Fatigue Effects in the Wear of Polymers Vinod Kumar Jain Iowa State University

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Fatigue Effects in the Wear of Polymers Vinod Kumar Jain Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1980 Fatigue effects in the wear of polymers Vinod Kumar Jain Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Jain, Vinod Kumar, "Fatigue effects in the wear of polymers " (1980). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7380. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7380 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WCIR 4EJ, ENGLAND 8019638 JAIN, VINOD KUMAR FATIGUE EFFECTS IN THE WEAR OF POLYMERS Iowa State University PH.D. 1980 University Microfilms I nt©rn 3ti on&l 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 18 Bedford Row, London WCIR 4EJ, England PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark . 1. Glossy photographs 2. Colored illustrations 3. Photographs with dark background "4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. °rint shows through as there is text on both sides of page 6. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages throughout 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 8. Computer printout pages with indistinct print ^ 9. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author 10. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows 11. Poor carbon copy 12. Not original copy, several pages with blurred type 13. Appendix pages are poor copy 14. Original copy with light type 15. Curling and wrinkled pages 16. Other Universi^ Micrdriims Internarloncil 300 N -=== =0. ANN ASaOn Mi JS106 '313) 751-1700 Fatigue effects in the wear of polymers by Vinod Kumar Jain A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Mechanical Engineering Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1980 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT xv NOMENCLATURE xvii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Literature Review 1 1.1.1. Wear of polymers 1 1.1.1.1. Adhesive wear 2 1.1.1.2. Abrasive wear 4 1.1.1.3. Fatigue wear 5 1.1.1.4. Other mechanisms of wear 7 1.1.2. Surface topography and wear 8 1.1.2.1. Topographical analysis 9 1.1.2.2. Surface parameters 10 1.1.2.3. Effect of surface topography on wear 12 1.1.3. Fatigue of polymers and its effect on wear 14 2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 18 2.1. Test Equipment IB 2.1.1. Wear test set-up 18 2.1.2. System for surface analysis 20 2.2. Material Selection 20 2.3. Test Procedures 22 2.3.1. Specimen preparation for sliding experiments 22 2.3.2. Wear test 23 2.3.3. Surface topography evaluation 23 iii I Page 2.3.4. Fatigue tests 24 2.4. Surface Examination 25 3. ANALYTICAL METHODS 28 3.1. Development of the Fatigue Wear Equation 28 3.2. Contact Parameters 31 3.3. Stresses in a Contact Zone 35 3.4. Criterion for Asperity Fracture 37 3.5. Wear Equation 38 3.6. Computation of Surface Parameters 40 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 47 4.1. Mechanism of Fracture in Wear 47 4.1.1. Markings on fracture surfaces 47 4.1.2. Fracture markings on a plane surface loaded by a sliding hemispherical indentor 52 4.1.3. Microscopic examination of fatigue fracture surfaces 54 4.1:4= Microscopic examination of wear surfaces 63 4.2. Polymer Wear 75 4.3. Microscopic Examination of Metal Disk Surfaces 81 4.4. Surface Topography 89 4.4.1. Arithmetic average of surface roughness, 89 4.4.2. Radius of curvature of asperity tips, 6 95 4.4.3. Average slope of asperities 108b 4.4.4. Distribution of surface parameters 113 4.4.5. Asperity density 119 4.5. Polymer Fatigue 125 iv Page 4.5. Computation of Wear from Fatigue Wear Equation 128 4.6.1. Evaluation of integral F^(h) 128 4.6.2. Asperity density and standard deviation for Gaussian distribution of asperity heights 130 4.6.3. Volume of a wear particle 130 4.6.4. Computation of wear rates 132 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 137 5.1. Conclusions 137 5.2. Suggestions for Future Work 139 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 140 7. REFERENCES 141 a. APPENDIX A: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM FOR THE KIM MICROCOMPUTER 148 9. APPENDIX B: COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE COMPUTATION OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHICAL PARAMETERS 153 10. APPENDIX C: COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE REDUCTION OF A POPULATION OF RANDOM VARIABLES TO A GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION 157 oo 2 11. APPENDIX D: TABLE OF INTEGRAL F (h) = (s-h)" ^ds 160 12. APPENDIX E: ERROR ANALYSIS 162 V LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig- 2.1. Schematic diagram of a pin-on-disk wear machine. 19 Fig. 2.2. Line diagram of data acquisition system for surface analysis. 21 Fig. 2.3. Geometry of a notched fatigue specimen. 26 Fig. 3.1. Schematic representation of sliding contact between two rough surfaces. 29 Fig. 3.2. Contact between a moving hemispherical indentor and a plane surface: (i) Schematic view of circular contact. (ii) Variation of stress S (in sliding direction) around the center of contact for varying values of coefficient of friction, f. Here (3P ^/2TTa ^ ^) is the maximum pressure at the center of contact under a static load (65). 30 Fig. 3.3. Contact between a smooth and a rough surface. The load is supported by the asperities (shaded) whose heights are greater than the separation between the reference planes (33). 33 Fig. 3.4. Two-dimensional representation of a surface profile. 42 Fig. 3.5. Effect of Weibull shape parameter b on the variation of probability density function (75). 45 Fig. 4.1. Chevron (also called "herringbone") markings on the fracture surface of a cellulose acetate plate: (a) regular (b) reversed. The crack propagated from left to right (77). 48 Fig. 4.2. Optical micrograph of the fracture surface of an AISI 1050 steel shaft showing beach and ratchet marks (78), 49 Fig, 4.3. Optical micrograph of 7076-T6 aluminum alloy showing fatigue striations (78). 49 Fig. 4.4. Scanning electron micrograph showing dimples on the fracture surface of AISI 1020 steel failed in uniaxial tension (78). 51 VI Page Fig. 4.5. Parabolic markings on the fracture surface of an acrylic (Trade name "Lucite") plate. The fracture progressed from left to right (77). 51 Fig. 4.5. Development of surface cracks on a plane surface due to the sliding of a hemispherical indentor on it. 53 Fig. 4.7. Optical micrograph showing cracks on a glass surface due to the sliding of a hemispherical indentor on it. Sliding direction is shown by the arrow (80). 55 Fig. 4.8. Scanning electron micrograph showing the region of crack initiation and growth on a fatigue fracture surface of poly(methyl methacrylate). Crack propagation is from left to right. Tilt angle 30°. 55 Fig. 4.9. Scanning electron micrograph of the same surface as in Fig. 4.8, showing the fatigue striation. Tilt angle 30°. 56 Fig. 4.10. Scanning electron micrograph of the same surface as in Fig. 4.8, but from a different location well ahead in the direction of crack propagation.
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