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Their Future for Higher Education DOCUMENT RESUME ED 052 635 En 009 116 AUTHOR Levien, Roger E., Ed. TITLE Computers in Instruction: Their Future for Higher Education. 'INSTITUTION Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif. SPONS AGENCY Carnegie Commission on the Future of Higher Education, Berkeley, Calif.; National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. REPORT NC R-718-NSF-CCOM-RC PUB DATE Jul 71 NOTE 225p.; Proceedings of a conference on Computers in Instruction: Their Future for Higher Education, Saata Monica, California, October 1-3, 1970 AVAILABLE FROM Communications Department, The Rand Corporation, 1700 Main Street, Santa Monica, California 90406 (HC $5.00) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Computer Assisted Instruction, *Computers, *Conference Reports, Consortia, Cost Effectiveness, *Educational Planning, *Educational Technology, *Higher Education, Instructional Materials, Publishing Industry, Regional Cooperation, Time Sharing ABSTRACT The goal of this conference was not exchange of information, but rather, identification of the decisions that should be made by higher education, industry, and government to facilitate the valid growth of the instructional use of the computer. Four major questions concerned the conferees: What will be the computer's capabilities and cost? How will computer services be provided to the campus? How will instructional materials be provided? and flow will higher education be affected by instructional computer use? The reports of the conference sessions are divided into three sections; first, discussions of the range of possible answers to the major questions; second, reports on the recommendations developed by the several studies of instructional computer use that are currently under way or have been recently completed; and third, specific recommendations for higher education, industry, and government.(JY) R-718-NSF/CCOM/RC July 1971 COMPUTERS IN INSTRUCTION: THEIR FUTURE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION Proceedings of A Conference held October 1970 Roger E. Levien, Editor A Report prepared for NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION AND CARNEGIE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION Rand SANTA MONICA, C_A. 90406 1 This report was prepared for The National Science Foundation, The Carnegie Commission on Higher Education, and The Rand Corporation. Views or conclusions contained in this study should not be interpreted as representing the official opinion or policy of Rand, The National Science Foundation, or of The Carnegie Commission on Higher Education. 2 PROCESS WITH MICROFICHE AND PUBLISHER'S PRICES. MICRO. 1.r1 FICHE REPRODUCTION ONLY U.S. DEPARTMENT DF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECFIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG- INATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN- IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLICY. R-718-NSF/CCOM/RC July 1971 COMPUTERS IN INSTRUCTION: THEIR FUTURE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION Proceedings of A Conference held October 1970 Roger E. Levien, Editor A Report prepared for NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION AND CARNEGIE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION Rand SANTA MONICA, CA. 90406 Rand maintains a number of special subject bibliographies containing abstracts of Rand publications in fields of wide current interest. The following bibliographies are available upon request: AfricaArms ControlCivil DefenseCombinatorics Communication SatellitesCommunication SystemsCommunist China Computing TechnologyDecisionmakingDelphiEast-West Trade EducationForeign AidForeign Policy IssuesGame Theory Health-related ResearchLatin AmericaLinguisticsMaintenance Mathematical Modeling of Physiological ProcessesMiddle East Policy SciencesPollutionProgram Budgeting SIMSCRIPT and Its ApplicationsSoutheast AsiaSystems Analysis Television TransportationUrban ProblemsUSSR/East Europe Water Resources Weapon Systems Acquisition Weather Forecasting and Control To obtain copies of these bibliographies, and to receive information on how to obtain copies of individual publications, write to: Communications Department, Rand, 1700 Main Street, Santa Monica, California 90406. Published by The Rand Corporation 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENT It is difficult to appreciate the amount of work that must be done to organize and run a conference and to produce its proceedings until one has been part of such an activity. Indeed, the greatest success may be said to have been achieved when, to those who have not had a hand in organizing it, the conference seems to occur smoothly and effortlessly. Only those deeply engaged in its organization are aware of the hundreds of letters, phone calls, visits, arrangements, and rearrangements, last-minute changes and emergencies that must be handled to bring 150 people together for a productive three-day conference. And only those who have observed the process closely can appreciate the attention to detail that is essential to its success. This conference and these proceedings have benefited enormously from the diligent, skillful, and cheerful labors of five persons who handled the myriad organi- zational, managerial, and production tasks with high competence and unfailing energy. Jean Scully oversaw the conference arrangements from compiling mailing lists, to renting the facilities and assuring the conference's smooth progress, to distribution of these proceedings. Maureen Madden worked closely with Jean on the arrangements and in the management of the conference's daily affairs. Bernadette Lewis was responsible for the visual design of the conference publications, but her talent and taste contributed to many of the other decisions as well. Janet Murphy DeLand (with the assistance of Laurel Rottura and Pat Bedrosian) and Beverly Wr..stlund have guided the editorial production of these proceedings and other con- ference publications from author's manuscript to printer's typescript. iii INTRODUCTION On October 1-3, 1970, The Rand Corporation held a conference on Computers in Instruction: Their Future for Higher E-lucalion, attended by 150 individuals from higher education, industry, and government whose activities or responsibilities give them influence over the future development of instructional computer use. The conference was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the Carnegie Com- mission on. Higher Education, and The Rand Corporation. There have been numerous conferences on computer use in instruction; sev- eral were held during the summer of 1970, immediately preceding this conference. But those conferences were primarily concerned with the technology and technique of instructional computer use and served principally to facilitate the exchange of information among computer scientists and educators actively engaged in the devel- opment of computer-based instructional materials. In distinction, this conference paid little attention to the details of instructional technology and technique. Rather, it began with the assumption that there are already many valid uses of the computer as an instructional tool and that the number and range of potential uses will expand as computer costs recede and computer capabilities advance and as experience with the computer in instruction grows. The starting point of the conference was recogni- tion that the rate of growth of actual instructional computer uses and their introduc- tion in the over 2500 institutions of higher education will not be determined princi- pally by the rate of advance of the instructional computing state of the art, but rather by the institutional context within which instructional use will occur. The central questions are: How will computer service be provided? Who will pay for it? Who will develop instructional materials? How will those materials be distributed? How will instruction be provided? Who will prescribe, monitor, and evaluate instruc- tional activities? The answers to these questions will shape the future of actual instructional use of the computer. Thus, the conference focused attention on the instructional framework within which instructional uses of the computer must develop. The goal was not exchange of information but rather identification of the decisions that should be made by higher education, industry, and government to facilitate the valid growth of instructional use of the computer. With that objective in mind, the conference was divided into three sections. During the first section, the major questions were presented and a range of possible answers to each one was described. The seconda:CHOUcomprised reports on the recommendations developed by the several studies of instructional computer use 6 that are currently under way or have recently been completed. The third section engaged the participants in three workshops to develop specific recommendations (based on their own experience and the conference discussions) for higher education, industry, and government. Section One of the conference addressed four major questions in four sessions. The first session considered the question: What will be the computer's capabili- ties and costs?Its purpose was to establish the technological context for the institu- tional considerations of the remainder of the conference. The first two papers looked into the future of computer technology in general. Carl Hammer of Univac described the prospects for computer hardware development. Robert Spinrad of Xerox Data Systems examined the likely future trends in computer software. The second two papers narrowed the focus to technological developments that will directly serve instructional computer use. They described
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