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11- SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR of the CHISELMOUTH (Acrocheilus

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11- SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR of the CHISELMOUTH (Acrocheilus - 11- SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR OF THE CHISELMOUTH (Acrocheilus alutaceus) by Martin Ulstein & Del Blackburn, Vancouver, Washington ABSTRACT: The schoolina behavior of captive Chiselmouths was investigated using a 150-aallon, room-temperature aquarium. The Chiselmouths appeared to be highly aregarious with strong schooling behavior; Introduction The Chiselmouth is a fish native to the Columbia River system, most abundant on the east side of the Cascade Mountains. It is the only minnow in the state of Washington with a hard, sharp plate on its lower jaw. The plate is used for scraping algae, but the Chiselmouth is omnivorous, extending to small fish (Wydoski & Whitney, 1979; Lee, 1980). Although much work has been done on the taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of the Chiselmouth, very little is known about its behavior (Lee; Bond, 1973; Wydoski & Whitney). The behavior system involved in schooling of other species has been well studied (Ommanney, 1963); Partridge, 1982). This study was primarily on the schooling behavior of Chiselmouths, with data collected on other aspects of behavior. Methods A small~_gl;9\lP. ot. Ghiselmouths were observed and photographed at various times of day and night over a two­ month period. Water temperature, time, phase of the moon, and weather conditions were recorded for each behavior-observation period. The fish were kept in a 150-gallon aquarium that was allowed to_stay at room temperature. The aquarium was equipped with an underwater filter, aeration stones, fluorescent lighting, and an artificial cave at each end. The fish ranged in size from three to six inches. Results and Qiscussion During the entire observation period, the Chiselmouths appeared to have strong schooling behavior with as few as three fish forming a typical triangle schooling form. It was also observed that they would school easily with other species. Cross-species schooling behavior was observed with young Carp (Cyprinus caroio), Speckled Dace (Rhinichthys osculus), young Northern Squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis), and Redside Shiners (Richardsoniu~ balteatus). Chiselmouths' overall behavioral activity level appeared to increase with barometric pressure and full-moon cycles. More verification of this behavioral tendency is needed. - 12- References 1. Bond, Carl E., 1973. Keys to Oregon Freshwater Fishes. Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University Press. 2. Lee, David S., 1980. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. North Carolina State Museum. 3. Omrnanney, F.D., 1964. The Fishes. Time, Inc. 4. Partridge, Brian L., 1982. "The Structure and Function of Fish Schools," Scientific American, June 1982, Vol. 246:114-123. 5. Wydoski, Richard s., and Richard Whitney, 1979. Inland Fishes of Washington, University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington. REDISCOVERING PLAINS TOPMINNOWS IN MINNESOTA by Konrad Schmidt, Cottage Grove, Minn. The Plains Topminnow (Fundulus sciadicus) was discovered relatively late .in Minnesota's ichthyological history. The first specimens totaling seven individuals were collected in the early f970s, and only in the Missouri River Drainage of extreme southwestern Minnesota (Rock River watershed of Rock and Pipestone Counties) (Phillips, Schmid, and Underhill, 1982). Repeated efforts since them by Dr. James C. Underhill, Curator of Fishes at the James Ford Bell Museum of Natural History {pers. comm.) and~myself failed, until October, 1988, when I collected 16 specimens from three new sites in Pipestone County. At one site, which I have checked annually w~.thout success since 1983, the topminnows appeared to be unusually dense. Two short, consecutive scoops with my push seine yielded eight individuals. I donated specimens from the three sites to Dr. Underhill's collection and asked his opinion on the cause of their 14-year disappearance. He believes they have always been there, but the severe drought concentrated them into smaller, more confined areas. I hope he's correct! The status of the Plains Topminnow varies considerably on this edge of its range. Minnesota calls the species Special Concern, but South Dakota calls it Threatened. It is not specially listed in Iowa, but Harlan and Speaker (1987) believe it may be extirpated. Perhaps NANFA should notify these states as to the effectiveness of a push seine. Literature Cited Harlan, J.R. and E.B. Speaker. 1987. Iowa Fish and Fishing. Iowa Department of Natural Resources. 323 pp. And Phillips, G.L., W.H. Schmidt, and J.C. Underhill. 1982. Fishes of the Minnesota Region. Univ. of Minn. Press, Minneapolis. 248 pp. .
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