A Prática Interpretativa Da Música Coral Portuguesa Do Século XVII: Análise De Registos Fonográficos Da Música Da Escola Da Sé De Évora (1980‐2013)

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A Prática Interpretativa Da Música Coral Portuguesa Do Século XVII: Análise De Registos Fonográficos Da Música Da Escola Da Sé De Évora (1980‐2013) A prática interpretativa da música coral portuguesa do século XVII: análise de registos fonográficos da música da Escola da Sé de Évora (1980‐2013) Octávio Afonso Monteiro Martins Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Musicais ‐ coral (1980 música Évora Martins registos da de de Sé da Monteiro análise da Escola XVII: interpretativa Afonso da século prática A Octávio 2014 portuguesa do fonográficos música 2013) Julho de 2014 Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Musicais realizada sob a orientação científica do Professor Doutor Paulo Ferreira de Castro AGRADECIMENTOS Nomear todos aqueles que de alguma forma contribuíram para a concretização deste trabalho é uma tarefa ingrata porque se corre sempre o risco de omissão. Contudo, quero deixar o meu agradecimento pessoal: ao Professor Doutor Rui Cabral pela orientação na elaboração do projecto que está na génese desta dissertação; ao professor Doutor João Pedro d’Alvarenga pela disponibilidade e ajuda, especialmente pela generosa cedência da comunicação sobre as práticas interpretativas da Sé de Évora; ao directores corais que responderam ao inquérito, nomeadamente, Armando Possante, Eugénio Amorim, Bo Holten, Jorge Matta e Owen Rees; ao meu pai e à minha irmã pelo apoio e incentivo que me proporcionaram desde o primeiro momento; à Sandra Santos, minha companheira e amiga, pelo encorajamento constante, pela ajuda preciosa na revisão, tradução e formatação dos textos, pela sua imensa paciência e carinho e sem os quais este trabalho nunca se realizaria. A PRÁTICA INTERPRETATIVA DA MÚSICA CORAL PORTUGUESA DO SÉCULO XVII: ANÁLISE DE REGISTOS FONOGRÁFICOS DA MÚSICA DA ESCOLA DA SÉ DE ÉVORA (1980-2013) OCTÁVIO AFONSO MONTEIRO MARTINS Resumo Os estudos na área da Performance Practice têm conhecido, nos últimos dez anos, uma grande expansão no meio académico. Os trabalhos, neste campo, repartem-se por três grandes temas que reflectem a diversidade de metodologias e perspectivas deste campo de estudos: teoria da interpretação, prática interpretativa e interpretação historicamente informada. O tema desta dissertação recai sobre este último tópico. O projecto incide sobre a interpretação histórica e os pressupostos teóricos que fundamentam as práticas interpretativas da musica coral seiscentista ibérica. Através da recolha e análise de um corpus de registos fonográficos da polifonia dos compositores que se formaram na Escola de Música da Sé de Évora, pretende-se compreender qual o peso da evidência documental nas opções interpretativas. Além da análise das gravações, foi realizado um questionário aos directores corais sobre os critérios na escolha de diversos parâmetros como transposição, tactus, articulação, dimensão do coro, entre outros. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Práticas interpretativas, Música Coral Abstract The studies in Performance Practice field suffered a great development over the last ten years. The works in this matter are divided into three great themes that reflect the diversity of methodologies and perspectives of this issue: interpretation theory; performance practice and historically informed performance. This paper is about the last topic. The project analyzes the historical interpretation and the theoretic assumptions where performance practice of Iberian choral music from XVIth century is based on. The main aim is to understand the importance of documental evidence on performance options, by collecting data and analyzing recordings of polyphony from composers educated on Music School from Évora’s Cathedral. Besides the analysis of the recorded items, a survey was made to some choral directors in order to obtain information about the criteria in choosing several guidelines such as pitch, tactus, articulation, choir dimension, among others. KEYWORDS: Performance Practice, Choral Music ÍNDICE I. Introdução 1 II. Enquadramento Teórico 11 III. Prática Interpretativa na Escola da Sé de Évora 17 a. Contexto histórico 17 b. Estudos sobre prática interpretativa na escola da Sé de Évora 19 c. Interpretação histórica na discografia da Sé de Évora 23 IV. O Repertório da Sé de Évora 30 a. Fontes 30 b. Edições modernas 31 c. Discografia 31 i. Intérpretes e obras gravadas 31 ii. Crítica discográfica e o repertório sacro Ibérico do séc. XVI 45 d. Análise comparativa dos registos fonográficos 54 V. Conclusão 70 Bibliografia 76 Discografia 82 Anexo 1 - Questionários 84 Anexo 2 – Lista de discos 95 Anexo 3 – Listas de obras gravadas 97 I. INTRODUÇÃO O objecto de estudo da presente dissertação é a interpretação da música produzida pelos compositores que trabalharam no âmbito da Escola da Sé de Évora da segunda metade do século XVI até ao final do séc. XVII. Pretendo, com este projecto, contribuir para um conhecimento mais aprofundado das várias abordagens à interpretação da música coral sacra seiscentista através do estudo comparativo de registos fonográficos dedicados a este período e escola de música. O tema da presente dissertação entrelaça três grandes áreas: Estudos de Interpretação Musical (ou Performance Practice), Musicologia Histórica e Música Coral. Os estudos de Performance ou Interpretação Musical são um dos campos de investigação que mais tem proliferado nos últimos 10 anos. A partir da leitura de alguns ensaios do livro Interpretação Musical - Teoria e Prática, coordenado por Francisco Monteiro e Ângelo Martingo, comecei a interessar-me pelo discurso crítico em torno da Interpretação Historicamente Informada e da repercussão desta reflexão teórica na prática musical. O ensaio de Helena Marinho, incluído neste simpósio, é particularmente relevante ao trazer a lume a polémica da “autenticidade”1. Marinho reporta o desfasamento entre o discurso da crítica musical em Portugal, ainda contaminada pela ideologia da “autenticidade”, e a reflexão teórica de Taruskin e John Butt sobre a Interpretação Historicamente Informada. Para o enquadramento teórico adequado das práticas interpretativas elaborei uma síntese da literatura sobre as correntes de interpretação histórica. Esta resenha, que constitui o Capítulo I, é organizada em três secções: A primeira resume os autores e as obras que estão na génese do movimento historicista e sua relação com a musicologia. A origem das correntes de interpretação histórica remonta a académicos como Dolmetsch no início do séc. XX ou Thurston Dart, na década de 50 e 60; 1 Helena Marinho, “Interpretação Historicamente Informada em Portugal: discursos e equívocos” in Interpretação Musical – Teoria e Prática, coord. Francisco Monteiro e Ângelo Martingo (Lisboa: Colibri, 2007), 203-218 1 A segunda parte compila os principais autores envolvidos na polémica do conceito de “autenticidade”. As obras dos críticos dos movimentos ligados à fidelidade histórica põem em causa os limites e a pertinência destas correntes. Estas reflexões de carácter teórico vão levar a um abandono progressivo do postulado da “autenticidade” ligado a ideologias prescritivas, normativas, em favor de posturas mais flexíveis, onde o intérprete tem uma liberdade de escolha mais alargada, dentro de parâmetros fundamentados na evidência histórica; A terceira secção faz um levantamento de obras que representam o “estado de arte” na investigação histórica das práticas interpretativas em geral e da música coral. Existem poucos estudos exclusivamente dedicados à área da prática coral histórica. Além do ensaio pioneiro de Howard Brown na Early Music2 (o qual levanta questões na década de 70 que ainda hoje estão por responder) a bibliografia especializada é bastante escassa. A segunda área de interesse é a Musicologia Histórica. A investigação da música da “Época de Ouro” da Polifonia Portuguesa constitui um dos campos de estudo mais profícuos quer pela qualidade da produção musical Ibérica seiscentista quer pelo vasto trabalho já realizado por musicólogos portugueses e estrangeiros nomeadamente, Rui Vieira Nery, João d’Alvarenga e Owen Rees, os quais já colaboraram nas Jornadas de Música de Évora, referidas mais adiante. A música coral, o terceiro campo de estudos, constitui uma das actividades centrais da minha experiência profissional. A prática como cantor e director de conjuntos vocais tem estimulado, ao longo de duas décadas, uma reflexão continuada sobre os processos envolvidos na abordagem histórica da interpretação coral. Um dos aspectos mais complexos e polémicos na direcção coral é a adaptação do som de um coro aos diferentes estilos. Num inquérito realizado por Peter Phillips a directores corais ingleses, foram recolhidas tantas opiniões divergentes quanto o número de entrevistados.3 Uma das motivações para dedicar o projecto ao período áureo da polifonia do 2 Howard Mayer Brown, “Choral Music in the Renaissance”. Early Music, 6 (1978) : 164 - 181 3 Plank, Choral Performance (Maryland: Scarecrow, 2004), 3-4 2 séc. XVII é o trabalho desenvolvido nas Jornadas da Escola de Música da Sé de Évora, que se realizam nessa cidade há mais de uma década, com organização da Associação Eborae Musica e nas quais tenho participado com alguma regularidade. Nestes eventos confluem os três campos de estudo referidos: reflexão crítica, investigação histórica e a prática coral. O repertório coral seiscentista é divulgado a par com a realização de conferências por musicólogos que se têm dedicado à investigação do período referido, entre os quais José Augusto Alegria, Rui Vieira Nery, Owen Rees, João Pedro Alvarenga, Rui Cabral Lopes, Paulo Estudante, Bernardette Nelson e José Abreu. Nos ateliers práticos, os participantes têm oportunidade
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