Appendix 4 Heritage Desk Based Assessment

Pegasus Group

ELWY SOLAR ENERGY FARM, ST ASAPH, DENBIGHSHIRE APPENDIX 4 HERITAGE DESK BASED ASSESSMENT

P19-2023 | FEBRUARY 2020 ON BEHALF OF SOLARCENTURY February 2020 | EP | P19-2023

Document Management

Version Date Author Checked/approved by: Reason for revision Dr Elizabeth Pratt Gail Stoten 1 17th January 2020 - (Senior Heritage Consultant) (Director – Heritage) Dr Elizabeth Pratt Gail Stoten 2 7th February 2020 Redline change (Senior Heritage Consultant) (Director – Heritage) Dr Elizabeth Pratt Gail Stoten 3 18th February 2020 Redline change (Senior Heritage Consultant) (Director – Heritage)

Pegasus Group

T 01285 641717 | www.pegasusgroup.co.uk

February 2020 | EP | P19-2023

HERITAGE DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT

ELWY SOLAR ENERGY FARM, ST ASAPH, DENBIGHSHIRE

ON BEHALF OF: SOLARCENTURY

PREPARED BY: DR ELIZABETH PRATT (ACIFA)

Pegasus Group

T 01285 641717 | www.pegasusgroup.co.uk

CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION 1 METHODOLOGY 3 PLANNING POLICY FRAMEWORK 8 THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT 12 SETTING ASSESSMENT 19 CONCLUSIONS 46 SOURCES 48

APPENDICES: APPENDIX 1: CONSULTATION RESPONSES APPENDIX 2: GAZETTEER OF HISTORIC ASSETS APPENDIX 3: SELECTED DESIGNATION DESCRIPTIONS APPENDIX 4: FIGURES APPENDIX 5: PHOTOGRAPHS OF FEATURES OBSERVED DURING WALKOVER SURVEY APPENDIX 6: PROCESSED LIDAR

FIGURES: FIGURE 1: DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL FIGURE 2: PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN ASSETS FIGURE 3: MEDIEVAL AND LATER ASSETS FIGURE 4A: EXTRACT OF 1845 GWERNIGRON TITHE MAP FIGURE 4B: HISTORIC LANDHOLDINGS IN 1840 - 1845 FIGURE 5: EXTRACT OF 1900 ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP FIGURE 6: CROPMARKS AND EARTHWORKS VISIBLE ON HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

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FIGURE 7A: DESIGNATED HISTORIC ASSETS WITHIN 5KM RADIUS FIGURE 7B: DESIGNATED HISTORIC ASSETS WITHIN 2KM RADIUS FIGURE 8: PHOTO LOCATIONS

PLATES: PLATE 1: SITE LOCATION PLAN (SITE OUTLINED IN RED) ...... 1 PLATE 2: GLIMPSE OF ST ASAPH CATHEDRAL (CIRCLED) FROM THE FIELD ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE TRACK TO GWERNIGRON FARM ...... 20 PLATE 3: COMPONENTS OF GWERNIGRON FARMHOUSE ...... 22 PLATE 4: REAR WING WITH HIPPED ROOF, MENTIONED IN LISTING DESCRIPTION ...... 22 PLATE 5: ANOTHER VIEW OF THE REAR WING, WHICH CONNECTS THE 17TH-CENTURY CORE WITH THE LARGE TWO-STOREY BLOCK .. 22 PLATE 6: VIEW OF REAR BLOCK AND ATTACHED WING WITH HIPPED ROOF ...... 23 PLATE 7: GWERNIGRON DOVECOTE, VIEWED FROM EAST ...... 23 PLATE 8: CONVERTED OUTBUILDINGS TO THE WEST OF THE FARMHOUSE ...... 24 PLATE 9: CLOSE-RANGING KEY VIEW OF GWERNIGRON FARMHOUSE, FROM THE FARM TRACK TO ITS SOUTH ...... 25 PLATE 10: VIEW TOWARDS GWERNIGRON FARMHOUSE (AND DOVECOTE), FROM THE PUBLIC FOOTPATH THROUGH THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE SITE ...... 25 PLATE 11: VIEW FROM THE FARMHOUSE’S DRIVEWAY ENTRANCE ACROSS THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE SITE TO THE A55 EMBANKMENT ...... 26 PLATE 12: VIEW LOOKING SOUTH TOWARDS GWERNIGRON FARM FROM THE SITE – WITH THE DOVECOTE PARTIALLY SCREENED BY VEGETATION ...... 27 PLATE 13: PANORAMA FROM THE BOUNDARY OF THE REAR PLOT OF GWERNIGRON FARMHOUSE WITH THE SITE ...... 27 PLATE 14: EXTRACT OF 1845 TITHE MAP FOR GWERNIGRON (IMAGE COURTESY OF DENBIGHSHIRE ARCHIVES) ...... 29 PLATE 15: EXTRACT OF 1878 ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP OF PLAS COCH ...... 29 PLATE 16: VIEW OF PLAS COCH FROM ITS ACCESS DRIVE FROM THE A525 ...... 30 PLATE 17: PRIMARY ELEVATION OF PLAS COCH, VIEWED FROM THE TRACK TO GWERNIGRON FARM ...... 30 PLATE 18: GLIMPSE OF REAR ELEVATION OF PLAS COCH, FROM THE EASTERN PART OF THE SITE ...... 31 PLATE 19: ENGRAVING OF PENGWERN HALL, DATED 1795 (NATIONAL LIBRARY OF WALES, CATALOGUE NO. VTLS003373648) ...... 32

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PLATE 20: EXTRACT OF 1840 TITHE MAP OF PENGWERN (IMAGE COURTESY OF THE GENEALOGIST) ...... 33 PLATE 21: VIEW LOOKING NORTH FROM THE NORTHERN PART OF THE SITE ...... 34 PLATE 22: EXTRACT OF 1841 TITHE MAP FOR BODELWYDDAN (IMAGE COURTESY OF THE GENEALOGIST) ...... 35 PLATE 23: GLIMPSE OF BODELWYDDAN CASTLE (CIRCLED) FROM THE CENTRAL-SOUTHERN FIELD OF THE SITE ...... 36 PLATE 24: GLIMPSE OF LONG-RANGING NORTHERLY VIEW FROM THE LODGE AT GLASCOED ACROSS THE PARK TOWARDS THE COAST ...... 37 PLATE 25: PANORAMIC VIEW SHOWING THE CO-VISIBILITY OF THE CHURCH OF ST MARY AND RHUDDLAN CASTLE FROM THE STATION ROAD RIVER BRIDGE ...... 40 PLATE 26: LOOKING NORTH TOWARDS TWTHILL FROM THE PUBLIC FOOTPATH FROM HYLAS LANE ...... 44 PLATE 27: LOOKING SOUTH TOWARDS TWTHILL FROM THE PUBLIC FOOTPATH FROM ABBEY ROAD ...... 44 PLATE 28: PANORAMIC VIEW, LOOKING EAST TO SOUTH TO WEST, FROM THE SUMMIT OF TWTHILL ...... 45

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Introduction

Pegasus Group has been commissioned by Solarcentury to  To assess any contribution that the site makes to the heritage significance of proximate prepare a Heritage Desk-Based Assessment for c.117ha of land designated historic assets; and outlying Gwernigron Farm near St Asaph, which is proposed for a solar energy farm (Plate 1).  To identify any harm or benefit to known and potential historic assets, which may result from the implementation of the development proposals, along with the level of any harm caused if relevant.

These objectives are in line with Sections 6.1.9 and 6.1.26 of the Welsh Planning Policy Wales, Edition 10, Chapter 6 (December 2018; PPW10), which provide that:

"Any decisions made through the planning system must fully consider the impact on the historic environment and on the significance and heritage values of individual historic assets and their contribution to the character of place.”

“Where archaeological remains are known to exist or there is a potential for them to survive, an application should be accompanied by Plate 1: Site location plan (site outlined in red) sufficient information, through desk-based assessment and/or field evaluation, to allow a Objectives full understanding of the impact of the proposal on the significance of the remains....” The aims of the Heritage Desk-Based Assessment are: This Heritage Desk-Based Assessment has been informed by the  To assess the significance of recorded historic assets within the site and to assess the Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based potential for and likely significance of assessment published by the Chartered Institute for previously-unrecorded archaeological remains within the site; Archaeologists (CIfA 2014).

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Consultation A a Written Scheme of Investigation for this assessment was submitted to CPAT and was approved on 19th November 2019. Prior to the commencement of this Heritage Desk-Based Assessment, consultation was undertaken with the Clwyd-Powys The response from Cadw (see Appendix 1) stated that the Archaeological Trust (CPAT), Cadw, and the Conservation Officer presented list of designated historic assets anticipated to require at Denbighshire County Council (DCC), to seek initial advice and full settings assessment (i.e. Stages 2 to 4 of Cadw’s guidance; agreement the proposed assessment scope and methodology. see Section 3) appeared to be correct – but suggested that confirmation be sought from the Conservation Officer at DCC. The response from CPAT (see Appendix 1) advised a 2km data search area for non-designated historic assets and 5km for The response from the Conservation Officer (see Appendix 1) designated historic assets; and provided a list of key data named the Listed Buildings located on the A525 immediately to sources. A systematic walkover survey of the site, to identify the east of the site, noted that there may be a visual impact on both recorded and unrecorded historic assets and areas of the Clwydian Range & Dee Valley AONB, and advised that potential palaeoenvironmental deposits, was requested. It was consideration be given to Listed Buildings within St Asaph. suggested that a Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) would help

establish which designated historic assets within this radius the top of the proposed solar panels might be visible from.

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Methodology

The aims of this Heritage Desk-Based Assessment are to identify  The Welsh Government Aerial Photography Unit for historic aerial photographs of the site and any known and potential historic assets within the site, to assess study area (provided via email as digital scans); the significance of any such known and potential historic assets, to assess the contribution that the site makes to the significance  1m resolution DTM LiDAR imagery, downloaded from the Lle Geoportal for Wales; and heritage values of designated historic assets, and to identify any harm or benefit to them as may result from implementation  Published and grey literature reports relating to archaeological investigations undertaken of the development proposals, along with the level of any harm within the environs of the site; and caused if relevant. This assessment considers the archaeological  Online resources, including: Ordnance Survey resource, built heritage and the historic landscape. Open Source topographic and environmental data, Google Earth satellite imagery, geological Sources of information data from the British Geological Survey and the Cranfield University Soilscapes resource, and The following key sources have been consulted as part of this The National Library of Wales, The Genealogist, assessment: and Promap for historic maps.

 Cadw for information relating to designated For digital datasets (i.e. Cadw, HER and RCAHMW), information historic assets; was sourced for a 2km study area measured from the

 Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust for Historic boundaries of the site. Information gathered is discussed within Environment Record (HER) data on recorded the text where it is of relevance to the potential heritage historic assets and previous archaeological works; resource of the site. A gazetteer of all recorded events, sites and findspots is included as Appendix 1 and maps illustrating the  RCAHMW for National Monument Records of resource and study area are included as Appendix 3. Wales (NMRW) data on recorded historic assets and previous archaeological works; Historic maps and aerial photographs were reviewed for the site  Archival material, comprising cartographic and and beyond this where professional judgement deemed documentary sources, held at Denbighshire necessary. Extracts of historic maps are reproduced in Section Archives (visited in person); 4 to illustrate the discussion of the historical development of the

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site. Assessment of significance

Available LiDAR data was downloaded in composite Digital The Welsh Government's Technical Advice Note 241 (TAN24; Terrain Model (DTM) format, from the Lle Geoportal for Wales discussed further in Section 3) defines heritage significance as: (accessed December 2019). The data was then processed and "the sum of the cultural and natural heritage interrogated using industry-standard GIS software. values of a place, often set out in a statement of significance." Multiple hill-shade and shaded-relief models were created, principally via adjustment of the following variables: azimuth, Conservation Principles for the sustainable management of the 2 height, and ‘z-factor’ or exaggeration. The models created were historic environment in Wales (Conservation Principles) defines colourised using pre-defined ramps and classified attribute data. significance as deriving from a combination of any, some or all The DTM shaded relief model, with azimuths graduated by 45o of the following four component values:

intervals from 0-360o, is provided in Appendix 6.  Evidential value: deriving from the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human Designated historic assets in the wider area were assessed as activity; deemed appropriate (see Section 5).  Historic value: deriving from the ways in which Site visit past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present; A site visit was undertaken by Dr Elizabeth Pratt, Senior Heritage  Aesthetic value: deriving from the ways in Consultant at Pegasus Group, on 4th December 2019, during which people draw sensory and intellectual which the site and its surrounds were assessed. Selected historic stimulation from a place; and

assets were assessed from publicly accessible areas.  Communal value: deriving from the meaning of a place for the people who relate to it, or for The visibility on this day was clear. Surrounding vegetation was whom it figures in their collective experience or in partial leaf at the time of the site visit, and thus the potential memory.

screening that this affords was also considered when assessing This approach allows for a detailed and justifiable determination potential intervisibility between the site and surrounding areas. of significance and the values from which that significance

1 Welsh Government, May 2017. 2 Cadw, 2011. Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment in Wales.

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derives. The significance of known and potential historic assets Of particular relevance, TAN24 further provides that: within the site has been determined in this respect and is "setting is not a historic asset in its own right described as relevant in this report. but has value derived from how different elements may contribute to the significance of In relation to designated historic assets, Listed Buildings and a historic asset.” Conservation Areas are designated for their special architectural As such, any impacts are described within this report (Sections and historic interest, while Scheduled Monuments are primarily 4 and 5) in terms of how they affect the significance of a historic (but not exclusively) designated for their archaeological interest, asset, and any heritage values that contribute to that i.e. their evidential value. significance, through changes to setting. Setting and significance Settings assessment methodology Setting is defined in TAN24 as: The settings assessments presented in Section 5 of this report "the surroundings in which [an historic asset] have been undertaken in accordance with industry-standard is understood, experienced, and appreciated methodology provided by Cadw's Setting of Historic Assets in embracing past and present relationships to the surrounding landscape. Its extent is not fixed Wales, Guidance Note 33. This guidance promotes a ‘stepped’ and may change as the asset and its (iterative) approach, as follows: surrounding evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect [the] ability  Step 1: Assess which assets would be affected to appreciate that significance or may be and identify their setting; neutral."  Step 2: Define and analyse the settings to Setting can thus contribute to, detract from or have a neutral understand how they contribute to the significance of the historic assets and, in effect upon significance. In addition, whilst a physical or visual particular, the ways in which the assets are 4 connection between a historic asset and its setting will often understood, appreciated and experienced ;

exist, it is not essential or determinative.  Step 3: Assess the effects of the proposed development, whether beneficial or harmful, on that significance or on the ability to appreciate

3 Cadw, 2017. Setting of Historic Assets in Wales. or archaeological elements, views to/from/across, formal or planned vistas,

4 prominence, views associated with aesthetic / functional / ceremonial purposes, The guidance includes a (non-exhaustive) check-list of elements that may historical / artistic / literary / place name / cultural / scenic associations, noise, contribute to a historic asset through setting including: functional and physical smell, tranquillity / remoteness / wildness. relationships, topographic features, physical surroundings, original layout, buried

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it; Registered Parks and Gardens are also registered Grade I, II* or II, depending on their comparative significance. In that same  Step 4: Consider options to mitigate or improve the potential impact of a proposed change or respect, Historic Landscapes are registered as either development on that significance. ‘outstanding’ or ‘special’.

Levels of significance Archaeological remains that are not designated may still be

Under TAN24, an ‘historic asset’ is defined as: nationally important, i.e. of a significance commensurate to a Scheduled Monument, these are referred to as non-scheduled "An identifiable component of the historic environment. It may consist of or be a nationally important archaeological remains. combination of an archaeological site, a historic building or area, historic park and garden or a Other historic assets include those of special local interest and parcel of historic landscape. Nationally non-designated historic assets of less than national importance. important historic assets will normally be designated.” Assessment of harm

Designated historic assets include World Heritage Sites, Potential development effects (impacts) upon the significance of Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites known and potential historic assets identified within the site 5 and Conservation Areas . Registered historic assets include have been determined with reference to ‘harm’ and/or ‘benefit’, Registered Historic Parks and Gardens and Registered Historic consistent with PPW10. Landscapes. Listed Buildings are designated in three grades as The identification of harm would apply where the proposals follows: would be anticipated to reduce an historic asset's significance.  Grade I – buildings of exceptional, usually An attempt is made to qualify more precisely the level of any national interest. identified harm, taking into account the significance of the asset  Grade II* - particularly important buildings of affected and the nature of any impact. The identification of more than special interest. benefit would apply where the proposals would be anticipated to  Grade II – buildings of special interest which enhance (i.e. increase) significance. It is also possible that the warrant every effort being made to preserve them. development proposals would cause no harm or that they would

5 TAN 24: Appendix

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preserve significance.

The assessment of anticipated development effects can thus be seen to have been undertaken in accordance with a robust methodology, formulated within the context of current best practice, relevant policy provisions, and key professional guidance. Potential direct development effects, i.e. truncation of archaeological remains, are discussed in Section 4 of this report. Potential non-physical effects, resulting from changes to setting, are discussed in Section 5.

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Planning Policy Framework

This section of the report sets out the legislation and planning “In the exercise, with respect to any buildings or other land in a conservation area, of any policy considerations and guidance contained within both powers under any of the provisions mentioned national and local planning guidance which specifically relate to in subsection (2), special attention shall be paid to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the site, with a focus on those policies relating to the protection the character or appearance of that area.” of the historic environment. Notwithstanding the statutory presumption set out within the Legislation Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act (1990), Legislation relating to the built historic environment is primarily Section 38(6) of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act set out within the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation 2004 requires that all planning applications are determined in Areas) Act (1990) which provides statutory protection for Listed accordance with the Development Plan (see below) unless Buildings and Conservation Areas. material considerations indicate otherwise.

Section 66(1) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation National Policy & Guidance Areas) Act (1990) states that: Planning Policy Wales, Edition 10 (December 2018) “In considering whether to grant planning National policy is set out within the Welsh Government’s permission [or permission in principle] for development which affects a listed building or Planning Policy Wales, Edition 10 (PPW10). PPW10 Chapter 6 its setting, the local planning authority or, as deals with the historic environment and its contribution to the the case may be, the Secretary of State, shall have special regard to the desirability of Welsh Government's seven well-being goals for a sustainable preserving the building or its setting or any Wales. PPW10 emphasises that the positive management of features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses.” change in the historic environment is based on a full understanding of the nature and significance of historic assets With regards to development within Conservation Areas, Section and the recognition of the benefits that they can deliver in a 72 (1) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) vibrant culture and economy. Act (1990) states that:

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Paragraph 6.1.5 of PPW10 provides that: “There should be a general presumption in favour of the preservation or enhancement of a “The planning system must take into account listed building and its setting, which might the Welsh Government’s objectives to protect, extend beyond its curtilage. For any conserve, promote and enhance the historic development proposal affecting a listed environment as a resource for the general well- building or its setting, the primary material being... Conservation Principles highlights the consideration is the statutory requirement to need to base decisions on an understanding of have special regard to the desirability of the impact a proposal may have on the preserving the building, its setting or any significance of an historic asset.” features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses.” Paragraph 6.1.6 sets out the Welsh Government’s specific In relation to Conservation Areas, Paragraph 6.1.14 provides objectives for the historic environment as follows: that:  Protect the Outstanding Universal Value of the World Heritage Sites; “There should be a general presumption in favour of the preservation or enhancement of  Conserve archaeological remains, both for their the character or appearance of conservation own sake and for their role in education, leisure areas or their settings. Positive management of and the economy; conservation areas is necessary if their character or appearance are to be preserved or  Safeguard the character of historic buildings enhanced and their heritage value is to be fully and manage change so that their special realised.” architectural and historic interest is preserved; In relation to Historic Parks & Gardens, Paragraphs 1.1.17 and  Preserve or enhance the character or 1.1.18 provide that: appearance of Conservation Areas, while at the same time helping them remain vibrant and "Planning authorities should value, protect, prosperous; conserve and enhance the special interest of parks and gardens and their settings included  Preserve the special interest of sites on the on the register of historic parks and gardens in register of historic parks and gardens; and Wales. The register should be taken into account in planning authority decision making.  Protect areas on the register of historic landscapes in Wales. "The effect of a proposed development on a registered park or garden, or its setting, is a In relation to the setting of Listed Buildings, paragraph 6.1.10 material consideration in the determination of provides that: planning applications."

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In relation to archaeological remains, paragraphs 6.1.23–6.1.25 Local Planning Policy & Guidance provide as follows: Planning applications in Denbighshire are currently considered “The conservation of archaeological remains against the Denbighshire Local Development Plan 2006–2021 and their settings is a material consideration in (adopted 2014), whilst a new Local Development Plan is being determining planning applications, whether those remains are a scheduled monument or prepared for the period 2018–2033. not. In the adopted LDP, here is no specific adopted policy for the Where nationally important archaeological protection and management of historic assets; but there is some remains are likely to be affected by proposed development, there should be a presumption in mention of heritage in other policies, as follows: favour of their physical protection in situ. It will only be in exceptional circumstances that Policy RD 1: Sustainable development and good standard design planning permission will be granted if development would result in direct adverse “Development proposals will be supported impact on a scheduled monument (or an within development boundaries provided that archaeological site shown to be of national all the following criteria are met: importance). i) Respects the site and surroundings in In cases involving less significant terms of the siting, layout, scale, form, archaeological remains, planning authorities character, design, materials, aspect, will need to weigh the relative importance of micro-climate and intensity of use of the archaeological remains and their settings land/buildings and spaces around and against other factors, including the need for the between buildings; … proposed development.” iii) Protects and where possible enhances Technical Advice Note 24 the local natural and historic environment; Technical Advice Note 24: The Historic Environment (TAN24) provides a detailed supplement to PPW10, and as such is iv) iv) Does not unacceptably affect prominent public views into, out of, or consistent with those national policies. It contains detailed across any settlement or area of open guidance on how the planning system considers the historic countryside…” (extract only)

environment during development plan preparation and decision Policy VOE 1: Key areas of importance making on planning and listed building consent applications. It “The following areas will be protected from replaces Welsh Office Circulars 60/96, 61/96, and 1/98. development that would adversely affect them. Development proposals should maintain and,

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wherever possible, enhance these areas for their characteristics, local distinctiveness, and value to local communities in Denbighshire:

 Statutory designated sites for nature conservation;

 Local areas designated or identified because of their natural landscape or biodiversity value;

 Sites of built heritage; and

 Historic Landscape, Parks and Gardens.”

Policy VOE 10: Renewable energy technologies

“Development proposals which promote the provision of renewable energy technologies may be supported providing they are located so as to minimise visual, noise and amenity impacts and demonstrate no unacceptable impact upon the interests of nature conservation, wildlife, natural and cultural heritage, landscape, public health and residential amenity. In areas that are visually sensitive, including the AONB, Conservation Areas, World Heritage Site and Buffer Zone and in close proximity to historic buildings, visually intrusive technologies will not be permitted unless it can be demonstrated that there is no negative impact on the designation or there is an overriding public need for the development.” (our emphasis)

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The Historic Environment

This section provides a review of the recorded heritage resource Monuments: Twthill Norman Castle, the Norman Borough, and within the site and its vicinity in order to identify any extant Rhuddlan Castle. Bodelwyddan Park also includes a Scheduled historic assets within the site and to assess the potential for Monument of First World War practice trenches. below-ground archaeological remains. The key heritage data are Designated historic assets are considered in further detail in tabulated in Appendix 1 and illustrated on Figures 2, 3, 7a and Section 5. 7b in Appendix 3. In this section, HER records are referred to by their unique identifier, prefixed by ‘E’ for events and comprising Previous Archaeological Works five digits followed by a letter for monuments. No previous archaeological works are recorded within the site.

Designated Historic Assets Land to the west of the site was subject to geophysical survey

Two designated historic assets are located within a ‘cut-out’ of and archaeological trial trench evaluation in 2011 and 2013. This the site boundary, at its approximate centre: the Grade II Listed work revealed numerous enclosures of late Iron Age or Romano- Gwernigron Farmhouse and the Grade II* Listed Gwernigron British date. The data has not yet been added to the HER but Dovecote. Four Grade II Listed Buildings lie outside the eastern the reports have been sourced for this assessment. boundary of the site: Plas Coch, and the Talardy Hotel and the The previous archaeological works that are recorded by the HER walls and greenhouse of its historic garden. for a 2km radius of the site are mostly concentrated within the

A total of 110 other Listed Buildings lie within a 2km radius of towns of St Asaph and Rhuddlan. The outlying events largely the site. Of these, 40 lie within St Asaph Conservation Area, the comprise photographic survey of historic buildings at farms.

north-western boundary of which is located c.400m south-east Topography, geology and the palaeoenvironment of the site; 23 lie within Bodelwyddan Conservation Area; 5 lie The site lies c.5.5km from the North Wales coastline, within the within that part of Rhuddlan Conservation Area that falls within valley floor of the River Clwyd; the river flows c.130m to the the 2km radius; 5 lie within the non-designated Bodelwyddan east of the site and one of its tributaries flows along the western Park, which outlies the Grade II* Listed Bodelwyddan Castle. boundary of the site (Figure 1). Rhuddlan Conservation Area also encompasses three Scheduled

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The land of the site slopes from c.24m aOD at the southern Other indications of Bronze Age activity are recorded elsewhere boundary to c.7m aOD at the northern boundary. A wooded within the study area: two burial mounds (‘round barrows’), one embankment measuring c.550m in length is located to the west at Groessffordd Marli c.2km south-west of the site and the other of Gwernigron Farm. at Crychynen c.1.4km east of the site (Figure 2, 2a and 2b); and two possible standing stones at Coed Faenol-bropor c.500m The recorded geological composition of the site comprises south-west of the site and at Felin-wynt c.1km east of the site mudstone, siltstone and sandstone overlain by diamicton (in the (Figure 2, 2c and 2d)7 . south-western area) and clay, silt, sand and gravel (across the remaining area) (BGS 2019). Iron Age activity at Rhuddlan Abbey Nurseries (Figure 2, 3) was revealed by archaeological excavations in the 1960s and 20058. The majority of the site is characterised by loamy and clayey The evidence was agricultural in character – comprising plough- floodplain soils with naturally high groundwater, with slowly- marks, gullies, and post-holes of two possible structures broadly permeable seasonally-wet slightly acid but base-rich loamy and dated to the 3rd to 1st century BC. After an apparent hiatus, the clayey soils found in the south-western area (Cranfield site was re-occupied in the Early Roman period (see below). University 2019). Romano-British (AD 43 - 410) Prehistoric (pre-43 AD) Two large ditched enclosures and associated gullies and post- Evidence of Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age holes suggestive of possible roundhouses and/or animal pens occupation recorded to the south-east of the later historic town were identified by geophysical survey and subsequent trial core of Rhuddlan, c.1.5km north of the site6. The earliest phases trenching c.485m west of the site (Figure 2, 4). The artefactual of activity are represented by concentrations of worked flints assemblage indicated occupation during the Early Roman discovered near Rhuddlan Castle, and worked flints, pits, and a period; but the excavation report notes the potential for later hearth discovered at Rhuddlan Abbey Nurseries / Nursery Field (now occupied by a primary school and modern housing) (Figure 2, 1).

6 HER PRN refs. 57752, 57767 (note that the record is plotted at Pengwern, which 7 HER PRN refs. 67058, 101478, 102055, 102568. represents the centre-point of a 4-figure grid reference and not the actual location 8 of the discoveries), 58050, 58052, 58845, 101954–56, 102932, 128197–98, and HER PRN ref. 128198; Quinnell and Blockley 1994. 81666–69.

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prehistoric origins9. On the opposite side of the A55, within Early medieval (410 AD – 1066) and Medieval (1066 – Bodelwyddan Park, cropmarks are recorded of an enclosure of 1539) possible prehistoric origin10. Rhuddlan The B5381 road from St Asaph to Glascoed, c.800m south of the The town of Rhuddlan has early medieval origins. It is first site, may trace a Roman road connecting the forts of Canovium recorded in 796 AD and was granted its own charter in 921 AD. (Caerhun), Varae (perhaps St Asaph), and Deva (Chester)11. The precise location of the Saxon settlement core is disputed, Possible archaeological evidence for the Roman road has been but the remains of the north-east and south-east sections of its recorded at the St Asaph Business Park and Upper Denbigh Road defensive bank and ditch – which would have surrounded the in St Asaph12 (Figure 2, 5a and 5b). There is seemingly no town on three sides, the cliff and river forming the fourth side – recorded archaeological evidence for Varae and so its siting at have been recorded by archaeological investigations15 (Figure 3, St Asaph is unconfirmed13. 7). Evidence of Roman settlement is also recorded at Rhuddlan: a A fortification was reputedly established at Twthill in 1015 AD, small ditch containing large quantities of animal bones and by Llewellyn ab Seisyll. However it was destroyed in 1063 AD by pottery sherds dating from the 1st to 2nd century AD was exposed Earl Harold, and following the Norman Conquest, was replaced during road widening works at the junction of Castle Street and by a motte-and-bailey castle in 1073 AD16 (Figure 3, 8; see Lôn Hylasan in 1983; and pottery sherds dating from the 3rd and Section 5). This castle lay within the Norman borough, to the 4th century AD, together with unspecified traces of occupation, south-east of what became the medieval town17. The Welsh were discovered at Rhuddlan Nursery Field in 197014 (Figure 2, regained control of Rhuddlan between 1140 and 1240 AD; but 6a and 6b). in 1277 AD it was taken by the English under Edward I.

9 Goode 2013, pp. 14–18. 14 HER PRN refs. 57768, 101754, 101952 / RCAHMW NPRN ref. 410003.

10 RCAHMW NPRN ref. 408227. 15 HER PRN refs. 13116, 17648, 17760-61.

11 HER PRN refs. 26946, 46819–20, 46827, 104606–07. 16 HER PRN refs. 102026–28 / RCAHMW NPRN ref. 157156.

12 HER PRN refs. 144311 and 26541. 17 HER PRN refs. 21899, 105808 / RCAHMW ref. 303586.

13 HER PRN refs. 102120, 26946, 70922.

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A large stone castle was immediately built to the north of Twthill Intervening / outlying landscape (Figure 3, 9; see Section 5) and the town’s Welsh-Norman Outlying Rhuddlan and St Asaph would have been an agricultural defences were renewed18. Remains of a 13th-century church and landscape; each town would have had three or more ‘open fields’ houses were revealed by the archaeological excavations at for arable cultivation and commons for grazing. The place-name Rhuddlan Abbey Nurseries in the 1960s19 (Figure 3, 10) but it is Gwernigron is first recorded in 1387 AD, and is believed to mean unclear from the HER record whether these structures related to ‘Alder marsh belonging to Eigron’24. There is no indication from the Welsh or English period of governance. The Castle stood sources consulted for this assessment of settlement here during c.550m north-west of an earlier Dominican Friary, founded by the medieval period; the etymology of the place-name indicates 125820 (Figure 3, 11) and c.350m south-east of the Church of that the land was waterlogged and unsuitable for cultivation. St Mary, which was built in around c.1300 AD, i.e. after the Castle21 (Figure 3, 12). Data received from RCAHMW includes a record for cropmarks of an extensive field system, of suggested medieval date, in the St Asaph north-eastern part of the site25 (Figure 3, 14). The cropmarks The earliest reliable reference to the settlement of St Asaph is were identified during aerial reconnaissance on 7th June 2013. the Domesday Survey of 1086 AD, where it is named Llanuile; An oblique photograph from this sortie is available on Coflein, though a monastery and episcopal see may have been founded but the cropmarks cannot be clearly distinguished. They are in 560 AD22. Work began on building a cathedral in 1239 AD clearer on a vertical photograph of the same year, which was (Figure 3, 13) but the structure was rebuilt between 1284 and taken as part of the ‘Air Defence and Space Survey’ (see below). 1381 AD following damage from Edward I’s troops and again in The cropmarks indicate two parallel linear ditches extending on the 15th century following attack by Owain Glyndŵr, the last a south-easterly axis through the north-eastern part of the Prince of Wales23. northern field of the site; and various other linear ditches to their west and east and in the neighbouring field to the south (Figure

18 HER PRN refs. 102031, 17611 / RCAHMW NPRN ref. 92914. 22 HER PRN ref. 105810.

19 HER PRN refs. 57753–55. 23 HER PRN ref. 102126.

20 HER PRN refs. 102025, 122249, 57753–54 / RCAHMW NPRN ref. 157155. 24 Owen and Gruffydd 2017.

21 HER PRN ref. 25 RCAHMW PRN ref. 419099.

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6). Almost all cropmarks correspond to former field boundaries examples such as Willington in Bedfordshire, England. Further that are documented on the 1845 Tithe Map for Gwernigron discussion of these designated historic assets is provided in (Figure 4A). These field boundaries may have medieval origins, Section 5. but this cannot be established without intrusive investigation. There are records of an Anne Rutter and a John Mostyn William Nothing was observed at the surface during the walkover survey Rutter Pierse of Gwernigron in the mid to late-17th century28; of this locations. and of David, Robert, Bromfield, and Thomas Foulkes of More convincing evidence of medieval activity was recorded by Gwernigron, who were High Sheriffs of Flintshire in 1734 and geophysical survey and trial trenching c.485m west of the site 1777, 1796, and 1805 respectively29. Note however that the (Figure 3, 15). Three ditched enclosures, one of which contained place-name ‘Gwernigron’ may have referred to the general area a post-hole, enclosures were interpreted as forming part of a to the north of St Asaph and not necessarily to the Farm. medieval settlement, even though the post-hole was the only Numerous findspots are recorded in the north-eastern quadrant indication of any structures26. The artefacts recovered from the of the site; they include four coins of 17th-century date: from ditches included animal bones, carbonised cereal grains, pottery the reigns of James I, Charles I, and William and Mary (PAS IDs sherds, a roof slate, and copper tweezers. This land is better- 499566, 499477, 289260, and 499658). These are presumed to drained than much of the site, on account of its greater distance represent chance losses. from the River Clwyd. The earliest available cartographic depiction of the site is the Post-medieval (1540 – 1800) and Modern (1801 – 1845 tithe map for the township of Gwernigron in the parish of present) St Asaph (Figure 4A). The accompanying tithe apportionment The farmhouse and dovecote of Gwernigron Farm, located in the demonstrates that almost the entirety of the site was owned by centre of the site are thought to be of late-16th or 17th-century Lord Mostyn of Pengwern Hall30: a 16th-century house that had origin27 (Figure 3, 16; see Section 5). The stepped gables of the been rebuilt in 1770, located c.775m north-west of the site dovecote are characteristic of that period, finding parallels in

26 Goode 2013, pp. 18–21. 29 Cathrall 1828

27 HER PRN refs. 102054 and 102566. 30 HER PRN ref. 102053 / RCAHMW NPRN ref. 36101.

28 Archaeologia Cambrensis, 1894

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(Figure 3, 17; see Section 5). site; those in the south-western and western areas survive (Appendix 5). He occupied those fields shaded blue on Figure 4B, i.e. they were the holdings of Pengwern Hall; while he leased Gwernigron Farm Lead mining apparently provided the key source of income for and those fields shaded green to a Catherine Hughes. Three the Bodelwyddan Estate until the mid-19th century, when the small fields in the eastern part of the site were attached to a industry, and the fortune of the Estate, declined. The Estate was property called Plas Coch31, located just outside the eastern fragmented and put up for sale in 1915 and 1921. The sales boundary of the site (Figure 3, 18), and were leased to a John particulars of 1921 show the land being offered with Gwernigron Sisson. Farm to comprise only 83 acres: the central area of the northern half of the site, to the north of the built complex. Gwernigron Farm remained part of the Mostyn Estate until the death of Sir Edward Price Lloyd Mostyn in 1854. At this time, the Aerial photographs from the post-war period onwards attest to land attached to Gwernigron Farm totalled 343 acres32. The the continued agricultural use of the site throughout the 20th Mostyn Estate was seemingly acquired by Sir Hugh Williams of century. On an image dated 1946, ridge and furrow earthworks Bodelwyddan Castle33, located c.2km west-south-west of the can be discerned in the southern part of the site and possible site (Figure 3, 19; see Section 5). A new lease dated 1861, rectilinear earthworks or cropmarks symptomatic of former field made between Sir Hugh Williams and the then-tenant farmer enclosures can be discerned in the south-eastern part of the site Edward Griffiths, states that the holdings of Gwernigron Farm (Figure 6). On an image dated 1948, linear cropmarks can be now comprised 289 acres, but there is no accompanying plan34. seen in the north-eastern part of the site (see Section 4.24). No additional features of interest are visible on photographs from Late-19th-century Ordnance Survey maps show the Gwernigron the 1960s or 1970s. Farm buildings in greater detail and documents slight changes in the arrangement of the fields in the western part of the site The HER records a First World War tented camp (Figure 3, 20) (Figure 5). Most of the field boundaries were hedged. Tracks and a 1950s Royal Observer Corps post (Figure 3, 21) in the extend north, north-west, south-west, and south-east from the Farm across the site. Several small ponds are marked across the

31 HER PRN ref. 32266. 33 HER PRN ref. 102873.

32 Denbighshire Archives ref. DD/F/288. 34 Denbighshire Archives ref. DD/F/290.

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south-western part of the site35. The camp was referred to as archaeological interest within their fills and so would be of very ‘Gwernigron Camp’ in a newspaper article of 1915; there are no limited significance. available maps or photographs of it and so its exact location is Earthworks of ridge and furrow in the south-eastern part of the unknown. As such, the point plotted by the HER is derived only site are likely to be of post-medieval or modern origin, based on from a generic four-figure grid reference. No surface trace of a their morphology (straight and fairly narrow, as is typical of camp was observed during the walkover survey, but the ROC horse-drawn ploughs in the later historic periods). The ridges post was identified (Appendix 5). are not particularly prominent and their extent is limited; thus, Recent 1m resolution digital terrain model LiDAR imagery also their visible contribution to the historic landscape character is shows ridge and furrow in the southern part of the site limited. The furrows are unlikely to contain anything of particular (Appendix 6); denuded ridges were observed in this location archaeological interest within their fills and so would be of very during the walkover survey (Appendix 5). limited significance.

Summary of archaeological potential and significance There is no convincing evidence that a First World War tented camp was ever located within the south-eastern part of the site, Despite evidence of later prehistoric and Romano-British activity but the subterranean structure of a 1950s Royal Observer Corps having been recorded within 500m to the west of the site, there post does survive. It represents a non-designated historic asset is no indication from currently-available data of the presence of of local historic interest. remains from these periods within the site.

Cropmarks of linear ditches recorded in the north-eastern part of the site correspond to former field boundaries marked on the 1845 Tithe Map of Gwernigron. When the cropmarks were first identified in 2013, they were thought to represent a medieval field system. The boundaries may be of medieval origin, but a 17th-century or later date is perhaps more likely – tying in with the construction of Pengwern House, Plas Coch, and Gwernigron Farm. The ditches are unlikely to contain anything of particular

35 HER PRN refs. 132162 and 152248.

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Setting Assessment

Development proposals may adversely impact historic assets Castle, c.2km south-west of the site, with its non-statutorily designated historic park and where they remove a feature which contributes to the garden, c.1.1km south-west of the site; and significance of an asset or where they interfere with an element of an asset’s setting which contributes to its significance. In line  Grade I Listed Rhuddlan Castle, c.1.5km north of the site; with the advice from CPAT (see Section 1), consideration was made as to whether any of the historic assets within a 5km  Scheduled Monument of Twthill Motte and Bailey Castle, c.1.4km north of the site. radius of the site include the site as part of their setting, and therefore may be affected by the proposed development. These assets were progressed to Stages 2 to 3 of Cadw’s guidance. For all of the other designated historic assets within a Stage 1 5km radius, including Listed Buildings at St Asaph and Rhuddlan Stage 1 of the methodology recommended by Cadw’s guidance and the other two Scheduled Monuments at Rhuddlan (i.e. the Setting of Historic Assets in Wales (see Section 2 above) is to Saxon defences and the Norman borough), it is clear that their identify which historic assets and their settings might be significance is derived principally from the intrinsic values of affected by a proposed development (Figures 7a and 7b). their physical remains, with elements of setting making a lesser

Assets identified as potentially sensitive to development within contribution to their significance. The reasoning for this is briefly the site include: outlined below, for completeness.

 Grade II Listed Gwernigron Farmhouse and In terms of the Conservation Areas of Rhuddlan and St Asaph, Grade II* Listed Dovecote, surrounded by the their respective Appraisals (adopted by Denbighshire County site; Council in 1997) make clear that their character and appearance  Grade II Listed Plas Coch, located outside the is derived from the historic street pattern, built form, and open eastern boundary of the site; areas within their boundaries. The only references to setting are  Grade II Listed Pengwern Hall, c.525m north of their topographic situation (Rhuddlan on elevated level ground the site; on the east side of the River Clwyd and St Asaph on a hill spur

 Grade II* Listed Building of Bodelwyddan between the Rivers Clwyd and Elwy).

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Identified important views towards the Conservation Areas from Important outward views from within the Conservation Area are outside their boundaries include views of Rhuddlan Castle from identified only for St Asaph, and are said to comprise glimpses A525 road bridge to the north of the Conservation Area (see from the Cathedral of “prominent buildings in the Vale of Clwyd” below for a full settings assessment for Rhuddlan Castle); and as well as Snowdonia to the west and the Clwyd mountain range views towards St Asaph Cathedral from the A55 and B5381 to to the east. During the visit undertaken for this assessment, the the west and the Lower Denbigh Road to the south. There is only views from the Cathedral churchyard were found to comprise a glimpsed view of the Cathedral tower from the 40mph section farmland on high ground to the west and south – with glimpses of the A525 that runs past the eastern boundary of the site; and of Bodelwyddan Castle (see below) – but no visibility of the site. there are no long-ranging views of the Cathedral from the A55 Although the site lies within the historic parish of St Asaph, it at the southern boundary of the site. makes no contribution to the significance of the Conservation There are views of the Cathedral tower from the southern and Area through setting. The site makes no contribution to the western parts of the site, but these are incidental (Plate 2 – significance of Rhuddlan Conservation Area through setting. circled). The site is not a location from where the Cathedral is In terms of Bodelwyddan Conservation Area, the Appraisal typically or best experienced. (adopted by Denbighshire County Council in 1997) makes it clear that its significance is derived from it being a model village built by the Bodelwyddan Estate in the late-1850s. Its character and appearance derive from the street pattern and development layout: namely, the ornate Church of St Margaret, the vicarage, and workers’ housing along Rhuddlan Road and the original A55 that has since been replaced by the dual carriageway. Mention is also made of the open areas of the churchyard, the adjacent field, and verges.

In terms of setting, the model village lies within the coastal plain – with Bodelwyddan Castle and Park located on the rising ground to the south. The topography allows for clear intervisibility Plate 2: Glimpse of St Asaph Cathedral (circled) from the field between the model village and the Castle; and for the historical on the south side of the track to Gwernigron Farm

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association between the model village and the Estate to be site does not feature in any key (designed or otherwise) views appreciated. The setting of the Castle and Park is discussed in to/from any Listed Building or Scheduled Monument. greater detail below. Regarding the Church, the Appraisal states There is no known historical association or intervisibility that “The church is a famous landmark in North Wales. …it is between the site and the Grade II Listed Talardy Hotel (with its important that views of the church are retained particularly from Grade II Listed walled garden and Grade II Listed greenhouse) the A55”. located outside the south-eastern corner of the site at the The site does not appear to be co-visible in the mid-ranging junction of the A55 and the A525. There is intervisibility only views of Bodelwyddan Church from the A55 dual carriageway. between the south-eastern part of the site and the large, When travelling west, the Church comes into view from Junction detached, two-storey accommodation block to the west of the 26; the site lies to the east of Junction 26. When travelling east, Talardy Hotel, built sometime between 2016 and 2018. The site the Church comes into view from Junction 25; the site lies makes no contribution to the significance of the three assets c.1.5km beyond the Church and is concealed by vegetation. at Talardy Hotel. There are glimpses of the Church spire from within the western Stages 2 and 3 part of the site; but these are incidental and do not contribute to the significance of the asset. Stages 2 and 3 of the methodology recommended by Cadw’s guidance Setting of Historic Assets in Wales (see Section 2) is Although the site was part of the Bodelwyddan Estate from to define and analyse which elements of an asset’s setting c.1861 to c.1921, comprising part of its outlying agricultural contribute to its heritage significance, and to evaluate the landscape, it makes no contribution to the significance of the potential impact of change or development upon the asset’s Conservation Area or any of its discrete historic assets through setting and significance. What follows is Stages 2 and 3 for the setting. assets listed in Section 5.4 above. Except for the Listed Buildings and Scheduled Monument listed Grade II Listed Gwernigron Farmhouse and Grade II* Listed in 5.4, no historical association (such as land ownership) Dovecote between any other such designated historic asset and the site th th was identified. It has been established that all of the other Listed Gwernigron Farmhouse is of 17 -century origin with 19 - th Buildings and Scheduled Monuments are best appreciated at century additions and alterations. Its 17 -century core is of two- close range, i.e. from their immediate surrounds, and that the storeys and is built of limestone but rendered and painted white. The Listing description refers to a rear wing with a hipped roof

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and two raised level windows (see Appendix 3); this adjoins the north-eastern corner of the historic core, and connects with a large two-storey block that seems to be of 19th-century origin but was much altered and converted to cottages in 2003 (Plates 3 – 6). The block will be considered part of the Listing, as it is physically attached to the rear wing with the hipped roof, but is of lesser significance than the 17th-century core.

Large rear block, th now converted Rear wing with 17 -century core hipped roof

Plate 4: Rear wing with hipped roof, mentioned in Listing description

Matching wing with hipped roof

Plate 3: Components of Gwernigron Farmhouse

Plate 5: Another view of the rear wing, which connects the 17th-century core with the large two-storey block

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Plate 6: View of rear block and attached wing with hipped roof

The reason for designation states: “A well-preserved substantial farmhouse of the late C17 with modifications giving it a coherent character in the C19.”

The Dovecote lies c.20m east of the Farmhouse and is probably contemporaneous with its 17th-century core; the Listing cites a Plate 7: Gwernigron Dovecote, viewed from east late 16th- or early 17th-century origin. It has a square plan, built To the south of the Farmhouse is a parking area, carved from of limestone with four stepped gables, with a modern roof (Plate the lawn garden that extends south up to the farm track and 7). It has around 400 pigeon holes and may have had an east towards the Dovecote. To the west of the Farmhouse is a undercroft though apparently there is no visible trace of it. The large courtyard with conjoined two-storey brick ranges of much reason for designation states: “A well preserved and restored altered and converted former outbuildings forming its north, example of a large sub-medieval dovecote, and a fine example west and south sides; and a detached open-fronted former cart- of a type characteristic of the north-east of Wales”. /cow-shed mid-way along its east side (Plate 8).

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granary, implement shed, blacksmith’s shop, slaughter house, boiler house, coal house, fowl house, and four piggeries. These have now been converted to offices.

From the track that provides access from the A525, there are views towards the farm complex and over the fields in the south- eastern and eastern parts of the site. The Farmhouse core is identifiable as the only whitewashed building among the stone- built Dovecote and the large brick-built block to its rear and converted outbuildings to its west. Its facade cannot be clearly seen due to its south-westerly orientation and intervening vegetation. The clearest views of the Farmhouse are from the entrance to, and along, its drive – looking across its lawned garden (Plate 9). Plate 8: Converted outbuildings to the west of the Farmhouse

There are records of individuals connected with Gwernigron from the 17th century onwards. It appears that Gwernigron Farm was part of the Mostyn Estate between at least 1840 and 1854, and then the Bodelwyddan Estate until 1921. The 1871 OS map shows broadly the same layout of buildings as exist today, with a garden to the south of the Farmhouse and an orchard to the north. Beyond this were the enclosed fields of the site; the changing extent of the landholding of Gwernigron Farm has been discussed in Section 4.

The 1921 sales particulars identified the outbuildings as two shippons with lofts above, a calf-house, bullock shed, stable, loose box, saddle room, coach house, cart shed, large barns with

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Plate 9: Close-ranging key view of Gwernigron Farmhouse, from Plate 10: View towards Gwernigron Farmhouse (and Dovecote), the farm track to its south from the public footpath through the southern part of the site

From within the site, there are long to mid-ranging views of the The primary elevation of Gwernigron Farmhouse is south-facing, front and side (east-facing) elevations of the Farmhouse only overlooking the forecourt, lawned garden, and the field on the from the outlying fields to its south-east, i.e. the fields either south side of the farm track – in the southern part of the site side of the farm track (Plate 10). From the south-western part (Plate 11). Any windows on its rear elevation will overlook the of the site, meanwhile, the Farmhouse is largely screened by the large brick-built block. The side elevations of the whitewashed topography, the modern barn located c.150m to its south-west, 17th-century core are devoid of fenestration; there are two and the vegetation in its garden. From the central and northern windows on the east-facing elevation of the brick-built rear wing parts of the site, there are long-ranging views of the large brick- with the hipped roof (Plate 4). built block to the rear of the Farmhouse and the large converted outbuildings around the courtyard to its west (Plate 12).

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function as a nesting place for birds.

Plate 11: View from the Farmhouse’s driveway entrance across the southern part of the site to the A55 embankment

The windows on the side and rear elevations of the two single- storey wings and the large two-storey block to its rear present views across an area of garden and pasture and the outlying fields in the central and northern parts of the site (Plates 12 and 13). However, these buildings were not intended as dwellings and so these views are considered incidental to the significance of the Farmhouse.

The Dovecote is only partially visible in views looking east along the farm track, due to intervening vegetation. The clearest views are afforded from the front and rear lawn gardens of the Farmhouse and from the neighbouring field to its east (Plate 7). Views from the Dovecote are considered incidental to its historic

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Converted block to the rear of the farmhouse Converted outbuildings Dovecote around a courtyard

Plate 12: View looking south towards Gwernigron Farm from the site – with the Dovecote partially screened by vegetation

Rhuddlan Castle

Pengwern Hall

Plate 13: Panorama from the boundary of the rear plot of Gwernigron Farmhouse with the site

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The significances of both the Farmhouse and the Dovecote are  Views towards the asset from the surrounding lawn, the access track, and the central-eastern principally derived from the architectural and historic interest of part of the site. their built form and fabric. Setting contributes to their respective significance, but to a lesser degree. Given the longstanding historical association of landholding, and the views afforded to/from the Farmhouse and to the Dovecote, Those elements of the setting of the Farmhouse that contribute the site contributes to the significance of both assets through to its significance are: setting. The southern/south-eastern part of the site makes the  Its historical associations with the 16th to 17th- greatest contribution to the significance of the Farmhouse; the century dovecote and the 19th-century eastern-central part of the site makes the greatest contribution outbuildings around the courtyard to the west; to the significance of the Dovecote.  Its access track, lawn garden to the south and east, and former orchard to the north (all It is considered that development of these areas of the site outlying the site); would result in minor harm to the significance of both assets.

 Its historic agricultural hinterland, which Plas Coch encompasses the site; Plas Coch is of 17th-century origin (its entrance porch containing  Its historical association with the Mostyn and Bodelwyddan Estates, centred on Pengwern a date-stone of 1667), with a late-18th century range to the rear House to the north and Bodelwyddan Castle to and a 19th-century range to the side. It is of two storeys, built the west (see following assessments); of brick with stone quoins and parapet. It was built as a house  Views towards the asset from its access track but operated as a residential care home from 1948 until very and the field on the south side of the track (i.e. within the site); recently. The Listing provides no reason specific for its designation.  Views from its primary south-facing elevation across the lawn garden and the field on the The earliest available cartographic depiction of Plas Coch is the south side of its access track. 1845 tithe map for the township of Gwernigron (Plate 14). It The elements of the setting of the Dovecote that contribute to shows the house and another detached building perpendicular its significance are: to its west-facing elevation. The tithe apportionment reveals that its holdings comprised four fields on the west side of the  Its historical association with the Farmhouse, which is contemporary with it; A525 (three of which are within the site) and two fields on the

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east side (shaded pink on Plate 14).

Plate 14: Extract of 1845 tithe map for Gwernigron (image courtesy of Denbighshire Archives) Plate 15: Extract of 1878 Ordnance Survey map of Plas Coch The 1878 Ordnance Survey map (Plate 15) shows the house with The buildings adjoining the house to the east were expanded in adjoining buildings to its east, a large building to its west, and the 20th century and the forecourt to the south of the house was spacious grounds comprising lawns to the south and east and enlarged for car parking. The kitchen gardens and orchards kitchen gardens and orchards to the north. Access was via a within the site were turned over to farmland. The large building private drive from the A525 to the east. The property beside the to the west now comprises further living accommodation and track (located directly underneath the word ‘coch’ on Plate 15) may be considered curtilage-Listed. The lawns to the south and was in separate occupancy throughout the 19th and early-20th east survive but there are fewer trees and the southern loop of century (and seemingly thereafter). the access drive has been removed. The wider surroundings of Plas Coch comprise the A525 dual carriageway to the east and the farmland of the site to the west and north.

Plas Coch was owned by the Mostyn family in the first half of the

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19th century and presumably earlier (see Section 4). A small area in the eastern part of the site was attached to Plas Coch in 1845 (Plate 14); this land formerly comprised kitchen gardens and outlying fields. However, by 1921, the property was offered for sale with only its immediate grounds and not any of the outlying fields. Plas Coch and the site are now under separate ownership.

Key views of Plas Coch are afforded from the curtilage of the buildings and its grounds. There are only glimpses of the house from the A525 (including at the entrance to its drive) and from the eastern section of the track to Gwernigron Farm, on account of hedges along the road, track, and drive and the mature trees within its grounds (Plates 16 and 17). Plate 16: View of Plas Coch from its access drive from the A525

The whitewashed west-facing and south-facing elevations of the large detached building to its west can be seen from the mid- section of the track to Gwernigron Farm; but this building screens the house itself. There are only transient glimpses of the primary elevation of the house from the south-eastern part of the site; and the north-facing (rear) elevation of the house is only partially-visible from the eastern part of the site (Plate 18).

Plate 17: Primary elevation of Plas Coch, viewed from the track to Gwernigron Farm

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significance are:

 The neighbouring building to the west; Rear elevation of Plas Coch  Its access track, forecourt, and grounds;

 The fields to its north, and on the opposite side of the A525 – which were part of its holdings in the mid-19th century, but were separated from it in/by 1921;

 Views towards the asset from its access drive and grounds;

 Views from its primary south-east facing elevation across its forecourt and paddock.

Plate 18: Glimpse of rear elevation of Plas Coch, from the Although the site and Plas Coch were both owned by the Mostyn eastern part of the site Estate in the 19th century (if not earlier), only the field mid-way The primary elevation of Plas Coch is south-east facing, and so along the eastern boundary of the site was part of the holdings overlooks a small forecourt and the paddock beyond it (Plate of Plas Coch. There is at most glimpsed intervisibility between 17). Given the orientation of the house and the intervening the rear elevation of the rear wing of Plas Coch and this area of vegetation it is anticipated that there are only glimpses of the the site. As such, it is considered that this field makes a small ‘tongue’ of land in the south-eastern part of the site that extends contribution to the significance of Plas Coch through setting. to the A525. The rear elevation faces towards the eastern part There may be some visibility of a very small portion of the south- of the site, which historically comprised the kitchen gardens and eastern part of the site in views from the primary elevation of outlying fields attached the house; but, as discussed, are now Plas Coch, but this visibility is considered incidental as the land cultivated fields under separate ownership. seemingly never comprised part of the holdings of Plas Coch. As The significance of Plas Coch is principally derived from the such, it is considered that this field makes no contribution to the architectural and historic interest of its built form and fabric. significance of Plas Coch through setting. Setting contributes to its significance, but to a lesser degree. It is considered that development of the site would result in no Those elements of the setting of Plas Coch that contribute to its harm to the significance of this asset.

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Pengwern Hall

Pengwern Hall was built in c.1778 in the Palladian style (Plate 19), replacing an earlier house on the same site. Part of the Hall was destroyed by fire in 1864, resulting in loss of its symmetry through collapse of the upper storey of the east wing and part of the main range. Elements were re-built, including the addition of a ‘dummy storey’. Despite this, the reason for designation states: “A fine late-Georgian mansion, preserved in a manner which enables much of its original character to be appreciated.”

The building of the Hall was instigated by Sir Edward Lloyd, who had married into the Mostyn family. As noted above, the Mostyn Estate had been incorporated into the Bodelwyddan Estate by Plate 19: Engraving of Pengwern Hall, dated 1795 (National Library of Wales, catalogue no. vtls003373648) 1861. In the early-20th century, the Hall was bought for use as a girls’ school, which closed in 1948. It then remained vacant The earliest available cartographic depiction of the Hall is the until 1966 when it was acquired for its present use as a school tithe map for the township of Pengwern, dated 1842 (Plate 20). for children with learning disability and complex needs. To the west are shown ‘Pleasure Grounds and Woodland’; to the east is parkland (confirmed by later Ordnance Survey maps); to the south are ancillary buildings and a lane (now known as Nant- Y-Faenol Road) providing access. The lane passes through a tree belt, which continues to the west and north of the Hall, in all likelihood representing the boundary of a former park.

The tithe map shows the section of the lane that abuts the western boundary of the site to be devoid of trees. Of the site itself, only four fields in the north-western part are shown (Plate 20 – starred). The tithe apportionment confirms that they were part of the Mostyn Estate. The tithe map and apportionment for

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the township of Gwernigron covers the remainder of the site and The woodland to the west of Pengwern Hall and fragments of confirms that it was also owned by the Mostyn Estate in the mid- the tree belt along Nant-Y-Faenol Road survive, but the tree belt 19th century. to the north has disappeared and the former parkland has been turned over to arable land with only a handful of surviving trees. Modern developments include car parks to the north and east of the Hall and a sizeable farm complex c.100m to its south. The outlying landscape comprises farmland.

Key views of Pengwern Hall are afforded from its curtilage and grounds. There is a glimpsed view along its entrance drive from the road to the north. No long-ranging views were identified from Nant-Y-Faenol Road to its south-west – due to topography, intervening vegetation, and the large buildings within the farm complex. The primary (south-south-east facing) elevation of the Hall is visible from the northern and central parts of the site (Plate 21) – and there are glimpsed in the views from the rear plot of Gwernigron Farmhouse (Plate 13).

The primary elevation of Pengwern Hall overlooks a circular lawn fringed by a driveway, with historic outbuildings to either side, and beyond it, an area of pasture edged and crossed by tracks leading to the modern farm. It appears that there is visibility of at least the northern and central parts of the site in these views. Almost the entirety of the site was owned by the Mostyn family in/by 1854, but most of those fields were attached to the tenant farm of Gwernigron (see Section 4).

Plate 20: Extract of 1840 Tithe Map of Pengwern (image courtesy of The Genealogist)

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outlying agricultural landscape that comprised part of its estate in the 19th century.

Given the historical association of ownership by the Mostyn Pengwern Hall Rhuddlan Castle family until 1854, and the expected visibility of the northern and central areas of the site in long-ranging views from the upper windows on the primary elevation, it is considered that these areas of the site make a small contribution to the significance of Pengwern Hall through setting.

It is considered that development of these areas of the site would result in minor harm to the significance of this asset.

Grade II* Listed Bodelwyddan Castle, and non-statutorily designated historic park and garden

Plate 21: View looking north from the northern part of the site Bodelwyddan Castle is a large three-storey mansion that represents a substantial remodelling, in 1805 and 1830–32, of The significance of Pengwern Hall is principally derived from the a 15th-century manor house associated with the Humphreys and architectural and historic interest of its built form and fabric. then Williams-Wynn families. The first phase of remodelling was Setting contributes to its significance, but to a lesser degree. in the Greek-Revival style, the second phase in the castellated Those elements of the setting of Pengwern Hall that contribute style – of which key features include a corbelled and crenelated to its significance are: parapet concealing the roof, prominent stone towers concealing

 Its adjoining and neighbouring buildings; chimneys, gates of lattice construction resembling portcullises with machicolations above, crenelated and Gothick windows,  Its access track, forecourt, and grounds; and buttresses. Further alterations to the Castle were made in  Views towards the asset from its access drive the 1870s and 1880s. and grounds, and, from the public footpath across the farmland to its south-east; In the 1860s, Bodelwyddan became “the seat of a model estate under Lady Margaret Willoughby de Broke [a member of the  Views from its primary south-east facing elevation across the lawn and forecourt and the Williams family]: an exceptional unity of mansion, north gate

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lodge, village, school, church and parsonage”. The village was shelter, obelisk, and sundial, which are Listed at Grade II, and located to the north of the Castle, at the junction of the road to an ice-house, which is Listed at Grade II*. St Asaph and the road to Glencoed. The Castle was used as a military hospital in the First World War, and then a school from 1920 to 1982 following sale of the estate in 1918.

The reason for designation states: “A mansion strikingly redesigned in Gothick castellated style in the early C19, its main (east) elevation retaining the tripartite form of the earlier C16 or C17 house which is its core. It became the seat also of a remarkable model village and church development of the mid C19, its relationship with which survives”.

The earliest available cartographic depiction of the Castle is the 1841 tithe map for Bodelwyddan (Plate 22). It shows the Castle with a courtyard of ancillary buildings to its west and parkland (shaded green) to the north, south, and east. Two large pools Plate 22: Extract of 1841 Tithe Map for Bodelwyddan (image courtesy of The Genealogist) are shown at the eastern boundary of the Park. Tree belts are depicted along the northern, western, and southern boundaries The courtyard of ancillary buildings to the west of the Castle is of the Park, which were defined by the roads to St Asaph and still extant, but some modern buildings have been constructed Glascoed; there with five points of access to the Castle from on the land between the courtyard and the road to Glascoed. these roads. During the period of use of the Castle as a school, the Park was subdivided into parcels – one area being used as a playing field. By 1872, four of the entrances to the Park were marked by However, dispersed specimen trees survive in the northern part lodges (two of which survive and are Listed at Grade II). Several as do the principal plantations and pools elsewhere. Only two of former lead mine shafts are marked in the northern part of the the drives through the former park are still extant: providing parkland; a corn mill is marked at the north-eastern edge of the access from the south-western and north-eastern corners. parkland; the southern part is labelled ‘Deer Park’. Designed landscape features near the Castle include a play house, garden Bodelwyddan Park is identified by Cadw as a non-designated

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historic park and garden. Despite changes, its level of survival Hill (to the west) (except from the hotel entrance) due to the is considered good for it is described as a “Well preserved 18th- tall stone wall around the perimeter of the Park and intervening and 19th-century landscape park with 19th-century picturesque mature trees and other dense vegetation within the Park. There accretions. Art & Crafts garden by Thomas Mawson”. are glimpses of the Castle from selected locations in the south- western and western parts of the site, but these are incidental In terms of the wider setting of the Castle and Park, 19th-century views (Plate 23 – circled). maps show the model village of Bodelwyddan to the north; the extensive parkland of another mansion, Kinmel, to the west; and agricultural land with satellite farms to the north, south, and east – including Gwernigron Farm and the fields of the site. The Estate was fragmented and put up for sale in 1915 and 1921 and as such its landholdings were much diminished.

The outlying landscape has been greatly altered by post-war development. During the Second World War, the Kinmel Park military camp was established to the west of Bodelwyddan Park; by the 1960s it had been redeveloped as an industrial estate and housing was built on the north side of Abergele Road. In the 1970s, a hospital and housing were built on the edge of the model village; and in the 1980s, the A55 dual carriageway was built, truncating the very northern part of Bodelwyddan Park. In recent decades, numerous large warehouse units have been Plate 23: Glimpse of Bodelwyddan Castle (circled) from the central-southern field of the site built within former farmland c.600m east of the Park. Partial views of Bodelwyddan Park are afforded from the A55 to Views of Bodelwyddan Castle are afforded from within the Park, the north – comprising a large expanse of pasture with dispersed from the A55 to the north (specifically, from just before Junction trees, set behind the perimeter stone wall (not illustrated). 25 exit, when travelling east), and from Rhuddlan Road to the There is no visibility of the Park from Glascoed Road (to the north (specifically, from the section that passes the hospital). south) or Engine Hill (to the west) due to the tall stone wall There are no views from Glascoed Road (to the south) or Engine around the perimeter of the Park and intervening mature trees

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and other dense vegetation within the Park. There are no clear views of the Park from the site; in the view illustrated by Plate 23, the Castle appears nestled within trees.

The primary elevations of Bodelwyddan Castle are south-east and north-east facing, overlooking a lawn that is defined on its outer side by a stone-walled ha-ha, beyond which is the former parkland crossed by the surviving sweeping access drive. It was not possible to access the privately-owned Park for the purposes of this assessment; but Screened Zone of Theoretical Visibility modelling indicates that there is visibility of the site from the curtilage of the Castle.

From within the Park, long-ranging views across the wider landscape seem to be directed north and east: across the A55 Plate 24: Glimpse of long-ranging northerly view from the lodge to Bodelwyddan Church and village, farmland, and the coast; at Glascoed across the Park towards the coast and towards the town of St Asaph. The range of the easterly The significance of Bodelwyddan Castle is principally derived views is apparent from the lodge on Glascoed Road (Plate 24). from the architectural and historic interest of its built form and Screened Zone of Theoretical Visibility modelling indicates that fabric. Setting contributes to its significance, but to a lesser there is visibility of the site from the Park. However the historic degree. character and experience of these views has been altered by the Those elements of the setting of Bodelwyddan Castle that visual and audible intrusion of the A55 dual carriageway and the contribute to its significance are: modern hospital complex at Bodelwyddan.  Its ancillary buildings, principally to its west;

 Its outlying designed landscape of gardens and parkland, the latter seemingly containing most of its original plantations and structures;

 Its historic association with Bodelwyddan Church and model village;

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 Views towards the asset from its curtilage, its makes no contribution to the significance of Bodelwyddan Park access drive (from the north-east), and within through setting. its Park; It is considered that development of the site would result in no  Views from its primary south-east and north- east facing elevations across a lawn, the harm to the significance of Bodelwyddan Park. parkland with plantations, outlying farmland, and the coast. Scheduled Monument and Grade I Listed Building of Rhuddlan Castle The site comprises part of the swathe of farmland that features in the midground of long-ranging northerly views from the Rhuddlan Castle is a large stone-built castle with a dry moat; its Castle across its Park and towards the coast, but was only part construction was instigated by King Edward I of England, of the Bodelwyddan Estate from the mid-19th century until following his capture of Rhuddlan in 1277AD. Alterations were shortly after the First World War. It is considered that the site made in the early-14th century. While it saw action in c.1400 at makes a very minor contribution to the significance of the beginning of the Welsh rebellion led by Owain Glyn Dŵr, it Bodelwyddan Castle through setting. was not damaged. During the English Civil War of 1642–48, it was garrisoned by the Royalists before surrendering to It is considered that development of the site would result in Parliament and being partially-destroyed thereafter. negligible harm to the significance of Bodelwyddan Castle. The Castle has a concentric plan with a strongly-defended inner The significance of Bodelwyddan Park is principally derived from ward and a slighter outer ward. The inner ward has single towers the historic and artistic interest as a designed landscape. Setting to north and south and twin-tower gatehouses to west and east; contributes to its significance, but to a lesser degree. the towers would have been of four storeys but only the south Those elements of the setting of Bodelwyddan Park that tower and west gatehouse survive to nearly their original height. contribute to its significance are: The outer ward would have contained ancillary buildings such as

 Areas of farmland that were historically part of the granary, stables, forge, and treasury – most of which would the Estate and visible from the Park. have been timber-framed. Beyond the outer ward was a moat

The farmland of the site was incorporated to the Bodelwyddan that was dry save for a dock from the river.

Estate for only 60 years in its recent history and has never been The reason for Scheduling states: “This monument is of national contiguous with the Park on account of the intervening road, importance for its potential to enhance our knowledge of which is a now a dual carriageway. It is considered that the site medieval social, domestic and political life and warfare”.

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During the medieval period, Rhuddlan was situated at the lowest floodplain to the west and south-west. Despite the presence of crossing point and highest point of navigation on the River modern roads and buildings within and surrounding Rhuddlan Clwyd. The Castle was sited close to an earlier Welsh-Norman town, which has altered the medieval landscape character, the motte and bailey castle (see below), presumably both because Castle remains dominant in certain long- and mid-ranging views this was the best strategic location and it visually affirmed the – for example, looking north-east from Nant-Y-Faenol Road, the status of the new English overlords. The Castle helped to control section of the A525 to the south of the roundabout, Station movement along and across the northern part of the Vale of the Road, and Rhuddlan Bridge; and looking east-south-east from Clwyd. the A525 river bridge – in which the Church of St Mary is co- visible (Plate 25). Four of Rhuddlan’s gates (Town Gate, Friary Gate, Dock Gate and River Gate) led into the outer ward of the Castle – two from There is no co-visibility of the site in any of these identified views the river and two from the town. By 1300, the Church of St Mary or from any other location in which the site could be co-visible had been built c.300m to the south-east of the Castle; the two (such as the southern section of the A525 that extends north buildings comprising foci of secular and religious power. from St Asaph; or from roads to the north-east of Rhuddlan) due to intervening vegetation and modern built form. However, The Castle retains its position above the river, near Twthill, and there are views towards the Castle from the site – directed north on the edge of the town; but its immediate surroundings are from the farm track to Gwernigron Farm, the western, central, now characterised by 18th– to 20th-century houses along Castle and northern areas of the site, and the continuation of the public Street and Hyall Lane to the north (beyond which is the modern footpath beyond the northern boundary of the site (Plates 13 town centre) and off Abbey Road to the south (including a and 21). school, new housing estate, and static caravan park). There is no surviving town ditch or town gates. There are three modern These glimpses of Rhuddlan Castle from the site are considered bridges over the Clwyd to the north-west of the Castle, including incidental; the site is not a location from where the Castle is the A525 bypass, which continues south as a dual carriageway either best or typically experienced. through the farmland of the river floodplain.

The scale of Rhuddlan Castle, and its elevated position on the river cliff, would have ensured its prominence in views from the River Clwyd (to the north and to the south) and from its

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Church of St Mary Rhuddlan Castle

Plate 25: Panoramic view showing the co-visibility of the Church of St Mary and Rhuddlan Castle from the Station Road river bridge

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It is at closer range, i.e. from the neighbouring roads of Castle Those elements of the setting of Rhuddlan Castle that contribute Street and Hylas Lane, and the Castle grounds, that the Castle’s to its significance are: defensive plan form, surviving features of architectural interest,  Its strategic and prominent positioning on the landscape setting (specifically, relative to the river and the east bank of the River Clwyd; town) and outward views can be discerned and appreciated.  Its proximity to and historic association with Unfortunately it was not possible to access the Castle for this the earlier Welsh-Norman borough castle of Twthill, which it superseded as an English assessment, as it was closed for the winter season. Instead, stronghold of power and defence; photographs uploaded to Google Maps by visitors were used to  Its historic association with the medieval establish the present character of the views from the publicly- Church of St Mary and the medieval town; accessible towers. These photographs confirmed that the Castle  Its dominance in certain long- and mid-ranging towers command views along the River Clwyd and across the views from the River Clwyd and its floodplain, farmland of its floodplain to the west, with the mountains of the from the south and south-west;

Snowdonia National Park featuring on the horizon.  The short-ranging views towards the asset from Castle Street, Hylas Lane, and its Although the site cannot be distinguished in these photographs, curtilage; Screened Zone of Theoretical Visibility modelling (see  The long-ranging views from its towers along accompanying Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment) has the River Clwyd and across the floodplain to the indicated that there is likely to be some visibility of the site from south and south-west. Rhuddlan Castle. There is nothing to suggest that visibility of the The site is considered to make no contribution to the significance site had any particular importance during the medieval period; of the Scheduled Monument or Grade I Listed Building of i.e. this was not a location presenting a particular potential Rhuddlan Castle through setting. threat to the town, in terms of being used as a means of It is considered that development of the site would result no approach by an invading force. harm to the significance of this asset. The significance of Rhuddlan Castle is derived principally from Scheduled Monument of Twthill the evidential and historic values of its upstanding and buried structural remains and other deposits. Setting also contributes Twthill comprises the earthwork remains of a motte-and-bailey to its significance, but to a lesser degree. castle built in 1073 AD to replace an earlier fortification (see

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Section 4). Only the motte survives well; the bailey to its north from the River Clwyd (to the north and to the south) and from has been ploughed down. There is no above-ground trace of the its floodplain to the west and south-west. Today, however, there tower that would have surmounted the motte, the timber- are no north-easterly views of Twthill from the A525 due to the framed buildings of the bailey, or the timber palisade that would woodland on the slopes below and to the north of the motte; have defended each element. As already discussed, Twthill was and no north-westerly views of Twthill from Abbey Road due to in use by the Welsh until the conquest of Rhuddlan by English the topography of the intervening field. King Edward I in 1277 AD. The key views of Twthill are from the field to its north (Plate 26) The reason for Scheduling states: “This monument is of national and the field to its south-east (Plate 27), which are crossed by importance for its potential to enhance our knowledge of the same public footpath, from where the scale of the motte and medieval social, domestic and political life and warfare”. its topographic position relative to the River Clwyd can be appreciated. Looking south, there is co-visibility of the modern During the medieval period, Rhuddlan was situated at the lowest school, housing, and static caravan park. Looking north, there crossing point and highest point of navigation on the River are only glimpses of Rhuddlan Castle through woodland. To the Clwyd. Like Rhuddlan Castle that superseded it, Twthill motte- west, is the floodplain of the River Clwyd. and-bailey castle helped to control movement along and across the northern part of the Vale of the Clwyd. It was defended on From the summit of Twthill, there are long-ranging views across its south side by the River Clwyd (the motte standing 18m above the floodplain to the south and west, with the mountains of the the river) and inland by a natural valley and an artificial ditch. Snowdonia National Park visible on the horizon to the west. The buildings of Gwernigron Farm and the central and northern fields Twthill retains its position above the river; but its immediate of the site can be glimpsed in the mid-ground, forming part of surroundings now comprise a pasture field and a modern school, the expansive agricultural landscape of the floodplain (Plate 28). housing estate, and static caravan park (Plate 26). The much- The ability to command such views would have been critical to enlarged modern town of Rhuddlan lies further to the north. The the functioning of Twthill as a fortification. river floodplain to the south comprises farmland that was enclosed in the post-medieval period and modern infrastructure Screened Zone of Theoretical Visibility modelling has indicated that includes the A525 dual carriageway. that there is likely to be some visibility of the site from Twthill. Nothing suggests that visibility of the site had any particular The height of the motte with its tower, and its elevated position importance during the earlier medieval period; i.e. this was not on the river cliff, would have ensured its prominence in views

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a location presenting a particular potential threat to the town, in It is considered that development of the site would result no terms of being used as a means of approach by an invading harm to the significance of this asset. force.

The significance of Twthill is derived principally from the evidential and historic values of its earthwork and buried remains. Setting also contributes to its significance, but to a lesser degree.

Those elements of the setting of Twthill that contribute to its significance are:

 Its strategic and prominent positioning on the east bank of the River Clwyd;

 Its historic association with the Norman borough of Rhuddlan;

 Its proximity to and historic association with the 13th-century Rhuddlan Castle, which superseded it as an English stronghold of power and defence;

 The short-ranging views towards the asset from the footpath through the pasture field that surrounds it;

 The long-ranging views from the summit of the motte along the River Clwyd and across the floodplain to the south and south-west.

Despite its glimpsed visibility within the long-ranging southerly views from the motte across the floodplain of the River Clwyd, the site is considered to make no contribution to the significance of the Scheduled Monument of Twthill through setting.

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Maes Y Castell Pleasant View Caravan Park

Plate 26: Looking north towards Twthill from the public footpath from Hylas Lane

Rhuddlan Castle Site

Plate 27: Looking south towards Twthill from the public footpath from Abbey Road

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Site

Plate 28: Panoramic view, looking east to south to west, from the summit of Twthill

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Conclusions

Archaeology constraints to the proposed development have been identified.

Three historic assets are recorded within the site by the CPAT Built heritage HER: the cropmarks of a former field system, the site of a First A settings assessment has been undertaken for all designated World War tented camp, and a Royal Observer Corps post. This historic assets within a 5km radius of the site. Only seven assets assessment has established that at least some of the cropmarks are potentially sensitive to changes to their setting arising from correspond to field boundaries mapped in 1845, that the camp the proposed development. As such these assets have been is known only to have been sited somewhere near Gwernigron subject to Stages 2 and 3 of Cadw’s guidance on setting and not in the exact location plotted by the HER, and that there assessment. are surviving structural remains of the ROC post. Ridge and furrow’ earthworks, deriving from historic ploughing, were Of the land of the site, it is the southern and south-eastern areas identified in the southern part of the site through analysis of that make an especial contribution to the significance of the LiDAR imagery and during a walkover survey. Grade II Listed Gwernigron Farmhouse through setting, due to the historical association of landholding and the key views from Despite evidence for prehistoric and Romano-British activity the asset across this part of the site and towards the asset from being recorded in the wider landscape, including within 500m to this part of the site. It is concluded that development here may the west of the site, no specific potential has been identified for result in minor harm to the significance of Gwernigron similar such remains to occur within the site. It is suggested that Farmhouse. much of site may have been too poorly-draining for settlement or agricultural use. There is greater potential for evidence of It is the area of the site immediately to the east of the Grade post-medieval and modern farming. It is unlikely that buried II* Listed Gwernigron Dovecote that contributes to its ditches of former field boundaries or buried furrows would significance, due to key views of the asset being afforded from contain material of archaeological interest. The features would within this field and across this field from the farm track. From typically be of very limited heritage significance. the northern areas of the site, the Dovecote is largely screened by trees within the intervening garden. It is concluded that Based on currently-available data, no overriding archaeological development to the east of the Dovecote could result in minor

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harm to the significance of the Dovecote. Twthill, it has been demonstrated that, despite glimpsed visibility of the site in long-ranging views, the site makes no Of the land of the site, it is the northern and central areas that appreciable contribution to their significance through setting. As make an especial contribution to the significance of Pengwern such, no harm to these assets is anticipated. Hall through setting, due to the historical association of land ownership and the apparent visibility of this part of the site in the mid-ground of views from the first-floor windows of the primary elevation of the Hall. It is considered that the proposed development could result in minor harm to its significance.

Of the land of the site, only a small part of the eastern area contributes to the significance of Plas Coch through setting, due to the historical association of land holding and the glimpsed visibility of this part of the site from the first-floor windows of the rear elevation of the house. While the south-eastern area of the site may be visible from the primary elevation of the house, this land was seemingly never part of its holding. It is considered that the proposed development could result in no harm to its significance.

The site makes a very small contribution to the significance of the Grade I Listed Bodelwyddan Castle due to the short-lived historical association of ownership and presumed glimpses of the site in long-ranging views from the castle. It is considered that the proposed development would result in negligible harm to its significance.

In the case of the non-statutorily designated historic park and garden of Bodelwyddan Castle, the Scheduled Monument and Grade I Listed Rhuddlan Castle, the Scheduled Monument of

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Sources

Archival Sources (consulted online and at Denbighshire Aerial Photographs (provided as digital scans by the Welsh Archives) Government Aerial Photography Unit)

1840 Tithe Map and Apportionment for Pengwern 16th January 1946 RAF/3G/TUD/UK/33

1841 Tithe Map and Apportionment for Bodelwyddan 24th March 1948 RAF/CPE/UK/2525

1845 Tithe Map and Apportionment for Gwernigron 5th March 1962 543/RAF/1679

1854 Lease for Gwernigron Farm 27th May 1964 543/RAF/2889

1861 Lease for Gwernigron Farm November 1969 6921/BKS/635197

1872 Ordnance Survey County Series, 1:2,500 6th July 1971 7117/MAL/103/71

1878 Ordnance Survey County Series, 1:10,560 13th June 1974 7401/JAS/3274

1900 Ordnance Survey County Series, 1:2,500 2nd June 1985 8534/JAS/2085

1913 Ordnance Survey County Series, 1:2,500 1995 95164/WDA/036878

1915 Sales Particulars for Bodelwyddan Estate 1999 WDA/F37/5A

1921 Sales Particulars for Bodelwyddan Estate 2002 WDA/371/7597/06C

1963 Ordnance Survey Plan, 1:2,500 2009 ‘Next Perspectives’

1968 Ordnance Survey Plan, 1:2,500 Published Literature (sourced online and from Denbighshire Council) 1971 Ordnance Survey Plan, 1:2,500 Cathrall, W., 1828. The History of North Wales: Comprising a 1989 Ordnance Survey Plan, 1:2,500 Topographical Description of the Several Counties of Anglesey, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Merioneth, and 1992-96 Ordnance Survey Plan, 1:10,000 Montgomery. J Gleave & Sons.

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Durrell, P. and Phillips, A., 1997a. Rhuddlan Conservation Area Appraisal.

Durrell, P. and Phillips, A., 1997b. St Asaph Conservation Area Appraisal.

Durrell, P. and Phillips, A., 1997c. Bodelwyddan Conservation Area Appraisal.

Goode, A., 2013. Land East of Bodelwyddan, Denbighshire, North Wales: An Archaeological Evaluation. Pre-Construct Archaeology.

Owen, H. W. and Gruffydd, K. L., 2017. Place-Names of Flintshire. University of Wales Press.

Quinnell, H. and Blockley, M. R., 1994. Excavations at Rhuddlan, Clwyd 1969-73: Mesolithic to Medieval. Council for British Archaeology, Research Report 95.

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Appendix 1: Consultation Responses

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Appendix 2: Selected Gazetteer of Historic Assets

Our ID HER PRN Ref. Description (abridged from HER / RCAHMW)

(see Figures 2 and 3) RCAHMW NPRN Ref.

1 57752, 57767, 58050, Evidence of Mesolithic and later prehistoric activity recorded by archaeological excavations at Rhuddlan Abbey 58052, 58845, 101954– Nurseries and Rhuddlan Castle in the 1960s, 1970s and early 2000s. The Mesolithic and Neolithic evidence comprised 56, 102932, 128197–98, worked flints and flint-working debris, pits, and a hearth; the Bronze Age remains included post-holes and cremation 81666–69 burials. See [3] for Iron Age evidence.

2a – 2d 67058, 101478, 102055, Possible former sites of prehistoric standing stones, at Groesffordd Marli and Felin-wynt; and Bronze Age cairns at 102568 Coed Faenol-broper and Cyrchynen.

3 128198 Iron Age activity recorded at Rhuddlan Abbey Nurseries. An archaeological evaluation carried out in 2005 by Cambrian Archaeological Projects Ltd revealed evidence of Iron Age occupation in one of the evaluation trenches. Two curvilinear features, similar to those encountered in the 1960s excavation were uncovered, which were thought to be Iron Age in date, however, as the Scheduled Ancient Monument consent did not permit excavation of any of the features encountered, it was not possible to ascertain their true nature and date.

4 No ref. Evidence of later prehistoric and/or Romano-British occupation identified by an archaeological evaluation of land east of Bodelwyddan in 2013. Trenches located within the northern portion of the site recorded boundary ditches forming two large enclosures and two probable post-holes likely to represent structural remains associated with a roundhouse.

5a & 5b 144311 and 26541 Possible section of the Varae-Kanovium Roman road. An archaeological watching brief in 2018 produced evidence for a former, early road surface in the form of a stony deposit sealed beneath the existing modern carriageway of Glascoed Road. The surface was traced for almost the entire length of the modern carriageway where this was cut back for the widening works within the site; a length of at least 180m. The early road had been constructed using waterworn rounded gravel and cobble, laid directly onto the natural clay. No associated ditch was encountered running alongside

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the road, but any such feature, had it existed, may have been removed during insertion of the modern footpath. No datable material was recovered during excavation.

Remains of the Roman road were also seen in a service trench at Lower Denbigh Road at St Asaph in 1994. A band of cobbles 6.4m wide and 0.2m deep with a ditch 0.7m wide and 0.55m deep were identified. South of this a second surface 4m wide was also seen, composed of smaller cobbles and flanked by a smaller ditch to the south.

6a & 6b 57768, 101754, 101952 A small ditch containing much animal bone and Roman pottery dating from the 1st to 2nd century AD was discovered during road widening work at the junction of Castle Street and Lôn Hylas in November 1983.

Traces of Roman occupation were also recorded by archaeological excavations at Rhuddlan Abbey Nurseries in the 1970s.

7 13116, 17648, 17760-61 The defences of the Saxon burgh of Rhuddlan. The town was protected on 3 sides by a bank and ditch with a timber palisade. On the 4th side, the river and the steep cliff provided natural defence. The defences survive today as a broad ditch with an outer bank on the NE corner of the town. Excavation showed that the defences were only completed on the north side. They consisted of a broad, flat-bottomed ditch between 2 low banks. The ditch may originally have been water-filled.

8 102026–28 Twthill motte-and-bailey castle – see Appendix 3.

9 102031 and 17611 Rhuddlan Castle – see Appendix 3.

10 57753–55 Remains of 13th-century houses a defensive ditch, a probable church, and associated burials, revealed by excavations at Rhuddlan Abbey Nurseries in the 1970s.

11 102025, 122249, 57753– Dominican Friary founded pre-1258 and dissolved in 1538. Now farm buildings and yard. Part of the south cloister 54 range is part of barn now and much re-used material slabs etc are in buildings.

12 Check Grade Church of St Mary at St Asaph.

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13 102126 St Asaph Cathedral. Church, cruciform in plan originating from building started 1284. Oldest portions now remaining after much restoration are the aisles of 1284. Later restorations 17th and 18th century.

14 419099 Cropmarks of an extensive early field system, pre-dating the present field pattern. It is likely that this system has its origins in the medieval period. Recorded during RCAHMW aerial reconnaissance on 7th June 2013. (RCAHMW, not HER)

15 No ref. Evidence of medieval settlement identified by an archaeological evaluation of land east of Bodelwyddan in 2013. Trenches located within the southern portion of the site recorded three well defined roughly rectangular ditched enclosures with further potential enclosures potentially extending southwards.

16 102054 and 102566 Gwernigron Farmhouse and Gwernigron Dovecote – see Appendix 3.

17 102053 Pengwern Hall – see Appendix 3.

18 32266 Plas Coch – see Appendix 3.

19 102873 Generally 3-storey stone mansion remodelled and extended in 1886. Incorporating 16th and 17th century buildings with 18th century alterations. Bodelwyddan castle was used as hospital during the First World War.

20 132162 A large tented army camp at St Asaph is mentioned by Griffiths in his book on Kinmel Park Camp as being in existence at 'this early stage of the war', meaning late 1914 (Griffiths, 2014). Flintshire Archives holds a letter concerning the provision of a YMCA tent in a camp of the Staffordshire Territorials at St Asaph. The camp was apparently a temporary establishment of tents and was sited at Gwernigron just outside St Asaph in the direction of Rhuddlan. A short advertisement in the Denbighshire Free Press seems to confirm its temporary existence, while also suggesting that it may also have comprised timber buildings. Unfortunately, no detail of the plan of the camp has come to light and it is not depicted by the Ordnance Survey. There are no traces of the camp visible on modern aerial coverage and marks visible on the fields around Gwernigron are more likely to be fluvial or geological.

21 152248 Underground monitoring post built for the Royal Observer Corps (ROC) during the mid-1950s to late 1960s.

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Appendix 3: Selected Designation Descriptions

Gwernigron Farmhouse

History

A large C17 farmhouse. Windows of the C18 or C19, the sashes below appear late. C19 or early C20 porch with flat roof. Coherent re-dressing of the front with white-painted render, and with quoins, string course and window surrounds picked out in black.

Exterior

A farmhouse of 2-storeys and 3-windows, in rough white-painted render on stonework, with rusticated quoins, string course and window surrounds picked out in black paint. The roof is of slate with coped gables at each end and massive end chimney stacks, also rendered and white painted. The string course is at the level of the upper sills. Nine-pane hornless unequal-sash windows above, 12-pane horned sash windows below and modern porch. Later rear wing in flemish-bond brickwork: 2 windows at raised level. Hipped slate roof, brick chimney.

Interior

Not inspected but said to retain chamfered, wide fireplaces with timber bressummers, somewhat altered. Lozenge paving in hall. Six-panel doors at ground and first floors. Attic with ledged doors, oak floor and purlins. Some purlins at west, modern. Brick barrel-vaulted cellar, east.

Reason for designation

A well-preserved substantial farmhouse of the late C17 with modifications giving it a coherent character in the C19.

Gwernigron Dovecote

History

This dovecote features the style of stepped gable often found on high status buildings in this region in the late C16 or early C17. When surveyed in c1960 this dovecote was roofless and ruinous. It has since been re-roofed.

Exterior

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A dovecote in local hammer-dressed uncoursed limestone with selected larger stones and quoins and window or door dressings. The building is square with 4 similar gables, each with a deeply projecting corbel at the base of the gable and stepped copings. At the centre of each gable is a 2-light opening for access by the pigeons. The door is on the W side, its sill about 2.5m above the ground. The lowest part appears to have been an undercroft, with a door to the S and small windows to the other 3 sides. The window openings to E and W have grooves in the stonework suggesting they were glazed.

Interior

Pigeonholes in stone on all 4 sides, in 13 rows; about 400 holes in total. The dovecote appears to have had an undercroft, but nothing remains of any floor over an undercroft or of any potence.

Reason for designation

A well preserved and restored example of a large sub-mediaeval dovecote, and a fine example of a type characteristic of the north-east of Wales.

Plas Coch

No History or Reason for designation.

Exterior

Entrance range dated 1667 with mid C19 alterations and heightening; later Georgian range parallel to rear. [Later C19 range to left and modern range set back to right]. 2-storey, 3-window English garden wall bond brick front with advanced central entrance bay, gabled with high brick kneelers, stone gable parapet and pineapple finial. Plinth and stone quoins to left, rising to original eaves level; slate roof, dentil cornice and large chimney breast with brick banding to right hand end with similar gable detail; Victorian sash window inserted into ground floor right, with herringbone voussoirs. Wide Doric doorcase with tripartite half glazed entrance. Advanced at right side is the 2-window gable end parallel range; flemish bond brickwork with similar detail, flatter chimney breast and cast iron window box holders. [Modern brick range adjoins to right]. Various gable ended ranges to left, many alterations and later additions in conversion to residential home use; broad brick chimney stack with stepped flue. Large walled garden to e retaining some brick walls.

Interior

Interior retains 1667 date to inner porch, otherwise mainly late Georgian/early Victorian detail. Acanthus and palmette cornice to Dining Room, Arabesque cornice to 1st floor. Altered brick cellar.

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Pengwern Hall

History

Pengwern Hall was rebuilt by Sir Edward Lloyd, bart, who died in 1795. The 2 detached blocks at the front flanking the forecourt are dated by a rainwater head to 1770, but the main Hall is in a quite different style with Palladian echoes and is perhaps a little later, apparently replacing a mansion which was mentioned in Lhwyd's Parochialia in c1699. The date 1778 has been suggested for Sir Edward Lloyd''s rebuilding. Sir Edward married into the Mostyn family, and when the 6th baronet Mostyn died in 1831, Sir Edward Price Lloyd became the first baron Mostyn and lived at Pengwern until his death in 1854. Part of the house was destroyed by fire in 1864, losing its original symmetry by the loss of the upper storey of the E wing and of part of the main range. It lost a prominent main roof. In the restoration the upper storey at the left of the main range was replace by a dummy wall. Urns decorating the parapets and copings at front were also lost. In the interior only the W wing retains original features. The Hall later came into the ownership of Sir William Grenville Williams, fourth baronet Bodelwyddan, who lived here until his death in 1904; under his successor, Sir William Willoughby Williams, the Bodelwyddan property was broken up and Pengwern leased to Col Parry. It was later leased by J H Wynne, and finally bought by Miss Long for a girls'' school. After the closing of the school in 1948 the property fell into decay until taken over by the present owners, the Society for Mentally Handicapped Children, in 1966.

Exterior

A stuccoed mansion painted cream with dressings in a darker cream colour; the walls are said to be stone with brick facing; slate roofs of low pitch concealed behind parapets. Numerous brick chimneys. Despite losses much of the original form remains. The main block facing S is of 3-storeys and 1+3+1 windows, with a 3-bay pediment over giant Ionic pilasters and a rusticated ground storey. The left flank of the main block survives to 3-storeys (the top storey a dummy, the second storey with a Palladian window) but the right flank is now only single storey. To the left of the main block is a canted 2-storey 3-window wing, and to the right a similar wing reduced to one storey. Twelve-pane sash-windows generally; restored 6-pane windows in top storey. The rear (N) elevation also consists of a main 3-storey block with a pedimented centre, flanks and wings, irregularly fenestrated but retaining many sash windows. The right wing is of 2-storeys, with Palladian windows above and below. The W elevation is also pedimented at centre, and retains 3 sash windows above and one below. The E side of the building is irregular, terminating in a group of single storey outbuildings fronting the approach drive to the Hall.

Interior

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Large entrance hall with a staircase at its rear, rising right to left against the rear wall, with decorative iron balustrade, probably post-dating the fire of 1864. In the front and rear rooms of the W wing are original plaster cornices and at front an Adamesque central ceiling feature.

Reason for designation

A fine late-Georgian mansion, preserved in a manner which enables much of its original character to be appreciated.

Bodelwyddan Castle

History

The Castle originated as the mansion of the Humphreys family and was sold to Sir William Williams, speaker of the House of Commons, in c1690. A drawing of the house in this period shows it to have been a double-pile house of 2 storeys and an attic, with 2 advancing wings on the SE front. It remained substantially unaltered through the C18. The Williams family grew rich on the profits of lead mining in North Wales; In 1805 Sir John Williams (first baronet) remodelled the house in the Greek Revival style. The front (SE) elevation was given a 3-bay centre with a Doric loggia. His son, Sir John Hay Williams, who inherited in 1830, employed Hansom and Welch, architects, to carry out a further remodelling to convert the house to the castellated style. The 1841 map shows the house complete with its domestic yard to the W. The 1871 map shows a private gasworks in the NW corner. Although the estate was overstretched financially, further alterations and additions were carried out by Sir William Grenville Williams in 1876; his monogram and that of his wife are featured in the floor tiling of the entrance hall and the Watts Hall, where the date 1886 appears in combination with the family's cross-foxes crest. The architect of this work is not known but may have been John Gibson (the architect of the parish church completed in 1860). Sir William died in 1904 and under his successor, Sir William Willoughby Williams, with further financial losses, the estate was sold in 1918. The house was occupied by the Army during the Great War and ownership was acquired afterwards by the War Office. In 1920 the house was taken on lease by Mrs Florence Lindley and opened as a private school, Lowther College; the freehold was purchased by the school in 1925. The school closed in 1982 and thereafter the house was unoccupied until taken by Clwyd County Council. Part of the property became Bodelwyddan Castle Hotel (occupying part of the main house and also the buildings of the domestic yard). New buildings for the hotel were added to the S and W. The tenants under Denbighshire County Council are Bodelwyddan Castle Trust for the house and art gallery and Warner Holidays for the hotel. The castle gained additional significance c 1860 as the seat of a model estate under Lady Margaret Willoughby de Broke, an exceptional unity of mansion, north gatelodge, village, school, church and parsonage.

Exterior

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A large stone mansion, the playful military character of which is mainly due to the alterations and additions made for Sir John Hay Williams by Hansom and Welch, architects, in c1830-1842. The form of the earlier mansion, with its pair of advancing wings, is apparent on the SE side (the main front), but otherwise the composition avoids symmetry. The older part of the house is of 3-storeys but additional parts are of mainly of 2-storeys. The masonry is in the local limestone, axe-dressed and coursed, with ashlar surrounds to the windows and other features and with a corbelled and crenellated parapet concealing the roofs. There are prominent stone towers concealing chimneys, and part of the north-east elevation features twin towers linked by a high level battlemented arch. The towers have similar parapets. Entrances to the domestic yard feature gates of lattice construction resembling portcullisses, with machicolations above. The main front facing the park is the SE elevation. This is the only symmetrical part. It is divided into equal thirds, the outer 2 advancing. The outer parts each have a crenellated bay window, a single 12-pane sash window at first floor, and a single 6-pane sash window at second floor. The centre has a 2-storey triangular crenellated projecting window centrally, flanked by 15-pane sash windows, and with 12- and 6-pane winows above. The windows of this elevation have stone surrounds only lightly bonded to the main masonry, suggesting a reduction of window size. The NE elevation overlooks the village of Bodelwyddan, and is that in which the military character of the architecture is most featured. At left is a possibly C17 figure in an unsophisticated style of carving, standing in a niche, with a Welsh inscription on the base identifying him as Y Gwr Hir; he wears what appears to be a cowl but otherwise non-monastic garb and his face may be intened to appear cadaverous. There are bones said to be immured in this location. Beneath him is a blocked window. To the right of this are twin towers with large loops and oeillets; on the crenellated arch which joins them at parapet level are shields, one carring the cross foxes crest, the other damaged. Within the great arch are 3-storeys of 2 Gothick windows and to the right of the arch 3-storeys of one similar window, recessed. To the right again is a 3-window range of 2-storeys, the central octagonal bay having 3 Gothick windows and flanking similar windows; 3 simpler Gothick windows above. To the right again is the single storey entrance hall with a similar window and the pseudo- portcullis and machicolations of the entrance with its two-storey octagonal towers. To the S of the main house there is an irregular sequence of walls and towers (now occupied by the Hotel and called the Williams Village) linking the older part with the domestic yard to the W. Much of this additional part is ivy-grown. It is of 2-storeys, with Gothick windows generally under 4-centred arches. It is linked to the wall of the domestic yard with a gateway containing a pair of ''''portcullis'''' gates incorporating a wicket. This was the original main entrance to the Castle. It leads to the small entrance yard containing castellated and buttressed buildings (occupied by the Hotel as part of The Hensroost) which are oriented with the main house. The main domestic yard extends to the W of the house forming an irregular rectangle of considerable size, adjoining the original entrance and smaller yard. This main domestic yard has buttresses externally regularly spaced along its curtain walls, corner towers of 3-storeys, and a formal entrance at the W side facing one of the gates in the park enclosing wall. The formal entrance has a dummy tower at left and an occupied tower at right, and machicolations over the gates. Within the domestic yard are buildings now in Hotel occupation, probably predating Hansom's work, and now much added to and altered. A range of buildings along the S curtain wall from the W corner retains its low pitch hipped roof. An adjacent range to the E (St. David's Restaurant) retains original stonework

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at the front (N) including a pedimented Gothick porch. Parallel to these the Elwy Lounge retains 3 large Gothic windows with timber tracery, and to the E of these a range of altered fenestration including 2 small 2-light Tudor style windows which formerly had window bars. This range has a chimney with ribs on 2 faces (similar to cottage chimneys in the village datable to 1856). Another parallel range to the N (now the Hensroost) has 3 similar chimneys, and on its N elevation (facing the car park) signs of 6 former tall round-headed windows, now blocked, the building having been refenestrated.

Interior

The castle has an irregular double-pile plan with a long rear wing to the NW, at the extremity of which, under the covered way to the courtyard, is the main entrance. This room is symmetrical with an axial staircase and Gothick fireplace. The floor of this and the adjacent corridor (Watts'' Hall) are in encaustic tiles bearing the cross-foxes motif and the date 1886, indicating the alterations commissioned by the 4th baronet. The best room of the house is the Drawing room, now a sculpture gallery, in the Gothick style with 3 bays of fan vaulting. The ribs spring from king''s head corbels. Four-centred arches to the entrance door, recess opposite and fireplace, with wide moulding hollows enriched with flowers. The pelmets of the 3 windows were rediscovered in a cellar and restored. Bodelwyddan has its private gas supply and there are early gas light brackets at each side of the fireplace. This room is said to be by Hansom and Welch in the 1830s, although in a Regency manner. The Ladies'' Drawing Room has decor in the Regency manner. The Library has bookcases with draw-out shelves. The Dining Room, enlarged with a canted bay to the side, contains a marble fireplace with a scene of stone quarrying on the bressummer. To the rear of the house is a Billiard Room with a strapwork frieze with hunting scenes and a Gothick fireplace. The main staircase has heavily moulded handrails and carved newels with knobs and pendants. There is also a servants'' staircase with iron balusters. The passage to the service quarters is tiled, including a closet adjacent, and the kitchen (Victorian Tea Room) has a smoke jack. A room on the second floor said to have a deep-coved ceiling with C18 enrichment at centre. Brick vaulted cellars.

Reason for designation

A mansion strikingly redesigned in Gothick castellated style in the early C19, its main (east) elevation retaining the tripartite form of the earlier C16 or C17 house which is its core. It became the seat also of a remarkable model village and church development of the mid C19, its relationship with which survives.

Rhuddlan Castle

Summary Description and Reason for Designation

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The following provides a description of the Scheduled Ancient Monument. This monument comprises the remains of a medieval castle built by King Edward I. Begun in 1277, Rhuddlan Castle was sited to the north of an earlier Norman motte and bailey castle. For many years Rhuddlan was the lowest crossing point and highest point of navigation on the river Clwyd; this became particularly important between the 10th and 13th centuries. It could control traffic running both along and across the northern part of the Vale of Clwyd, and could be supplied by water. The castle is concentric in design, consisting of a very strongly defended inner ward, completely surrounded by a slighter outer ward. On the south-west, this fronts the river, but elsewhere, it overlooks an artificial moat, also walled on the outer side, which was dry apart from a short section south of the castle used as a dock. Four gates (Town Gate, Friary Gate, Dock Gate and River Gate) – led into the outer ward – two from the river and two from the town. All four curtains are almost intact and survive to the height of the wall-walks with only the battlemented parapets lacking. Built to a thickness of 2.7m, the curtain walls widen to 3.3m where they join the towers to accommodate latrines at the ground and intermediate stages. Narrow flights of steps lead to the wall-walk from the top of the wide circular staircase with which each of the towers is provided. The diamond-shaped inner ward has twin-towered gatehouses at the eastern and western angles, with single towers projecting from the northern and southern angles. All the towers, which rise a stage higher than the curtains, were exactly similar in plan, with four rooms in each, though the south tower also has a basement. The rooms in the towers would have accommodated officials and members of the royal households, and no doubt one of the gatehouses contained the residence of the constable. Little trace remains of the structures that originally stood in the outer ward. Most were probably timber framed and included the granary, the great and little stables, the forge, the treasury, a workshop for the Queen’s goldsmith and, no doubt ancillary buildings necessary to the life of any great medieval establishment. There are three towers, namely: Gillot’s Tower; South Tower and North Tower. Gillot’s Tower is probably named after Gillot de Chalons, a mason who was working at Conwy in 1286 and had been previously employed at Rhuddlan. Four storeys high and projecting from the southern corner of the outer ward, the original entrance was on the third storey. The two windows in this room are almost the only ones in the building which retain their dressed stonework intact. The arrangement of rooms in the South Tower repeats the pattern seen in the gatehouse towers, with the addition of a basement. In the North Tower the ground-floor room is partly above and partly below courtyard level. It was entered by steps leading directly from the courtyard rather than by a trapdoor. The principal apartments of the castle stood within the enclosure of the inner ward and included the king’s hall and chamber, the queen’s hall and chamber, the kitchens and the chapel. There is a well some 15m deep near the centre of the courtyard. Rhuddlan saw action in 1400 at the beginning of the Welsh rebellion led by Owain Glyn Dŵr, but although the town was ravaged by the rebels, the castle was not taken. During the Civil War (1642-48) Rhuddlan was garrisoned for the king and held out until July 1646 when it was forced to surrender to Major-General Thomas Mytton, the parliamentarians’ commander-in-chief in north Wales. Thereafter the House of Commons voted that the castle should be made untenable, and it was subsequently demolished. The castle’s present condition of ruin dates principally from this year. This monument is of national importance for its potential to enhance our knowledge of medieval social,

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domestic and political life and warfare. The scheduled area comprises the remains described and an area around them within which related evidence may be expected to survive.

History

Building of the castle at Rhuddlan followed the capture of the borough (originally founded c1073) by Edward I in 1277. Both the town and its existing castle were re-sited, and newly planned as an integral development. Work on the castle began in 1277, and continued until the mid 1280's, with alterations carried out in the early C14. The chief master mason was James of Saint George, and some early C14 work was carried out by Richard of Chester. The castle surrendered to Parliament in 1646, and was slighted in 1648.

Exterior

Concentric plan with inner and outer wards. The outer ward is enclosed by a wide dry moat, and is protected to the S by a river wall and tower. The moat was originally crossed at two points - at the Town Gate (the present entrance from Castle Street), and at the SE at the Priory Gate (converted into a turret in 1300). The sides of the moat were revetted in stone, most of which survives. The outer curtain wall is fragmentary, but remains of turrets containing steps leading down to former sallyports in the moat survive. The ward slopes down to the river to the SW, and at its furthest point is the square, 4- storeyed Gillot's Tower, with a postern alongside it. The inner ward is of lozenge plan, and has a single circular tower at the N and S corners, and double- towered gatehouses at the E and W angles. Curtain walls survive to the level of the wall walks between the towers, and have embrasured slits at ground level. The parapets have largely disappeared, but a fragment of battlement survives in the NE wall, and the SW and SE walls retain traces of central corbelled turrets. The towers were 4 storeyed, and the S tower, and the W gatehouse towers survive almost to their full height. E gatehouse has portcullis grooves and gate chases. The original system of loopholes survives in its N guardroom, interrupted to the S by the insertion of a fireplace at the beginning of the C14. Inside the ward, the domestic buildings were of timber, and have all been lost.

Twthill

Summary Description and Reason for Designation

The following provides a description of the Scheduled Ancient Monument. This monument comprises the remains of a medieval motte and bailey castle. Built in 1073, by Robert ‘of Rhuddlan’, the castle sits on the eastern side of the river Clwyd. For many years Rhuddlan was the lowest crossing point and highest point of navigation on the river Clwyd; this became particularly important between the 10th and 13th centuries. It could control traffic running

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both along and across the northern part of the Vale of Clwyd, and could be supplied by water. The motte stands 18m high above the river, and was protected inland by a natural valley and an artificial ditch; beyond this to the north, lies the bailey. The bailey bank has been ploughed down. As late as 1241-42 the defences, at least in part, were still made of wood, and timber-framed buildings occupied the bailey. This monument is of national importance for its potential to enhance our knowledge of medieval social, domestic and political life and warfare. The scheduled area comprises the remains described and an area around them within which related evidence may be expected to survive.

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Appendix 4: Figures

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Derived from OS Open Source Terrain and River Data

Figure 1: Digital Terrain Model

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Client: Solarcentury DRWG No: P19-2023 REV: 4 Drawn by: EP Approved by: GS 0 500 m Date: 18/02/2020 > (N Scale: 1:15,000 @ A4 PLANNING | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMICS | HERITAGE

Copyright Pegasus Planning Group Ltd. © Crown copyright and database rights 2020 Ordnance Survey 0100031673. Emapsite Licence number 0100031673. Promap License number 100020449. Pegasus accepts no liability for any use of this document other than for its original purpose, or by the original client, or following Pegasus' express agreement to such use. T 01285641717 www.pegasusgroup.co.uk KEY 6a ! Site !! 3 & 6b 2km 1 Mesolithic to Roman ! Bronze Age ! Iron Age Iron Age to Roman ! Roman

4 ! 2b

! 2d

Data derived from CPAT HER

!! 2c

! ! 5a 5b Figure 2: Prehistoric and ! ! Roman assets (selected)

2a ! Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Client: Solarcentury DRWG No: P19-2023 REV: 4 Drawn by: EP Approved by: GS 0 2 km Date: 18/02/2020 > (N Scale: 1:35,000 @ A4 PLANNING | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMICS | HERITAGE Copyright Pegasus Planning Group Ltd. © Crown copyright and database rights 2020 Ordnance Survey 0100031673. Emapsite Licence number 0100031673. Promap License number 100020449. Pegasus accepts no liability for any use of this document other than for its original purpose, or by the original client, or following Pegasus' express agreement to such use. T 01285641717 www.pegasusgroup.co.uk KEY 12 ! Site ! 9 !10 7 2km ! Saxon 8 ! ! Norman 11 Medieval ! Medieval ! Post-medieval ! 17 ! Modern

15 ! 14 16 21 ! ! ! 18 ! Data derived from CPAT HER ! 19 20

! 13 Figure 3: Medieval and later assets (selected)

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Figure 4A: Extract of 1845 Gwernigron Tithe Map

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Client: Solarcentury DRWG No: P19-2023 REV: 4 Drawn by: EP Approved by: GS 0 500 m Date: 18/02/2020 > (N Scale: 1:12,500 @ A4 PLANNING | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMICS | HERITAGE Copyright Pegasus Planning Group Ltd. © Crown copyright and database rights 2020 Ordnance Survey 0100031673. Emapsite Licence number 0100031673. Promap License number 100020449. Pegasus accepts no liability for any use of this document other than for its original purpose, or by the original client, or following Pegasus' express agreement to such use. T 01285641717 www.pegasusgroup.co.uk KEY Site Land owned and occupied by Lord Mostyn of Pengwern Land owned by Lord Mostyn but attached to Gwernigron Farm Land owned by Lord Mostyn but attached to Plas Coch Land owned by Sir John Hay Williams and leased to Peter Faulks

As documented by the 1840 Pengwern Tithe Map and the 1845 Gwernigron Tithe Map. Unshaded areas of the site were owned and occupied by other individuals.

Figure 4B: Landholdings in 1840 - 1845

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Client: Solarcentury DRWG No: P19-2023 REV: 4 Drawn by: EP Approved by: GS 0 500 m Date: 18/02/2020 > (N Scale: 1:15,000 @ A4 PLANNING | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMICS | HERITAGE Copyright Pegasus Planning Group Ltd. © Crown copyright and database rights 2020 Ordnance Survey 0100031673. Emapsite Licence number 0100031673. Promap License number 100020449. Pegasus accepts no liability for any use of this document other than for its original purpose, or by the original client, or following Pegasus' express agreement to such use. T 01285641717 www.pegasusgroup.co.uk KEY Site

Figure 5: Extract of 1900 Ordnance Survey Map

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Client: Solarcentury DRWG No: P19-2023 REV: 4 Drawn by: EP Approved by: GS 0 1 km Date: 18/02/2020 > (N Scale: 1:25,000 @ A4 PLANNING | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMICS | HERITAGE Copyright Pegasus Planning Group Ltd. © Crown copyright and database rights 2020 Ordnance Survey 0100031673. Emapsite Licence number 0100031673. Promap License number 100020449. Pegasus accepts no liability for any use of this document other than for its original purpose, or by the original client, or following Pegasus' express agreement to such use. T 01285641717 www.pegasusgroup.co.uk KEY Site Earthworks visible on image from 1946 Cropmarks visible on image from 2013

Figure 6: Cropmarks and earthworks visible on historic aerial photographs

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Client: Solarcentury DRWG No: P19-2023 REV: 4 Drawn by: EP Approved by: GS 0 500 m Date: 18/02/2020 > (N Scale: 1:10,000 @ A4 PLANNING | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMICS | HERITAGE Copyright Pegasus Planning Group Ltd. © Crown copyright and database rights 2020 Ordnance Survey 0100031673. Emapsite Licence number 0100031673. Promap License number 100020449. Pegasus accepts no liability for any use of this document other than for its original purpose, or by the original client, or following Pegasus' express agreement to such use. T 01285641717 www.pegasusgroup.co.uk $$$$ $$$$$ $$ $ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$%$$$$ $ $$ $ $$# KEY $$$$$$$$$$$ $ $% $ $$ $$ $ $$ $%$% Site $$ $$ $ $ $ 5km $ $$ $ %$%$ $ $ Listed Buildings $$ $$%$$$ Grade %% $% $ $ $ $$ $ # I $ $$ $$$ $%$#$$ $$ $ II $ $%$$$$ $ $ %$$$$$$$$ $$% % II* $ %# % Scheduled Monument $$ $% $$ % %% $ %$ $ $$$$ $$ $% $ $% $ $$ $ $%%% $ $$ $ $ $%$ %$$ $ $ $#$$ $$$$$$ $% $ $$$$$% $ $ $$ NB. Excludes Conservation Areas. $$ % $$ $% $ $$ $$$$ $% $$$#%%$ %$ $ $ $$ %$ $ The three Conservation Areas $ $$$ $$ $$ $ within a 2km radius of the site are $ %$ $$$$ depicted on Figure 7B. $$%$$%$%$$$$%$$$$$$#$$ $%$$ $$ $ $$$ $$$$ $ $$ $$$ $ $ $ % $ $ $$$% $ $ $ $$ $ $ $%%%%%%$ $%$$ Figure 7A: Designated $ Heritage Assets (5km) $ $$ $ $$ %$ $ $%$ $ $ $ $ $% $ $$$$ %$ $ $%% $$ $ $ %% $% $ Elwy Solar Energy Farm $ $ $ $$ $ $# $%$$$ $$ $ Client: Solarcentury $$ $$ $$%$ $ %$ $ $ $ DRWG No: P19-2023 REV: 4 $ $ Contains OS$$ data © Crown Copyright $and database right 2019 $ $ Drawn by: EP Approved by: GS 0 5 km %$ Date: 18/02/2020 $$$ $$ > (N Scale: 1:75,000 @ A4 PLANNING | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMICS | HERITAGE Copyright Pegasus Planning Group Ltd. © Crown copyright and database rights 2020 Ordnance Survey 0100031673. Emapsite Licence number 0100031673. Promap License number 100020449. Pegasus accepts no liability for any use of this document other than for its original purpose, or by the original client, or following Pegasus' express agreement to such use. T 01285641717 www.pegasusgroup.co.uk KEY Rhuddlan Site 2km Rhuddlan Castle Conservation Area Twthill Listed Buildings Grade # I $ II % II* Pengwern Scheduled Monument Historic Park and Garden (non- statutory designatation)

Bodelwyddan

Gwernigron Farm Plas Coch

Bodelwyddan Castle

St Asaph Figure 7B: Designated Heritage Assets (2km)

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

NB Numbers refer to photographic plates in main body of DBA. Missing numbers comprise historic 18 maps not photos. Letters refer to photos in Appendix 5 of DBA. 12 Only viewpoints within or near the 13 6 5 site are shown. 3 F D 4 7 8 9 16 11 10 2 17

Figure 8: Photo Locations C 23 E B A G Elwy Solar Energy Farm FIGURE 7B: DESIGNATED Client: Solarcentury DRWG No: P19-2023 REV: 4 Drawn by: EP Approved by: GS 0 500 m Date: 18/02/2020 > (N Scale: 1:10,000 @ A4 PLANNING | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMICS | HERITAGE

Appendix 5: Photographs from Walkover Survey

A: Looking east past the pond and gully in the southern part of the site

P19-2023 │ EP │ February 2020 Elwy Solar Energy Farm, St Asaph

B: Looking north across the pond in the south-western part of the site

P19-2023 │ EP │ February 2020 Elwy Solar Energy Farm, St Asaph

C: Looking north across the pond in the far south-western part of the site

P19-2023 │ EP │ February 2020 Elwy Solar Energy Farm, St Asaph

D: Looking north-west across the pond in the western part of the site

P19-2023 │ EP │ February 2020 Elwy Solar Energy Farm, St Asaph

E: Looking north across the plotted (possible) location of the First World War tented camp in the south-western part of the site

P19-2023 │ EP │ February 2020 Elwy Solar Energy Farm, St Asaph

F: Surface remains of the ROC monitoring post in the western part of the site

P19-2023 │ EP │ February 2020 Elwy Solar Energy Farm, St Asaph

G: Looking east across the ridge and furrow earthworks in the south-eastern part of the site

P19-2023 │ EP │ February 2020 Elwy Solar Energy Farm, St Asaph

Appendix 6: Processed LiDAR

P19-2023 │ EP │ February 2020 Elwy Solar Energy Farm, St Asaph KEY Site

Azimuth: 0 Altitude: 45 Z Factor: 20

1m resolution digital terrain model LiDAR imagery

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Client: Solarcentury DRWG No: P19-2023 REV: 4 Drawn by: EP Approved by: CM 0 500 m Date: 18/02/2020 > (N Scale: 1:10,000 @ A4 PLANNING | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMICS | HERITAGE Copyright Pegasus Planning Group Ltd. © Crown copyright and database rights 2020 Ordnance Survey 0100031673. Emapsite Licence number 0100031673. Promap License number 100020449. Pegasus accepts no liability for any use of this document other than for its original purpose, or by the original client, or following Pegasus' express agreement to such use. T 01285641717 www.pegasusgroup.co.uk KEY Site

Azimuth: 45 Altitude: 45 Z Factor: 20

1m resolution digital terrain model LiDAR imagery

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Azimuth: 90 Altitude: 45 Z Factor: 20

1m resolution digital terrain model LiDAR imagery

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Azimuth: 135 Altitude: 45 Z Factor: 20

1m resolution digital terrain model LiDAR imagery

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Azimuth: 180 Altitude: 45 Z Factor: 20

1m resolution digital terrain model LiDAR imagery

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Azimuth: 225 Altitude: 45 Z Factor: 20

1m resolution digital terrain model LiDAR imagery

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Azimuth: 270 Altitude: 45 Z Factor: 20

1m resolution digital terrain model LiDAR imagery

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Azimuth: 315 Altitude: 45 Z Factor: 20

1m resolution digital terrain model LiDAR imagery

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

Azimuth: 360 Altitude: 45 Z Factor: 20

1m resolution digital terrain model LiDAR imagery

Elwy Solar Energy Farm

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