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Paléomagnétisme De La Matière Extraterrestre: Implications Pour La 0 1 « Absorbé par les recherches sur l’infiniment grand, puis l’infiniment petit, le scientifique a négligé, de façon coupable, le fantastique potentiel de l’infiniment moyen. » Grégoire Lacroix 2 3 « Alors, tu en es où de tes études ? » « Et bien, j’ai rendu mon manuscrit de thèse au mois d’octobre et je soutiens le 4 décembre 2013 »…. Déjà. Ces trois année s de thèse sont passées à toute allure, entre expériences, rencontres, voyages, rigolades… (moment de nosta lgie… :-/ mais positive hein !! L’heure est donc aux remerciements ;-)). En premier lieu, je tiens à remercier mes directeurs de thèse, Mr Pierre Rochette et tout particulièrement Mr Jérôme Gattacceca, sans qui toute cette « histoire » n’aurait pas pu être écrite, pour la confiance qu’ils m’ont accordée en me confiant ce trav ail de recherche ainsi que pour leur aide, leurs encouragements et leurs précieux conseils au cours de ces années. Je les remercie aussi pour toutes les opportunités qu’ils m’ont offert es à travers de multiples voyages. Je remercie également Mr Nicolas Thouveny, directeur du laboratoire du CEREGE pour m’avoir accueillie au sein de cette institution et pour les conseils et les encouragements que j’ai eu l’honneur de recevoir de sa part. J’ai pu travailler dans un cadre particulièrement agréable, grâce à l’ensemble des membres de l’équipe « géophysique/planétologie » du CEREGE que j’ai intégrée pour ces 3 ans de thèse (et encore pour un an ;)), je vous en remercie. Ces trois années n’auraient pas été ce qu’elles ont été sans Mr François Demory, ingénieur de recherche, « mon mentor »… fidèle collègue et ami à qui j’aimerais adresser un remerciement particulier pour tout (il y en a tellement à dire mais bon, disons…) ses conseils, sa disponib ilité, son soutien indéfectible et ses tranches de rigolades J autour d’un café. Un grand merci aussi à sa femme, Juliette Lamarche, pour ses tuyaux (tant scientifiques que culinaires ;)) et sa bonne humeur. Merci à vous deux pour tous ces bons moments aux Salles ;) ! Mr Ben P. Weiss et Mr Matthieu Gounelle ont accepté d’être les rapporteurs de cette thèse et je les en remercie. Ils ont également contribué par leurs nombreuses remarques et suggestions à améliorer la qualité de ce mémoire, et je leur en suis très reconnaissante. Merci à Mme France Lagroix et Mr Bertrand Devouard, examinateurs, pour leur participation au jury. Elles sont arrivées en même temps que moi au CEREGE pour commencer leur thèse, Aurore et Carole, merci. Aurore pour tes qualités d’orga nisatrice et de cuisinière ;), Carole pour ton soutien et ta relecture lors de cette « douloureuse » dernière ligne droite que représente la fin de la thèse. Je tiens également à remercier Isabelle Hammad, secrétaire de l’Ecole doctorale, pour sa gentilles se et sa patience, notamment dans la galère administrative qu’implique chaque nouvelle inscription. Dans la même optique je remercie également toutes les secrétaires fac et CNRS du CEREGE pour leur aide et leur efficacité lors de chaque mission. Je souhaite encore remercier toutes ces personnes que j’ai pu croiser ou côtoyer au cours de ces 3 années (en espérant n’oublier personne) : Mme Brigitte Zanda (pour ses conseils et sa disponiblité), Hanane (pour ta bonne humeur et ton amitié), Neija (une vraie maman pour nous dans le désert Chilien), Laurette Scifo, Minoru (Le McGyver du chalet et le photographe du Chili), Millarca, Christine Pailles, Doriane Sabatier, Laëtitia Licari, Anne Alexandre, Yves Gally, Thibault de Garidel-Thoron, Corinne Sonzoni, Matthieu Ghilardi, Clément Suavet, Sonia Tikoo, 4 tous mes consoeurs et confrères thésards du CEREGE, Lauren, Lucie, Hélène, Abir, Marcela, Jade, Adrien, Camille, Sophie, Lise, Anne-Eléonore, Nicolas B., Nicolas B. bis !, Nathan, Elodie, Jérémy, Lucie, Julie Arthur, Fabienne, Alice, Marine, Pierre-Olivier, Laurie. Dédicace spéciale à tous ces « petits » étudiants qui sont passés par « le Chalet » Camille, Estelle, Florent, Frédéric, Hugo, Marine, Thibaut. Ces trois années dans une nouvelle région m’ont permis de fair e de superbes rencontres Ted (le blond), Lolo (la blonde), Chris (fiston), Aurore (louloute), Céline (la pintche), Jérôme (BG), Brice (Bryce), Minh (le chnaw), Mica, Ludo, François, Lucas, Antoine, Laura, Nico, Julien, Christelle, Florian, Caroline, Hakim, Steve, Marie-Alix, Fabrice, Quentin, Caro, Loïc, Emeline, en espérant vous revoir, je vous remercie tous pour ces soirées et votre bonne humeur J. Je remercie aussi Sabine (fraisou), Tiphaine (pti’écureuil), Sylvain (cartman), Sébastien ( touffu), Yannick (yannou), Jean-Louis (loulou), Thierry (dorifore) et Carole, amis de longue date, qui, malgré la distance, ont toujours été là. Il a su me donner le sourire même lorsque j’étais épuisée, il m’a soutenue jusqu’à la dernière nuit de rédaction et a participé à la vérification de toute la bibliographie, un immense merci à toi Thibaut (ma branque) ;). Ces remerciements ne seraient pas complets sans mentionner toutes ces personnes qui font partie de ma famille : mes fréros (Embriqué et Dam), mes grands-parents, mes beaux-parents, mes oncles et tantes, les couz, Juju et Aud (les bofs) et surtout surtout mes parents, sans qui je ne serais pas là aujourd’hui, qui ont suivi mon évolution et qui m’ont toujours soutenue. Enfin, je remercie mon cher époux, « Doudou », qu i s’est transformé en homme à tout faire pendant tout le temps de ma rédaction, pour sa patience, sa relecture du manuscrit, et son soutien sans faille depuis maintenant plus de 8 ans… 5 4 1.1 Généralités 12 1.2 La matière solide du système solaire 13 1.2.1 Formation du Système solaire 13 1.2.2 Les matériaux extraterrestres disponibles à l’étude 14 1.2.3 Classification des météorites 15 1.3 Les grandes questions du magnétisme extraterrestre 18 1.4 Les champs magnétiques dans le système solaire primitif 19 1.4.1 Les champs externes : solaires et nébulaires 19 1.4.2 Les champs de dynamo 21 1.4.3 Les champs crustaux 22 1.4.4 Quels champs enregistrés dans les météorites ? 22 1.5 Structure de la thèse 24 2.1 Introduction 26 2.1.1 Généralités 26 2.1.2 Rappels de magnétisme des roches 27 2.2 Contraintes intrinsèques liées aux échantillons 28 2.3 Propriétés magnétiques des matériaux extraterrestres 29 2.3.1 Minéraux magnétiques dans la matière extraterrestre 29 2.3.2 Des mécanismes d’aimantation particuliers 30 6 2.3.2.1 Introduction 30 2.3.2.2 Les mécanismes d’aimantation terrestres 31 2.3.2.3 Les mécanismes d’aimantation de la matière extraterrest re 31 2.3.2.4 La contamination terrestre 36 2.3.3 Méthodes d’estimation de la paléointensité 38 2.3.3.1 Méthode Thellier-Thellier 38 2.3.3.2 Les méthodes utilisant les champs alternatifs 38 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 Etude de gros échantillons Apollo 42 4.1 Les Chondrites 80 4.2 Les Chondrites Carbonées CM 82 4.2.1 Le magnétisme des chondrites carbonées 82 4.2.2 Le magnétisme des chondrites carbonées CM 83 4.3 Les rumurutites 119 136 140 150 Article 1 : Gattacceca, J., Hewins, R.H., Lorand, J-P., Rochette, P., Lagroix, F., Cournède, C., Uehara, M., Pont, S., Sautter, V., Scorzelli, R.B., Hombourger, C., Munayco, P., Zanda, B., Chennaoui, H., Ferrière, L., 2013. Opaque minerals, magnetic properties, and paleomagnetism of the Tissint Martian meteorite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 1 –18. 7 Article 2 : Hewins, R.H., Bourot-Denis, M., Zanda, B., Leroux, H., Barrat, J.-A., Humayun, M., Göpel, C., Greenwood, R.C., Franchi, I.A., Pont, S., Lorand, J.-P., Cournède, C., Gattacceca, J., Rochette, P., Kuga, M., Marrocchi, Y., Marty, B., 2014. The Paris meteorite, the less altered CM chondrite so far. M. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 124, 190- 222. 8 Liste des abréviations et symboles: NRM : natural remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente naturelle ChRM : characteristic remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente caractéristique ARM : anhysteretic remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente anhystérétique CRM : chemical remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente chimique IRM : isothermal remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente isotherme SIRM : saturated isothermal remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente isotherme à saturation GRM : gyroremanent magnetization , aimantation gyro-rémanente TRM : thermal remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente thermique pTRM : partial thermal remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente thermique partielle VRM : viscous remanent magnétization , aimantation rémanente visqueuse PRM : piezo-remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente piézométrique SRM : shock remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente de choc DRM : detrial remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente détritique dDRM : depositional detrial remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente détritique dépositionnelle pDRM : post-depositional remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente post-dépôts ADRM : accretional detrital remanent magnetization , aimantation rémanente détritique d’accrétion AF: alternating field , champ alternatif AARM : anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization , anisotropie d’ aimantation rémanente anhystérétique K : magnetic susceptibility , susceptibilité magnétique (SI) χ : specific magnetic susceptibility , susceptibilité magnétique spécifique (m 3 kg -1) AMS : anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility , anisotropie de susceptibilité magnétique P : anisotropy degree for magnetic susceptibility , degré d’anisotropie de la suscepti bilité magnétique T : shape parameter for magnetic susceptibility , paramètre de forme de la susceptibilité magnétique Prem : anisotropy degree of remanence , degré
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