RS G ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! J ! ! RS ! ! ! Nahargarh ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! RS ! G ! ! ! ! R A ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! l ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! a ! NH79 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! b ! ! ! ! ! ! ! m ! G ! ! ! a ! ! ! ! )M ! Kayampur h ! Multanpura ! H C A ! ! G)E ! SUWASRA H ! ! ! ! ! ! ! MANDSAUR ! G R ! RS P ! ! ! ( ! ! ! ! ! ! SH 14 ! C.D. B L O C K S I T A M A U ! ! E ! T ! ! SITAMAU ! Kilchipura !! ! ! ( R From ! ! ! ! G ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Pratappur ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! Ladoona ! ! ! ! ! J ! ! ! S ! ! -
Unit 3 the Age of Empires: Guptas and Vardhanas
SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY www.tntextbooks.inhttps://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM Unit 3 The Age of Empires: Guptas and Vardhanas Learning Objectives • To know the establishment of Gupta dynasty and the empire-building efforts of Gupta rulers • To understand the polity, economy and society under Guptas • To get familiar with the contributions of the Guptas to art, architecture, literature, education, science and technology • To explore the signification of the reign of HarshaVardhana Introduction Sources By the end of the 3rd century, the powerful Archaeological Sources empires established by the Kushanas in the Gold, silver and copper coins issued north and Satavahanas in the south had by Gupta rulers. lost their greatness and strength. After the Allahabad Pillar Inscription of decline of Kushanas and Satavahanas, Samudragupta. Chandragupta carved out a kingdom and The Mehrauli Iron Pillar Inscription. establish his dynastic rule, which lasted Udayagiri Cave Inscription, Mathura for about two hundred years. After the Stone Inscription and Sanchi Stone downfall of the Guptas and thereafter and Inscription of Chandragupta II. interregnum of nearly 50 years, Harsha of Bhitari Pillar Inscription of Vardhana dynasty ruled North India from Skandagupta. 606 to 647 A.D (CE). The Gadhwa Stone Inscription. 112 VI History 3rd Term_English version CHAPTER 03.indd 112 22-11-2018 15:34:06 SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY www.tntextbooks.inhttps://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM Madubhan Copper Plate Inscription Lichchhavi was an old gana–sanga and Sonpat Copper Plate its territory lay between the Ganges and Nalanda Inscription on clay seal the Nepal Terai. Literary Sources Vishnu, Matsya, Vayu and Bhagavata Samudragupta (c. -
Huna Origin of Gurjara Clans डा
डा. सशु ील भाटी Huna origin of Gurjara Clans (Key words- Gurjara, Huna, Varaha, Mihira, Alkhana, Gadhiya coin, Sassnian Fire altar) Many renowned historian like A. M. T. Jackson, Buhler, Hornle, V. A. Smith and William crook Consider the Gurjaras to be of Huna stock. The way in which inscriptions and literature records frequently bracket Gurjaras with the Hunas suggests that the two races were closely connected. There are evidences that the Gurjaras were originally a horde of pastoral nomads from the Central Asia whose many clans have Huna origin. Numismatic Evidences- Coins issued by Hunas and Gurjaras have remarkable similarity. In a way coins issued by Gurjaras are continuation of Huna coinage. Coins issued by Hunas and Gurjaras are characterized by motif of ‘Iranian fire altar with attendants’ and are copies of coins issued by Iranian emperors of Sassanian dyanasty. The inferences of Huna’s connection with Gurjaras is strongly supported by numismatic evidences. V. A. Smith has presented these evidences in his paper “The Gurjaras of Rajputana and Kannauj’ in these words, “The barbaric chieftains who led the greedy hordes known by the generic name of Huna to the plunder of the rich Indian plains did not trouble to invent artistic coin dies, and were content to issue rude imitations of the coinage of the various countries subdued. After the defeat of the Persian king Firoz in 484 A.D., the Huns chiefly used degraded copies of the Sassanian coinage, and in India emitted extensive series of coins obviously modelled on the Sassanian type, and consequently classified by numismatists as Indo-Sassanian.