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Home , Coffee (color), Comb duck, Fulvous, Fulvous whistling duck, Lion (color), Ruddy duck

and Black and White Rhinoceroses. The partial shell of a suspiciously large egg I found one of our female Comb eating in early March was not logged at all. Three eggs hopefully logged Gn a hand other than Giraffe Eggs - my own) as Garganey Teal (placed in the exhibit April 20), were placed in the incubator May 27, and removed June 6, when nothing appeared to be The growing. I did enter egg 503 as "?" ("Discovered in open depres­ sion in Giraffe Exhibit") June 8, incu­ bated June 10, and discarded seven days later. Between three eggs labeled "Duck Pond" (which is next to the Aquarium) and two further Roul (Dendrocygna bicolor) Rouls, I logged eggs number 555 and

byJosef Lindholm, 11/ Keeper IIjBirds A real treat for your ! Fort Worth Zoological Park (,~D~:+ Macadamia ,. NUTS ~ Nuts California grown. In my experience, rhinos in zoos are fairly regularly scheduled literary eve­ from grower to you. ~~? Raw-in Shell sedate . They stand. When nings at a local house. Readers No salt. no chemicals. they do move, it is usually with a pon­ of this magaZine should be pleased to no preservatives 50 lb. minimum derous stateliness. I have seen a lot of know that prior to submission, I read at $1.50 per lb. rhinos in a lot of zoos and have thus my manuscripts before my fellow zoo­ plus shipping formed certain expectations. So I was folk and other vigorous critics. As my TASTE C.O.D. ACCEPTABLE THE DlFFERENCB Call (619) 728-4532 startled when a Black Rhinoceros articles provide an (at times) welcome Crown Macadamia Assoc. gave a snort like a rifle-shot and relief to moody love poems and intro­ P.o. Box 235. Fallbrook. ell. 92088-0235 charged wildly across her yard, swing­ spective musings on the meaning of ing her head back and forth. What life, I can be confident Dan will be might have been entertaining was, certain the rhinos are in while I hunt Kathleen Szabo H3rring under the circumstances, alarming, as for eggs in their yards. The same domestic handraised babies applies for giraffes. That they can this behavior happened to coincide (305) 258-2373 perfectly with the bland announce­ decapitate a with a single kick is ment that I would be expected to one of those bits of trivia zoo keepers LVV THEM BIRDS, INC. explore the African rhino yards for are expected to dispense at parties. I'Q Box 0285. Goulds. FL 33170 duck eggs on a regular basis. It was a The same time I started at Fort bleak late afternoon in December, Worth, Lis Glassco, our assistant cura­ 1991, and I was being shown my tor, arrived from the ational Zoo, The Wright Roost future string of exhibits by Chris bringing with her numerous innova­ Jeri Wright 1 , Curator of Birds. I'd arrived in tions. One of the first to be instituted (206) 838-9802 NOW HAND-FEEDING town the night before, aware my pri­ was an egg log, to be filled out by Hyacinths & other macaws, Cockatoos mary exhibit was the great glass keepers as they discovered the eggs. Conures & Amazons Domestic, Close-Banded atrium in the soon-to-be opened During 1992 there were 929 eggs Roudybush Distributor World of Primates, an eventual home logged. From late January to the for finches and softbills. It happened beginning of March, Crested Wood that this brand new building adjoined Partridges (Rollulus roulroul) pre­ the Gloria and Harry Tennison Rhin­ dominated, then the waterfowl took GOLDEN oceros Exhibits and the associated dis­ over. Brazilian Teal, Teal, CONURES play for Giraffes, and it was only logi­ Chiloe Wigeon, Wood Ducks, Are cal that its keeper should be Hooded Mergansers, Ruddy Ducks Available responsible for the waterfowl next (and the occasional "mystelY duck"), From door. Chris advised I'd do well to were followed, as May passed into establish friendly relations with the June, by Marbled Teal, Redheads, Followill Aviaries A Closed Aviary rhino staff. Shovelers, and Ringed Teal. one of Specializing in the in the Queen ofBavaria's Conure As it happened, my anxieties were these, however, emanated from the Please call for free information package groundless. Of the three full-time "African Lagoon", across which the Dave Followill (407) 773-7571 rhino keepers, one is in charge of the public stares at Reticulated Giraffes,

afa WATCHBIRD 53 556 as "Giraffes" on June 15, and ous that the clutch of twelve from the Regarding Dendroeygna hieolor, noted they were "Rotten - Thrown Black Rhino yard was very rotten. Jean Delacour (1954) wrote that it has Away"). Another giraffe's egg appears I'm glad to say such was not the "... probably the most extraordinary between a Roadrunner and a Roul case with the other fifteen, found in range of all species of birds". The only Roul, found July 2, incubated July 4 the giraffe yard. When I came upon one of the 150 species of Ducks, and discardedJuly 7. this monumental clutch, a Cape Teal Geese and Swans, making up the fam­ As July progressed, the Roul Roul (Mareea eapensis) was sitting very ily , to nest in all four hemis­ Partridges again dominated the log tightly, as best as it was able, on these pheres, the (punctuated by such things as my dis­ large eggs, and most reluctant to leave naturally occurs in five distinct ranges; covery of a nest full of bright-eyed them. (Furthermore, according to its the southern U.S. and Mexico (but Dybowski's Twinspots (Eusehisto­ bands, this bird was male.) When I not other countries in Central Amer­ spiza dyhowskiO on July 14, the first returned some minutes later, with ica), northeastern , hatched in a U.S. public zoo). Water­ something to carry the eggs in, I found southeastern South America, central fowl entries trickled to a small minor­ one of the females on top and eastern and , ity. Among these few are a fourth of them - certainly a better fit. As and the entire giraffe egg, found July 19. It was sig­ these eggs were placed in the incu­ (Terres, 1980). It is generally agreed nificantly different. It was big. The bator, my anticipation can be imag­ no SUb-species can be defined. Dela­ previous ones were quite small, and ined. cour (1954) stated; "There is no geo­ presumed to be Cape Teal, which, as Needless to say, rhino and giraffe graphical variation throughout this all the ones in "African Lagoon" are egg-rounds were carried out therafter huge and broken range.. dif­ siblings, we didn't want to hatch any­ in a more scheduled fashion. On ferences are entirely individuaL .. " way. Quite aside from its bigness, the August 6, two large eggs were logged Quite aside from his phenomenal day it was retrieved, a female Comb from the giraffe's, while four came out familiarity with museum specimens, Duck (Sarkidomis m. melanotos) had of the White Rhino yard. On August 8, Jean Delacour was especially quali­ been rude to Stacey Dunlop, our sum­ I found six more in the White Rhino fied to assert this, having simultane­ mer mammal keeper (home from Tus­ Yard, and, on August 13, two were ously maintained specimens from keegee Institute). Grotesquely magnif­ found in the giraffe's. Mammal staff South America, Madagascar, and icent, Comb Ducks are probably my found another there the next day. A India, at his collection at Cleres (Dela­ favorite Anatid, and the fact one of our giraffe yard egg I found August 20 is cour, 1954). two females was displaying aggres­ logged in my own hand as "Hart­ One will occasionally still run across sion to keepers the day an odd egg laub's?". the name Dendroeygna hieolor helva, was discovered was tantalizing. The mystery as to what was laying bestowed upon the North American Unfortunately, this egg, too, failed to all these large eggs was put to rest population in 1922, by the American show any developement. A fifth gir­ August 27, when two of the eggs Ornithologists Alexander Wetmore affe egg, again big, was found July 28, found by Stacey and Dan, August 1, and James Peters (Delacour, 1954), but cracked and leaking. hatched in our incubator (set at but subsequent research on this spe­ It was in the White Rhino yard that 99.5°F, with a wet-bulb reading of 83 cies does not justify this. Stacey and Dan Grandquist, our liter­ to 86°). The ducklings were gray, a Paul Johnsgard (1978) writes ".. .in ary Large Mammal Keeper, found rather uncommon neonatal color. general [this species] does not appear seven large eggs, which I'd over­ They were at once identifiable by this to have suffered measurable inroads looked, beneath a log, and gleefully fact combined with a peculiar head from Man's activities." Dr. Johnsgard brought them to coffee break in a pattern. I have written elsewhere does mention a retraction of range in bucket. It was August 1, and they (Lindholm, 1992/93) of the odd Trinidad and California, and notes that were at once placed in the incubator, impression given by ducklings that poisoning has been a prob­ as I had no idea when they'd been lack the expected "eyebrow". These lem in . Ehrlich et al (1992) laid. I optimistically entered them as ducklings had "eyebrows", but lacked state that the Fulvous Whistling Duck pOSSible Comb Ducks or Hartlaub's the perceived "innocent" appearence is extinct in its former northern and Ducks (Pteronetta hartlauhi') our pair that such an ornament would usually central California ranges, and is of the latter being the gems of our impart. This is a result of the fact that declining in southern California, Ari­ African waterfowl. the dark line going through the eye is zona and Florida, but appears to be It must be confessed, that with the boldly connected to the crown of the stable in Texas and Louisiana, where cessation of breeding activities for the head, isolating the slanted pale "eye­ pesticide poisoning appears no longer season by pretty much all the water­ brow" above it. At the nape of the to be a menace. destruction fowl in the rest of the zoo, coupled neck, beneath the dark crown and is considered the major reason for with a great deal of breeding activity connected stripe, is a parallel dark decline. It is to be hoped that recent on the part of my African finches band, producing a strange effect like a programs by which central California (among other things), my poking monk's tonsure. With variations, this is rice farmers are creating waterfowl about in the rhino and giraffe yards the standard head pattern of newly habitat may reverse the situation in had somewhat decreased in fre­ hatched specimens of the eight mem­ that state. There is evidence this spe­ quency. The error of this became bers of the Tree or Whistling Duck cies may actually be expanding apparent on August 4, when I genus (Dendroeygna). These Duck­ its U.S. range to the north and east retrieved 27 eggs from these exhibits­ lings were Fulvous Whistling Ducks (Terres, 1980). especially when it was all too obvi- (Dendrocygna hicolor). The two ducklings hatched at Fort 54 December 1993 Worth Zoo August 27, 1992, from the ded lettuce, chopped hard-boiled egg, (954) found this was chiefly confined August 1 clutch, were joined in their supplemented with Vionate powder, to intraspecific fights during the brooder by two hatched August 29, the Fulvous ducklings did well under breeding season and the "persecu­ from the August 4 clutch I'd found the care of Lis Glassco and Head­ tion" of the smaller, closely related successively sat on by a Cape Teal keeper Rick Tucker, and in less than a Wandering and Javan Whistling drake and a Comb Duck hen. Over month, were moved from their brood­ Ducks (Dendrocygna arcuata and D. the next two days, three more of these ers to concrete pools. Full adult plu­ javanica) which had to be removed fifteen bizarrely brooded eggs hatched mage is attained in two months on "several occasions". Frank Todd in our Bird Building. Qohnsgard, 1978). One's first impres­ (979), who like Delacour at his Nor­ It would happen that, now that we'd sion of a Fulvous Whistling Duck may mandy estate years before, built a figured what was laying these eggs, be of a basically brown bird, albeit a monumental anatid collection at the the last clutch was unmistakably the particularly pleasing shade of brown. various Sea World parks, found "some product of Fulvous Whistling Ducks. Closer examination reveals all sorts of individuals" have the potential to be In our files is a note I made August 3 interesting details; black and "fairly aggressive". On the other hand, (the day before I found 27 eggs), scalloping on the back, elongated the German aviculturist Hartmut reporting a "bonded pair" of Fulvous white plumes along the flanks, a pale Kolbe (979) thought Fulvous to be threatening their relatives, the White­ vermiculated area along the neck and "peace-loving". faced Whistling Ducks, and the much throat, and what I find most interest­ larger Comb Ducks. That this pair ing, a broad black band running up Kolbe (979) goes on to observe might be responsible for any eggs the back of the neck, disappearing that "when Fulvous Whistling Ducks found next day was not so obvious into the very sholt, dense crest at the do have a quarrel with another spe­ due to the odd behavior of the Cape back of the head. In marked contrast cies they do not solve it by snapping, Teal and Comb Duck noted above. to the Black-bellied and White-faced but instead they utter loud high­ On September 3, however, I came Whistling Ducks (Dendrocygna pitched screams with wide-open bill." upon the male (identified by his autumnalis and D. viduata), with I can add that I have seen three Ful­ bands, as all whistling ducks have facial patterns that are usually per­ vous at one time, in a phalynx, very similar or identical ceived as gentle, dove-like "expres­ advancing on a single White-faced between the sexes). He was wedged sions", Fulvous Whistling Ducks pre­ Whistling Duck, aggressively vocaliz­ under a corner of a large rock on the sent a demeanor not unlike that of a ing. On the whole, scattered in vari­ shore of the giraffe yard, firmly . This is not entirely unfair, ous exhibits, as part of Fort Worth's ensconced on eight eggs. He only left as Fulvous do have a reputation for collection of more than forty water­ them after prodding, and kept return­ aggression in captivity. Jean Delacour fowl species, Fulvous have not stood ing to bite at me as I gathered them. His mate was in close attendance all the while. AUGUST 4 - 6, '94 In the mean time, Fulvous eggs from AFA CONVENTION, KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE earlier clutches continued to hatch in the incubator. From the 4th to the 5th of September two hatched from the clutch of four found in the White Rhino's compound August 6 (and set August 8). Three eggs from the August Birds live best on live foods. 8 clutch of six hatched September 7 to 9 (though these had also been set Birds enjoy and benefit most from live food. August 8). Finally, the well-defended Grubco live foods provide large amount of high-quality protein and other vital September 3 clutch of eight produced nutrients, as well as important moisture. four ducklings, two September 27, and two more the next day. Wax worms, mealworms, fly larvae and crickets - from Grubco to your bird At this point, it is appropriate to with love. mention that all 10 of the Fulvous Grubco is ready to take your order. Please call us toll-free. Whistling Ducks living at that time in the "African Lagoon" had only been Call or write for your free brochure: 800·222·3563 there since May 15, 1992. When they You also can order by FAX: 513-874-5878, 24-hours a day, every day of the year. arrived at Fort WOlth on April 20, 1992 from Sea World of California, San Live Food Diego, where they had hatched, the GRUBCO GUARANTEES Mealworms • Wax Worms transfer forms indicated that these lOOOco Cuslomer Satisfaction. Fly Larvae • Crickets were "juvenile birds, altificially incu­ Live Delivery. Overcounts. bated and hand-reared" and "not of All Foods Available All Year. breeding age yet". Thus the low hatch Independent Laboratory Nutritional Analysis rate of any given clutch that season (Upon Request). KNOWN FOR QUALITY AND SERVICE. has at least one obvious explanation. Box 15001 • Hamilton, OH 45015 U.S.A. On a diet of gamebird starter, shred-

afa WATCHBIRD 55 out as troublemakers. In the African in the IZYafter 1977 represents not the Another potential for confusion is Lagoon, two of the six White-faced end of reproduction, but only the that incubation in this species is kept there regularly left the enclosure, abandonment of hand-rearing. At any "mostly carried out by the male" until relocated elsewhere, possibly as rate, I well remember a beautiful (Brown, et aI, 1982). This has been my a result of being annoyed by their November evening at the Wild experience, when I have encountered Fulvous relatives though the Comb Park, in 1979, watching flocks of Ful­ brooding birds, but until I was aware Ducks and Hartlaub's are more con­ vous Whistling Ducks (and Black­ of this I spent a great deal of time sistentlyobnoxious. bellied Whistling Ducks, Rosey-billed wondering if band-, as noted in Of the 15 Fulvous Whistling Ducks Pochards, Ruddy and ­ the inventory, had been correctly hatched at Fort Worth Zoo in 1992, six crested Pochards) dropping out of the assigned. Fulvous are basically mono­ were sent, in December, to the Texas sky, glowing in the - a won­ morphic, though some people make Zoo, in Victoria, which exhibits only derful sight, but one calculated to educated guesses on the premise that native animals, and the rest distributed attract the disfavorable attention of females may be "slightly smaller and among various locations on our Wildlife Authorities. Waterfowl still duller than males" (Todd, 1979), All grounds. This year, Fulvous join live in the WAP lake, but they are a the eggs I've found were in simple Wood Ducks, Chestnut Teal, Ringed different and select assemblage, depressions in grass or soil. Though Teal, Chiloe Wigeon, and Redheads closely managed. One Fulvous was the shores of the "African Lagoon" (all produced abundantly last year), in present December 31, 1992 (ISIS, have a thick growth of heavy grass a list of birds whose eggs will be col­ 1993). and some reeds, I have never found "a lected (and replaced with dummies), In the first duck article I wrote for rather elaborate nest, somewhat like a but not incubated. If this seems rather Watchbird (Lindholm, 1991), on the moorhen's Gallinule" which Delacour severe, one need only examine one still problematicJavan Whistling Duck (942) describes as a typical whistling instance where Fulvous Whistling (Dendrocygna javanica), I men­ duck nest, bound together from the Ducks were allowed to multiply tioned its contrastingly fecund rela­ surrounding plants. On the other unchecked. tive, the Fulvous; "... prolific, some­ hand, I can, from last season's experr­ The San Diego Wild Animal Park times to the point of embarrassment, ence, agree with]. C. Phillip'S (922) opened to the public in May, 1972. when unexpected ducklings attain full observation that "the nesting period of Among the steady stream of animals flight and threaten to establish feral this species is distinctly later than that acquired in the early months of that populations." Of course, at that time, I of most ducks", a fact Dr. Phillips year were 13 Fulvous Whistling did not anticipate I would be prowling believes holds true throughout the Ducks. Marvin Jones, Registrar of the Fort Worth's rhino and giraffe yards, entire breeding range. I am, in April of Zoological Society of San Diego, overlooking eggs myself! 1993, finding nests of Fulvous eggs informs me that they arrived from the Inherent features in the breeding guarded by both parents, but other famed animal dealer Dan Southwick biology of Fulvous Whistling Ducks anatid species have been laying for April 18. They were installed, with contribute to the tendency of this spe­ the previous month. many other waterfowl, in the lake sur­ cies' eggs to be overlooked. I have As one might anticipate, the Fulvous rounded by the" airobi Village" discussed "Dump esting" in previ­ Whistling Duck is well represented in entrance complex. The shores of this ous articles (Lindholm, 1992 & 1992/ both private and public aviculture. It is lake are well planted with Natal Plum 93). Paul Johnsgard (978) states that one of the least expensive species on (Carissa grandiflora) a nd other this species' clutch size ranges from breeder's price lists, a pair usually plants. eight to 16, but averages 10. However, offered at half the breeder's price for a I gleaned the following information he continues "multiple clutches or pair of Gouldian Finches. Of all the from the ever-reliable pages of the dump nesting (is) not infrequent, wild waterfowl, generally only Wood International Zoo Yearbook (Zoologi­ resulting in clutches of more than 20 Ducks, Gadwalls, Redheads, and cal Society of London, 1975-1979). 0 eggs." Long-time field biologist and American Black Ducks are offered at Fulvous Whistling ducks hatched at former Audubon EditorJohn K. Terres lower prices. the San Diego Wild Animal Park in (980) states; "...sometimes 30 to 100 On December 31, 1992, 218 were 1972. In 1973, 73 hatched, of which 49 [eggs arellaid by several females in inventoried in 32 U.S. zoos (ISIS, survived. In 1975, only nine of the 145 [thel same nest, which is usually 1993), making this species one of the hatched failed to reach adulthood. Of abandoned" - thus explaining, per­ better represented in American public the 268 hatched in 1975, 43 died. The haps, both my experience with large zoos. Seven of these collections bred figures for 1976 are remarkably similar clutches that seem to appear over­ Fulvous Whistling Ducks in 1992; one to those two years before; nine died night, and the rotten one as well. A hatched at Cleveland, two at Dallas, out of 143 hatched. In 1977, 190 trait that distinguishes the entire genus 11 at Columbia, South Carolina, 16 at hatched, and 55 died. And that's it. Dendrocygna is mentioned by Dela­ Fort Worth, 17 at Houston, 23 at othing more is listed in the IZYuntil cour (942); the nest "is not lined with Marine World in Vallejo, California, 1982, when the Park hatched seven down as those of other ducks." As and 59 at the Lowry Park Zoo in CASL, 1984). For the first several years, "drawing down" is usually considered Tampa (Ibid, 1993). these ducklings were raised in pools the sign that eggs are actually being It is interesting to note that the Har­ in "Nairobi Village", next to the stalls incubated by the parent, the uniniti­ vard ornithologist]. C. Phillips (922), for bottle-fed hoofstock and Cheetahs, ated may be badly misled as to the an enthusiastic avicllltlirist as well, an appropriately situated "Duck Nur­ state of developement of a discovered wrote in reference to the White-faced sery". It may be that the lack of listings clutch. Tree (or Whistling) Duck; "none of the 56 December]993 (hatching 10), and Slimbridge (hatch­ E o ing 24). The most recent year docu­ r. "D c mented by the IZYis 1989 (2SL, 1991). ::i Q) Twenty-six collections bred Fulvous oC/) ~ that year; eight in continental Europe, >. .0 four in Britain, the A1-Areen Wildlife oC/) (5 Park and Reserve in Bahrain, the Asa­ r. 0.... hiyarTIa Zoo in Asahikawa (Japan), the World of Birds in Cape Town (), Sorocaba (Brazil), Port-of­ Spain (Trinidad), Winnipeg (Mani­ toba) and seven U.S. institutions. If not spectacular, the Fulvous Whis­ tling Duck is definitely distinctive. It does quite well on commercial water­ fowl diets, and stands Texas winters Contrasts in without proble111s. With their increas­ Whistling Ducks. ing emphasis on zoogeographical A Fulvous and a exhibits, this easily procurable bird, White-faced in representing four continents, is espe­ Fort Worth Zoo's cially useful to public zoos. The ones African Lagoon. in FOlt WOlth Zoo's "African Lagoon" certainly C0111pli111ent our Reticulated Giraffes and (generally) sedate Black and White rulinos. Fulvous Whistling Ducks. References Brown, L.H., E.K. Urban & K. Newlnan (982) The Birds ofAfrica (Vol. I). Acadelnic Press. Delacour, ].T. (1942) Tree Ducks (Dendrocygna). Avicultural Magazine Series v, Vol VII, 94-97. Tree Ducks breeds readily in captiv­ tioned, these birds were descended -. (1954) The waterfowl of the world (vol. 1). ity." Regarding the Fulvous Tree fro111 South American, Indian and Mal­ CountlY Life, Ltd. Ehrlich, P.R., D.S. Dobkin & D. Wheye (1992) Duck, he admitted that "they do breed agassy stock. Birds injeopardy. Stanford University Press. at times...", unlike the Cuban and This species was not C0111rTIonly \\'ell, G.A. & \Y!. B. Sturgeon (1988). First Black-bellied Whistling Ducks (Phil­ bred in public collections 30 years breedings ofwild waterfowl i11 North Anzerica. International Wild Waterfowl Association, Inc. lips, 1922, Delacour, 1954) there ago. Only three collections hatching it International Species lnfonnation Systen1 (1993) appear to be no eighteenth century are listed in the first five volU111es of ISIS bird abstract as of31 Decenzber, 1992. records of imported captive birds. The the International Zoo Yearbook (Zoo­ Johnsgard, P.A. (1978) Ducks, geese and swans of earliest record I have encountered is logical Society of London, 1961-65), the world. University of Nebraska Press. Kolbe, H. (1979) Ornanzental Waterfowl. Edition of one female that died at the 13th Earl documenting the years 1959 to 1963. Leipzig. of Derby's Knowsley Menagerie, near The Mia111i 200, in its foro1er Crandon Lindholtn, ].H. (1991) E111erging fronl obscur­ Liverpool, on July 27, 1835 (Woolfa 11 , Park location, was successful each ity... The ]af.Jan Tree Du.ck (Dendrocyg11a 1990). No other information regarding year except in 1961. Philadelphia Zoo, jalJanica). A.F.A. Watchbird XVIJICNo.2), 32. -. C1991/92) The Conl17lon , a sea du.ck this bird appears to survive. Delacour the site of the first known North Anler­ for the back yard. (Tadorna tadorna). Ibid (1954) states that Fulvous first arrived ican captive breeding in 1914 (Green­ XVIJJ(No.6), 56-58. at the London Zoo in 1867, and bred well & Sturgeon, 1988), and in the -. (1992) The Redhead (Aythya anlericana), Part-tinze parasite of the pot-holes. Ibid there in 1872. This was probably the 60's, America's largest waterfowl col­ XIX(No.2), 26-30. first breeding outside the natural lection, bred Fulvous from 1961 -. (1992/93) The North A111erican range. I believe many of the problems through 1963. The Wildfowl Trust at (O;x:yura j. janlaicel1..~i~). Ibid. XIX( 0.6), 55­ previously experienced with species Sli111bridge is only listed for 1963, but 59. Phillips, ].C. (1922) A natural history a/the ducks of waterfowl that are now considered as the Trust did not begin subrnitting (Vol. J) Houghton Mifflin (the Riverside Press, hardy and prolific (such as the C001­ data to the IZYuntil that year, it is Calnbridge). 1110n Shelduck (Lindholnl, 1991/92) likely breeding was occuring at what Terres, ].K. (980). ll1e Audubon Society encyclo­ may have been due to difficieot diets. pedia of North Alnerican birds. Alfred A. was already the world's largest assenl­ Knopf. At any rate, between 1934 and 1940 blage of anatid species. The 1970 IZY Todd, F.S. (1979)Watel/owl- Ducks, geese and (when the Germans occupied the (2SL, 1972) lists eight collections swans ofthe world. Sea World Press/ Harcourt estate), Fulvous Whistling Ducks bred breeding this bird; Calgary (hatching BraceJovanovich. Woolfall, S.]. (1990) History ofthe 13th Earl of frequently at Cleres where Jean Dela­ 22), Cleres (hatching 18), Dallas Derby's nlenagerie and aoiary at Knowsley cour had built the then largest collec­ (hatching four), Houston (hatching rlall, Liverpool 0806-1851). Archives of Natu­ tion of ducks, geese and swans in the 45), Milwaukee (hatching 12), "Jungle ral History XVII(no.1),1-47. world, and "proved easy to rear" Larry's African Safari" at Naples, Flor­ Zoological Society of London (1961-65, 1972, & 1991) Birds bred in captivity. International (Delacour, 1954). As previously 111en- ida (hatching 20), Sao Paulo, Brazil Zoo Yearbook I-V, XU & XXX.•

afa WATCHBIRD 57