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Eeddggaarr Ccaam Meerroo Rruubbiioo Pprrooggrraam BBBIIIOOOGGGEEEOOOGGGRRRAAAFFFÍÍÍAAA,,, RRREEELLLAAACCCIIIOOONNNEEESSS FFFIIILLLOOOGGGEEENNNÉÉÉTTTIIICCCAAASSS YYY AAADDDAAAPPPTTTAAACCCIIIOOONNNEEESSS AAAMMMBBBIIIEEENNNTTTAAALLLEEESSS DDDEEE LLLAAA TTTRRRIIIBBBUUU EEEUUURRRYYYSSSTTTEEERRRNNNIIINNNIII (((CCCOOOLLLEEEOOOPPPTTTEEERRRAAA::: SSSCCCAAARRRAAABBBAAAEEEIIIDDDAAAEEE))) EEEDDDGGGAAARRR CCCAAAMMMEEERRROOO RRRUUUBBBIIIOOO PPPRRROOOGGGRRRAAAMMMAAA DDDEEE DDDOOOCCCTTTOOORRRAAADDDOOO EEENNN BBBIIIOOOLLLOOOGGGÍÍÍAAA EEEVVVOOOLLLUUUTTTIIIVVVAAA YYY BBBIIIOOODDDIIIVVVEEERRRSSSIIIDDDAAADDD DDDEEEPPPAAARRRTTTAAAMMMEEENNNTTTOOO DDDEEE BBBIIIOOOLLLOOOGGGÍÍÍAAA UUUNNNIIIVVVEEERRRSSSIIIDDDAAADDD AAAUUUTTTÓÓÓNNNOOOMMMAAA DDDEEE MMMAAADDDRRRIIIDDD 222000111111 1 BIOGEOGRAFÍA, RELACIONES FILOGENÉTICAS Y ADAPTACIONES AMBIENTALES DE LA TRIBU EURYSTERNINI (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) EDGAR CAMERO RUBIO Biólogo, M.Sc. Memoria de Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Directores: Jorge Miguel Lobo Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid François Génier Canadian Museum of Nature, Gatineau- Canadá Tutor Académico: José Martín Cano Departamento de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN BIOLOGIA EVOLUTIVA Y BIODIVERSIDAD DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID 2011 2 The scarab`s stage life cycle an incarnation of the sun`s daily travelers. Like the rising sun, the scarab appears to be born from the earth, and like the setting sun, the scarab returns to the earth. His dung ball becomes an underground refuge for its young, wich emerge to the surface after three months. The scarab`s life cycle represents a hopeful image of the rebirth and self creation…. like the sun`s daily travelers. like our own lives. Egyptian reflection ii CONTENIDO Página AGRADECIMIENTOS RESUMEN ABSTRACT ANTECEDENTES GENERALES 4 OBJETIVOS GENERALES 8 OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS 9 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 10 CAPÍTULO 1: COMPOSICIÓN Y DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA Y ALTITUDINAL DE LOS ESCARABAJOS DEL GÉNERO Eurysternus Dalman, 1824 (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) 16 RESUMEN 16 1.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 16 1.2. MÉTODOS 18 1.3. GRUPOS DE ESPECIES DEL GÉNERO Eurysternus Dalman, 1824 21 Grupo navajasi 21 Grupo hirtellus 21 Grupo cayennensis 21 Grupo deplanatus 22 Grupo inflexus 22 Grupo foedus 22 Grupo calligrammus 23 Grupo velutinus 23 Grupo caribaeus 23 Grupo impressicollis 24 Grupo magnus 24 iii 1.4 DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES 25 Eurysternus navajasi Martínez, 1988 25 Eurysternus hirtellus Dalman, 1824 26 Eurysternus nanus Génier, 2009 26 Eurysternus squamosus Génier, 2009 27 Eurysternus lanuginosus Génier, 2009 30 Eurysternus strigilatus Génier, 2009 31 Eurysternus martinsi Génier, 2009 33 Eurysternus nigovirens Génier, 2009 34 Eurysternus aeneus Génier, 2009 35 Eurysternus atrosericus Génier, 2009 37 Eurysternus cavatus Génier, 2009 38 Eurysternus cambeforti Génier, 2009 40 Eurysternus fallaciosus Génier, 2009 41 Eurysternus cayennensis Castelnau, 1840 42 Eurysternus gilli Génier, 2009 50 Eurysternus gracilis Genier, 2009 53 Eurysternus vastiorum Martínez, 1988 54 Eurysternus ventricosus Gill, 1990 55 Eurysternus deplanatus (Germar, 1824) 56 Eurysternus parallelus Laporte, 1840 57 Eurysternus inflexus (Germar, 1824) 58 Eurysternus wittmerorum Martínez, 1988 60 Eurysternus jessopi Martínez, 1988 62 Eurysternus foedus Guérin-Méneville, 1830 63 Eurysternus streblus Génier, 2009 66 Eurysternus howdeni Génier, 2009 69 Eurysternus truncus Génier, 2009 70 Eurysternus sulcifer Balthasar, 1939 72 Eurysternus sanbornei Gill, 1990 73 Eurysternus calligrammus Dalman, 1824 74 Eurysternus cyanescens Balthasar, 1939 75 Eurysternus balachowskyi Halffter & Halffter, 1977 76 Eurysternus arnaudi Génier, 2009 77 Eurysternus velutinus Bates, 1887 79 Eurysternus hypocrita Balthasar, 1939 80 Eurysternus obliteratus Génier, 2009 84 Eurysternus inca Génier, 2009 86 Eurysternus uniformis Génier, 2009 88 Eurysternus olivaceus Génier, 2009 90 Eurysternus contractus Génier, 2009 92 Eurysternus superbus Génier, 2009 95 Eurysternus caribaeus (Herbst, 1789) 98 iv Eurysternus hamaticollis Balthasar, 1939 104 Eurysternus maya Génier, 2009 107 Eurysternus cyclops Génier, 2009 108 Eurysternus francinae Génier, 2009 110 Eurysternus impressicollis Castelnau, 1840 112 Eurysternus plebejus Harold, 1880 114 Eurysternus angustulus Harold, 1869 117 Eurysternus magnus Laporte, 1840 118 Eurysternus marmoreus Castelnau, 1840 119 Eurysternus mexicanus Harold, 1869 123 Eurysternus harlequin Génier, 2009 126 1.5 DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRAFICA Y ALTITUDINAL DE LAS ESPECIES 129 CONCLUSIONES 162 BIBLIOGRAFIA 163 CAPÍTULO 2: CONDICIONANTES MACROCLIMÁTICOS DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN CONOCIDA Y POTENCIAL DE LOS ESCARABAJOS DEL GÉNERO Eurysternus Dalman, 1824 (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) DE LA REGIÓN NEOTROPICAL 165 RESUMEN 165 2.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 165 2.2. MÉTODOS 166 2.3. CARACTERÍSTICAS CLIMÁTICAS RELEVANTES 170 2.4. DISTRIBUCIÓN POTENCIAL 175 CONCLUSIONES 204 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 205 CAPÍTULO 3: ESTUDIO FILOGENÉTICO DE LOS ESCARABAJOS DEL GÉNERO Eurysternus Dalman, 1824 (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) 207 RESUMEN 207 3.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 207 v 3.2. MÉTODOS 210 3.2.1. Caracteres utilizados 210 3.2.1. Análisis fenético y filogenético 222 3.3. AGRUPAMIENTO DE LAS ESPECIES 223 3.4. PROPUESTA TAXONÓMICA PARA LAS ESPECIES DEL GÉNERO Eurysternus 227 3.5. ESTUDIO DE LOS CARACTERES 234 3.6. DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA Y BIOGEOGRAFÍA 236 CONCLUSIONES 240 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 241 CAPÍTULO 4: LA FAUNA DE LOS ESCARABAJOS DEL GÉNERO Eurysternus Dalman, 1824 (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) DE COLOMBIA 245 4.1. LOS ESCARABAJOS DEL GÉNERO Eurysternus Dalman, 1824 (COLEOPTERA:SCARABAEIDAE) DE COLOMBIA 245 4.2. DISTRIBUCIÓN CONOCIDA Y POTENCIAL DE LAS ESPECIES DEL GÉNERO Eurysternus Dalman, 1824 (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) DE COLOMBIA 322 CONCLUSIONES GENERALES 341 RECOMENDACIONES 343 ANEXOS 344 vi LISTA DE FIGURAS Pág Figura 1. Caracteres diagnósticos del género Eurysternus Dalman, 1824 6 Figura 2. Subregiones Biogeográficas del Neotrópico 20 Figura 3. Eurysternus navajasi Martínez, 1988 25 Figura 4. Eurysternus hirtellus Dalman, 1824 26 Figura 5. Eurysternus nanus Génier, 2009 27 Figura 6. Eurysternus squamosus Génier, 2009 28 Figura 7. Eurysternus lanuginosus Génier, 2009 30 Figura 8. Eurysternus strigilatus Génier, 2009 32 Figura 9. Eurysternus nigovirens Génier, 2009 35 Figura 10. Eurysternus aeneus Génier, 2009 36 Figura 11. Eurysternus atrosericus Génier, 2009 37 Figura 12. Eurysternus cavatus Génier, 2009 39 Figura 13. Eurysternus cambeforti Génier, 2009 40 Figura 14. Eurysternus cayennensis Castelnau, 1840 43 Figura 15. Eurysternus gilli Génier, 2009 50 Figura 16. Eurysternus gracilis Genier, 2009 54 Figura 17. Eurysternus vastiorum Martínez, 1988 55 Figura 18. Eurysternus ventricosus Gill, 1990 56 Figura 19. Eurysternus deplanatus (Germar, 1824) 57 Figura 20. Eurysternus parallelus Laporte, 1840 58 Figura 21. Eurysternus inflexus (Germar, 1824) 59 Figura 22. Eurysternus wittmerorum Martínez, 1988 60 vii Figura 23. Eurysternus jessopi Martínez, 1988 62 Figura 24. Eurysternus foedus Guérin-Méneville, 1830 63 Figura 25. Eurysternus streblus Génier, 2009 67 Figura 26. Eurysternus howdeni Génier, 2009 69 Figura 27. Eurysternus truncus Génier, 2009 71 Figura 28. Eurysternus sulcifer Balthasar, 1939 72 Figura 29. Eurysternus sanbornei Gill, 1990 74 Figura 30. Eurysternus calligrammus Dalman, 1824 75 Figura 31. Eurysternus cyanescens Balthasar, 1939 76 Figura 32. Eurysternus balachowskyi Halffter & Halffter, 1977 77 Figura 33. Eurysternus arnaudi Génier, 2009 78 Figura 34. Eurysternus velutinus Bates, 1887 80 Figura 35. Eurysternus hypocrita Balthasar, 1939 81 Figura 36. Eurysternus obliteratus Génier, 2009 85 Figura 37. Eurysternus inca Génier, 2009 87 Figura 38. Eurysternus olivaceus Génier, 2009 91 Figura 39. Eurysternus contractus Génier, 2009 93 Figura 40. Eurysternus superbus Génier, 2009 96 Figura 41. Eurysternus caribaeus (Herbst, 1789) 98 Figura 42. Eurysternus hamaticollis Balthasar, 1939 105 Figura 43. Eurysternus maya Génier, 2009 107 Figura 44. Eurysternus cyclops Génier, 2009 109 Figura 45. Eurysternus francinae Génier, 2009 111 Figura 46. Eurysternus impressicollis Castelnau, 1840 112 viii Figura 47. Eurysternus plebejus Harold, 1880 114 Figura 48. Eurysternus angustulus Harold, 1869 117 Figura 49. Eurysternus magnus Laporte, 1840 118 Figura 50. Eurysternus marmoreus Castelnau, 1840 120 Figura 51. Eurysternus mexicanus Harold, 1869 123 Figura 52. Eurysternus harlequin Génier, 2009 127 Figura 53. Distribución altitudinal de las especies del género Eurysternus 130 Figura 54. Relación entre le rango altitudinal y el latitudinal para las especies del género Eurysternus en el Neotrópico 131 Figura 55. Número de especies del género Eurysternus según el número de subregiones en las que están presentes. 132 Figura 56. Número de especies del género Eurysternus presentes en cada subregión de la región Neotropical 133 Figura 57. Distribución geográfica del género Eurysternus en la región Neotropical 135 Figura 58. Distribución geográfica de Eurysternus navajasi en la región Neotropical 135 Figura 59. Distribución geográfica de Eurysternus hirtellus en la región Neotropical 136 Figura 60. Distribución geográfica de Eurysternus nanus en la región Neotropical 136 Figura 61. Distribución geográfica de Eurysternus squamosus en la región Neotropical 137 Figura 62. Distribución geográfica de Eurysternus lanuginosus en la región Neotropical 137 Figura 63. Distribución geográfica de Eurysternus strigilatus en la región Neotropical 138 Figura 64. Distribución geográfica
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