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Ornithophilous Flowers in South Africa
Ornithophilous Flowers in South Africa. BY G. F. SCOTT-ELLIOT, M.A. Cantab., B.Sc. Edin. With Plate XV. ' I SHE Cinnyridae play a very ihiportant part in the fertil- -L isation of some of the Cape flowers. There has been very little published on this point *, and therefore the follow- ing observations on flowers belonging to some thirteen natural orders may be of interest, especially as probably more than a hundred species are largely fertilised by these birds. It is noticeable that the orders are perhaps as different as they possibly could be. MELIANTHUS MAJOR, L. (Figs. 1-3). The flowers are exceedingly conspicuous. The peduncle is four or five feet high, and thickly covered for the last eighteen inches by the dark reddish-purple flowers. The sepals are petaloid and very dissimilar; the superior pair (about an inch long), being slightly curled forwards, pro- tect the essential organs from rain2; the lateral sepals are somewhat shorter, and prevent access to the flower from the side; the lowest sepal3 is hollowed out into a short blunt 1 Dr. Trimen. Lecture delivered before the Cape of Good Hope Society. " They also overlap behind one another. 3 The flowers are reversed by the twisting of the pedicel. [ Annals of Botany, Vol. IV. No. XIV. May 1890. ] 266 Scott-Elliot.—Ornithophilous Flowers spur, which comes so far upwards in front that it meets the extremities of the petals. These latter are bent forwards at right angles to the flower axis and converge to a point just covered by the anterior border of the lowest sepal. -
CAPE TOWN Peoahablp Pioducls Export Control Board Raad V8n Twig Op D~Cuqhroer Van Brdedbare Produkle C I F 997.1
f .J With compliments Met kompl imente CAPE TOWN Peoahablp Pioducls Export Control Board Raad v8n Twig op d~cUqhroer van Brdedbare Produkle c i f 997.1 DEPARTMENT OF AGRlCULfUFlE STD. NO. F-1 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT STANDARDS ACT, 1990 (ACT No. 119 OF 19GO) STANDARDS AND REQUIREMENTS REGARDING CONTROL OF THE EXPORT OF FRESH CUT FLOWERS AND FRESH ORNAMENTAL FQLIAG€ The Executive Officer; Agricultural Product Standards has stipulated under secttcn 4(3)(a) (ii) of the Agricultural Product Standards Act, 3 990 (Act No, 17 9 of 19SO>,the52 standards regarding the quality of fresh cut flowers and ornamental foliage, and the requirements regarding the packing, marking and labelling thereof, ;,+*/ v * 23 - 1997-1 *' SPEClFlC STANDARDS AND. REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPE FLORA ue IllllLlUl IS 12. Where specifically used with regard to Cape Flora -- "Cape Flora" means the sexual reproductive and vegetative parts of all Ericaceae as well as Proteaceae and "fynbos'' (of which some of the genera consist of Bruniaceae, L eucadendron, L eucospermum, Mimetes, Protea, Serruria and relopea); "flower head" means a stem that is horisontally extended to form a disc which bear a number of flowers which house the sexual reproductive parts of plants; "immature flower budRmeans, in the case of Pmteaceae, a flower bud that has a hard point, shows no signs of opening. and therefore will not complete the full development process of opening of the flower head; "Mixed Cape Flora" and "Mix" means the contmts of a container consist of Cape bra of different species and/or cultivars; "N.L." (No Leaves) means that a protea flower stem is without leaves; and "S.F. -
The Plant Collection of the 6Th Earl of Coventry at Croome Park, Worcestershire
margaret stone, ann hooper, pamela shaw and lesley tanner an eighteenth-century obsession – the plant collection of the 6th earl of coventry at croome park, worcestershire The parkland at Croome, Worcestershire, was the frst landscape designed by Lancelot Brown, employed by George William, 6th Earl of Coventry. The Earl amassed a vast, diverse plant collection, for which over six hundred bills have survived; they cover more than sixty years from 1747 to his death in 1809. Large numbers of plants were purchased at enormous cost and there were many frst introductions to Britain. By the end of the eighteenth century this was arguably the fnest private collection ever formed. This paper is a study of that collection. in 1751, george william, viscount Deerhurst, succeeded to the title of 6th earl of coventry; he was twenty-eight years old and had been managing the croome estate for three years (figure 1). he had demolished the early eighteenth-century formal gardens and now employed lancelot brown as clerk of works to remodel the seventeenth- century house. brown had worked at stowe, buckinghamshire, for ten years between 1740 and 1751, acquiring experience in supervising building work and remodelling the lake; he was by then thirty-fve years old. the exterior of croome court shows considerable similarity to william kent’s neo-palladian holkham hall, norfolk. the earl must have been deeply involved in the project; he kept his invoices carefully, often annotating them, and they have survived to the present (figure 2).1 clearly, he had a good working relationship with brown, who was soon appointed to develop the grounds. -
Rife What Seeds Are to the Earth
1'ou say you donJt 6efieve? Wfiat do you caffit when you sow a tiny seedandare convincedthat a pfant wiffgrow? - Elizabeth York- Contents Abstract . , .. vii Declaration .. ,,., , ,........... .. ix Acknowledgements ,, ,, , .. , x Publications from this Thesis ,, , ", .. ,., , xii Patents from this Thesis ,,,'' ,, .. ',. xii Conference Contributions ' xiii Related Publications .................................................... .. xiv List of Figures , xv List of Tables , ,,,. xviii List of Abbreviations ,,, ,, ,,, ,. xix 1 Introduction ,,,, 1 1.1 SMOKE AS A GERMINATION CUE .. ,,,, .. ,,,,, .. , .. , , . , 1 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES , '.. , , . 1 1.3 GENERAL OVERVIEW ,, " , .. , .. , 2 2 Literature Review ,",,,,", 4 2.1 THE ROLE OF FIRE IN SEED GERMINATION .. ,,,,.,,,,. ,4 2.1.1 Fire in mediterranean-type regions ', .. ,, , , 4 2,1.2 Post-fire regeneration. ,,,, .. , , . , , , , 5 2,1.3 Effects of fire on germination .,,, , , . 7 2,1,3.1 Physical effects of fire on germination .. ,," .. ,.,. 8 2.1,3.2 Chemical effects of fire on germination ., ,, .. ,., 11 2.2 GERMINATION RESPONSES TO SMOKE., , '" ., , 16 2.2.1 The discovery of smoke as a germination cue, ,,., .. , , .. ,, 16 2.2.2 Studies on South African species. ,.,, .. , ,,,,., 17 2.2,3 Studies on Australian species "",., ,"," ".,." 20 2.2.4 StUdies on species from other regions. , ,,.,, 22 2.2.5 Responses of vegetable seeds ., .. ' .. , ,', , , 23 2.2.6 Responses of weed species .. ,,,.,, 24 2.2.7 General comments and considerations ., .. ,,, .. , .. ,,, 25 2.2.7.1 Concentration effects .. ,", ,., 25 2.2.7.2 Experimental considerations ,,,,,,, 26 2.2,7.3 Physiological and environmental effects ,,, .. ,, 27 2.2.8 The interaction of smoke and heat, ,, ,,,,,,, 29 \ 2.3 SOURCES OF SMOKE ., , .. , .. ,, .. ,., .. ,, 35 2.3,1 Chemical components of smoke ,, .. " ,, 35 iii Contents 2.3.2 Methods of smoke treatments 36 2.3.2.1 Aerosol smoke and smoked media . -
A Vegetation Map for the Little Karoo. Unpublished Maps and Report for a SKEP Project Supported by CEPF Grant No 1064410304
A VEGETATION MAP FOR THE LITTLE KAROO. A project supported by: Project team: Jan Vlok, Regalis Environmental Services, P.O. Box 1512, Oudtshoorn, 6620. Richard Cowling, University of Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth, 6000. Trevor Wolf, P.O. Box 2779, Knysna, 6570. Date of Report: March 2005. Suggested reference to maps and this report: Vlok, J.H.J., Cowling, R.M. & Wolf, T., 2005. A vegetation map for the Little Karoo. Unpublished maps and report for a SKEP project supported by CEPF grant no 1064410304. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Stakeholders in the southern karoo region of the SKEP project identified the need for a more detailed vegetation map of the Little Karoo region. CEPF funded the project team to map the vegetation of the Little Karoo region (ca. 20 000 km ²) at a scale of 1:50 000. The main outputs required were to classify, map and describe the vegetation in such a way that end-users could use the digital maps at four different tiers. Results of this study were also to be presented to stakeholders in the region to solicit their opinion about the dissemination of the products of this project and to suggest how this project should be developed further. In this document we explain how a six-tier vegetation classification system was developed, tested and improved in the field and the vegetation was mapped. Some A3-sized examples of the vegetation maps are provided, with the full datasets available in digital (ARCVIEW) format. A total of 56 habitat types, that comprises 369 vegetation units, were identified and mapped in the Little Karoo region. -
The Reporductive Biology of Four Geoflorous Protea Species
The reproductive biology of four geoflorous Protea species (Proteaceae) Kim Christie Zoeller Univeristy of Cape Town Supervised by J. J. Midgley, S-L. Steenhuisen and S. D. Johnson The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town University of Cape Town Faculty of Science Department of Biological Sciences THESIS Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Sciences (Biological Science) August 2014 The reproductive biology of four geoflorous Protea species (Proteaceae) Kim Christie Zoeller Supervisor: Prof Jeremy J. Midgley (Department of Biological Sciences, UCT) Co-supervisors: Dr Sandy-Lynn Steenhuisen (Department of Biological Sciences, UCT) and Prof Steven D. Johnson (School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal) ii Declaration 1-Plagiarism 1. I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another’s work and pretend that it is one’s own. 2. Each contribution to, and quotation in this research report from the work(s) of other people has been contributed, and has been cited and referenced. 3. This research report is my own work and has not previously in its entirety or in part been submitted at any other university for another degree. 4. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own words Signature: Date: iii Declaration 2-Publication Publication 1. -
Proteas with Altitude Report 2016
proteas With Altitude Annual report 2016 Robbie Blackhall-Miles and Ben Ram Abstract This report aims to show how the ‘proteas With Altitude’ project has progressed over the past 12 months. It is an opportunity to review the process of setting up the nursery site, analyse data gathered about the species grown and set aims for the year ahead. Background In 2015, the RHS, Scottish Rock Garden Club, Stellenbosch University Botanical Gardens and the Western Cape Nature Conservation Board (Cape Nature), supported an expedition to study the habitat and growing conditions, as well as to collect seed, of the high altitude Proteaceae in the Western Cape of South Africa. The expedition collected seed of 31 species as the first stage in a long- term project attempting to gain information on the horticultural requirements of these species from germination through to maturity, to inform future ex-situ conservation through garden cultivation. Nursery Setup Having secured the long-term rental of a small area of land within a secure compound, a research nursery has been set up, to study the horticultural requirements of the species collected in South Africa. The nursery also includes propagation facilities for the NCCPG (Plant Heritage) National Collection of South Eastern Australian Banksia Species, as well as a site for the cultivation of several internationally threatened species. The site was levelled, using additional aggregates where necessary. A ‘Mypex’ weed-proof membrane was laid and a wire fence provides protection against browsing by rabbits. Water and Electricity still need to be installed but the main infrastructure is in place and functioning as intended. -
A Further Study of the High Altitude Proteaceae in the Western Cape of South Africa
A Further Study of The High Altitude Proteaceae in the Western Cape of South Africa 1st December – 31st December 2017 By Robert Blackhall-Miles and Ben Ram 1 Abstract An account of a second expedition to study the habitat and growing conditions, as well as to collect seed, of the high altitude Proteaceae in the Western Cape of South Africa, undertaken as part of the longer term project ‘proteas With Altitude’, which attempts to gain information on horticultural needs of this family, so as to increase people’s confidence in growing them and hence facilitate their ex-situ cultivation for conservation in the UK. 2 Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 3 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Overview, Aims and Objectives .............................................................................................................. 6 Itinerary ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Nurseries, Botanical Collections and Gardens ........................................................................................ 8 Areas Explored ..................................................................................................................................... -
RHS Bursary Report by Robert Blackhall & Ben Ram 2015
Study Of The High Altitude Proteaceae in the Western Cape of South Africa 13th September – 5th October 2015 By Robert Blackhall-Miles and Ben Ram 1 Abstract This expedition was undertaken to study the habitat and growing conditions, as well as collect seed, of the high altitude Proteaceae in the Western Cape of South Africa, as the first stage of a longer term project which attempts to gain information on their horticultural needs, so as to increase people’s confidence in growing them and hence facilitate their ex-situ conservation in the UK. 2 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 3 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Overview, Aims and Objectives .............................................................................................................. 5 Itinerary ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Gardens ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Kirstenbosch National Botanical Gardens........................................................................................... 7 Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden ....................................................................................... -
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Establishment of the Proposed SAGIT Langhoogte Wind Farm, Western Cape Province
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Establishment of the proposed SAGIT Langhoogte Wind Farm, Western Cape Province Environmental Scoping Report FLORA & FAUNA SPECIALIST STUDY Dr David Hoare (Ph.D., Pr.Sci.Nat.) David Hoare Consulting cc 41 Soetdoring Ave Lynnwood Manor, Pretoria Date: 7 January 2012 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE I, David Hoare as duly authorised representative of David Hoare Consulting cc, hereby confirm my independence (as well as that of David Hoare Consulting cc) as the flora & fauna specialist for the Environmental Impact Assessment for the Establishment of the Langhoogte Wind Farm and declare that neither I nor David Hoare Consulting cc have any interest, be it business, financial, personal or other, in any proposed activity, application or appeal in respect of which Arcus GIBB was appointed as environmental assessment practitioner in terms of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998), other than fair remuneration for work performed in terms of the NEMA, the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2010 and any specific environmental management Act) for the Environmental Impact Assessment for the Establishment of the Langhoogte Wind Farm. I further declare that I am confident in the results of the studies undertaken and conclusions drawn as a result of it. I have disclosed, to the environmental assessment practitioner, in writing, any material information that have or may have the potential to influence the decision of the competent authority or the objectivity of any report, plan or document required in terms of the NEMA, the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2010 and any specific environmental management Act. I have further provided the environmental assessment practitioner with written access to all information at my disposal regarding the application, whether such information is favourable to the applicant or not. -
Steenbras Nature Reserve
INTEGRATED RESERVE MANAGEMENT PLAN STEENBRAS NATURE RESERVE June 2011 AUTHORIZATION PAGE This Integrated Management Plan for the Steenbras Nature Reserve was drafted by the Area Manager and recommended by the Reserve Planning Team, a multi-disciplinary team consisting of: Reserve Planning Team: Branch Manager, Regional Manager, Area Manager, Biophysical Specialist, Biodiversity Coordinator, Sustainable Resource Specialist and Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinator _____________________________________ Hayley-May Wittridge – Area Manager Biodiversity Management Branch Environmental Resource Management Department City of Cape Town Name and Title Signature and Date Mr Jacob Hugo Executive Director: Economic, Environment and Spatial Planning Directorate Approved by: Name and Title Signature and Date Mr Anton Bredell Minister of Local Government, Environmental Affairs and Development Planning DOCUMENTED Integrated Reserve Management Plan This management plan replaces any previous versions Document Version: Prepared by: Adele Pretorius Version.02: June 2011 Responsibility: Reserve Management plans Document reference: Approved by: Mr Anton Bredell (DEA&DP reference to be Position: Minister of Local Government, Environmental inserted) Affairs and Development Planning Date of approval: Date of implementation : Immediate Distribution: Distribute as Reserve Management Plan to relevant staff in the City of Cape Town for immediate implementation. Date for Revision: June 2016 INTEGRATED RESERVE MANAGEMENT PLAN Compiled by Hayley-May Wittridge Biodiversity Management Branch Environmental Resource Management Department City of Cape Town Steenbras Nature Reserve June 2011 ISBN NUMBER TABLE OF CONTENTS PART NUMBER SECTION AND SUBSECTIONS PAGE NUMBER List of Maps ii List of Figures ii List of Tables ii List of Appendices iii List of Abbreviations used iv Part 1 1. Introduction 1 Description 1.1 Aim of Integrated Reserve Management Plan 1 1.2 Location and Extent 4 2. -
Biotic Interactions and Species Diversification in Southern African Biodiversity Hotspots
Biotic interactions and species diversification in southern African biodiversity hotspots Jan Schnitzler A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Division of Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London September 2009 2 Abstract The south-western tip of Africa holds unique levels of species richness and endemism, and contains two hotspots of biodiversity: the Cape Floristic Region and the Succulent Karoo. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the radiation of the region’s diverse flora. However, due to the lack of comprehensive, comparative studies, the major forces that drive plant diversification have remained unclear. My thesis combines near-complete species- level molecular phylogenies with detailed biological, ecological and biogeographical information to investigate the evolutionary processes generating southern Africa's exceptional plant diversity. I demonstrate that in the genus Babiana (Iridaceae) climatic niches retain a high degree of phylogenetic conservatism, and show that species of Babiana were only able to successfully extend their range into new biomes with the establishment of more favourable climates. Additionally, results indicate that floral characters in Babiana evolve according to a new 'reversible shift' model, which better explains the evolution of pollination systems through multi-directional transitions in a diverse pollinator environment. These findings challenge the commonly held idea that floral specialisation is an evolutionary dead-end and offer new perspectives towards our understanding of plant-pollinator interactions. Analyses of a comprehensive data set of four large Cape clades show that the temporal dynamics of plant radiations in southern Africa confirm that the flora represents a combination of ancient and young radiations, and that diversification rates have remained constant through time.