MISSION NUESTRA SENORA dela MISSION SAN JOSE y SAN MIGUEL PURISIMA CONCEPCION de AGUAYO de ACUNA 1720 1716 • 1731

ylSiS^va.' 8 MISSION SAN JUAN de CAPISTRANO MISSION SAN FRANCISCO de la ESP ADA "THE MISSION OF THE SOLDIER SAINT" "THE MISSION OF THE SWORD" 1716 • 1731 1690 • 1716 • 1731 SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK HEADQUARTERS & VISITOR ORIENTATION CENTER SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK HEADQUARTERS & VISITOR ORIENTATION CENTER

PRESENTED TO DR. HAROLD G. NELSON ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ARCHITECTURE DIVISION OF ARCHITECTURE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE DEGREE

BY R. COPE DECEMBER 13, 1983 TO THE MEMORY OF MY FATHER, STURM W. COPE. TABLE OF CONTENTS, p.1.

Table of Conteiits TABLE OF CONTENTS, p. 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE IJUMBER

GLOBAL GENERALIZATIONS

I. INTRODUCTION 3.. II. BACKGROUND 15 III. CASE STUDIES 40 IV. SITE ANALYSIS 91 V. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS Ill

SPECIFIC ANALYSIS VI. SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 130_ VII. SPACE SUMMARY 148 VIII. DETAILED SPACE LIST 156. IX. COST ANALYSIS -. 211. X. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -. 217._ XI. LIST OF FIGURES - 221_ XII. BIBLIOGRAPHY - 224„ INTRODUCTION: THESIS, p. 3.

Iiitroduction INTRODUCTION; THESI3, p. 4.

SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK HEADQUARTERS & VISITOR ORIENTATION CENTER

On November 10, 1978, Congress and the President of the United States authorized a San Antonio Missions National Historical Park; a linkage of four eighteenth century Spanish missions "strung like pearls on alternate banks of the San Antonio River". Because of numerous Church verses State issues which were unsolved at the time of the park authorization, a five year interim period was established prior to its official opening. As of April 1, 1983, the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park Is officially operational. This latest addition to the National Park Service is more than a historical nucleus to the modern city of San Antonio, it represents a major Influence on the diversity of culture that enriches life there today. To provide for the proper management and protection of park resources as well as visitor use and related development, I am proposing as my thesis project, a National Park Service Headquarters & Visitor Orientation Center which will unite in one park complex all necessary operations for complete park management. The overall onsite responsibility for management of the San Antonio Missions N.H.P. will rest with the park superintendent who will direct park operations through a supervisory staff administering four major divisions; Administration, Visitor Use/Interpretation, Cultural Resources, and Park Maintenance. The Administration branch of the park headquarters will gather together in one division the superintendent, key supervisory staff, and administative support personnel. Immediate objectives of the Administration Division will be: (1) to define proper Church/State roles and responsibilities for preservation and management of their respective resources; (2) to meet and consult with the San Antonio Missions Advisory Commission in broad matters of park policy; (3) to establish an onsite management presence and; (4) to consider energy requirements of all programs, services, and facilities. INTRODUCTION; THESIS, p . 5.

The Visitor Use/Interpretation Division will provide for the enjoyment, appreciation, and understanding of the national historical park by the public, and to control the uses that could impair park resources or their enjoyment. Key objectives of this division will include: (1) to provide visitors with an opportunity to appreciate the remnants of the Spanish colonial enterprise in the New World through interpretation and education; (2) to provide each visitor with the opportunity for a safe and enjoyable visit; (3) to provide visitors with easy and convenient access to the sites; (4) to provide services to special populations to facilitate their enjoyment of all park resources; (5) to encourage visitor respect for ongoing church-sponsored activities; (6) to provide interpretive activities that are based on historical and/or archeologlcal examination and documentation and; (7) to develop an awareness and sensitivity to the fragility of these resources and the need for continued preservation and protection. The Cultural Resources branch of the park headquarters will manage the cultural resources of the four missions in order to maintain and perpetuate their Inherent integrity- Key objectives of the Cultural Resources Division shall be: (1) to recognize the social and cultural mores of mission area residents as a resource asset in the process of seeking control of those lands which are necessary to perpetuate or enhance the park; (2) to determine respective levels of preservation techniques, procedures, and maintenance of the respective resources of the Church and National Park Service entitles; (3) to clarify the various historic periods, as they relate specifically to the missions, for purposes of future planning and interpretation and; (4) to improve resource knowledge, understanding, appreciation, preservation, and protection by encouraging and supporting research and exposition. The Park Maintenance Division will: (1) protect the park from internal and external pollution threats; (2) protect the area's resources from overuse, vandalism, and inappropriate use; (3) minimize the impact of park development in surrounding INTRODUCTION: THESIS, p. 6.

communities and; (4) eliminate existing facilities that are incompatible with the values for which the park was established. Due to existing State Park designation, extensive reconstruction and the level of visitor services. Mission San Jose has been the most popular of the missions in terms of visitor use. Through an analysis of visitation at the missions and at fully operational units of the National Park Service which were in or near major urban centers (see Table 1.0), it is projected that 450,000 people will visit one or more of the San Antonio missions when the park is fully developed, a 150% Increase over the present figures. Almost everyone who comes to the park will visit Mission San Jose during their park experience. If, as expected, the combined visitation to the other missions will equal the 450,000 visitors to San Jose, approximatly 900,000 site visits to the four missions will occur. A threefold Increase from the present 300,000 annual site visits. Because the national historical park is an important resource to the City of San Antonio and because it will be advertised in the city's promotional endeavors, there is every chance that if uncontrolled, visitation could swell from 450,000 to 750,000 over a five- to ten-year period (see Table 1.1) San Antonio's number one attraction. The Alamo, which will continue to be managed through the State of Texas as a distinct entity in its own right, recieves 2,000,000 annual visitors, and with the standards employed by the N.P.S. in providing a satisfactory visitor experience and the Integrated management of the four missions, the figure of 750,000 visitors to the national historical park is not unreasonable.

Included in the strategy for park management and further development of the National Park Service, the HEADQUARTERS & VISITOR ORIENTATION CENTER shall be developed in the general area of Mission San Jose (see Map 1.0). This centralized location will take full advantage of the projected 450,000 visitors to San Jose and the approximately 900,000 site visits to the entire park system. Using such media as exhibits, audiovisual INTRODUCTION: THESIS, p. 7.

ESTIMATED VISITOR USE Mission Mission Catagories Concepcion San Jose

Percent of projected annual visitation (450,000) 40% 100% * Estimated annual visitation 180,000 450,000 Peak day visitation (average summer weekend day) 964 2,410 Peak hour visitation (15% of peak day visitation) 145 362 Total visitors onsite at peak hour of peak day 84 543 Visitor turnover in inter­ pretive facilities 72/30 min 181/30 min Visitor turnover on actual resources l44/hr 362/hr

TABLE 1.0 ESTIMATED VISITOR USE n^„.«^t Plan Source: General Management Plan/Development Concept Plan INTRODUCTION: THESIS, p.8.

ESTIMATED VISITOR USE Mission Mission Catagories San Juan Espada

Percent of projected annual visitation 40% 30% Estimated annual visitation 180,000 135,000 Peak day visitation (average summer weekend day) 964 723 Peak hour visitation (15^ of peak day visitation) 145 108 Total visitors onsite at peak hour of peak day 133 99 Visitor turnover in inter­ pretive facilities 72/30 min 54/30 min Visitor turnover on actual resources 144/hr 108/hr

* Based on an analysis of visitation at the missions and at the following fully operational historical units of the National Park Service which are in or near major urban centers: Andersonville National Historical Site, GA; Antietam National Battlefield, MD; Boston National Historical Park, MA; Casa Grande National Monument, AZ; Chalmette Unit-Jean Lafitte National Historical Park, LA; Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park, GA; Fort Frederica National Monument, GA; Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, MD; Fort Vancouver National Historical Site, V/A; Gettysburg National Military Park, PA; Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, WV; Hopewell Village National Historical Site, PA; Independenc< National Historical Park, PA; Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, GA; Lyndon B. Johnson National Historic Site, TX; Minute Man National Historical Park, MA; Morristown National Historical Park, NJ; Petersburg National Battlefield Park, VA; Salem Maritime National Historic Site, MA; and Vicksburg National Military Park, MS.

TABLE 1.0 ESTIMATED VISITOR USE (continued) Source: General Management Plan/Development Concept Plan INTRODUCTION ; THESIS , p . 9.

VISITATION: MISSION SAN JOSE First Year of Five- to Ten-Years of Full Park Development Full Park Development Catagories and Operation and Operation

Annual Visitation 450,000 750,000 Winter Weekday 540 - Winter Weekend Day 1,065 - Summer Weekday 1,630 - Summer Weekend Day 2,410 -

TABLE 1.1 VISITATION: MISSION SAN JOSE Source: General Management Plan/Development Concept Plan MAP 1.0 OLD SPANISH MISSIONS OF SAN ANTONIO. The circled area around San Jose Indicates the most suseptable area for the development of the Visitor Orientation Center. Source: The Ferguson Map Company, Inc. INTRODUCTION: THESIS, ]j_. 11. presentations, complimentary printed material, and sales publications, the centralized Visitor Orientation Center will orient visitors to the park as a whole by providing a broad overview of the Spanish colonial effort, the role of the San Antonio missions on the Texas/Coahuila frontier, and a historical perspective of San Antonio. The interpretive program will encourage visitors to experience each of the mission sites, but the educational overview gained at the Visitor Orientation Center supplemented with one or two actual site visits will provide a basic understanding of the entire San Antonio mission system. INTRODUCTION: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES, p. 12

GOALS

NATURAL; To provide a central gathering point for the interpretation, by researchers and visitors alike, of the Spanish colonial effort in Texas, the role of the San Antonio missions on the Texas/Coahuila frontier, and a historical perspective of San Antonio. ENVIRONMENTAL; To sustain a healthy, sensitive and stimulating environment. To minimize dangerous and wasteful effects on the environment. FUNCTIONAL; To program a state-of-the-art facility for both recreational and educational purposes which will stimulate, and in itself attract, interest in the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park.

PHYSICAL: To promote a high quality of life in all alterations made to the natural environment of the park. PSYCHOLOGICAL: To promote the well being of all users, as well as those residents within the surrounding park communities.

SOCIOLOGICAL; To promote the natural environmental Interests of park management. To promote community and city-wide involvement in the center. To integrate the center into its local surroundings.

REGULATORY: To initiate community, city-wide and regional activities into the overall park system.

TEMPORAL: To provide for current as well as projected demands for all divisions within the center. INTRODUCTION: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES, p. 13

OBJECTIVES

NATURAL: To distribute in various ways, factual information describing the mission system of San Antonio. To offer interpretive Information as a basis for understanding the missions within the park system. ENVIRONMENTAL; Minimize all forms of pollution within the park. Promote interest, care and sensitivity to the natural environment. To protect and secure the natural and built-up environment of the park. To minimize all energy waste and maximize solar energy capabilities.

FUNCTIONAL; To maximize pedestrian usage and access. To integrate existing park and mission activities in order to strengthen the purpose and function of the facility. To develop areas of interest in recreation and education.

PHYSICAL: To minimize noise in all quiet zones. To maintain and extend aesthetic quality in the park, along the San Antonio River, and along the xMlssion Trail connecting the four missions.

SOCIOLOGICAL; To develop and amplify programs and activities for the handicapped, the elderly, and the young children. To minimize barriers of race and class in the presentation of programs and activities at the facility. To ensure visitor access to the center in relation to foot and bike paths, and by all modes of vehicular transportation. INTRODUCTION; GOALS AND OBJECTIVES, p. 14

OBJECTIVES

To create or recreate the natural resources within the environment. REGULATORY: To operate the center under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. TEMPORAL: To allow for the natural growth of the visitor and research related activities and thus for the center's physical expandability. BACKGROUND: SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS, p.15

Background. BACKGROUND, p. 16

BACKGROUND OUTLINE

I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SAN AMTONIO MISSIONS A. Coahuiltecans B. The Mission System C. The San Antonio Missions D. Social Acculturation E. Secularization of the Missions F. Decline of the Missions In the 19th Century II. CURRENT FACTS CONCERNING SAN ANTONIO A. History B. Location C. Government, Natural Resources, V/ater Supply D. Agribusiness, International Business E. Churches F. Transportation 1.) Railroads 2.) Motor Freight 3.) Freeways, Streets, and Roads 4.) Air Transportation 5.) Bus Transportation 6.) Public Transportation G. Travel, Principal Points of Interest H. Cultural Attractions III. BACKGROUND SUMMARY IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY BACKGROUND : SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS , p . 1?

COAHUILTECANS

The name "Coahuiltecan" refers to the ethnographically known hunting and gathering peoples who Inhabited southern and central Texas and the northeastern provinces of Mexico from the time of Spanish contact in the 1500's to their disappearance as a cultural entity around I8OO. The Coahuiltecans were culturally, and possibly even linquistically, separate from the Indians who inhabited the central Texas region north of San Antonio. The San Antonio Indian populations are usually referred to as Payayas. The Coahuiltecans themselves were separated geographically into various groups or bands with the central Texas Coahuiltecans occupying the San Antonio region. The subsistence and material culture of the Coahuiltecans probably were similar to that of their prehistoric predecessors, who inhabited southern and central Texas. The subsistence pattern was hunting/gathering. Their diet included the meat of such animals as deer, coyote, jackrabbit, javelina and buffalo. A large part of their diet was made up of fruit, berries, nuts, seeds, and roots of various trees and shrubs. It has been suggested that the Coahuiltecans ate practically every digestible food in their environment, which is considered a positive adaptive trait that enabled these populations to survive in what could be accurately labeled a resource-deficient environment. The availability of food resources largely necessitated the seminomadic life-style of these people. Hunters and gatherers must atune themselves to the seasonal response of game animals and native vegltation. The Coahuiltecans therefore ranged over a wide area in search of "edible" plants and animals, often trading goods with other groups. They had relatively small campsites to which they returned seasonally. A typical house was bell-shaped, made of reeds and grass placed on a framework of bent stalks and canes, with a low doorway and a central fire area. These camps were located near ample supplies of food, water, wood, and workable llthic materials. BACKGROUND; SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS, p. 18

The preceding statements concerning the Coahuiltecans and their culture describe the general environment that existed in the area of southern and south-central Texas at the time of Spanish contact. There were very distinct differences between those peoples residing at or near the missions and those who remained in the outlying areas. Nevertheless, it is this general culture that was affected by Spanish missionizatlon ventures. For various reasons, most Coahuiltecan groups eventually gave up their nomadic existence by attaching themselves to the missions and adopting many elements of Spanish culture. In time they disappeared as a distinct cultural and physical type. BACKGROUND; SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS. .19

THE MISSION SYSTEM

Four Spanish colonial missions lie within the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park: Nuestra Genora de la Purislma Concepcion de Acuna, San Jose y San Miguel de Aquayo, San Fransisco de la Espada, and San Juan de Caplstrano. The focus of the park is these historic structures, but to understand them and their significance, they must be seen within the larger context of the Spanish colonial venture in Texas. Ideally, the mission in conjunction with the military presidio was a temporary measure by which the pacification of an area would allow for its Hispanization and secular control. After missionizatlon of an area was completed, the missionaries would proceed to a new area which was to be similarly controlled. Thus, the boundary of the Spanish empire was always in advance of the area truely governed. The reality of limits of the frontier of northeastern New Spain became apparent, however, by the latter years of the 17th century. The activities of La Salle on the Texas coast, the illicit frontier French trade within the Spanish areas of eastern Texas, and the excursions of St. Denis in Texas in the early l8th century were painful reminders that the lines of Spanish defense and expansion had been reached. No longer could a self-paced program of expansion be maintained; rather a minimum of outlying posts had to be enforced or created, with vast vacant areas existing between them and the central core cities of New Spain. The work of the presidios and the missions provided a frontier defense. Bolton has written: "the missions were agencies of the State as well as of the Church. They served alone to Christianize the frontier, but also to aid in extending, holding, and civilizing it." This dual nature of the missions was in direct correlation to the union of church and state that existed under the real patronado - that is, the rights of Spanish kings in church matters. The missions established in Texas were under the jurisdiction of the Franciscan apostolic colleges, principally those founded in Queretaro and Zacatecas. These centers developed as part of BACKGROUND; SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS, p.20. the coleglo system of evangelization, which was formed in the latter part of the 17th century under reforms instituted by the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in Rome. The coleglo system, in the face of previous evangelization measures met with varying degrees of success in the New World. Although the basic method of integrating the Indian into the Spanish culture had been changed, the purpose remained the same. As has been written, "It should be emphasized that Spain did not Intend merely to convert the native of the New World but also to integrate him into the political, economic, and social culture of the conquerors as well so that he might become an equal member of the Spanish empire with the native." BACKGROUND; SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS, p.21

THE SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS

The Spanish attempts to control the French encroachments in eastern Texas and the depredation of the Indian groups, went through three developments: the establishment of the missions alone, the later use of missions in conjunction with presidios, and finally, after the failure of the first two, the initiating of civil colonization. The San Antonio area was affected by the latter two measures. There are indications, however, that as early as 1715 a small group of independent families, originating from Monterrey and Coahuila, had settled on the banks of the San Antonio River very near the point where the villa of San Fernando was later planted. These settlers apparently maintained contact with the presidio and mission San Juan Bautlsta on the Rio Grande. Later, the government sponsored the missionizing efforts of Pray Antonio de San Buenaventura y Olivares and of don Martin de Alcrcon, which resulted in the formal founding of Mission San Antonio de Valero on May 1, 17l8. Four days later, on May 5, 1718, the founding of the presidio and villa of San Antonio de Bexar or San Antonio took place. Pray Antonio Margil de Jesus, president of the Zacatecan missionaries in charge of three eastern Texas missions, suggested to the marques de Aguayo, newly appointed governor of Coahuila and Texas, that a new mission be founded near Mission San Antonio, this one to be named Mission San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo. Approval was granted for the mission, which would serve the Indians in the vicinity and be the mid-point between, the missions of eastern Texas and Coahuila. The date of the founding was February 23, 1720, and the location was the east bank of the San Antonio River, three leagues from Mission San Antonio. Sometime between 1724 and 1727 the site of the mission was moved to the opposite bank and remained there until 1739. During the early 1740's, after a disastrous epidemic, the mission was moved to its present site (see Map 2.1). March of 1731 was eventful, with the relocation of three eastern Texas missions on the upper San Antonio River on the 5th, and the arrival of poor illiterate Canary Islanders on the 9th. SvmS}\ £STABilSl4M£NT5 INfLUEmAL IN THE DEVELOPMEKT Of 18^ CEMTW SAH mm\o

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MAP 2.0 SPANISH ESTABLISHMENTS INFLUENTIAL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF l8th CENTURY SAN ANTONIO Source; An Archeologlcal and Historical Survey of the Proposed Mission Parkway JMH. Ttm^n^ Church Ojfr Missiojfs Of SAJfrAMOXW

MAP 2.1 THE MISSIONS OP SAN ANTONIO. Mission Valero, Mission Concepcion, Mission San Jose, Mission San Juan, and Mission Espada. Source: An Archeologlcal and Historical Survey of the Proposed Mission Parkway BACKGROUND: SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS, p.24,

These fifteen families from the Islands plus the vecinos agregados - families already living in the San Antonio area but who were not formal citizens of the villa community - formed the nucleus of San Antonio society. This society, throughout the 18th century, was expanded by arrivals from the south as well as by the Hispanized mission Indians who married into the villa and presidio families. While the activities of the villa were progressing, the three former eastern Texas missions were settling into their new locations. The removal of the missions really meant the founding of new missions with the movable property and supplies of the old one. The three new missions of San Antonio had similar experiences before their relocation on the San Antonio River. All three were staffed by personnel from the apostolic college in Queretaro. All underwent a change in name: Mission Nuestra Senora de la Purislma Concepcion added "de Acuna"; Mission San Jose de los Nazonis became San Juan de Caplstrano; and Mission Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas became Mission San Francisco de la Espada. Unlike the impressive physical remains that are seen in San Antonio today, the early mission sites were rudimentary. As late as 1740, the buildings were described as "still of a temporary nature," with inadequate Indian housing and straw or thatched roofs covering the churches. However, the construction of a stone church was underway at each of the four missions by the 1740's or 1750's. Great care, effort and expense went into their construction. For this, it seems apparent that a span of approximately 15 years was needed and that all the missions had a substantial church by the mid 1750's, except San Jose where a large adobe church was completed by 1749- A stone church was begun 19 years later. At Mission San Jose, the granary, friary, and some Indian quarters were completed by 1749. The stone church, begun in 1768, was completed in 1782. By 1789, the two tower bastions of the mission walls were reported complete, and four gate parapets and the flour mill were constructed between 1790 and 1794. There BACKGROUND: SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS, p.25 is some controversy concerning the dating of the stone church at Mission San Juan. Under any circumstances, the earliest date possible for its completion, along with the friary and granary, is 1756. There was an attempt during the I76O-I78O period to construct a new, larger church on the east side of the compound. The attempt, however, was never successful. At Mission Espada a stone friary and the stone aqueduct over Piedras Creek were completed in 1745. The present church was completed in 1756. As at Mission San Juan, the missionaries attempted the construction of a new church which was begun prior to 1762, but it was never completed and had to be dismantled in 1777. BACKGROUND: SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS, p.26

SOCIAL ACCULTURATION

From the Spanish point of view, the purpose of the missions was to meet both the spiritual and temporal needs of the Indians, Aside from systematic institution in the Catholic doctrine, there was a whole range of acculturating factors that influenced the mission Indian. Language, law, trade, agricultural techniques, weapons, architecture, artisanry - each in varying ways touched the Indians as they encountered and assimilated Spanish culture. The missiom property belonged to the Indian community; it was, however, entrusted to the missionaries. Acculturation began immediately as the Indians were grouped into pueblos, with a semblance of Spanish government; institutions (pueblos) and titles (gobernador, alguacil mayor) were identical in name and function to those of the Spanish community. BACKGROUND; SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS, p.27j

SECULARIZATION OF THE MISSIONS

Various explanations have been given for the causes and the effects of the secularization decree promulgated on April 10, 1794, by Pedro de Nava, Commandant General of the Interior Provinces. Far different from the sedentary Indians who had been encountered by the Spaniards in central core areas of the New World, the nomadic culture of the Southwest Indians militated against a permanent mission; rather, the mission was being renewed constantly by Indians who were crude and barbarous. The missions were further hampered by the treachery of the French and English fur traders, an extension of European rivalry. Some of the Franciscans wished to lessen their activities in Texas by reducing the number of San Antonio missions to two. This idea mixed with the Spanish government's own plans to pare its activities, resulted in the pronouncement that the missions in existence longer than ten years would be turned over to the secular religious authorities. BACKGROUND; SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS, p.28.

DECLINE OP THE MISSIONS IN THE 19TH CENTURY

High on the list of the many lacuna that exist in Texas history is the period from the secularization of the missions in 1793-I794 to Mexican independence in I82I. The decline of the missions that began in the latter part of the l8th century carried through into the early years of the 19th century, but decline of the missions related in this sense to their purpose - how they affected the native Indians, their populations, their conversion. A second notion of decline is in terms of the physical remains of the missions. The physical compound with its attendant labores and acequias also continued to decline throughout the 19th century. BACKGROUND: SAN ANTONIO FACTS, p.29.

CURRENT FACTS CONCERNING THE NATION'S ELEVENTH LARGEST CITY

HISTORY

San Antonio was founded as a military garrison in I718 by the viceroy of Spain, who desired a halfway post between east Texas missions and the Spanish Presidio of Northern Mexico. Several missions were established and for a time prospered and expanded, then declined following secularization in 1793 and the waning of Spanish religious and political influence. Major battles were fought in San Antonio during Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain. From I82I-I836, under a colonization program carried out by Stephen P. Austin, many Anglo-Americans immigrated to Texas. However, resentment against the Mexican government grew, and in December of I835, Ben Milam and a small army took San Antonio from the Mexican General Martin Perfecto de Cos. In February of the following year. General Santa Anna, with several thousand troops, marched on San Antonio. After a 13-day siege. General Santa Anna defeated Colonel Travis and his small army at the Alamo. However, General Santa Anna was defeated a month later at San Jacinto by the army of General Sam Houston. Texas then became the Republic of Texas. In l845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state. After the Civil War, San Antonio became the center of a cattle empire. Industry also came with the railroads and the military establishments. Oil was discovered nearby. Between 1870 and 1920, the population grew from 12,000 to 161,000, making San Antonio the largest city in Texas. San Antonio is the commercial and financial center of South Texas today. BACKGROUND: SAN ANTONIO FACTS, p.30.

LOCATION

San Antonio, the governmental seat located in Bexar County, occupies an area of 267.6 square miles in south central Texas at the edge of the Gulf Coastal Plains. Bexar County is approximately 140 miles north of the Gulf of i^lexico, and has an average elevation of 701 feet above sea level (see Map 2.2).

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MAP 2.2 SAN ANTONIO ORIENTATION MAP. A ^^^^^^Jf J^f j^?/' '"^^ proximity of the San Antonio Missions N.H.P. and the clty. ioSrce: General Management Plan/Development Concept .Ian BACKGROUND; SAN ANTONIO FACTS, p.31

GOVERNMENT

San Antonio has a council-manager form of city government. The City Council consists of 11 elected members with 10 of those members elected by district and the mayor elected at-large. City Council members are elected for two-year terms. The City Council sets the policies of the city and hires a city manager to serve as the chief administration officer of the city.

NATURAL RESOURCES

Local materials including limestone, clays and silica sand are available for construction materials. There is also some asphaltic limestone that might be developed. Industrial use of natural gas is being shifted to coal and electric energy. A lignite trend lies south of Bexar County and is a source of fuel supply for area utilities. Uranium ores are strip-mined south of Bexar County, and other natural resources include natural gas and crude oil.

WATER SUPPLY

San Antonio's water supply is from deep artisian wells, which pump from the Edwards Aquifer, an extensive limestone formation. Water quality is extremely high. Several municipally owned systems provide water for most customers. Smaller private companies provide the balance.

AGRIBUSINESS

Crop production and ranching continue to be major sources of income in the South Texas region serving San Antonio. Bexar County, part of the state agricultural district 8-N, recovered total receipts from sale of crops, livestock and livestock production of $40,756,000 in 198O. San Antonio is also a major processing and distribution center for agricultural commodities. BACKGROUND; SAN ANTONIO PACTS, p.32^

Crops grown in the southern and western districts are funneled through San Antonio for processing, packaging and distribution nationwide. Major agricultural districts where crops come from for this processing are the Lower Rio Grande Valley and the Wintergarden districts. As a result of these dominant agribusiness characteristics, San Antonio continues to be the agricultural capital of South Texas.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

San Antonio is the favored manufacturing, wholesale and retail market in the United States for the citizens of Mexico. San Antonio is on the airline, railroad and highway routes to Monterrey and Mexico City, and is a natural stop-over or terminal point for American and Mexican tourists. Many thousands of American tourists visit Mexico monthly and spend from a few hours to several days in San Antonio. Pull information on travel in Mexico and the requirements for tourists in that country are available in San Antonio. San Antonio is one of seven cities in the United States in which the Mexican government has purchased its own building to house consulate offices. They occupy, as consular headquarters, the old Federal Reserve Bank building on the corner of Villita and Navarro.

CHURCHES

More than 700 churches serve San Antonio. There are 78 Roman Catholic, 511 Protestant, 3 Jewish, and many others. The architecture ranges from tiny mission to great modern structures. Several denominations have state headquarters in San Antonio.

TRANSPORTATION

Railroads; Four railroads serve San Antonio; the Missouri- Kansas-Texas, Missouri Pacific, Southern Pacific, and Amtrack. The estimated railroad mileage in Bexar County is 171 miles. BACKGROUND; SAN ANTONIO FACTS, p.33.

Motor Freight Lines: Fourty-four common-carrier truck lines are in operation in San Antonio. Freeways. Streets and Roads: There are 576 miles of freeways and state highways in San Antonio. The total road and street mileage is 4,801. The city is encircled by Loop 410 and Loop 1604, facilitating access to all parts of San Antonio. There is one state highway, five U.S. highways, and four interstate highways servicing the city. Air Transportation: The Aviation Department operates two municipal airports; the San Antonio International Airport and Stinson Field. Twelve scheduled airlines serve San Antonio: American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Delta Airlines, Eastern Air Lines, Mexicana de Aviacion, Southwest Airlines, Texas International Airlines, U.S. Air, TWA, Ozark Airlines, Metro Airlines, and Muse Air. Bus Transportation: Six bus lines serve San Antonio: Painter, Greyhound, Trailways, Kerrville, Valley Transit, and Arrow Coach Lines. Public Transportation; The San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (VIA Metropolitan Transit) is the only metropolitan transit system in the Southwest with the capacity to serve the entire metropolitan area. It was created by a city-wide referendum and is funded through a .5% sales tax, fare box revenues, and federal funds. VIA Metropolitan Transit operates 15-5 million bus miles annually, with a fleet of 479 buses and vans on 76 different routes. Total passengers carried in 1981 was 32,580,017.

TRAVEL

One of the leading industries in San Antonio is tourism and conventions. In 198O the total travel expenditures for Bexar County were $654.4 million, a 24% increase over 1979. In the area of conventions, San Antonio has long been a favored city in Texas. In 198I more than 671 conventions and meetings of district, state, regional and national scope brought an estimated $49,049,000 to San Antonio, an increase of l8.4% over 198O. Other major attractions for visitors to San Antonio are the Fiesta BACKGROUND: SAN ANTONIO FACTS, p.34

San Jacinto, the Institute of Texan Cultures, the Texas Folklife Festival and the San Antonio Livestock Exposition and Rodeo, which bring more than 200,000 out-of-town persons to the city. Source; Convention & Visitors Bureau & U.S. Travel Data Center

PRINCIPAL POINTS OF INTEREST (Maps 2.3 and 2.4)

Major tourist attractions include the Visitor Information Center; The Alamo; Remember The Alamo Theatre; The Heart of Texas entertainment center; the River Walk and La Villita, with their many restaurants and shops; the Hertzberg Circus Museum; the Tower of the Americas; the Institute of Texan Cultures; the Museum of Transportation; San Fernando Cathedral; the Spanish Governor's Palace; the Mexican Market area; Southwest Craft Center; the King William Historic District; the Lone Star Brewery; the San Antonio Museum of Art; the Pearl Brewery; Brackenridge Park and Zoological Gardens; the Witte Museum; the San Antonio Botanical Center; the McNay Art Institute; and of paramount importance, the newly established San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, including missions Concepcion, San Jose, San Juan, and Espada.

CULTURAL ATTRACTIONS

Cultural opportunities are varied in San Antonio. The San Antonio Symphony and other local music groups sponsor annual musical events. Permanent art galleries include the noted McNay Art Institute. The three major museums in San Antonio are the San Antonio Museum of Art, the Institute of Texan Cultures in HemisFair Plaza and the Witte Museum. San Antonio Little Theatre and several dinner theaters offer entertainment. The San Antonio Ballet Company provides quality performances for the community. The San Antonio Performing Arts Association brings national and international companies to the community. The Majestic Theater of the Performing Arts Center attracts current MAP 2.3 PRINCIPAL POINTS OP INTEREST, DOWNTOWN SAN ANTONIO. 1.) Visitor Information Center, 2.) The Alamo, 3.) Remember The Alamo Theater, 4.) Heart of Texas, 5.) River Walk, 6.) La Villita, 7.) Hertzberg Circus Museum, 8.) Tower of the Americas, 9.) Institute of Texan Cultures, 10.) Museum of Transportation, 11.) San Fernando Cathedral, 12.) Spanish Governor's Palace, 13.) Market Square, 14.) Southwest Craft Center, 15.) King William Historic District. Source: San Antonio Convention & Visitors Bureau RANDOLPH A FB

MAP 2.4 PRINCIPAL POINTS OP INTEREST, METROPOLITAN SAN ANTONIO. 16.) Mission Concepcion, 17.) Mission San Jose, l8.) Mission San Juan, 19.) Mission Espada, 20.) Lone Star Brewery, 21.) San Antonio Museum of Art, 22.) Pearl Brewery, 23.) Brackenridge Park and Zoological Gardens, 24.) Witte Museum, 25.) San Antonio Botanical Center, 26.) McNay Art Institute. Source: San Antonio Convention & Visitors Bureau BACKGROUND; SAN ANTONIO FACTS, p.37,

Broadway touring plays and musicals as well as top performers. BACKGROUND: SUMMARY, p.38.

SUMMARY

With its' river as a stage and its' missions as manifestations of history, San Antonio has become a meeting place for vastly unique cultures, languages, and people. The cultural impact of Spain has provided San Antonio with an environment of lasting impression. It has become a place of amazing variety and startling contrast. Not only culturally, but also geographically. San Antonio has existed over 250 years and is, by far, the oldest city in Texas. It is in this setting, along the San Antonio River and existing mission compounds, that the work of tomorrow must be placed. With a deep sensitivity to environs, a designer's challenge is one of contribution. BACKGROUND, p.39.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Scurlock, Dan, et al. An Archeologlcal and Historical Survey of the Proposed Mission Parkway, San Antonio, Texas. Ed. Kathy Freydenfeldt. Austin; Office of the state Archeologist, Texas Historical Commission, 1976.

San Antonio Pacts. Greater San Antonio Chamber of Commerce, Economic Research Department, 1982.

National Park Service. Southwest Regional Office. General Management Plan/Development Concept Plan. San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, San Antonio, Texas. July 1982.

San Antonio Visitor Map. San Antonio Convention & Visitors Bureau.

The Bibliography is listed in the order of use within the text. CASE STUDIE.S: jHiT.VRTR ... 40.

Case Studies. CASE STUDIES, p . 41

CASE STUDILIS OUTLINE

I. THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARMONY, INDIANA, A STATE-OF-THE-ART VISITOR CENTER. A. Background B. The Atheneum C. Data D. Publications E. Bibliography II. RIDGWAY CENTER AND THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, A NEW EDUCATIONAL AND VISITOR ORIENTATION BUILDING. A. Background B. Ridgway Center C. Data D. Bibliography III. THE VISITOR CENTER AT PECOS NATIONAL MONUMENT, A PRAGMATIC, C0NTEXTUALI3TIC APPROACH. A. Background B. Site Analysis C. Visitor Center: Design Elements/Activity Analysis D. Visitation E. Bibliography THE ATHENEUM AND NEW IlAKi'lONY, INDIANA, p. 42. THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARMONY, INDIANA THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARMONY. INDIANA^ p .44

BACKGROUND

New Harmony was founded in the wilderness of the southern Ohio Valley region in I8l4 by the Harmonists, a group of 800 Lutheran Church dissenters from Wurtemberg, Germany. The keystones of community life were hard work and celibacy, a form of self denial, resulting in mostly single followers who would consequently live in dormitories rather than detached houses. This unorthodox life, however, produced an impressive number of sturdily built sawmills, light factories, a handsome cruciform brick church, farmhouses and two thousand cultivated acres. In 1825, seeking a location closer to the markets for its goods, the sect, led by George Rapp, sold the entire town and moved to Pennsylvania. New Harmony's experimentation did not end; the buyer was the Welsh reformer Robert Owen, who imported a boatload of noted scholars including his partner William Maclure, in an attempt to found "an empire of good sense". One of Owen's changes was to convert the Harmonists' church into an atheneum - a center of learning. Owen brought to America not only a six-foot-square model of the ideal community he had planned, but also a live architect to explain it - Stedman Whitwell. Within three years, Owen admitted his experiment a failure, but many of his imported scholars remained and New Harmony continued to be exceptional. Although the projected complex (Fig. 3.0) was never built, Owen's sons and Maclure remained as well continually attracting even more geologists and scientists to the "new town". The education goals, eventually, began to take effect. New Harmony would soon boast the first kindergarten, the first Infant school, the first vocational school, the first free public school system and the first free library in the U.S. In 196O Philip Johnson's well- known "roofless church" was built in New Harmony, and later and nearby. The Pottery, a little-known Richard Meier building housing a ceramics school, was built. A distinction of New Harmony's character - in contrast to "single-period communities" like Williamsgurg, Virginia - is that it preserves elements from so many stages of its past. The •-—-v-^»l_. .. •- • r

^^ ^^S^!^:^ '^"'^? rz:^^..

FIGURE 3.0 COOPERATIVE CENTRALIZED COMPLEX. The never realized community complex where the residents of New Harmony were to have been housed. THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARlviONY. INDIANA, p. 46.

addition of the new Atheneum by Richard ileier, a building very clearly of the present, is thus a continuation of tradition, and not one of intrusion. THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARMONY. INDIANA, p.47

THE ATHENEUM

In explaining his intentions for the design of the 15,000 square-foot Atheneum, architect Richard Meier refers to the building as a "place of arrival" a "threshold", that begins the route for the tour through the town of New Harmony, Indiana. At the edge of the Wabash River, the entrance (Fig. 3.1) is oriented toward the river banks. A wall at the entry is turned diagonally to the orthogonal grid of the building. Overlying the orthogonal grid is another grid cranked on a five-degree diagonal to the main one. This geometric device induces a compression of spaces at certain points within the building. When the outside ramp extending along the south elevation approaches the centralized interior ramp, at a perpendicular, the five-degree shift makes itself particularly felt. It inflects one circulation path towards another, forcing a visual perception of spaces narrowing then opening; of grids almost colliding. The five-degree skew in soffits, paving, and walls acts as a counterpoint to spaces arranged on the orthogonal grid. The program called for a ISO-seat auditorium, four exhibition galleries for permanent and changing exhibits, observation terraces, visitor facilities, and a centralized computer ticketing desk for the New Harmony tourists. Meier emphasized the circulation component of that program by designing a building that exploits to the fullest opportunities for promenade and procession. Promenade, in this instance, meaning a continuous forward movement through a public place for pleasure and/or display. The exterior and interior ramps (Fig. 3.2 ) and the stairs twisting up to the observation decks on the roof form the essential organizing elements of the spacial development. Skylights behind framing walls and screen walls admit natural light to circulation and exhibition spaces within the building. (Fig. 3.3) The second-floor exhibit space contains the model of old New Harmony in a specially designed vitrine encased under a low soffit and lit dramatically by the canted skylight above it. FIGURE 3.1 THE ENTRANCE OF THE ATHENEUM. In the l850's the point of entry to New Harmony was by boat. The builaing is related to that historic entry and to the town as It exists today. \l' r UL '(P ^ I'N-

THIRD LEVEL u

SECOND LEVEL

Legend 6 Exhibit 1 Enrry 7 Court 2 Lobby/uxhibil B Auditufium 3 Ofienlation desk 9 Conleience room 4 Gallery space 10 Terrace GflOUND LEVEL 5 Model display 11 Roof terrace

FIGURE 3.2 PLANS, SECTION, AND AXOMOWVTRTC OF THE ATHENEUM FIGURE 3.3 FRAMED VIEWS. The framed views revealed through walls serve as the best orienting devices, operating between the building and the town it serves. THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARMONY. INDIANA, p.51

The auditorium design represents the real architectural achievement of the Atheneum. As an interior it is one of the best executed in the Modern idiom in the U.S., comparable to Frank Lloyd Wright's Guggenheim Museum auditorium. (Fig. 3.4) Austerity prevails, with the white walls, charcoal-carpeted floors and seating, and the aluminum strip ceiling system. The sense of refinement and polish in the detail nicely counterbalances that effect. The Aaltoesque lines, the Shaker­ like pews, the white walls, all subtly sculptured to reflect the interaction on the elevation of the orthogonal and the five- degree grids combine to create a stunning totality. At one end of the otherwise blank wall, a lO'xlO" window has been installed, framing a view of the first log cabin built by the Harmonists - a view immediately perceptible to those entering the auditorium. A panel automatically slides over the window when the orientation film goes on; the log cabin then appears on the screen. The orientation function of The Atheneum assumes a more important role than that of a learning center as suggested by its name. The seminar rooms are small and few; the books and artifacts comprise an interesting but not extensive collection. A restaurant and outdoor amphitheater originally planned were looped off for economic reasons. In terms of energy use, the building would clearly not satisfy conservationist demands. Since the most heavily used spaces do face south and west, the heating burden might be diminished in the winter when tourism is low. But summer air- conditioning requirements undoubtedly soar with the temperatures. The Atheneum-s complexity, unprecedented in Meier's work, does not necessarily herald a continued escalation of complexity in that work, for The Atheneum is a specific response to its site and program. But the unprecedented presence of The Atheneum does herald a new degree of Meier's confidence as an artist. The Atheneum is at once the best and also the most uncompromisingly Meier-like of all Meier's work so far. As an emblem of the town's Utopian history and its desire to attract visitors, it makes sense. FIGURE 3.4 THE AUDITORIUM. The iBO seat auditorium uses a limited palette of materials; white-painted gypsum board with charcoal gray carpet on the raked floor and pew-like wood seating. THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARMONY. INDIANA, p.53.

DATA

PROJECT; The Atheneum, New Harmony, Indiana.

ARCHITECTS; Richard Meier & Associates. DESIGN TEAM: Richard Meier, Gerald Gurland, Sherman Kung, Henry Smith-Miller, Christopher Chimera, Mark Cigole, David Estreich, and Steven Forman.

SITE; 7.8 acres on semi-forested land, close physically and visually to the Wabash River, in the northwest section of town of 900 people.

PROGRAM; The Atheneum is a visitors' orientation and community cultural center in a small historic Midwestern community. Containing an auditorium, a meeting room, exhibition spaces, display spaces, a gallery, and a conference room. The Atheneum will serve as a place of arrival, interpretation, orientation, and beginning of circulation for the tour of the town, which was the site of one of the more significant realized Utopian communities in America.

SOLUTION: The architect has chosen to emphasize circulation elements to dramatize motion at the beginning of a visitor's tour and to signify the spaces as place of initiation, a threshold, and the beginning of the route. The nature of procession, circulation, and movement is a fundamental theme of the spacial organization. The entire movement system is a continuous experience, in which the building is a place of social interaction that is linked with the town of New Harmony itself.

•qTRiJCTURAL SYSTEM: Steel frame and steel stud walls, concrete on steel deck floors and roof. THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARMONY. INDIANA, p.54

DATA

MAJOR MATERIALS; Porcelain enamel panels on exterior walls, gypsum board on interior walls and ceilings, maple wood flooring, quarry tile paving on all terraces and walking surfaces, carpeting.

MECHANICAL SYSTEM; Forced cold air system; hot water radiation and forced warm air system.

CONSULTANTS; Severud-Perrone-Sturm, Bandel, structural; Flack & Kurtz, mechanical; Kane & Carruth, landscape architects; Peter Katz, signage.

CLIENT; Historic New Harmony, Inc., Ralph G. Schwarz, president,

GENERAL CONTRACTOR; Peyronnin Construction Company.

COST: $1,800,000 - $120 a square

OFFICIAL DEDICATION: October 10,

AXONOMETRIC SITE ME^ f^ AfqMQN Y, JINIDIAIMA ''^ 1 m^ i_u ^-^L

FIGURE 3.5 SITE PLAN. Located on the northwest, outer limit of the town, near the curving river's edge. The Atheneum stands on a low, grassy podium above a flat green field that is flooded yearly by the Wabash. A traditional, split-rail fence separates the site from the older, historic section of New Harmony. PLAIN

FIGURE 3.6 FLOOD PLAIN. The substantial amount and shape of riverfront area flooded by the Wabash River. Meier reflected this curving plain in the northwest facade of the center. This early site plan also indicates the restaurant and outdoor amphitheater which were later deleted from the project due to economic reasons. FIGURE 3.7 AXONOMETRIC rv

X GROUND LEVEL THE ATHENEUM

FIGURE 3.8 FIRST FLOOR PLAN. The first floor plan with the entry oriented toward the Wabash River and the reception area curved to reflect the river's edge below. Notice how the verticle circulation elements, ie. stairs and ramps, are used as form generating elements. A collision of grids is expressed m the concrete walks and pad on which the building sits. SECOND LEVEL THE ATHEMEUM

FIGURE 3.9 SECOND FLOOR PLAN. The second floor plan with the centralized Interior ramp dominating the scene. All spaces seemingly wrap around this organizing element. THIRD LEVEL V. THE ATHENEUIVI

FIGURE 3.10 THIRD FLOOR PLAN THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARMONY. INDIANA. n.61

PUBLICATIONS Compiled by Richard Meier & Partners and Historic New Harmony, Inc.

AIA Journal. Volume 69, Number 6 (mid-May 1980), pp. 126-137, "A Vision Continued; Richard Meier's Atheneum, New Harmony, Indiana" by Stanley Abercrombie.

Americana. Volume 8, Number 1 (March/April 1980), p. 102, "New Harmony's New Building."

GA Document. Issue 1 (Summer 1980), pp. 25-28, "A Collage & Study Sketches for The Atheneum" by Richard Meier, pp. 30-33, "Meier's Atheneum" by Keneth Frampton. pp. 34-35, "Richard Meier; An American Architect" by Arthur A. Cohen, pp. 36-65, "The Atheneum, New Harmony, Inc." $15.00

International Architect. Volume 1, Number 3, Issue 3 (1980), pp. 13-24, "Richard Meier; The Architecture of the Promenade: The Atheneum."

Life, Volume 3, Number 2 (February 1980), pp. 60-62, "Harmonious Museum for New Harmony."

Parametro. Anno VII, N. 48 (Luglio-Agosta 1976), pp. 16-19. "Richard Meier Intrinseche Qualita' Delle Rimembranze" by Silvio Cassara.

Progressive Architecture, Voliime LXI, Number 2 (February 1980), pp. 67-74, "Emblematic Edifice!'" pp. 74-75, "Critique" by Suzanne Stephens.

Richard Meier; Architect, New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. 239 pp. Pp. 192-203, "The Atheneum." Hard Cover $35.00

The New Harmony Atheneum. Evansville, Indiana: Historic New Harmony, Inc. 1980, 24pp. THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARMONY. INDIANA, p. 62.

PUBLICATIONS

Architectural Awards of Excellence 1979. American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.. 1980, pp. 18-19, "The Atheneum, New Harmony, Indiana."

Panorama, October 13, 1980, p. 41, "Atheneum a New Harmony, Indiana." by Lorenzo Berni.

The Shock of the New, New York, 1980. pp. 210-211, author, Robert Hughes.

Jahrbuch fur Architektur; Neues Bauen 1980-1981. Heinrich Klotz, editor, Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1980, pp. 53-64, "Das Athenaura, New Harmony, Indiana."

1981 Britannica Book qf_ the Year, "Architecture", pp. 187-188, Encyclopedia Britannica, 1981, Chicago. (The Atheneum)

Global Architecture #60, "The Atheneum.", by Paul Goldberger, Photographs by Yukio Futagawa, 1981, (Entire issue). Reprinted in Global Architecture Book 6: Public Buildings, 1981.

BOUVJ. NO. 17, August 22, 1981, pp. 73-76, "The Atheneum in New Harmony."

inland Architect, December 1980, pp. 20-28, "Dissonance in New Harmony.", by William Marlin.

Three Centuries of Notable American Architects, New York; American Heritage, 1981, pp. 338-341, editor Joseph Thorndike, Jr., forming part of essay by Paul Goldberger.

Gran Bazaar, January/February 1982, pp. 128-135, "La Via Storica: L'Atheneum di New Harmony nell'Indiana di Richard Meier, by Roberto Shezen and Richard Meier. THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARMONY. INDIANA, p.63

PUBLICATIONS

The New York Times, Sunday, September 30. 1979, "A Radical New Addition For Mid-America." by Ada Louise Huxtable.

United Mainliner. Volume 24, Number 3 (March 1980), pp. 66-71, "Creator of a New Harmony." by Arthur A. Cohen.

Voaue, Volume 170, Number 2 (February 1980), pp. 250-251,296, "The Atheneum: Utopia Lives." by Paul Goldberger.

Progressive Architecture. January 1979, pp. 72-73, "Award: Architectural Design; Richard Meier & Associates Architects.", (P/A Annual Design Award for The Atheneum, New Harmony, Ind.)

L'Espresso. April 6, 1980, p. 124, "Un UFO nel Campo di Grano." by Bruno Zevi. (UFO in a Grain Field)

Exhibition Catalog. The High Museum_of Art, Atlanta, 1980. "Richard Meier; The Art of Architecture." (Bronx Developmental Center; The Atheneum; The Hartford Seminary Foundation; drawings and models.)

Exhibition Catalog. The Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut, 1980. "Richard Meier; Matrix 58." Guest curator: Jane Dillenberger. (Bronx Developmental Center; The Atheneum; The Hartford Seminary Foundation; drawings and models.)

Baumeister. August 1980, pp. 776-779, "The Atheneiom in New Harmony, U.S.A."

Werk, Bauen + Wohnen. No. 12, December 1980, pp. 44-53, "Das Atheneum, New Harmony, Indiana;" Haker, Werner, "New Harmony und das Atheneum von Richard Meier." THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARMONY. INDIANA, p.64.

PUBLICATIONS

Domus, February 1980. "New Harmony Propylaeon." by Joseph Rykwert. THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARMONY. INDIANA, p. 65

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abercrombie, Stanley. "A Vision Continued," AIA Journal. Mid-May 1980, pp. 126-130.

Diamonstein, Barbaralee. "Richard Meier Frankly Speaking," Interiors, ed. Maeve Slavin, October 1980, pp. 84-90,

"Emblematic Edifice." Progressive Architecture. February 1980, pp. 67-75.

Goldberger, Paul. "The Atheneum: Utopia Lives." Vouge. Volume 170, Number 2 (February 1980), pp. 250-251, 296.

Huxtable, Ada Louise. "A Radical New Addition for Mid-America." The New York Times, September 30, 1979, p. 1, Section 2 cols. 1-4.

Marlin, William. "Dissonance in New Harmony," Inland Architect, December 1980, pp. 20-28.

Meier, Richard. Richard Meier: Architect. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979, pp. 192-203.

"New Harmony, Indiana. Robert Owen, c. 1925." AIA Journal, November 1976, p. 56.

"Richard Meier and Associates Architects." Progressive Architecture, January 1979, pp. 72-73.

Rykwert, Joseph. "New Harmony Propylaeon," Domus, February 1980. RIDGWAY CENTER AND THE MISSOURI nOTAMICAL GARDEN, p.66. ' \j,itSLiA

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23 Home Demonstration 7 Otd Gale Building 13 Museum Building 19 Henry Shaw Townhouse' 1 Ridgway Center Administration Building" Garden 2 Plaza 8 Water Lily Garden 14 Tower Grove House 24 Amphitheater Area 9 Mediterranean House 15 Herb Garden 20 Hdars . National Council 3 Linnean House of State Garden Clubs* 25 Maintenance Complex m 4 Future Garden Areas" to Climatron 16 Lehmann Rose Garden 26 Greenhouses' •Not open to public 11 Desert House 17 English Woodland Garden 21 Japanese Garden^^ "Not yet completed 5 Gladney Rose Garden 22 Boxwood Garden" 6 Scented Garden 12 Mausoleum grounds 18 Lehmann Building* "" ° —""'^ RIDGWAY CENTER AND THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, p.68.

BACKGROUND

In the mid-1800's, a horticulturist/architect named Joseph Paxton was interested in cultivating the Victoria Amazonica waterlily. It was a popular plant, named for the then Queen of England Victoria, but no gardener was able to grow the plant successfully until Paxton began working with them. In 1849 Paxton designed and constructed a special greenhouse for the sensitive waterlily basing his design on the venation of the plant itself. Several months later, the English Royal Society of Arts was searching for a design for a building to house the "Great Exhibition of the Work of All Nations" which was to be held in 1851. The Society had a relatively small budget and therefor required a design that could be executed economically. Paxton proposed an adaptation of his greenhouse design. Because his building could adequately house the exhibition and could be built within the budget (its cost was a little more than one-half that of other designs) and within a short time (46 weeks from rough sketches to opening) the Society accepted his proposal. The Ridgway Center at the Missouri Botanical Garden is reminiscent of this Great Exhibition hall, known popularly as the "Crystal Palace," and therefore its central barrel vault entry reflects the same venation of Paxton's famous Victoria Amazonica waterlily. Even the most casual visitor to the Missouri Botanical Garden immediately notices a rich diversity of structures: a heritage of brick and stone, stucco and concrete, aluminum and glass. These buildings span more than thirteen decades of architectural style and technique, from the Italiente villa of Tower Grove House (1851; the same year as Paxton's Crystal Palace) to the geodesic dome of the Climatron (1960) to the massive spaciousness of the Ridgway Center (1982). The Missouri Botanical Garden, America's oldest botanical garden and one of the world's leading institutions in botanical research, horticultural display, and biology education, is not only a living museum of plants and landscapes, but is also a RIDGWAY CENTER AND THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, p.69. registered National Historical Landmark: a tribute to the Garden's excellent architectural heritage. RIDGVMAY CENTER AND THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, p. 70.

RIDGWAY CENTER A NEW EDUCATIONAL AND VISITOR ORIENTATION BUILDING

Completion of the Ridgway Center, a 60,000-square-foot visitor orientation and education facility, marks the beginning of a new era in public service for the Missouri Botanical Garden. Completed July 18,1982, the new center was designed to accomodate the Garden's many educational programs and to provide a place to orient visitors to its many features. "We are very excited by the increased potential the Ridgway Center gives us," said Pat Rich, project manager and special assistant to Peter Raven, Garden Director. "The number of people interested in our educational programs doubled over the last decade and the old facilities could no longer meet the demand. The Ridgway Center provides additional space for classrooms, program development and teacher resource centers." The bi-level Ridgway Center was designed by Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum, St. Louis. Visitors enter a tv/o-story lobby at street level. The first floor (Fig.3.11) contains the 400-seat Shoenberg Auditorium; plant and gift shop; entrance and ticket information area; orientation theater; educational classrooms; a greenhouse and a large floral display hall. The second level (Fig.3^.12) consists of educational and public relations offices; the Spink Gallery of porcelain art and the Gardenview Restaurant. The Ridgway Center's main architectural feature is the barrel vault, reminiscent of the Crystal Palace of London erected for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The faces of glass in the barrel vault represent the ribs and struts of the underside of a large waterlily. The pattern was a major influence on English architecture in the mid-19th century. "It is especially appropriate because of the English heritage of Henry Shaw, the Garden's founder," said Ms. Rich. Half of the new Ridgway Center was designed for educational purposes. The educational wing includes three classrooms, a large plant science laboratory with panels to divide space into separate teaching areas and a greenhouse. The atrium area is another educational effort designed to show plants growing in :^||kBM£^way Center FIRST FLOOR PLAN vK^ Mi^otiri Botanical Garden 0 S to 20 t^

FIGURE 3.11 FIRST FLOOR PLAN. The central organizing element is the barrel vault or archway which bisects the center; with public oriented spaces flanking either side. J[4||kRidgnDray Center SECOND FLOOR PLAN ^ ^ 0 ft 10 20 ^^ Missouri Botanical Garden

FIGURE 3.12 SECOND FLOOR PLAN. The second floor plan is where the administration branch of the center is located. This non­ public division within the building occupies the entire west side of the second floor. RIDGWAY CENTER AND THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, p.73. water, on land and in the air (hanging from tree branches) . A two-story, 20-square-foot skylight brings outside light into the atrium area. A similar skywell for plants in the gift shop and the clear, plexiglass barrel vault all add to the building's pleasant natural lighting. Visitors are introduced to the Garden in the orientation theater, where a short film highlighting displays, educational services and Garden functions is shown throughout the day. The 400-seat Shoenberg Auditorium, with continental seating, is used for a variety of purposes ranging from lectures on botany and horticulture to a meeting place for other community activities. The Gardenview Restaurant seats 164 inside and 120 outside on two levels of dining terrace. It was designed with a tropical rain forest motif to emphasize the Garden's commitment to research in the tropics. A mural 70 feet long and 40 inches high consists of over 80 color photographs of rain forest flowers, birds and insects. The restaurant's south wall overlooks the Garden. The Ridgway Center provides the Garden with an all-weather facility that houses all services under one roof. In addition, the center now serves as the new main gate to the Garden grounds. (Fig.3.13) A new adjacent parking facility is capable of accomodating more than 500 cars. Finally, the center is the key element in the Master Plan initiated 10 years ago with the consruction of the English Woodland Garden, and later the Japanese Garden. Ground was broken for the new educational and visitor center on February 14, 1980. The Ridgway Center is named for Louise G. and Edmund G. Ridgway.

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FIGURE 3.13 THE SITE PLAN. Site plan indicating the entire Botanical Gardens and how the Ridgway Center responded as a new gateway to the grounds. RIDGWAY CENTER AND THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, p.75.

DATA

PROJECT SCOPE: The Ridgway Center is a 60,000 square-foot, two level building encompassing a 400 seat auditorium; plant and gift shop; floral display hall; gallery; orientation theater; education classrooms; greenhouse; entrance vestibule; ticket and information areas; education, operations and public relations offices and restaurant.

PURPOSE; The main purpose of the new Ridgway Center is to provide facilities for the Garden's many educational programs. The Center also gives the Garden an all-weather facility which houses its services under one roof. The Ridgway Center also serves as the new Main Gate to the Garden grounds.

IMPORTANCE; More than 55,ooo people take advantage of the Garden's educational programs - twice as many as the niimber served in 1970. The new Ridgway Center provides additional classroom space, teacher resource centers and room for the development and preparation of curricula for traveling programs. It also satisfies the need for additional parking, a larger restaurant and sales facilities. Finally, the building serves as the Garden's new Main Gate, and provides for a more appropriate "flow" of visitors into and through the Garden grounds.

ARCHITECT: Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum, St. Louis, Missouri. Principal-in-charge: Charles Danna.

GENERAL CONTRACTOR: McCarthy Brothers Consruction Company, St. Louis, Missouri.

COST: $11,000,000 - $185 a square-foot. RIDGWAY CENTER AND THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, n. 76

DATA

MASTER PLAN; The Environmental Planning and Design Partnership of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES: The barrel vault is the main architectural feature of the building. Its arched shaped and repeated glass pattern, which represents the underside of a waterlily, is reminiscent of London's great Crystal Palace of 1851. Natural light in the building is provided by a 20-foot, two-story atrium in the education wing, the barrel vault, and a skywell in the plant and gift shop area.

BUILDING FEATURES: North of the Ridgway Center is a parking lot built to accomodate approximately 500 autos. A large plaza with a fountain stands south of the building.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS: The Ridgway Center is constructed of concrete block with a building skin of 2" thick textured steel panels painted with satin-finished silver. Steel arches support the barrel vault and hold translucent plexiglass panels. The plexiglass - called "kalwall" - allows sunlight to penetrate interior spaces while minimizing heat gain. The south end "fan" wall of the barrel vault is of tinted glass, to reduce heat gain; the north "fan" is clear glass. "Bomanite," a poured concrete that has the appearance of tile, is the flooring material used in most of the building. RIDGWAY CENTER AND THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. P.77.

DATA

STARTING DATE; February 14, 1980.

COMPLETION DATE; July 18, 1982.

VISITATION STATISTICS; Total Attendance 1980 - 330,253 Educational Programs 1980 - 38,757

Total Attendance 1981 - 362,486 Educational Programs 1981 - 46,813

Total Attendance 1982 - 408,058 Educational Programs 1982 - 51,710

MECHANICAL SYSTEM; The main mechanical room is situated on the first floor adjacent to the Floral Display Hall. A large tank for water stores solar buildup generated by the undulating roof of the Hall. The building is electric, and uses water as its medium, not air exchange.

Ruigvify CrMTT - WUWKD BOWUAJ GsrtUn RIDGWAY CENTER AND THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, p.78-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A Palatial Greenhouse in the Mid-West, Interiors, April 1983.

Carosella, Leo. "Shaw's Garden Reaps Consruction Harvest," St. Louis Consruction News ^ Review, June 16. 1982, p. 28.

In the Light of the Crystal Palace. Missouri Botanical Garden, by James R. Reed, 1982.

"The Newest Flower in the Garden." St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 11, 1982, p. ID, col. 1.

The Ridgway Center, Missouri Botanical Garden. THE VISITOR CENTER AT I'L.COS NATIONAL MONUMENT, p. 79. PECOS VISITOR CENTER PECOS NATIONAL MONUMENT THE VISITOR CENTER AT PECOS NATIONAL MONUMENT, p.81

BACKGROUND

Since the establishment of Pecos National Monument on June 28, 1965 (Fig. 3.14), the National Park Service had always managed the monument out of temporary and substandard facilities. The inability of these structures to serve the visitor, and to fulfill other management functions was being taxed to its limits. as a result, the Park Service was not able to effectively protect park collections nor adequately interpret the monument to its visitors. Although extensive plans and even complete working drawings for a new Visitor Center were completed in 1979, a second design was required for two important reasons. First, the 1979 design carried a price tag of $2,169,000, and with the economic climate of that time, it was highly unlikely that a structure of that size and scope would ever be funded. In addition, the site originally selected for the center was clearly visible from the ruins, and any contemporary development on that site would intrude visually on the archeologlcal resources of the monument. Therefore, as an initial step in the redesigning of the Visitor Center, an alternate site (Fig. 3.15) out of the view of the ruins was selected. "ANCM LAND

N existing monument pecos national monumant-new mexico

FIGURE 3.14 PECOS NATIONAL MONUMENT. Pecos National Monument is basically comprised of foundations of a 17th-century mission, ruins of an 18th-century church, ancient pueblo structural remains, and restored kivas. The site was once a landmark on the Santa Fe Trail, ruts of which are still in existence. RANCH LAND

BJUJTiE. (

RANCH

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V WA.SSlD£./v'l6.V

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RANCH rer-in«nt$ o* Oli LAND S^nTS t« trail

N development concept pecos national monument-new mexico

FIGURE 3.15 DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT PLAN. The site selected for the Visitor Center facility is located among scattered boulders within a stand of low growing pine and juniper trees on the east side of the rocky knoll known as "the mesita." Slopes range from 5% to a maximum of SjS. A sparse cover of grass and other small plants grows in the clay soil, which overlays hard rock in varying depths. None of the development is within flood areas. THE VISITOR CENTER AT PECOS NATIONAL MONIIMRMT p.84

SITE ANALYSIS

Primary consideration in siting the Visitor Center was to locate the facility so that consruction of roads, parking and sructures would have the least possible impact on the archeologlcal resources of the monument. A comprehensive archeologlcal survey of the entire 364.8 acres of the monument was conducted, and the area selected for development was found to contain relatively little surface evidence of underlying archeologlcal sites (Pig. 3.16).Care was also exercised in the actual consruction of the facility so as to protect and preserve as much of the natural resources as possible. Minimal additional planting or landscape modification after completion was important. The new Visitor Center is a 20th-century addition to a cultural scene dating back many centuries. In order to protect the integrity of the cultural resources at Pecos and to afford the visitor an opportunity to experience this cultural scene with minimal distraction, the new facility is meant to intrude visually as little as possible. At the same time however, monument visitors are able to clearly distinguish the new facility from the archeologlcal and historical resources of the monument. The existing intrusive structures - the comfort station, temporary headquarters and parking - were removed. The southwestern United States, which is called the "sun belt," is a leader in solar technology. In addition, the mission structures and ancient pueblos of the region are used as examples of effective energy designs. Therefore it was imperative that solar technology was incorporated into the design of the Visitor Center for Pecos. The newly adopted site permitted the building to be designed with southern exposure for passive solar gain. FIGURE 3.16 ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES MAP. A documented archeologlcal resource survey Indicating few surface discoveries near the new Visitor Center site. THE VISITOR CENTER AT PECOS NATIONAL MONW4ENT. p.86..

VISITOR CENTER DESIGN ELEMENTS/ACTIVITY ANALYSIS

The intrusiveness of the 20th-century facility on the historic scene is minimized through the use of native materials and natural finishes, through sensitive design and careful siting, and by holding the size and scale of the center to the minimum needed to fulfill its function. Visitors arriving at Pecos first stop at the Visitor Center, which is designed to encompass the following major functional spaces: lobby, including information desk and sales area; audiovisual and exhibit areas; a tour assembly area; administrative offices; collection storage and curator's work area; and restroom facilities. (Fig. 3.17) In addition, a small picnic area for visitor use is provided adjacent to the Visitor Center. Visitors enter directly into the lobby area. Orientation exhibits, the information desk, or a combination of the two identify the site and prepare visitors for what they may choose to experience at Pecos. To help eliminate any confusion, visitors are made aware as soon as possible that they are at the site of the ancient pueblo of Pecos and that it is a National Park Service area. Brocheres are provided to help visitors plan their stay. A book sales space accomodates visitors and invites them to browse the publications. An almost miniature-like audiovisual theater seats up to thirty people, with a step-down seating arrangement allowing handicapped wheelchair areas behind the uppermost seats. This eliminates the need for any ramps in such a small space. A kiva style fireplace near the projection screen lends atmosphere to the various programs. This very intimate but dynamic audiovisual room is the heart of the entire center. A tour assembly area adjacent to the audiovisual theater and gallery space serves as a gathering place for visitors to begin self-guided tours of the ruins. It, like the theater, accomodates up to thirty people at a time. An interpretive trail leads visitors from this assembly area around the pueblo a -lobbu/i nibrmatTon D-audio-visual area o-p

4> ~

parking ar^a i?ii(S-3'cg«5chema"hc dce'^ rar indicate specific 5iz£3 or location^ oP design elements. kiorfh - orientation .jbr I ^lar expo^jure SCM^MAsTlC FIGURE 3.17 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM. Schematic bubble diagram with visitor circulation paths, parking and picnic locations, and separate staff entry which was never realized. The actual floor plan conforms to this configuration very closely. THE VISITOR CENTER AT PECOS NATIONAL MONUMENT, p.88. ruins, on to the church and convento. and back to the Visitor Center. Administrative offices acting as headquarters in the center, house the following personnel: an interpretive staff of three people, their office being adjacent to and having direct access to the information desk - 400 square-feet; the superintendent's office, including storage space and a sitting area for six guests - 200 square-feet; an administrative staff office adjacent to the superintendent's office and including storage for office supplies, two persons occupy this office - 400 square-feet. Space is also provided for a reference library and conference room for staff use, as well as an emergency first aid area - 250 square-feet. A 350 square-foot storage and work area accomodates a small collection of artifacts known as the "Pecos Collection," which are stored in twenty storage cabinets. Pecos National Monument is located in ah isolated area, and public restrooms, or comfort stations, are necessary- A separate yet attached structure on the east end of the center is easily accessible to both newly arriving visitors and those using the picnic area nearby. Sinse it is the only restroom in the building, it is also available to the staff. Due to the program at the Visitor Center and the increased use of the interpretive trail, i.e. the tour assembly area, visitors will be staying longer at Pecos than they have in the past. Therefore, the nev/ parking area is designed to accomodate 25% more visitors than the old area. This new area is designed initially to park 40 cars in addition to two stalls for handicap parking. Space is also available to park two buses, and there is an area for picking up and discharging passengers. 'MiE VISITOR CENTER AT PECOS NATIONAL MOHUllENT. p. 89.

VISITATION

Records show a remarkably stable annual visitation at Pecos National Monument of 58,000-61,000 over the last ten years. Visitation varies seasonally, with peak use during the sumiaer months. A substantial nuiaber of visitors come in groups of between 20 and 35 persons, with a few as large as 75 or more. On many summer days, as many as 90 visitors may be onsite at one time. Perhaps 10% or 15% (9-12 visitors) might be at the Visitor Center, while the rest would be at various points along the interpretive trail. THE VISITOR CENTER AT PECOS NATIONAL MONL. , 90,. .^...

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Consruction Documents, Pecos National i-ionu.nent Visitor Center. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Southwest Region, David G. Battle; Architect/ Chief, Division of Conservation.

Index to the National Park System and Related Areas 1979. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, p. 43.

"Visitor Center Design Directive, Pecos National Monument." United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Southwest Region. SITE ANALYSIS, p.91

Site Analysis. SITE ANALYSIS, p. 92.

SITE ANALYSIS OUTLINE

I. INTRODUCTION A. Bexar County, Texas B; General Soil Survey Map II. CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA A. San Antonio Temperature Data B. San Antonio Humidity Data C. San Antonio Precipitation Data D. San Antonio Mean V/ind Direction and Speed Data E. Solar Intensity and Solar Heat Gain Factors P. Solar Positions and Related Angles III. INVENTORY OF ON SITE FACTORS A. Socioeconomic Environment B. Air Quality and Noise C. The Land D. The River IV. LANDS WITHIN THE PARK BOUNDARY A. Land Acquisition V. LANDS ADJACENT TO THE PARK BOUNDARY A. Required Research SITE ANALYSIS, p.93.

INTRODUCTION

BEXAR COUNTY. TEXAS:

Bexar County is in the south-central part of Texas, In the land resource areas of the Rio Grande Plain, the Blackland Praire, and the Edwards Plateau. The county covers 798,720 acres. It Is irregularly pentagonal in shape and is about 45 miles from north to south and 43 miles from east to west.

MAP 4.0 LOCATION OP BEXAR COUNTY IN TEXAS Source: Soil Survey, Bexar County Texas

The southern tv;o-thirds of the county. Including San Antonio (see Map 4.1), is a nearly level or undulating plain sloping upward from the southeast to the northv;est and rising from about 500-1000 feet in elevation. The northern third is an old eroded plataeu that has been dissected by streams. It is strongly sloping to steep and rises from 1000 feet to about 1,900 feet in elevation. About a third of the county, or nearly 266,240 acres, is cultivated, and some 28,000 acres is irrigated. Corn, grain sorgum, small grain, and cotton are the main dryland crops. Peanuts, watermelons, flax, and other truck crops are grown under irrigation. A little more than a third of the county is used as a range. SOIL ASSOCIATIONS GENERAL SOIL MAP BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS Tarrant-Brackett association: Shallow and very shallow soils over limestone Crawford-Bexar association: Moderately deep, stony soils over limestone Austin-Tarrant association: Moderately deep and very shallow : 16,800

ciayey soils over chalk and marl 5 Miles Houston Black-Houston association: Deep clayey soils over _l calcareous clay and marl Lewisville-Houston Black, terrace, association: Deep, calcareous clayey soils in old alluvium N Venus-Fno-Trinity association: Deep, calcareous soils on bottom lands and terraces San Antonio-C^ocken association: Deep clay loams and sandy loams with claypan 3 Hockley-Webt-Crocs-ett acoociation: Deep loamy sand; and 3 sandy loams over loam, sandy clay, and interbedded sandstone

Eufaula assoc tion. Deep fine sand:, with loamy subsoil

.MAP t.l GEMERAL SOIL SURVEY MAP. Soil <^l^ = = i" = f J°5'/?Ju°d alon-

Source: Soil Survey, Bexar County Texas SITE ANALYSIS, p. 95.

CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA

CLIMATE:

The city of San Antonio, in the southern two-thirds of Bexar County, is located on the edge of the Gulf Coastal Plains (see Map 4.2) which results in a modified subtropical climate. Normal mean temperatures range from 50.8'F in January to a high of 84.7'P in August (Graph 4.0). While the summers are hot, with daily maximum temperatures above 90*F over 80^ of the time, extremely high temperatures are rare. The highest on record being 107*. Relative humidity averages above 80^ during the early morning hours most of the year, dropping to near 50% in the late afternoons (Graph 4.1). San Antonio is situated between a semi-arid area to the west and a heavily precipitated coastal area to the southeast. The average annual rainfall of 27.54 Inches is considered sufficient for this area (Graph 4.2). Northerly winds prevail during most of the winter months, while southeasterly winds from the Gulf of Mexico prevail during summer months and may occasionally be experienced for long periods during the winter (Graph 4.3). Located only 140 miles from the Gulf, tropical storms occasionally affect the city with strong winds and heavy rains. No tornadoes have been experienced in the Immediate area. San Antonio averages 50% of the possible amount of sunshine during the winter months and more than 70/^ during the summer months (Graphs 4.4 and 4.5). MAP 4.2 PROXIMITY MAP. San Antonio within Bexar County, and Bexar County within Texas. Source: Rand McNally Road Atlas '•'•'•'A'l \,/ FEB MAR

GRAPH 4 0 SAN ANTONIO TEMPERATURE DATA. San Antonio's location on the edge of the Gulf Coastal Plains results in it having modified subtropical climate. The normal mean temperatures range ?rom 50.8-F in January to 84-7-F m August. Typically the summers are hot, with temperatures over 90'F B0% of the time and winters are mild with below freezing weather on an average of only 2U days a year. Source: Narrative Climatological Summary GRAPH 4.1 SAN ANTONIO HUMIDITY DATA. Relative humidity averages about 80% in the early morning hours and drops to approximately 50% in the afternoon, throughout the year. The graph indicates mean monthly relative humidity at 6:00P.M. from 1968-1970. Resulting in an annual mean relative humidity for the three years of 53%. The highest level of humidity being in January, and the lowest in August. Source: Narrative Climatological Summary 4.0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUC SEP OCT NOV DEC

GRAPH 4.2 SAN ANTONIO PRECIPITATION DATA. San Antonio is situated between a semi-arid area to the west and a coastal area to the southeast. Typically there is an annual rainfall of 27.5^ inches, with the heaviest amounts in the spring (May), and fall (September). During the peak period from April to September, thunderstorms and heavy rain are common with large amounts falling in short periods of time. Hail seldom occurs, and snow falls once in 3-4 year increments with the greatest amount of 7-4 inches in 1926. Source: Narrative Climatological Summary € W -f€ «^ 10^ JAN FEB MAR

JUL AUG SEP OCT

GRAPH 4.3 SAN ANTONIO MEAN WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED. During the winter months north winds prevail, with southeasterly winds fro-i the Gulf of Mexico prev.ailing in the summer. Occasionally strong northern winds are experienced during the winter months, but no tornadoes have ever been experienced within the city. Tropical storms are the only major disturbance encountered, and even then the highest recorded wind speed was 74 m.p.h. in August 194^. Source: Narrative Climatological Summary Sol«r ln(en»lty «nd Sol«r Ht«l Gain F»clon' for 32 Peg Norlh Ltllludt

DbKl •Wil.r llnicin F.rlon. Bl.b/(t' Nonnrf Soli NNC NF, WF S VSW SW WNW NW NNW HOR Tim JAN 21

11 XX 1) 11 1) 24 tl 1)» 221 249 211 11 )I0 U 14 14 24 2) It 174 211 HALF DAY TOTALS 19 T» 101 214 )TO l)> 101) 1014 11)1 FEB 21 7 II) 4 7 41 12 102 106 9) 67 1 14] 1) 14 149 20) 111 216 170 f 111 l< «)1) 122 m 24) 241 116 10 M9 14 2!4• IS «2 1)1 21) 241 2)2 119 ]I4 16 2« 11 1)6 ion 217 211 )1« n 21 »11 IT «2« 79 15) 201 HAIFDAVYOTALS 100 10) »l 44) 11) 971 1(190 1010 710 MAR 21 III 10 11 10) I)) I1> 17) 141 II 20

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271 271 273 I ORB ttAlFDAY TOTALS 231 AUG 21

II 214 ]7 HALF DAY TOTALS 171 SEP 21

HALF DAY TOTALS OCT 21 74 92 96 t) 1 229 1) 14) 19) 217 206 9 27) 20 120 19) 2)4 2)9 10 29) 24 62 147 207 2)4 11 101 27 29 76 1)2 20) 11 )04 11 H41FDAV TOTALS 10) 7 2 0 NOV 21 1 196 9 9 26) 16 10 2J9 D) 11 )0I 2) II 104 14 HALF DAY TOTAIJ H) 1 176 7 DEC 21 9 2)7 14 10 211 II 11 11 m 232 11 )04 22 9M HALF DAY TOTALS 71 W WSW GRAPH 4.4 SOLAR INTENSITY AND SOLAR HEAT GAIN FACTORS. V.'ith San Antonio receiving 50^ of the possible sunshine amount during the winter and 70/? during the summer, it is easy to see why San ^^ Antonio is called "The place v;here the sunshines spends the 'Jinter. The skys are clear 355? of the time, and cloudy about 30^ of the time. See Graph 4.5 for added information. Source: ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, 1977 _ Solar PosHion and Relaled Angles for 32 Peg North Lallludg

lime r*ailUoa ProOtt IShadun LInri Aniitt OA(K AM Al r KL N INNt Nt »Nt • t.S». SK SSK H »»%« SW WSW N HH\ Nl' .NK t KS» St VS» S ISU SW WSW MOK ru DEC g to 54 81 59 17 17 14 11 55 17 ~ 80 " » 21 2b 42 86 70 50 11 20 29 47 hi it 70 I 21 )l 41 bl 82 61 44 11 19 41 58 78 61 ) 11 14 40 t) 81 76 18 42 11 16 49 bb 85 57 1 90 72 54 40 15 40 54 72 )5 11 I 1 2 70 47 25 1 10 41 65 88 89 1 11 11 1) ) T* 57 16 17 17 16 57 79 77 1 14 11 14 11 Vt 68 48 11 22 12 50 70 6> ) )6 11 II 81 62 45 11 12 44 bl 80 59 ; 16 17 44 M 81 76 59 44 16 40 52 68 86 54 1 )) 90 72 56 41 IB 41 96 72 ••1 I! 85 t>i 40 18 9 29 51 71 i] \ 72 51 12 19 26 45 65 S6 ^2 1 81 64 46 31 10 41 58 77 61 1 70 }2 42 77 61 47 )9 41 52 68 85 11 J 4} 47 U 68 89 75 61 50 45 49 it 71 89 49 1 90 75 61 51 47 61 61 75 *i i; 76 54 13 15 19 19 60 92 77 t fl5 65 4b 10 26 J7 55 75 65 1 50 40 )J 18 44 58 81 76 59 45 )7 40 52 68 8b 1) 1 M 56 49 47 SO SB 72 88 71 60 50 47 52 61 77 4) I 88 75 64 57 55 59 68 80 19 1 58 W 66 77 W 78 68 61 58 61 68 i 12 i: 58 16 14 12 11 55 77 M 1 67 46 27 19 11 50 71 71 76 5B 41 12 15 48 66 85 99 < 85 69 56 46 44 51 61 79 46 1 67 59 56 81 70 61 56 57 64 74 86 H 1 70 77 87 84 75 69 66 6b 71 78 87 25 1 90 82 76 71 70 71 76 82 10 t: 41 ID ( 107 12 lb 51 10 12 20 bl 15 60 41 26 25 58 79 67 ! 70 51 40 lb 1,' 57 74 55 I 79 6) 54 48 50 59 72 B6 41 1 87 77 68 62 61 64 72 82 29 : 88 81 76 71 72 74 79 85 18 1 90 85 82 79 78 79 82 85 II i: 40 17 5 28 SO 7] 19 48 27 12 21 44 66 88 78 t 58 }•* 26 28 42 62 82 66 ' 67 51 40 17 4b 60 77 9) ' 76 61 51 50 51 62 75 90 40 ' M 7) 67 61 61 67 75 85 21 86 SO 76 74 75 78 82 88 16 1 84 87 9 !• 82 81 82 90 87 84 82 81 82 WSW SW F.SE HOR M N NNW NW WNW W WSW iiW SSW S SSK St FAt NNW NWWNW W SS« S sst se Mcmv lirti ilav ofihcnionih

GRAPH 4.5 SOLAR POSITIONS AND RELATED ANGLES Source: ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, 1977 SITE ANALYSIS, p.1Q3.

INVENTORY OF ON SITE FACTORS

SOCIQECQNOIVLIC ENVIRONMENT:

The San Antonio missions are in the city of San Antonio, a major commercial and financial center of south Texas. Tourism is a growing industry in San Antonio, and the missions have been an attraction for visitors, including those attending conventions. Land use in the missions area, which is in the southern portion of the city (refer to Map 2.2, p.30), consists of many kinds and degrees of development - commercial, industrial, residential, agricultural, and recreational. As viewed by the National Park Service, some lands are now used in ways compatible to the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, such as agricultural and residential areas; other lands, such as those in Industrial or commercial uses, are not considered compatible. Although the downtown area and the northern half of the city are experiencing development, the south has not prospered to the same dgree. Nearly half of the families living near the missions have annual incomes well below the median family income nationwide. The population of the mission area is approximately 72^ Hispanic; with the small exception of a percentage of Blacks and members of other groups, the remainder are Anglo.

AIR QUALITY AND NOISE: Air quality in San Antonio is good for an urban area. San Antonio carries a Class II air quality designation as defined in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, which allow moderate deterior­ ation of air quality from the present high level. Because they are in an urbanized area. Missions Concepcion and San Jose are affected by the normal sounds of traffic and human activity. In the area around Missions San Juan and Espada, the quiet rural environment is disrupted occasionally by private aircraft from nearby Stinson Field and by the roar of passing coal trains. SITE ANALYSIS . p . 104

THE LAND:

In the 17th century, the missions area was covered by a vast grasslands prairie. Pish were plentiful in the river, and trees and vines grew along the river banks. Over the past 250 years, the entire area has been greatly and continually modified by man, and the natural conditions can never again be recreated exactly. Land in the missions area is flat or gently rolling and imposes no significant limitations on development. However, much of the undeveloped land has been classified as prime or unique agricultural land by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

THE RIVER: The San Antonio River, which historically provided the missions with the water necessary for agriculture and stock raising, has been channelized because of recurrent flooding. The formerly twisting, winding course of the river has been straightened, the channel has been deepened and widened, and the vegltation that once crowded the banks has been replaced by grasses planted there for stabilization, l.'lthln the national historical park boundary, three small segments of the natural river channel remain - one at the Espada Dam, another west of Mission San Juan, and the last east of Mission Espada. Paralleling each of these segments, hovjever, the channelized bed forms the main stream of the river. Water quality in the San Antonio River is generally low with low dissolved oxygen levels, high fecal coliform counts, and high nutrient concentrations. The velocity of the river is low due to channelization and instream flood control structures. The San Antonio River Authority (SARA) is the state agency responsible for the river's flood control, pollution abatement, navigation, recreation, and water rights. The city is developing a major hike-bike trail along the banks of the channelized river, and eventually all of the irassions will be connected by a trail that is completely free of motor vehicles. SITE ANALYSIS, p. 105.

LANDS WITHIN THE PARK BOUNDARY

LAND ACQUISITION: In keeping with the National Park Service's management policies and the park's legislative intent, a land resources protection plan is being prepared. The plan will identify the existing land ownerships and prescibe in detail, the methods by //hich the National Park Service will obtain management interests in the approximately 475 acres of land within the authorized park boundary (Map 4.3). The establishing legislation provides two major stipulations affecting land acquisition: 1.) No properties owned by the state or local government can be acquired in fee simple interest by the federal government other than through donation. 2.) The federal government may enter into cooperative agreements with the owners of historic properties to preserve such properties and allow for public use and for facility development by the federal government without federal proprietary interests. MISSION , CONCEPCION

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PARK BOUNDARY MAP 4.3 SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK BOUNDARY Source: General Management Plan/Development Concept Plan SITE ANALYSIS, p.107.

LANDS ADJACENT TO THE PARK BOUNDARY

Beyond the existing authorized park boundary are lands which are closely associated with the purposes for which the park was established. Some of these lands, such as the Labores of San Juan and Espada, contain significant cultural resources directly related to the missions and still retain their historical integrity. Other lands may have little historic value, but the current or potential uses of these lands threaten the integrity of the park experience. City of San Antonio staff and elected officials have been very supportive of the national historical park and have pledged to work tov;ard its protection and success. Although the park may face difficulties in preserving its historical and scenic integrity as pressure for economic development builds on the south side of San Antonio, present city officials appear commited to planning a path which will satisfy both the needs of the park and the desire for economic growth. The City of San Antonio, in cooperation with the National Park Service, is revising appropriate portions of the present zoning ordinance and developing a land use plan which complements and protects the national historical park, the city's Mission Historic District, and mission area neighborhoods. This plan will also direct suitable economic growth and residential development. In the event that additional protection is needed, the city has proposed an alternative whereby Congress may establish a federally regulated protection area.

Because an adequate land base for development within the authorized park boundary at Mission San Jose is lacking, the City of San Antonio has agreed to acquire approximately 2 acres of private lands to the south of the mission. Through cooperative agreement, lease, or preferably by donation, the National Park Service will be able to develop facilities on these lands without adverse intrusion on the cultural resources. This parcel of newly acquired land acting as an extension to the southern most boundary of Mission San Jose, shall become the site for the proposed San SITS ANALYSIS, p. 108.

Antonio Missions National Historical Park HEADQUARTERS & VISITOR ORIENTATION CENTER (Map 4.4).

REQUIRED RESEARCH: The following research is required for complete analysis of the site; SITS OBJECTIVES - constraints of the site data on existing immediate surroundings SITE iriAGE STUDY SITS ZONING SITE DIMENSIONS TRAFFIC COUNT SITS UTILITIES - electric service gas service water service sewage service SITE SURVEY SOIL BORING TESTS

As a minirr.un, this data must be obtained and analyzed prior to, or as a component of, the design development phase of the proposed visitor center. IF LVEH AVAILAIILf RfMOVE MdNAsrrKY SIRIK lURfS AND REHAUILIIAIC LANDStACl ASSESS RinOHV ANIKMAPFI. FOR ADAPTIVE USt

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Activity Analysis ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, i . 1.12.

ACTIVITY ANALYSIS OUTLINE

I. INTRODUCTION A. The Setting B. The Context C. The Users II. THE SETTING A. Introduction B. Spatial Allocation C. Circulation and Flow Patterns 1.) Reception 2.) Assembly 3.) Interpretation D. Safety and Security E. Summary III. THE CONTEXT A. Introduction B. The Park Theme C. Extreme Environmental Conditions D. Spatial and Locational Characteristics E. Summary IV. THE USERS A. Introduction B. Visitors C. Visitors Attitudes Toward Services D. Visitor Perceptions E. Staff Perceptions F. Summary V. BIBLIOGRAPHY ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, p. 1.13.

INTRODUCTION

This activity analysis of Visitor Orientation Centers was designed by the U.S. Department of the Interior using a conceptual framework which recognizes three major interacting factors relative to the evaluation of designed environments: THE SETTING, THE CONTEXT, and THE USERS. Inherent in this conceptual framework is the assumption that an appraisal of the quality of a designed environment, of its ability to satisfy and support human activities and values, requires insight into each of these factors.

THE SETTING: The Setting includes the physical, spacial and aesthetic attributes of the space under evaluation. It includes related supportive activities such as maintenance. THE CONTEXT: The Context acts as the broader environment within which the center exists. It includes both the surrounding physical environment and the administrative context within i^hich it exists. THE USERS: The Users are those for whom the facility was designed and constructed. It includes not only visitors but also staff and employees. It Includes, to the extent possible, an understanding of their perceptions and values and of their actual behavior - "Their patterns of use." ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, ['.114

THE SETTING

In the past, the National Park Service's activity analysis evaluations focused prinarily on user satisfaction as a way to evaluate the adequacy of designed environments. In an effort to provide designers with information that they will find more directly useful, this section deals with the physical aspects which are THE SETTING for visitor behavior. It is these spacial and functional aspects constructed from various materials, features, and structural elements which are the raw materials of the designer's profession. The section reviews and analyses the allocation of space, circulation and flow patterns, intensity of use, and functional, safety and maintenance attributes of a visitor center- In addition to the interior spaces of the center, the analysis considers THE SETTING in its broader aspects, including the building's exterior and the surrounding site. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS , p . 115

SPACIAL ALLOCATION:

The functional distribution of space. A general rule of thumb consists of: approximately 2^% of the floor area allocated to reception functions; another 10% devoted to interpretive exhibits; an auditorium, if present, occupying nearly 20%\ leaving 10^ for the comfort facilities and 15Jo for office space. While these major space allocations are relatively consistent with existing centers, there is more diversity in the number and type of support functions. Some of these functions may not originally be planned for the building. Examples are first aid rooms and parking areas which accomodate trailers as well as service or delivery areas. A large portion of these auxiliary functions deal with making life easier for the staff who work there. For example, the staff in some parks occassionally need a place to shower and change into a clean uniform. Some park staff may have a general need to retreat from the general public to quietly drink a cup of coffee or calmly eat lunch with their associates.

CIRCULATION AND FLOW PATTERNS: Documents identify the major activities of visitor centers as reception, assembly, and Interpretation. The logical sequence for a visitor is to progress from the reception area through the assembly on to the interpretive area and finally exiting to continue with outdoor exhibits and programs. RECEPTION: Reception is defined as a lobby space for entering and for the dissemination of information. ASSEMBLY: Assembly is defined as an auditorium space for lectures and other audiovisual programs. INTERPRETATION: Interpretation is defined as museum exhibits.

These are in fact the major public use functional areas, along with the necessary comfort facilities which make up most visitor ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, p. t16. centers. However, some functional areas such as reception have evolved to include the additional activity of literature sales. This center, being a combination visitor center and HEADQUARTERS, will also Include various park administrative and operational activities. Emphasis on circulation within the VISITOR ORIENTATION CENTER and on the use of architecture to encourage or guide the visitor in the desired direction, is considerable (Fig. 5.0).

SAFETY AND SECURITY: In general, safety records of visitor centers are impressive, with few if any accidents reported. The most frequently reported concern of park superintendents and maintenance personnel is with security of footing, both indoors on wet tarrazzo floors and outdoors on slippery entrance ways in the winter. Of perhaps greater concern is the proper location and numbers of emergency fire exits. Points of potential vehicular traffic conflict must be avoided. There is a growing concern with security problems. It is apparent that visitor centers are not immune from the increases in crime reported nationally. This becomes particularly significant in light of the general profile of visitors: middle- or upper-class and well-educated adults with good jobs. It is obvious that the issue of security merits great attention. KEY (R)(^E6D^ION -^A^^ir ©EXHIBIT. -) RJItKITIAL now® AUPITO f^lUM

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FIGURE 5.0 INTERIOR SPACE RELATIONSHIPS AND POTENTIAL VISITOR FLOW, The use of abstracted flow diagrams as a planning tool to communicate design intensions. These 12 spacial arrangements and related flow patterns are variations upon one of two basic themes. A seguential or radial relationship. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, p. 118.

SUMMARY

1.) A visitor center must be considered in terms of space requirements for standard functional areas such as reception, auilitorium, exhibits, and restrooms and in terms of the requirements of the L^pecific environment and probable unique visitor activities both inside and outside the building. 2.) Both flow diagrams and sequence analysis diagrams should be used in the development of plans to aid in identifying probable circulation conflict areas and patterns of visitor distribution. 3.) The flow of visitors through a center is influenced by administrative actions, by interaction of the staff and by the physical design of the building. 4.) Data suggest that 16-20 net square feet per person (circulation space) may approximate a general intensity of use at which a sense of cro;vdedness is perceived. Additional study is warranted specifically on the issue of perceived crowding and its relationship to the quality of experience, to the spacial distribution of both people and objects and to other mediating variables such as social milieu. 5.) The frequency with which alterations have been made to accommodate the increased space requirements of information and sales activities is a strong indication of the need to consider these activities more thoroughly in the development of activity analysis. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, p. 1.19.

THE CONTEXT.

As defined before, THE CONTEXT is the broader physical, perceptual, and administrative or institutional environment within which the visitor center exists. This section addresses four contextual issues which are particularly relevant to this study:

1.) THE PARK THEME 2.) EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 3.) SPATIAL AND LOCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.) AESTHETIC VALUES ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, p. 120

THE PARK THEME:

There are three different classifications of National Park Service themes: 1.) A natural theme 2.) A historical theme* 3.) A recreational theme *The San Antonio Missions National Historical Park's theme is that of the historical significance of the Spanish/Coahuila frontier and its importance in the development of San Antonio and south Texas. Thus, the historical classification of the park theme applies.

EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS: In the presence of extreme environmental conditions, such as an over abundance of rain, consideration must be given to the design of the structure and the selection of materials which can withstand the negative effects of that particular environmental factor. Also, site design must provide access and accommodation to visitors without causing irreversible damage to the natural environmental conditions which may be fragile. A useful indicator of the quality of a design in coping with such extreme conditions is its record of maintenance and repairs. There are particular problems which can be attributed to extreme environmental conditions; again such as rain, as in the formation of moss build-up on flat roofs. Of concern is the capability of fragile natural environments to accommodate an ever-increasing number of people, particularly if the pattern of visitation becomes one in which more and more visitors arrive in groups. The site must be designed to accommodate such visitation growth patterns.

SPATIAL AND LOCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Three placements of HEADQUARTERS & VISITOR ORIENTATION CENTERS within park boundaries are identified as followed: 1.) At or near ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, P. 121 the park entrance, 2.) En route between entrance and possible destination, and 3.) At a terminus. The "entrance center" is one which should set the mood for the park, and which should Introduce and orient the public. The "en route center" is one where Interpretation is more difficult, because it must provide both an Introduction and a synopsis of the park values already passed, as well as the encouragement to get those values of importance that lie ahaed. The "terminus center" is described as one which must also provide a synopsis of park values as well as the introduction and interpretation of the nearest outstanding park feature, which is probably the reason for the location of the center. Because the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park does not offer a clear-cut park entrance, its' VISITOR CENTER will follow the first and the second catagories of locational characteristics. A visitor may choose to begin his/her park experience by first visiting the center to obtain a broad overview of the entire park system. At this point, interpretation of all four Spanish missions will take place with encouragement to personnaly experience each. In this sense, the center becomes one of ORIENTATION. If, however, a visitor ventures to experience a mission compound first and experiences the center "en route" to another, its' function clearly becomes one of a combination of an "entrance" and "en route center." Furthermore, add the function of a National Park Service HEADQUARTERS necessary for complete park management and, the multipurpose complex becomes a HEADQUARTERS & VISITOR ORIENTATION CENTER. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, p.122.

SUMMARY

Among the several considerations discussed in this section under each of the contextual issues of park theme, extreme environmental conditions, and spatial and locational characteristics, a number have been identified as being of existing or potential importance to the quality of visitor centers;

1.) There is a slight but nevertheless persistent tendency of centers in historic theme parks to be perceived by visitors as more suitable and satisfying, as opposed to those centers in recreational or natural theme parks. 2.) The extreme environmental conditions within which some visitor centers exist present particularly challenging site design problems in accommodating increasing numbers of visitors while protecting fragile and unstable environments, problems which will be exacerbated as visitation patterns shift from a more nearly continuous flow associated with automobile passengers to surges associated with tour buses and group travel. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, p. 123.

THE USERS

THE USERS are those for whom the facility is designed and constructed. It includes not only visitors but also staff and employees. It includes, to the extent possible, an understanding of their perceptions and values and of their actual behavior - "Their patterns of use." The ultimate test of the success of a designed environment is its ability to satisfy and support the needs and values of its users. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, p.124

VISITORS: Visitors to National Park Service centers can be generally described as young, frequent visitors, and as having traveled a considerable distance to visit the park. Comparison of age and sex data indicates the mean age for all visitors to be a relatively young 31.0 years, with an equal 50^ being male and 50^ female. Visitors are also well educated people, vjith 63.4^ havin,£: at least son:e college education. An overwhelming percentage of visitors are either not in the labor force (41.6^), or are in managerial or professional roles (36.3%). The former catagory includes retired persons, students, homeraakers, and arraed forces personnel. Park administrators suggest that this occupation pattern may be even more pronounced during the off-season, when considerably greater numbers of retired people are noted in the centers. Many visitors of the N.P.S. areas are frequent users with over 83% having been to at least two areas in the last three years and over 55^ having been to four or more areas during that same time period. Many visitors are obviously experienced users of park facilities. Over 63r. of N.P.S. visitors have traveled over 300 miles from their homes to the park and nearly 30f. traveled over 1,000 miles. This data suggests that many parks function as regional attractions and that many of the reported visits may be repeat visits to a park. The majority of all visitors arriving at visitor centers are either by car or by walking from somewhere within or near the park. The mean for all car arrivals in N.P.S. parks is 70.2f». Bus arrivals may account for 20-30% of visitors, and bicycles can add up to 7%. Primarily, people go to visitor centers for information, to view exhibits or just out of curiosity to look around. In general, historic theme centers seem to attract more people on the basis of exhibits than do centers in natural or recreational theme parks. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, p. I2fi.

VISITOR ATTITUDES TOWARD SERVICES:

Overall, there is considerable agreement among visitors on the identification of internal services which prove most useful. Heading the list is the provision of information, probably the single most important service as indicated by existing patterns of use. Next in order of ranking are literature sales, postal services and library services, with the latter indicated as possibly most useful at historic areas. Attitude toward the sale of sundries (e.g. candy, photographic supplies) are mixed but approximately neutral.

VISITOR PERCEPTIONS; Visitors percieve the arrival areas, the buildings, the exhibits and the audiovisual programs in a positive manner. Data suggests, however, that the center itself tends to elicit slightly stronger responses in general than do either the exhibits or the audiovisual programs. The higher values for a center are most often related to attributes of building exteriors and interiors. Data also tends to support visitor attitudes towards appropriate building materials, with a preference for the courser textured "natural" materials as represented by stonework exteriors. It is possible that visitors have some notion of regional stereotypes or architectural styles but also have personal preferences that Ignore regional orientation.

STAFF PERCEPTIONS: Staff perceptions of the quality of the arrival areas, building exteriors and interiors and the exhibits are generally positive but less so than the visitors. Staff members are generally more critical in their evaluations of architectural spaces than are visitors. There are several explanations for apparent differences between staff and visitor perceptions of quality. One is that visitors to National Park areas arrive with a psychological set conditioned by expectations of qualitative experiences. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, p.126.

Thus, there may be a tendency to either equate all National Park facilities with quality or to over-value certain park features or characteristics so as to make their experiences more consonant with their expectations. Visitors' perceptions of a visitor center are also probably influenced by the social experience v/hich they encounter, an experience which may involve other visitors (i.e., crowding or making new acquaintances) or Park Service staff. Staff are also more knowledgeable about the visitor centers. They have the advantage of longer experience with the facilities and the accumulated knowledge of problems and inadequacies that come with time. Thus, the more critical responses can also be a reflection of greater knowledge, frustrations, and familiarity. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, p.127.

SUMMARY

This section has presented a review of user perceptions based primarily on questionnaire data. The users, both visitors and park staff, perceive the centers as high-quality environments. As one indication of the quality of visitor center design, and the most Important indication, the user responses to these visitor centers provide a ringing endorsement of and encouragement for the continuation of the National Park Service efforts to secure the best possible planning and design for park areas and facilities. Among the findings discussed in this section, the following stand out as particularly pertinent to the design and management of visitor centers;

1.) The visitors who participated in this study are relatively young, well educated and experienced visitors of National Park areas 2.) Visitors apparently have some knowledge of the particular features or services of various visitor centers and tend to express those features or services as primary reasons for going to the center. For example, centers in historic theme parks attract more people on the basis of exhibits than do centers in natural or recreational theme parks, where information-seeking is somewhat more dominant a reason. 3.) The service ranked by visitors as most useful to be provided in centers is travel information. Literature sales and postal and library services are ranked below information but still considered useful. Attitudes towards the sale of sundries are mixed but overall fairly neutral, while there is a decided negative response to the sale of souvenirs in visitor centers. 4 ) Visitor perceptions of the quality of arrival areas, building exteriors and interiors, exhibits and audiovisual programs are consistently positive and generally reflect higher perceived values than those of the park staff. 5 ) Both visitors and park staff discrininate among the components of the visitor center qualitatively and identify those components or related attributes which are below the level of ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, p. 128. others—the informative nature of exhibits, for example, or the stimulation value of audiovisual programs. 6.) The differences between visitor and staff perceptions of quality may be attributable to greater knowledge on the part of the staff, a self-filling expectation of a quality experience by visitors or the mediating influence of social experiences in the centers. 7.) Visitors tend to spend 15-30 minutes in most National Park Service visitor centers. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS, p. 129.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Zube, Ervin H., Joseph H. Crystal, and James F. Palmer. Visitor Center Design Evaluation. A study prepared for the Denver Service Center, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, April 1976. SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p. 130.

Systems Performaiice Criteria..... SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p.131

SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA OUTLINE

I. INTRODUCTION: SPC A. Introduction B. Applicable Codes II. OBJECTIVES: SPC A. Visitor Use/Interpretation B. Administration C. Cultural Resources D. Park Maintenance E. Economic F. Environmental III. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: SPC A. Building Services: Distribution B. Building Services: Distribution Medium C. Building Services: Distribution Layout 1.) Primarily Horizontal Distribution 2.) Access to Ducts D. Building Services: Thermal Comfort 1.) Thermal Comfort 2.) Thermal Response to the System E. Building Services: Lighting 1.) General Lighting 2.) Lumen Formula 3.) Building Lighting 4.) Lighting Glare 5.) Lighting Contrast 6.) Light Sources 7.) Emergency Lighting 8.) Outdoor Lighting F. Building services: Fire Safety 1.) Fire Escape Stairs 2.) Fire Precautions IV. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS: SPC A. Building Services General Structure B. Building Services Foundations C. Building Services Floors D. Building Services Enclosures E. Building Services Roofing F. Building Services Partitions G. Building Services Construction Materials 1.) Safety 2.) Durability 3.) Maintenance 4.) Acoustical Materials 5.) Aesthetic Qualities H. Building Services: Finish Materials 1.) Floors 2.) Walls SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p. 132.

3.) Ceilings 4.) Glazing 5.) Envelope I. Building Services: Mechanical System J. Building Services: Plumbing System K. Building Services: Electrical System V. BIBLIOGRAPHY SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p. 133.

INTRODUCTION: SYSYEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

INTRODUCTION: In the design process of the HEADQUARTERS & VISITOR ORIENTATION CENTER, or any other structure to be used by the public, it is important that the latest technological development in terms of any architectural system or subsystem used within the structure, be adopted. Equally important is the design of, or specification of, any equipment used in conjunction with these systems. Safety is of utmost importance in any and all components of the center.

APPLICABLE CODES: A. Uniform Building Codes - UBC B. Southern Standard Plumbing Codes - SSPC C. National Electrical Codes - NEC D. Uniform Mechanical Codes - UMC E. National Fire Prevention Codes - NFPC

OBJECTIVES: SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

I. VISITOR USE/INTERPRETATION OBJECTIVES: A. General Visitor: 1.) minimize user disorientation 2.) minimize user aprehensiveness 3.) minimize circulation conflicts 4.) minimize crowding 5.) minimize level changes 6.) maximize user awareness 7.) maximize user reliability 8.) maximize user safety B. Special Visitor: Handicapped and Elderly 1.) minimize all physical barriers 2.) minimize level changes 3.) maximize center access SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p.134

4.) maximize user comfort

* It has become N.P.S. policy to make visitor facilities accessible to all people including those with physical handicaps. While the general public normally thinks of the removal of barriers for wheelchair access, other handicapped people - the deaf, the blind, or those with special medical conditions such as weak hearts or respiratory ailments - must also be considered. Developing designs which are able to accomodate these people can also have the added benifit of providing a more enjoyable and secure experience for others.

II. ADMINISTRATION OBJECTIVES: A. Staff: 1.) maximize division efficiency 2.) control entry and exit 3.) provide adequate equipment 4.) maximize safety

III. CULTURAL RESOURCES OBJECTIVES: A. Staff 1.) provide adequate storage 2.) provide adequate equipment 3.) control entry and exit 4.) maximize safety

IV. PARK MAINTENANCE OBJECTIVES; A. Staff 1.) provide adequate storage 2.) provide adequate equipment 3.) maximize division efficiency 4.) maximize safety

ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES: * 1.) minimize maintenance through effective systems and subsystems SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p.135.

2.) utilize alternate sources of energy, if cost effective 3.) minimize total construction cost 4.) minimize all maintenance costs 5.) minimize life-cycle cost

Economic efficiency is an important requirement for overall design feasability. Optimizing the performance of any system within the center and minimizing the cost, while providing a high level of service, is the economic goal of the designer.

ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES: A. General Visitor, Staff, and Special Visitor 1.) provide a comfortable ambient environment a.) heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning b.) noise control c.) air quality 2.) provide adequate lighting 3.) provide clean surroundings 4.) ensure an aesthetically pleasing environment 5.) provide for personal comfort 6.) provide services and aid 7.) provide weather protection 8.) provide adequate security

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

BUILDING SERVICES: DISTRIBUTION A distribution system for services, needs careful planning to ensure an economical project for both builders and specialists. The "system" starts at the point of entry of the service to the building, or from boiler or mechanical room to all spaces being serviced. Points of entry of services and mechanical room location should be determined at an early stage of the design process. SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p.136.

BUILDING SERVICES; DISTRIBUTION MEDIUM Heating distribution may be by hot water, steam, or warm air. As seen in the Ridgway Center (CASE STUDY #2), water may be at a low pressure under boilingpoint, or at a high pressure above boilingpoint - depending on quality of heat to be distributed. Low Velocity - Air 0.72 kw High Velocity - Air 2.16 kw Low Pressure - Hot Water 525 kw High Pressure - Hot Water 2385 kw

BUILDING SERVICES: DISTRIBUTION LAYOUT In a multi-level building, the distribution pattern may be:

A.) Primarily Horizontal; with secondary distribution up or down through floors. This system is more common especially for low building types or those with dissimilar flow plans, ie. private vs. public. This system may occupy greater building volume by increasing floor to floor height of all floors.

B.) Primarily Verticle; with secondary distribution along the floors. This system is more suitable for high-rise buildings with repeditive floor plans. PRIMARILY HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION; More appropriate for this building, the primarily horizontal distribution system, whether at ground level or roof level, will depend largely on the location of the boiler or mechanical room. If at ground level, it may be incorporated into the floor system, in walkways, or in crawlways under the ground floor slab provided these do not conflict with the foundation system.

ACCESS TO DUCTS; Access to any and all ducts should be adequate for maintenance work and for renewal of pipes, etc., which have a SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p.137. shorter life span than that of the building.

BUILDING SERVICES; THERMAL COMFORT The decision of the magnitude of heating emission in Individual spaces depends on the desired requirements of thermal comfort within that space, in relation to the thermal response of the entire building. THERMAL COMFORT; A high standard of thermal comfort requires;

1.) Surrounding surface temperatures should be higher than the room air temperature. 2.) The air temperature at one's head should be lower than at floor level; low temperature gradient. 3.) Air movement should be barely perceptible but variable and with no draughts. 4.) Humidity is not very important except at temperatures above 21'C; humidity should not exceed 70% nor be less than 30%. THERMAL RESPONSE OF THE SYSTEM; The thermal response of the building depends on;

1.) The area and orientation of glazing: large areas of glazing facing the sun give that area a quick response. 2.) Reflectivity of external surfaces where exposed to the sun: high reflectivity reduces heat gain from the sun and reduces response. 3.) The mass of the building structure and position of thermal insulation: the majority of the mass, if inside the building's insulation, gives a longer response time; a lightweight building mass has a short response time. A quickly responding building gives economy in heating cost but will be hotter in the summer and be slightly more difficult to heat comfortably. A good example of this analysis is seen in The Atheneum (CASE STUDY #1). SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p.138.

BUILDING SERVICES; LIGHTING

GENERAL LIGHTING; The lighting inside the center must fulfill two functions:

1.) to illuminate the interior and its contents 2.) where there is some task: reading; performing a delicate movement; walking up or down stairs, etc.; to illuminate that task appropriately so that visual mechanism can function at a high level of efficiency When visual tasks might need to be carried out anywhere within the center, general building illumination and task lighting may be provided by the same installation. Where tasks are always carried out at a fixed location: work points at desks; dlstibution points at counters, etc.; less energy may be used by providing necessary task illumination through bench or desk lights, or localized overhead lighting combined with lower illuminance from general lighting to provide the surrounding visual environment. The loading required to provide a given illuminance on a horizontal plane from general lighting may be calculated from; 'LUMEN FORMULA'; If E is service illuminance required in lux over working s 2 place area Am ; Lamps flux = If-^-^F ^'^'^^''^ where VF is the utilization factor. L Wattage = lamp circuit erricacy

sources and luminaires with the highest practical efficacy Should be selected in conjunction with light decoration so that wattage loading is in line with task targets.

BUILDING LIGHTING; lighting can be provide,. dA bu,y A high degree of uniformity oi iignuxn^ SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p.139. indirect lighting: inefficient in terms of power but may be desirable to display exhibits, models, ceilings, anything of particular interest. A more efficient overall lighting system is given by fluorescent lamps fitted above 'egg-crate' or other forms of louvered or false ceilings. Specially contoured plastics or metallised louve grids concentrate light downwards with low brightness appearance of the ceiling.

LIGHTING GLARE: Excessive brightness contrasting in the field of view can cause glare. If the source, an unshaded lamp or a window, is seen too close to a visual task it can cause disability glare and reduce that tasks' visibility; it can also cause discomfort. This can occur even when the source is well away from the task. The Illuminating Engineering Society (lES) gives recommendations for upper limit of discomfort glare index, which is related to luminance and size of light sources, their number and position in the field of view and luminance of their surroundings.

LIGHTING CONTRAST; Objects are seen by contrast, either contained contrast or contrast with their background: the higher the contrast the more visible the object. The visibility of written matter depends on the contrast of marking material with paper. This can be markedly dependent on lighting and viewing angles. The best position for lighting sources is to one side of a worker rather than in front.

LIGHT SOURCES: 1.) Incandescent tungsten filament lamps should be used extensively in display lighting where ease and cheapness of replacement is important. 2.) Lamps with bulbs silvered for use as integral spotlights or floodlights may be used; but better optical control and higher efficacy is obtainable from tungsten lamps. SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p.140.

3.) Fluorescent lamps are suitable for concealed lighting and commercial interiors of moderate ceiling height. 4.) Mercury discharge lamps are acceptable for achieving high illuminances in high ceiling industrial areas, such as in the Maintenance Division storage spaces. 5.) Low pressure sodium lamps are only to be used for outdoor lighting because of the monochromatic nature of the light emitted.

EMERGENCY LIGHTING: A provision of emergency lighting is a legal requirement for many buildings, including public. Consult all applicable codes.

OUTDOOR LIGHTING: The architect is required to make provisions for the lighting of the exterior environment: this may range from floodlighting the entire building to amenity lighting of city precincts, vehichle parking areas, gardens, or functional lighting of walls or paths. A wide variety of specialized techniques may be involved. Consult applicable codes.

BUILDING SERVICES: FIRE SAFETY This aspect of user safety may affect the design of doorways both in need to maintain fire resistance of partitions and provision of a means of escape. In general, all doors which are fire escapes must open in the direction of escape; doors which open into a corridor must not cause obstruction within the corridor, the width of the final doorway exit must not be less than the minimum width of any stairs, corridors, or lobbies which it serves. All exit-doors must be properly labeled and in certain instances the sign must have an emergency illumination system. Refer to the Uniform Building Codes. FIRE ESCAPE STAIRS: In general, fire escape stairs must be built within an SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p.141 enclosed shaft with walls of a given fire resistance and fire resistant self-closing doors. Doors must open into the shaft at all floors except the final exit level; doorswings must not obstruct the flow of people already in the staircase. Staircase widths for specified numbers of occupants is given in the Uniform Building Codes. FIRE PRECAUTIONS: Provide firestops at either the floor levels or at floor construction and at all duct access panels.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS: SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

BUILDING SERVICES; GENERAL STRUCTURE The center is to be designed to meet all Federal, State, and local life safety codes and regulations. The center is to be of fire-resistive, non-combustible construction as defined in NFPC Standard Types of Building Construction. Combustible interior finish shall be limited to that permitted in Class A places of assembly as specified in the Life Safety Codes. The center shall conform to the height and area limits of the UBC. The center's structural systems are to be designed to support the loads required by code, and those that can be reasonably expected to be applied. All dead loads permanently applied to the center's structural system are to be identified and values assigned.

BUILDING SERVICES; FOUNDATIONS All footings are to be designed to go below the maximum depth of frost. When determining the dimensions of the foundation, maximum loading conditions are to be considered, including live and dead loads as well as pressure and Impact. The foundation is to be at a proper depth and designed so as not to displace soil where it is not well confined. SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p.142

BUILDING SERVICES; FLOORS Floors shall be designed for those unit loads set forth in the Uniform Building Codes. Key factors in the selection of flooring will be the cost of materials, maintenance. Installation, and expected service life. Aesthetics will also be considered, such as color, texture, resilience, etc..

BUILDING SERVICES; ENCLOSURES All enclosed portions of the center are to comply with requirements for Light, Ventilation, and Sanitation for Group B occupancy from the UBC. If an atrium is to be incorporated into the center's design, it will also comply with UBC regulations.

BUILDING SERVICES: ROOFING Roofs and their structural members shall comply with the requirements set forth in the Uniform Building Codes. Selection of a roofing system and its material will be dependent on the design of the structure, fire rating requirements, climate, snow loads, cost, and expected life service. Weight of the roof covering will be considered with its affect on the design and cost of supporting members. Pitch or slope of the roof will depend on insurance of the proper drainage from all roof surfaces.

BUILDING SERVICES: PARTITIONS Interior non-load bearing partitions are to meet the requirements outlined in the UBC. Partitions, where appropriate, shall Incorporate the following qualities: 1.) a sanitary, washable surface 2.) a surface requiring the least amount of paint 3.) a surface resistant to vermin and insects 4.) a fire resistant surface 5.) a vandal resistant surface 6.) an acoustically sound surface

BUILDING SERVICES: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS .SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRTTFRTA 3 P. 143.

Material Properties:

MAINTENANCE: 1.) Dense materials 2.) Acid and alkali resistant 3.) Easily replaceable

SAFETY;

1.) Non-combustible materials 2.) Adequate installation 3.) Non-slip flooring surfaces

DURABILITY: 1.) Non-fading 2.) Wear resistant 3.) Weather resistant 4.) Impact resistant 5.) Strong

ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS: Acoustical materials are to be located on surfaces of the audiovisual spaces and in other areas where noise reduction is of utmost importance.

AESTHETIC QUALITIES: Materials are to create a feeling of attractiveness, warmth, and quality; so as to provide a pleasant user atmosphere to encourage patronage and instill both pride and respect.

BUILDING SERVICES: FINISH MATERIALS Finish materials are to be resistant to accidental or intentional abuse, and easily and economically maintained. Conservation of natural energy is to be a major consideration in the choice of material color and texture. SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p. 144

FLOORS; Floors in heavy wear areas are to have a wear surface that Is separate from the structural slab so as to allow replacement. Floors are to have a dense, low absorbtion and soil resistant surface that also provides traction for users. WALLS: To reduce cleaning and maintenance costs, walls are to be of a polished enameled, or glazed dirt resistant surface. Visitor orientation graphics and information subsystems are to be taken into consideration in the selection of wall finish materials. CEILINGS; Ceilings are to be designed to be resistant to damage or soiling, and are to be easily maintained, GLAZING; Glazing, both interior and exterior, is to meet those requirements outlined in the "Safety Standards for Architectural Glazing Materials." ENVELOPE: Walls shall have a minimum "U" value of 0.12 Roofs shall have a minimum "U" value of 0.12

BUILDING SERVICES; MECHANICAL SYSTEM The center will provide a comfortable environment for both visitors and staff. The mechanical systems employed will be designed to effectively serve the daily volume of visitors. COMFORTABLE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT; Odors and Odorants: Concentrations of odors and odorants are not to reach a level that will be annoying, irritating, or in any way unacceptable to the general public. Inflow of Air; The minimum inflow of air will be 7-5 cfra per person. SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p. 145.

HEATING SYSTEM: The heating system will be based on the proper distribution of heat to the various rooms or zones. The size and type of heating equipment will be such so as to maintain a desired indoor temperature. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM; The air conditioning system will be designed to maintain a specified relative humidity and designated indoor and outdoor temperatures with a proper balance maintained between heat and humidity. The temperature range for an enclosed visitor center is to be within the following ranges: Summer Conditions; 75-85'F Winter Conditions: 60-68'F Solar energy, passive or active systems, are to be considered in the design of the structure. Administrative divisions are to be zoned separately from Visitor Use/Interpretation divisions. The humidity in boiler or mechanical rooms is to be controlled and kept below 55%.

BUILDING SERVICES: PLUMBING SYSTEM The sanitary facilities shall conform to the requirements of the Southern Standard Plumbing Codes. The center shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, not subject to backflow or back slphonage of unsafe water supplies. An adequate volume and pressure of water will be supplied to ensure the proper functioning of fixtures and devices, without unnecessary noise. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use a minimum quantity of water. The drainage system is to be designed to guard against fouling or clogging through the arrangement of pipes and cleanouts. The piping of the plumbing system is to be of durable material, free of defects, and designed to give satisfactory service for its expected life. SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p.146.

BUILDING SERVICES: ELECTRICAL SYSTEM All components of the electrical system are to conform to the requirements of the National Electrical Codes. The center's emergency electrical system is to contain the following; 1.) service entrance switch gear 2.) distribution and circuit protection equipment 3.) lighting panels In all public areas; conduit, cable, and wire is to be concealed. The center's lighting system is to contribute to the overall atmosphere so as to give a sense of safety, security, and openess. Standardization of lighting and fixture components used throughout the center is important. SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, p.147,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Jones, Vincent, ed. Ernst Neufert Architects' Data. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 198O.

Uniform Building Code. International Conference of Building Officials, California, I982.

National Fire Codes. National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Vol. 1-10, 1971.

Manas, Vincent T.. National Plumbing Code. St. Petersburg, Fla., Manas Publications, I968.

Packard, Robert T., ed. Architectural Graphic Standards. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 198I

The Bibliography is liste1 . ^ d^ m-!v ,th -t-vie ordeo ordpr r01 o f use within the text. SPACE SUMMARY, p.148.

Space Summary. SPACE SUMMARY, p.149.

SPACE SUMMARY OUTLINE

I. SPACES BY ACTIVITY A. Facility Access E. Visitor Use/Interpretation Division C. Administration Division D. Park Maintenance Division E. Facility Services II. SPACES BY COST RELATED CRITERIA A. Facility Access B. Visitor Use/Interpretation Division C. Administration Division D. Park Maintenance Division E. Facility Services III. SUMMARY OF SQUARE FOOTAGES A. Total dross Exterior Square Footage B. Total Gross Interior Square Footage C. Total Development Square Footage IV. REFERENCES SPACE SUMMARY, p.150.

SPACES BY ACTIVITY

FACILITY ACCESS

001 Visitor Parking (132) 002 Staff Parking (30) 003 Bus Parking (8) 004 Bicycle Parking Area 005 Service and Loading Area

II. VISITOR USE/INTERPRETATION DIVISION

VISITOR PROCESSING; 101 Lobby/Reception 102 Information Counter

VISITOR USE; 103 Interpretive Display Area 104 Exhibit Space 105 Audiovisual Space, Auditorium 106 Craft Demonstration Room 107 Multi-Purpose Room

VISITOR SERVICES: 108 Public Restrooms 109 Public Phones 110 Gift Shop 111 First Aid Office 112 Bicycle Rental 113 Restaurant Dining

III. ADMINISTRATION DIVISION

GENERAL MANAGEMENT; 201 Park Superintendent's Office 202 Secretarial Space

ADMINISTRATION; 203 Administrative Officer 204 Purchasing Agent's Office^ 205 Personnel Assistant's Office 206 Budget Clerk's Office 207 Clerk/Typist Space 208 Conference Room SPACE SUMMARY, p.151

INTERPRETATION AND VISITOR PROTECTION; 209 Park Ranger's Office (Security) 210 Historian's Office 211 Supervisory Park Ranger 212 Park Technician Space (2) 213 Clerk/Typist Space (2)

CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: 214 Architect's Office 215 Archeologist's Office 216 Park Technician Space 217 Clerk/Typist Space 218 Curator's Office 219 Artifact Storage 220 Exhibit Specialist's Office

IV. PARK MAINTENANCE DIVISION

301 Facility Manager's Office 302 Maintenance Assistant's Office 303 Project Clerk's Office 304 Maintenance Storage

V. FACILITY SERVICES

401 Service Area 402 Restaurant Kitchen 403 Circulation Allowance 404 Mechanical Allowance 405 Structure Allowance 406 General Storage Allowance SPACE SUMMARY, p.152.

SPACES BY COST RELATED CRITERIA

DIVISION NET AREA IN l.-D.§ - SPACE CALCULATIONS REFERENCE SQUARE FEET

I. FACILITY ACCESS 001 Visitor Parking 132x300 FtVCar 3 39,600 002 Staff Parking 30x300 Ftp/Car 3 9,000 003 Bus Parking 8x630 Ft'^/Bus 3 5,040 I. FACILITY ACCESS; SUBTOTAL; 53,640

II. VISITOR USE/INTERPRETATION DIVISION 101 Lobby/Reception l8lx 12 Ftp/Per. 1 2,172 102 Information Counter 2x 50 Ff^/Per- 3 100 103 Interpretive Display l8lx 10 Ftp/Per. 1 1,810 104 Exhibit Space l8lx 20 Ft2/Per. 2 3,620 105 Audiovisual Space l8lx 9 Ft /Per. 2 1,629 106 Craft Demonstration 1 650 107 Multi-Purpose Room 1 650 108 Public Restrooms 1 1,060 109 Public Phones 4x 8 Ftp/Per. 5 32 110 Gift Shop I8lx 10 Ftp/Per. 1,810 111 First Aid Office 1x100 Ft /Per. 3 100 1 1,000 112 Bicycle Rental 900 113 Restaurant Dining 90x 10 Ft^/Per. 4 II. VISITOR USE/INTERPRETATION DIVISION: SUBTOTAL; 15,533

III, ADMINISTRATION DIVISION 500 Park Superintendent 1x500 Ftp/Per. 1 201 1 200 202 Secretarial Space 1x200 Ft /Per. Ft:/Per. 1 300 203 Administrative Officer 1x300 200 Purchasing Agent 1x200 Ftp/Per. 1 204 Ftp/Per. 1 150 205 Personnel Assistant 1x150 150 Budget Clerk's Office 1x150 Ftp/Per. 1 206 Ftp/Per. 1 100 207 Clerk/Typist Space 1x100 4 540 208 Conference Room 12x 45 Ft /Per. 1 350 Park Ranger's Office 1x350 Ftp/Per. 209 Ftp/Per. 1 300 210 Historian's Office 1x300 1x250 Ftp/Per. 1 250 211 Supervisory Ranger 1 300 Park Technician (2) 2x1x150 Ftp/Per. 212 Ft /Per. 1 200 213 Clerk/Typist (2) 2x1x100 SPACE SUMMARY, p.153.

DIVISION NET AREA IN l.D.# - SPACE CALCULATIONS REFEFiSNCS SQUARE FEET

214 Architect's Office 1x350 Ftp/Per. 1 350 215 Archeologist's Office 1x300 Ftp/Per. 1 300 216 Park Technician Space 1x200 Ftp/Per. 1 200 217 Clerk/Typist Space 1x100 Ftp/Per. 1 100 218 Curator's Office 1x250 Ft /Per. 1 250 219 Artifact Storage 1 500 220 Exhibit Specialist 1x300 Ft^/Per. 1_ 300 III. ADMINISTRATION DIVISION; SUBTOTAL; 5,540

IV. PARK MAINTENANCE DIVISION 301 Facility Manager 1x300 Ft;/Per. 1 300 302 Maintenance Assistant 1x200 Ftp/Per. 1 200 303 Project Clerk's Office 1x150 Ft /Per. 1 150 304 Maintenance Storage 1 1,840 IV. PARK MAINTENANCE DIVISION SUBTOTAL; 2,490

V. FACILITY SERVICES 401 Service Area 50% of Dining 4 450 4_ 225 402 Restaurant Kitchen 25% of Dining V. FACILITY SERVICES; SUBTOTAL; 675 SPACE SUMMARY, p.154

SUMMARY OF SQUARE FOOTAGES

EXTERIOR DEVELOPMENT TOTAL NET SQUARE FOOTAGES I. FACILITY ACCESS 53,640

TOTAL GROSS EXTERIOR SQUARE F00TAGE= 53,640

INTERIOR DEVELOPMENT TOTAL NET SQUARE FOOTAGES II. VISITOR USE/INTERPRETATION DIVISION 15,533 III. ADMINISTRATION DIVISION IV. PARK MAINTENANCE DIVISION 5,540 V. FACILITY SERVICES 2,490 675 TOTAL NET INTERIOR SQUARE FOOTAGE= 24,238

EFFICIENCY RATIO NET TO GROSS AREA

V. FACILITY SERVICES REFERENCE PERCENTAGE 403 Circulation Allowance 6 20.0% 404 Mechanical Allowance 6 5.5% 405 Structure Allowance 6 7.0% 406 General Storage Allowance 6 1.5% TOTAL; 34.0% EFFICIENCY RATIO; 66/34, assumed at a Moderate/Economical level. TOTAL NET INTERIOR SQUARE FOOTAGE / NET RATIO= 24,238 0.66 TOTAL; 36,725

TOTAL GROSS INTERIOR SQUARE FOOTAGE= 36,725

TOTAL GROSS EXTERIOR SQUARE FOOTAGE= 53,640 Square Feet TOTAL GROSS INTERIOR SQUARE FOOTAGE=_ 36,725 Square Feet TOTAL DEVELOPMENT SQUARE FOOTAGE= 90,365 Square Feet SPACE SUMMARY, p.155.

REFERENCES

1. National Park Service. Southwest Regional Office. General Management Plan/Development Concept Plan. San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, San Antonio, Texas. July 1982.

2. Benson, Donald F., and Robert W. Balrd. "Designing Good, Basic Visitor Centers." Parks, 16-20.

3. Packard, Robert T., ed. Architectural Graphic Standards. New York; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 198I.

4. Jones, Vincent, ed. Ernst Neufert Architects' Data. New York; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 198O.

5. Diffrient, Niels, Alvin R. Tilley, and David Harman. Humanscale 7/8/9. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, Henry Dreyfuss Associates, 198I.

6. Pena, William. Problem Seeking, An Architectural Programming Primer. Cahners Books International, Inc., 1977. DETAILED SPACE LIST, p.156

Detailed Space List DETAILED SPACE LIST, p. 157.

DETAILED SPACE LIST OUTLINE

I. FACILITY ACCESS A. Spaces 001-005 1.) Activity Title 2.) Functional Description 3.) Design Requirements 4.) Activity Relationships 5.) Program Checklist II. VISITOR USE/INTERPRETATION DIVISION A. Spaces 101-113 1.) Activity Title 2.) Functional Description 3.) Design Requirements 4.) Activity Relationships 5.) Program Checklist III. ADMINISTRATION DIVISION A. Spaces 201-220 1.) Activity Title 2.) Functional Description 3.) Design Requirements 4.) Activity Relationships 5.) Program Checklist IV. PARK MAINTENANCE DIVISION A. Spaces 301-304 1.) Activity Title 2.) Functional Description 3.) Design Requirements 4.) Activity Relationships 5.) Program Checklist V. FACILITY SERVICES A. Spaces 401-406 1.) Activity Title 2.) Functional Description 3.) Design Requirements 4.) Activity Relationships 5.) Program Checklist DETAILED SPACE LIST, FACILITY ACCESS, p.158. DETAILED SPACE LIST, p.159.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 001 Visitor Parking

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: Open air visitor parking for 132 vehicles. Barrier free design is mandatory. Parking spacesj{.for the handicapped should be designed near building entrances. Curb cuts for wheelchairs should be provided. The lot should not only be efficient in terms of vehicular traffic but should also maximize pedestrian flow from auto to building entry. Minimum requirements = 2 stalls per 100 stalls, or as specified by local, state, or federal law.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Minimize all landscape removal Promote a natural landscape theme Provide screen planting at eye level Provide security night lighting Provide adequate surface drainage

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) Building Entry 2.) 003 Bus Parking 3.) 002 Staff Parking

PROGRAM CHECKLIST: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 01 Number of Occupants: 132 14 Heating: 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant: 300 15 Cooling: 03 Min. Area: 39,600 16 Fresh Air: 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.: 17 Circulation: 18 Water Supply: Cold 05 Number of Exits: 120 VAC 06 Degree of Enclosure: 19 Electrical: 20 Lighting Level: 2 FC 07 Partitions: 1 FC 08 Degree of Safety; High 21 Emergency Lighting; 09 Degree of Security: rllgh EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS 10 Signage: IL/Orient/Inform 22 Communications: MATERIAL FINISHES: 23 Office Equipment: 11 Floors; Asphalt/Grid Paving 24 Seating: 12 Ceilings; 25 Work Surfaces; Lighting 13 Walls; 26 Special Equipment: DETAILED SPACE LIST, p.160.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 002 Staff Parking

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: Staff parking of 30 stalls will be provided for center employees. This area of the total parking scheme is to be shielded and located so as to inhibit visitor use. The drive to this parking area is also to function as the service and loading area drive. Allow a minimum of 2 handicap staff parking stalls, located in close proximity to the staff building entry- Curb cuts should be provided.

DESIGN REQUIRSnSNTS: Controlled entry to inhibit visitor use Promote a natural landscape theme Provide easy access to the center's staff entry Provide security night lighting Provide adequate surface drainage

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS; 1.) Staff Entry 2.) 005 Service and Loading Area 3.) 001 Visitor Parking

PROGRAM CHECKLIST; GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 01 Number of Occupants; 30 14 Heating: 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant 300 15 Cooling; 9,000 16 Fresh Air: 03 Min. Area; 17 Circulation: 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.; 18 Water Supply: Cold 05 Number of Exits; 19 Electrical: 120 VAC 06 Degree of Enclosure: 20 Lighting Level: 2 FC 07 Partitions: High 21 Emergency Lighting: 1 FC 08 Degree of Safety; High 09 Degree of Security: EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: ID/Orient/Inform 10 Signage 22 Communications; MATERIAL FINISHES: 23 Office Equipment: 11 Floors; Asphalt/Grid Paving 24 Seating; 12 Ceilings; 25 Work Surfaces; 26 Special Equipment: Lighting 13 Walls; DETAILED SPACE LIST, p.161

ACTIVITY TITLE: 003 Bus Parking

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION; A total of 8 bus stalls shall complete the center's total vehicular parking scheme. These stalls are to be supplied with adjacent pedestrian shelters. The design of the shelters is to be architecturally compatible to that of the center. Pedestrian access from the shelters to the building's entry is vital. Wheelchair curb cuts should be provided at entrances.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Create bus lanes to separate bus routes from vehicular flow Promote a natural landscape theme Consider: deep strength asphalt or reinforced concrete grid paving at bus stop areas Provide security night lighting Provide adequate surface drainage

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) Pedestrian Shelter 2.) Building Entry 3.) 101 Lobby/Reception 4.) 001 Visitor Parking

PROGRAM CHECKLIST: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL; 01 Number of Occupants: 8 14 Heating; 15 Cooling: 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant: 630 16 Fresh Air: 03 Min. Area: 5,040 17 Circulation: 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.: 18 Water Supply: Cold 05 Number of Exits: 19 Electrical: 120 VAC 06 Degree of Enclosure; 20 Lighting Level:_ 2 FC 07 Partitions: 21 Emergency Lighting: 1 FC 08 Degree of Safety; High 09 Degree of Security:Moderate EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 10 Signage: Route Information 22 Communications: MATERIAL FINISHES: 23 Office Equipment: 11 Floors; Asphalt/Grid Paving 24 Seating: 25 Work Surfaces: 12 Ceilings: 26 Special Equipment: Lighting 13 Walls: DETAILED SPACE LIST, p.ifi2.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 004 Bicycle Parking Area

FUNCTIONAL DESGRIITION: thP n5 °f ^°r P^^i'^^e area will be provided as an amenity to the 112 bicycle Rental space. It must be located in close proximity to this visitor service, however, incorporation into other outdoor activity areas should be considered. Provide access and egress to the existing Mission Trail bike paths, as illustrated m the SITS ANALYSIS. Provide well designed racks to accomodate 50 bicycles.

DESI3N REQUIREMENTS: Provide a high degree of safety for cyclists Provide safety signs for motorists and pedestrians Promote a Class I bike path classification Promote a natural landscape theme Provide security night lighting Provide adequate surface drainage

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 112 Bicycle Rental 2.) Mission Trail bike paths 3.) Building Entry

PROGRAM CHECKLIST; GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL; 01-Number of Occupants: 50 14 Heating: 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant: 15 Cooling: 03 Min. Area: 16 Fresh Air: 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.; 17 Circulation; 05 Number of Exits: 18 Water Supply: 06 Degree of Enclosure: 19 Electrical: 120 VAC 07 Partitions; 20 Lighting Level: 2 FC 08 Degree of Safety: High 21 Emergency Lighting; 1 FC 09 Degree of Security; High EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 10 Signage Warning/Safety 22 Communications: MATERIAL FINISHES 23 Office Equipment: 11 Floors: Match Existing 24 Seating; 12 Ceilings 25 Work Surfaces: 13 Walls: 26 Special Equipment:Bike Racks DETAILED SPACE LIST, p. 163.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 005 Service and Loading Area

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: The service and loading area will act as a shipping and recieving dock/area used primarily for those activities associated with the 402 Restaurant Kitchen space. The area will consequently function as a distributing and terminal point for materials of a general nature. The movement of materials to and from the center will require a general storage space which should be capable of dispensing goods within the building.

DESIGN REQUIREMENT, Minimize service vehicle flow with staff parking conditions Screen obtrusive views from other outdoor activity areas Provide a protection canopy over the loading dock Provide a service personnel entry Provide adequate surface drainage

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS; 1.) 402 Restaurant Kitchen 2.) 406 General Storage 3.) Service Personnel Entry 4.) 002 Staff Parking

PROGRAM CHECKLIST: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 01 Number of Occupants: 14 Heating: 15 Cooling: 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant: 16 Fresh Air: 03 Min. Area: 17 Circulation: 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.; 18 Water Supply: Cold 05 Number of Exits: 19 Electrical: 120 VAC 06 Degree of Enclosure: Partial 20 Lighting Level:_ 07 Partitions: 20 FC 08 Degree of Safety; High 21 Emergency Lighting: 2 FC 09 Degree of Security; High EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 10 Signage: Identify 22 Communications: Intercom MATF.RTAL FINISHES ; 23 Office Equipment: Finished Concrete 24 Seating; 11 Floors; 25 Work Surfaces; 12 Ceilings 26 Special Equipment: 13 Walls; DETAILED SPACE LIST, VISITOR USE/INTERPRETATION DIVISION, p.164. DETAILED SPACE LIST^ p. ^Rfi

ACTIVITY TITLE: 101 Lobby/Reception

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION The lobby/rece ption area should function as a "place of arrival," where vis Itors are to begin their exploration of the center and its inte rpretational contents. It is also a place of gathering, for t ours and other center activities, as well as an environment o f transition; from outdoor to indoor, old to new, and natural to man-made. The atmosphere of the lobby should be representative o f the entire center. The reception function of the lobby is one of dissemination of free brochures and other written material.

RSCUIREMENTS Barrier free design is mandatory Provide interior landscaping Provide natural lighting Promote a sense of orientation Promote a celebration of entry to the center Promote a celebration of entry to the national park

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 102 Information Counter 2.) 108 Public Restrooms 3.) 109 Public Phones 4.) 110 Gift Shop 5.) 103 Interpretive Display Area

WSATHER ENVELOPE: Minimum 0.12U PROGRAM CHECKLIST; GENERAL REQUIREMENTS; MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 01 Number of Occupants: l8l 14 Heating: 60-68-F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant: 12 15 Cooling: 75-85'F 03 Min. Area: 2,172 16 Fresh Air: 1,358 CFM 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.: 8' 17 Circulation; 05 Number of Exits; Min. 2 18 Water Supply: Cold 06 Degree of Enclosure: Full 19 Electrical: 120-240 VAC 07 Partitions: Fixed 20 Lighting Level: 50 FC 08 Degree of Safety; High 21 Emergency Lighting: 1 FC 09 Degree of Security: High EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 10 Signage ID/Or ent/Inform 22 Communications: Public Phones MATERIAL FINISHES: 23 Office Equipment: . Stool 11 Floors; Resilient 24 Seating: Fixed (10-20) 12 Ceilings; Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces: Info. Counter 13 Walls; Durable 26 Special Equipment: Register DETAILED SPACE LIST, p. 166.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 102 Information Counter

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: The information counter is to be strategically located within the 101 Lobby/Reception area, so as to be adjacent to the flow of visitor traffic from the building's entry. Total visibility of the counter is important.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS; Incorporate the counter into the overall design of the lobby Provide built-in shelving for books, brochures, etc.

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 101 Lobby/Reception 2.) 110 Gift Shop 3.) 103 Interpretive Display Area 4.) 105 Audiovisual Space, Auditorium 5.) 104 Exhibit Space

PROGRAM CHECKLIST; GENERAL REQUIREMENTS; MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL; 60-68-F 01 Number of Occupants: 2 14 Heating: 15 Cooling; 75-85'F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant 50 16 Fresh Air; 15 CFM 03 Min. Area: 100 17 Circulation: 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.: 8' 18 Water Supply: 05 Number of Exits: 19 Electrical: 120/240 VAC 06 Degree of Enclosure;Partial 20 Lighting Level 30 FC 07 Partitions: 21 Emergency Lighting: 2 FC 08 Degree of Safety: High EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 09 Degree of Security Identify 10 Signage: 22 Communications: PA System Stool MATERIAL FINISHES: 23 Office Equipment: Resilient 24 Seating: Counter Top 11 Floors: Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces: 12 Ceilings: Durable 26 special Equipment: Cash Reg. 13 Walls; DETAILED SPACE LIST, p.IR7

ACTIVITY TITLE: 103 Interpretive Display Area

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: An Interpretive display area will help provide visitors with park orientation for an in-depth Interpretive experience based upon the "park themes" attributed to each of the four mission compounds. Exhibits, maps, literature, brochures, guided and self-guided tours, demonstrations, and other personal services will be employed to assist the visitors. Specific information on interpretive media and methods is currently being packaged in an "interpretive prospectus," which will also detail interpretive methods for the disabled and other special populations such as non-English speaking visitors.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Barrier free design is mandatory Provide natural lighting, where appropriate Follow exhibit guidelines: as set forth in an "interpretive prospectus" available from the National Park Service

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 105 Audiovisual Space, Auditorium 2.) 106 Craft Demonstration Room 3.) 108 Public Restrooms 4.) 101 Lobby/Reception

WEATHER ENVELOPE: Minimum 0.12U PROGRAM CHECKLIST; GENERAL REQUIREMENTS; MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL; 01 Number of Occupants: 181 14 Heating: 60-68-F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant 10 15 Cooling; 75-85'F 03 Min. Area; 1,810 16 Fresh Air; 1,358 CFM 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.; 8' 17 Circulation; 05 Number of Exits Min. 2 18 Water Supply; Cold 06 Degree of Enclosure: Partial 19 Electrical; 120/240 VAC 07 Partitions: Ftovable 20 Lighting Level: Min, 30 FC 08 Degree of Safety: Moderate 21 Emergency Lighting: 1 FC 09 Degree of Security; High EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS; 10 Signage: Exhibit Inform 22 Communications:Audio/Signage MATERIAL FINISHES: 23 Office Equipment: 11 Floors; Resilient/Carpet 24 Seating: Fixed (10-20) 12 Ceilings Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces: 13 Walls: Durable 26 Special Equipment: DETAILED SPACE LIST, p.168.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 104 Exhibit Space

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION; This exhibit space will be used to showcase the more popular, larger, atypical artifact exhibits that require a greater amount of floor area due to the higher percentage of viewing visitors. Photographic essays depicting certain mission events, slide shows, and a massive, large scale model of the entire park system are examples. This space may be subdivided into smaller, more intimate spaces if a specific exhibit requires a controlled atmosphere.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Barrier free design is mandatory Provide: a variety of smaller spaces within, to house more intimately controlled exhibits Follow exhibit guidelines: as set forth in an "interpretive prospectus," available from the N.P.S.

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 106 Craft Demonstration Room 2.) 107 Multi-Purpose Room 3.) 108 Public Restrooms

WEATHER ENVELOPE; Minimum 0.12U

PROGRAM CHECKLIST; GENERAL REQUIREMENTS; MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL; 60-68'F 01 Number of Occupants; 181 14 Heating: 15 Cooling; 75-85'F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant 20 1,358 CFM 3,620 16 Fresh Air: 03 Min. Area; 17 Circulation: 04 Min. Celling Ht.: 8' Min. 2 18 Water Supply: , Cold 065 DegreNumbere of ExitsEnclosure; ; Varies 19 Electrical; 120/240 VAC 07 Partitions: Movable 20 Lighting Level; Varies/30 FC 08 Degree of Safety: Moderate 21 Emergency Lighting: 1 FO 09 Degree of Security: High Exhibit Inform T70TTTPMFNT/FURNISHINGS: 10 Signage: 22 Communications: Audiovisual MATERIAL FINISHES; 23 Office Equipment: Resilient/Carpet 11 Floors; 24 Seating: Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces: 12 Ceilings; Durable 13 Walls; 26 Special Equipment: DETAILED SPACE LIST, p. IRQ.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 105 Audiovisual Space, Auditorium

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: The auditorium, as a moderately small audiovisual space will incorporate the use of 'Continental' seating. Neither a stage nor a balcony is required, however, they may be included If proven cost effective. A handicapped observation area is required, mainly to serve those visitors in wheelchairs. All seating sections, including the handicapped area, must have clear sire lines. A small projection room is necessary. Superior acoustics is of paramount Importance.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Incorporate sound reinforcement systems: acoustical environs Provide an integrated sound system with microphones, loudspeakers, and controls Auditorium considerations: locating sound-absorbing treatment to reduce room noise levels, insure adequate privacy between adjacent spaces, control air- handling system noise Code considerations: fire rating and number of exits Barrier free design is mandatory

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 101 Lobby/Reception 2.) 102 Information Counter 3.) lOS Public Restrooms ACOUSTICAL DATA: 20-25 NO Curve (for 'excellent' listening cond.) WEATHER ENVELOPE: Minimum 0.12U ILLUMINATION LEVELS: General 10 FC, Assembly 15 FC, Corridor 20 FC, PROGRAM CHECKLIST; Entrance 30 FC (recommended minimums) GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ; MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 01 Number of Occupants; l8l i4 Heating; ^ 60-68-F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant: 9 15 Cooling; 75-85'F 03 Min. Area: 1,629 i6 Fresh Air; l^SSS CFM 04 Min. Ceiling Ht. : 10' 17 Circulation; 05 Number of Exits: Min. 2 18 Water Supply: 06 Degree of Enclosure; Full 19 Electrical: 120 VAC 07 Partitions: Acoustical/Fixed 20 Lighting Level: 10-30 FC 08 Degree of Safety: High 21 Emergency Lighting: 1 FC 10 Signagef ^^'''''""^' ^^Inlmal EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS 22 Communications: Sound System MATERIAL FINISHES 23 Office Equipment 11 Floors^'-°^^'''^'^^lly Resilient 24 Seating: 1 '• ' 'Continental' 12 Ceilings: Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces: 13 Walls: ^'^oustically Durable 26 Special Equipment: Projection DETAILED SPACE LIST, p. i7n.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 106 Craft Demonstration Room

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION:

Room which will conduct similar funtions

DSSIGN RSQUIREMENTS; Barrier free design is mandatory Provide movable chalkboards as well as a large bulletin board Provide an enclosed storage space, 406 General Storage

ACTIVITY KSLATION^SNIPS: 1.) 406 General Storage 2.) 107 i'ulti-Purpose Room 3.) 101 Lobby/Reception

ACOUSTICAL DATA: 40-45 NO Curve (for 'adequate' listening cond.) WEATHER ENVELOPE: Minimum 0.12U

PROGRAM CHECKLIST; GENERAL REQUIREMENTS; MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL; 01 Number of Occupants: 26 14 Heating; 6O-68-F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant: 25 15 Cooling; 75-85'F 03 Min. Area; 65O 16 Fresh Air; 195 CFM 04 Min. Ceiling Ht. : 8' 17 Circulation; 05 Number of Exits: Min. 1 18 Water Supply: Hot/Cold 06 Degree of Enclosure: Full 19 Electrical: 120/240 VAC 07 Partitions: Fixed 20 Lighting Level: 50 FC 08 Degree of Safety: Moderate 21 Emergency Lighting: 1 FC 09 Degree of Security: Low EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 10 Signage: Identify 22 Communications: Telephone MATERIAL FINISHES; 23 Office Equipment: 11 Floors: Resilient 24 Seating; 12 Ceilings: Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces; 13 Walls: Durable 26 Special Equipment: DETAILED SPACE LIST, p.171

ACTIVITY TITLE; 107 Multi-Purpose Room

FUNCTIONAL. DESCRIPTION; This visitor service oriented space will funtion as an Interpretive side-space, used to conduct such things as group tour gatherings and small lectures, etc. Table seating for 26 people is a layout consideration, as well as the need for an enclosed storage space to house the seating and table equipment This space must be adjacent to the 106 Craft Demonstration Room which will conduct similar functions.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Barrier free design is mandatory Provide seating and table furniture to accommodate 26 people Provide an enclosed storage space, 406 General Storage

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS; 1.) 406 General Storage 2.) 106 Craft Demonstration Room 3.) 101 Lobby/Reception

ACOUSTICAL DATA: 40-45 NO Curve (for 'adequate listening cond.) WEATHER ENVELOPE Minimum 0.12U

PROGRAM CHECKLIST: MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: 60-68-F 01 Number of Occupants: 26 14 Heating: 75-85'F 25 15 Cooling; 195 CFM 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant 650 16 Fresh Air: 03 Min. Area; 8' 17 Circulation; 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.: Min. 1 18 Water Supply: 120/240 VAC 05 Number of Exits; Full 19 Electrical: 50 FC 06 Degree of Enclosure: Fixed 20 Lighting Level:_ 1 FC 07 Partitions; Moderate 21 Emergency Lighting: 08 Degree of Safety: Low H-OTTTPMFNT/FURNISHINGS: 09 Degree of Security: Identify 10 Signage: 22 Communications: Telephone MATERIAL FINISHES: 23 Office Equipment: 11 Floors: Resilient 24 Seating; Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces; 12 Ceilings Durable 26 Special Equipment: 13 Walls: DETAILED SPACE LIST, p.172.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 108 Public Restrooms

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION In addition to toilet and urinal requirements, generous counter space will be necessary to accommodate the needs of visitors arriving at the center. Special consideration Is to be given to those needs of handicapped patrons. Of special concern is, generous lighting conditions, mirror selection, fixture selection, and an overall sense of cleanliness through the specification of finish materials.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Provide all selected materials to accommodate heavy use Provide vandal-proof furnishings Provide non-slip flooring tile

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS; 1.) 101 Lobby/Reception 2.) 102 Information Counter 3.) Building Entry

ACOUSTICAL DATA; 40-45 NO Curve WEATHER EWELOPE: Minimum 0.12U

PROGRAM CHECKLIST: MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS; 60-68-F 01 Number of Occupants; 181 14 Heating: 15 Cooling: 75-85'F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant 16 Fresh Air: 1,358 CFM 03 Min. Area; 1,060 10' 17 Circulation: 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.; 18 Water Supply: Hot/Cold 05 Number of Exits; 120 VAC Full 19 Electrical: 06 Degree of Enclosure; 20 Lighting Level:_ 30 FC 07 Partitions: Stall Partitions 21 Emergency Lighting: 1 FC 08 Degree of Safety; Moderate 09 Degree of Security; Moderate EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 10 Signage'iender Identification 22 Communications: PA System MATERIAL FINISHES: 23 Office Equipment: 11 Floors:Non-Slip Ceramic Tile 24 Seating: Lav. Counter 25 Work Surfaces: 26 Special Equipment DETAILED SPACE LIST, p. iT5^

ACTIVITY TITLE: 109 Public Ph ones

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: Allowance for public phone service is a visitor courtesv acSSs?icar?s;i.t'" functional considerations should include" acoustical isolation and ease of access and identity. This service of (4) telephones should be located in one area rather than spreading them throughout the complex. This area should not be placed or located so as to interfere with probable traffic patterns.

DESIGN REQUIRENSNTS: Provide obvious identification graphics Provide (1) phone to accommodate handicapped patrons Provide easy access to building entry

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 101 Lobby/Reception 2.) 102 Information Counter 3.) Building Entry

ACOUSTICAL DATA: 20 NO Curve

PROGRAM CHECKLIST; GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 01 Number of Occupants: 4 14 Heating: 60-68-F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant: 8 15 Cooling: 75-85-F 03 Min. Area: 32 16 Fresh Air: §0 CFM 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.: 8' 17 Circulation: 05 Number of Exits; 18 Water Supply: 06 Degree of Enclosure; 19 Electrical; 120 VAC 07 Partitions: 20 Lighting Level: 100 FC 08 Degree of Safety: Moderate 21 Emergency Lighting: 1 FC 09 Degree of Security:Moderate EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 10 Signage: Area Identification 22 Communications: -lephones (4) MATERIAL FINISHES: 23 Office Equipment: 11 Floors: Resilient 24 Seating: 12 Ceilings; Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces: 13 Walls: Durable 26 Special Equipment: DETAILED SPACE LIST, p, 17Z1

ACT:V ilT TITLE: 110 Gift Shop

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: A small gift shop will provide visitors with the opprotunitv ToslZl J'T"" "'"' ^^ postcards, photographic flLrEooks? "^ posters, mission curios, small gifts, and eventually aAythinp IZlltrf souvenir oriented. A wide variety of items will be presented including a small collection of books which will require appropriate shelving and lighting. A shop layout beneficial to the oversight of a minimum number of employees is important.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Provide an adequate amount of storage or stockroom space Provide integrated showcases to display goods Provide a high degree of security

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 101 Lobby/Reception 2.) 406 General Storage 3.) 005 Service and Loading Area

ACOUSTICAL DATA: 35-50 NC Curve WEATHER ENVELOPE: Minimum 0.12U ILLUMINATION LEVELS: Circulation 30 FC, Showcases 200 FC, Stockroom 30 FC

PROGRAM CHECKLIST; GENERAL REQUIREMENTS MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 01 Number of Occupants: l8l 14 Heating: 60-68-F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant; : 10 15 Cooling; 75-85'F 03 Min. Area; 1,810 16 Fresh Air: 1,358 CFH 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.; 8' 17 Circulation; 05 Number of Exits: Min. 2 18 Water Supply: 06 Degree of Enclosure: Full 19 Electrical: 120 VAC 07 Partitions: Fixed 20 Lighting Level: 30-200 FC 08 Degree of Safety: High 21 Emergency Lighting: 2 FC 09 Degree of Securit;^: High EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 10 Signage: IdeniiSy Graphics 22 Communications: Telephone MATERIAL FINISHES: 23 Office Equipment: 11 Floors: Carpet 24 Seating: Stool 12 Ceilings; Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces: Showcases 13 Walls: Durable 26 Special Equipment: Register DETAILED SPACE LIST, 175.

ACTIVITY TITLE; 111 pirst Aid Office

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION;

represent an administrative attempt to control mishaps which may occur onsite. ^

'SSIOr: REQUIREMENTS : Provide a basic supply of routine medical services Provide medicinal cabinets for supplies storage Provide a lavatory

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 101 Lobby/Reception 2.) Building Entry

ACOUSTICAL DATA: 40-45 N'C Curve WEATHER ENVELOPE: Minimum 0.12U

PROGRAM CHECKLIST;

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS; MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 01 Number of Occupants; 1 14 Heating: 60-68'F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant; 100 15 Cooling: 75-85'F 03 Min. Area: 100 16 Fresh Air: 7=5 CFM 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.; 8' 17 Circulation: 05 Number of Exits: 1 18 Water Supply: Hot/Cold 06 Degree of Enclosure: Full 19 Electrical: 120 VAC 07 Partitions; Fixed 20 Lighting Level: 50 FC 08 Degree of Safety: Moderate 21 Emergency Lighting: 1 FC 09 Degree of Security: High EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 10 Signage: Space Identification 22 Communications: Telephone MATERIAL FINISHES: 23 Office Equipment: . Supplies 11 Floors: Resilient 24 Seating; Chairs (2) 12 Ceilings; Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces; Desk 13 Walls: Durable 26 Special Equipment Medical DETAILED SPACE LIST, p. I7ft.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 112 Bicycle Rental

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: A bicycle rental space with direct relationship to the 004 Bicycle Parking Are,; is required. It will function as a place where visitors may rent a touring bicycle to pursue the ryiission sites by peddle. The activity may function best in an indoor/outdoor setting. Both the service and the space should be well publicized.

DSSIGN REQUIREMENTS: Provide a high degree of safety for cyclists Provide adequate security Provide interior racks to accommodate 30 bicycles

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 004 Bicycle Parking Area 2.) Ilission Trail bike paths 3.) Building Entry 4.) Ill First Aid Office

ACOUSTICAL DATA: 45-60 NC Curve WEATHER ENVELOPE: Minimum 0.12U

PROGRAM CHECKLIST: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 01 Number of Occupants: 14 Heating: 60-68-F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant: 15 Cooling: 75-85'F 03 Min. Area: 1000 16 Fresh Air; 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.: 10' 17 Circulation: 1 18 Water Supply: 05 Number of Exits; 120 VAC 06 Degree of Enclosure;Screened 19 Electrical: 20 Lighting Level: 30 FC 07 Partitions: Fixed 21 Emergency Lighting: 1 FC 08 Degree of Safety: Jj^SJ^J 09 Degree of Security; ^^-^ EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS; 10 Signage: Identify 22 Communications: Telephone MATERIAL FINISHES: 23 Office Equipment: 11 Floors: Resilient 24 Seating: Stool 12 Ceilings Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces: Counter 13 Walls; Durable 26 Special Equipment: Ch/Regist. DETAILED SPACE LIST, 177.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 113 N'estaurant Dining

FUNCTTONAL DESCRIPTION: .t«rf of"tS S^^^ i-estaurant will serve both the visitors and staif of the Headquarters & Visitor Orientation Center A leisurely atmosphere should prevail with both Indoor and outdoor seating areas. The restaurant should be planned so that a variety of seating arrangements can be achieved Supplement normal table seating with booth seating for flexibility

DESIGN R: :REMENTS; Design an outdoor dining area to supplement the interior Provide a selection of all indoor and outdoor furniture Provide a leisurely type of atmosphere Ambience is an important factor Interior decoration and lighting are integral parts of the space

ACTIVITY RELATI0N5SIPS: 1.) 402 Restaurant Kitchen 2.) 101 Lobby/Reception 3. ) 401 Service Area 4.) 005 Service and Loading Area

ACOUSTICAL DATA: 35-50 NC Curve WEATHER EWELOPE: Minimum 0.12U ILLUMINATION LEVELS: Light environment 30 FC, Cashier 50 FC

PROGRAM CHECKLIST:

GENERAL REQUIRExMENTS: MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 01 Number of Occupants: 90 14 Heating: 60-68'F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant: 10 15 Cooling: 75-85*F 03 Min. Area: 9OO 16 Fresh Air: 675 CFM 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.: 10' 17 Circulation: 05 Number of Exits: Min. 2 18 Water Supply: 06 Degree of Enclosure; Full 19 Electrical: 120 VAC 07 Partitions; Fixed 20 Lighting Level: 30-50 FC 08 Degree of Safety: High 21 Emergency Lighting: 1 FC 09 Degree of Security: High EQUIPxMENT/FURNISHINGS; 10 Signage; Identification 22 Communications: Telephones MATERIAL FINISHES 23 Office Equipment: 11 Floors; Carpet/Resilient 24 Seating: 12 Ceilings Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces; Dining (90) 13 Walls: Durable 26 Special Equipment: Ch/Regist. DETAILED SPACE LIST, ADMINISTRATION DIVISION, p.178. DETAILED SPACE LIST, p.179.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 201 Park Superintendent's Office

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: The Park Superintendent's office is the core of the Headquarters & Visitor Orientation Center's Administrative Division. This office functions as an overseer of any and all park operations. A generously spacious office, this space may allow small 3-4 person meetings or conferences to take place. While the design of the office should be of "executive standards', it is i"iportant that certain design elements be carried over into the remainder of the division so as to create a sense of uniformity.

DESIGN REQUIRSMSNT; A pleasant working environment will be critical for this space and division to promote productivity and a sense of well being for employees. Provide a sense of privacy or separation from any visitor oriented activity Incorporate natural daylighting, if possible

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) Administration Division 2.) 202 Secretarial Space 3.) 203 Administration Officer

ACOUSTICAL DATA: 25-30 NC Curve VIEATHSF ENVELOPE: Minimum 0.12U ILLUMINATION LEVELS: Task Lighting 150 FC General Office 70 FC PROGRAM CHECKLIST: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 60-68-F 01 Number of Occupants: 1 14 Heating: 15 Cooling: 75-80'F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant : 500 1 . CFM 500 16 Fresh Air: 03 Min. Area; 8' 17 Circulation: 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.; 18 Water Supply: 1 120 VAC 05 Number of Exits; Full 19 Electrical: 06 Degree of Enclosure: 20 Lighting Level:^ 70 FC Fixed 1 FC 07 Partitions: Moderate 21 Emergency Lighting 08 Degree of Safety: High EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 09 Degree of Security: Identify 10 Signage; 22 Communications :-ntercom/Phone 23 Office Equipment: ,.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 202 Secretarial Space

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: This secretarial area is primarily' for the 201 Park Superintendent Office. However, it also functions as a reception area to control access to adjacent administrative spaces. Its key administrative role is that of providing support services within the division. This space, as is the entire division, is not public oriented.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Provide secretary/reception furnishings to seat up to (8) A pleasant working environment will be critical for this space to promote productivity and a sense of well being for employees Provide a sense of privacy or separation from any visitor oriented activity Incorporate natural daylighting, if possible

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 201 Park Superintendent's Office 2.) 203 Administration Officer ?.) Administration Division

ACOUSTICAL DATA; 35-50 NC Curve WEATHER ENVELOPS: Minimum 0.12U

PROGRAM CHECKLIST:

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL; 01 Number of Occupants: 1 14 Heating: 60-68-F 75-85'F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant : 200 15 Cooling: 16 Fresh Air; 65 CFM 03 Min. Area; 200 8' 17 Circulation; 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.; 18 Water Supply: 05 Number of Exits: 1 creened 19 Electrical: 120 VAC 06 Degree of Enclosure: Fixed 20 Lighting Level: 70 FC 07 Partitions: Low 21 Emergency Lighting: 1 FC 08 Degree of Safety; High EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 09 Degree of Security;_ fication 10 Signage; Identi 22 Communications>tercom/Phone MATERIAL FINISHES; 23 Office Equipment: Typewriter Carpet 24 seating:' Desk/Waiting () 11 Floors: oustical 25 Work Surfaces; 12 Ceilings Ac Durable 26 Special Equipment: 13 Walls; DETAILED SPACE LIST, p.181

ACTIVITY TITLE: 203 Administrative Officer

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: Acting as cSief of the administration division, this office should be centrally located to allow for the proper internal balancing of the area. The key function of the space is administrative supervision, with support provided by adjacent secretarial and clerical areas.

DSSIGN REQUIREMENTS: A pleasant working environment will be critical for the space to promote productivity and a sense of well being for employees Provide a sense of privacy or separation from any visitor oriented activity

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP: 1.) 202 Secretarial Space 2.) Administration Division 3.) 201 Park Superintendent's Office

ACOUSTICAL DATA: 30-35 NO Curve WEATHER ENVELOPE: Minimum 0.12U

PROGRAM CHECKLIST: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS; MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 01 Number of Occupants: 1 14 Heating: 60-68-F 300 15 Cooling: 75-85'F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant 16 Fresh Air: 10 CFM 03 Min. Area: 300 8' 17 Circulation: 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.: 18 Water Supply: 05 Number of Exits: 1 Full 19 Electrical; 120 VAC 06 Degree of Enclosure: 20 Lighting Level:_ 70 FC 07 Partitions: Fixed 1 FC 08 Degree of Safety; Low 21 Emergency Lighting: 09 Degree of Security 'Toderate EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 10 Signage Identification 22 Communications: Telephone MATERIAL FINISHES 23 Office Equipment: Arm Chair Carpet 24 Seating: 11 Floors: Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces: Desk 12 Ceilings; Durable 26 Special Equipment 13 Walls; DETAILED SPACE LIST, p.182.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 204 Purchasing Agent's Office

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: The procurement functions of the VISITOR CENTER and consequently the Administration Division occur within this office A high degree of security is mandatory.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: A pleasant working environment will be critical for the space to promote productivity and a sense of well being for employees Provide a sense of privacy or separation from any visitor oriented activity

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 206 Budget Clerk's Office 2.) 203 Administrative Officer 3.) 205 Personnel Assistant's Office

ACOUSTICAL DATA: 30-35 NO Curve WEATHER EN'VSLOPE: Minimum 0.12U

PROGRAM CHECKLIST; GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 1 14 Heating: 60-68-F 01 Number of Occupants; 75-85'F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant 200 15 Cooling: 200 16 Fresh Air: 10 CFM 03 Min. Area: 8' 17 Circulation: 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.: 1 18 Water Supply: 05 Number of Exits: Full 19 Electrical: 120 VAC 06 Degree of Enclosure: 20 Lighting Level:^ 70 FC Fixed 1 FC 07 Partitions; Low 21 Emergency Lighting: 08 Degree of Safety: High EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS: 09 Degree of SecuritIdentificatioy n 10 Signage 22 Communications: Telephone MATERIAL FINISHES: 23 Office Equipment: Arm Chair 11 Floors: Carpet 24 Seating: Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces: Desk 12 Ceilings: Durable 26 Special Equipment: Typ Filing 13 Walls: DETAILED SPACE LIST, PARK MAINTENANCE DIVISION, p.199. DETAILED SPACE LIST, FACILITY SERVICES, p .204_ DETAILED SPACE LIST, p. 205.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 401 Service Area

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION; Acting as an amenity to the 402 Restaurant Kitchen, this service area will function primarily as a food preparation,^ servery, wash-up space where all dining preparation activities take place. It may serve best as a buffer between the 402 and 113 Restaurant Dining areas. Food storage and all smaller commercial appliances are located here.

DESIGN RSQUI.TSS.SNTS; Provide access to both kitchen, dining, and 406 General Sto Provide adequate ventilation of service air Provide maximum safety for the staff Provide sufficient dry goods storage

ACTIV: RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 402 Restaurant Kitchen 2.) 113 Restaurant Dining 3.) 406 General Storage 4.) 005 Service and Loading Area

ACOUSTICAL DATA: 4 5-60 NC Curve WEATHER ENVELOPE: Slnimum 0.12U

PROGRAM CHECKLIST; MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: 60-68-F 01 Number of Occupants: 14 Heating: 75-80-F 15 Cooling: 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant: 450 16 Fresh Air: 03 Min. Area: 10' 17 Circulation: Hot/Cold 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.: 2 18 Water Supply: 120/240 AC 05 Number of Exits: Full 19 Electrical: 06 Degree of Enclosure: 30-70 FC Fixed 20 Lighting Level:_ 1 FC 07 Partitions; High 21 Emergency Lighting; 08 Degree of Safety: .^_ ierate EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS 09 Degree of Security: ' 10 Signage: 22 Communications: Intercom MATERIAL FINISHES; 23 Office Equipment: 24 Seating: 11 Floors; Resilient Acoustical 25 Work Surfaces: Work Tables 12 Ceilings Durable 26 Special Equipment:Comm./Kit. 13 Walls; DETAILED SPACE LIST, p. 206.

ACTIVITY TITLE: 402 Restaur,..t Kitchen

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: ^v, , Preferably at the same level as the dining and service area the kitchen is subdivided into various areas of activities ' buffet^''^^ cooking, grilling, frying, preparation, and cold

DESIGN REQUIRE.MENTS : Provide commercial kitchen equipment Provide access to both service area, dining, and general sto Provide maximum safety for the staff Provide adequate ventilation of service air

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: 1.) 401 Service Area 2.) 113 Restaurant Dining 3.) 406 General Storage 4.) 005 Service and Loading Area

ACOUSTICAL DATA: 40-60 NC Curve V/EATHER ENVELOPS; Minimum 0.12U ILLUMINATION LEVELS; Equipment Areas 70 FC Other 30 FC

PROGRAM CHECKLIST: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS; MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL: 01 Number of Occupants; 14 Heating: 60-68-F 02 Min. Sq.Ft./Occupant; 15 Cooling: 75-80-F 16 Fresh Air: 03 Min. Area: 225 17 Circulation: 04 Min. Ceiling Ht.: io» 18 Water Supply: Hot/Cold 05 Number of Exits: Min. 2 19 Electrical: 120/240 VAC 06 Degree of Enclosure: Full 20 Lighting Level 30-70 FC 07 Partitions: Fixed 21 Emergency Lighting 1 FC 08 Degree of Safety: High EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS 09 Degree of Security :iv[oderate 22 Communications: Intercom 10 Signage: Identify 23 Office Equipment: MATERIAL FINISHES: 24 Seating: 11 Floors: Non-Sllp/Resilient 25 Work Surfaces; Counters 12 Ceilings: Acoustical 26 Special Equipment:Comm./Kit. 13 Walls: Glazed/Durable COST ANALYSIS, p. 21_\

Cost Analysis. COST ANALYSIS, p. 212.

COST ANALYSIS uUTLINE

I. PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE A. Property Inprovements 1.) Total Gross Exterior Square Footage 2.) Total Gross Interior Square Footage B. Graphs: Construction Schedule 1.) Construction Period 2.) Inflation Percentage II. COST ESTIMATE ANALYSIS A. Cost Analysis: Facility Access B. Cost Analysis: Facility C. Cost Analysis: Total Development III. TOTAL BUDGET REQUIRED A. Total Budcet Required: Breakdown 1.) Building Costs' 2.) ^ixed Equipment 3.) Site Development 4.) Total Costruction Cost 5.) Site Acquisition/Demolition 6.) Movable Equipment 7.) Professional Fees 8.) Contingencies 9.) Administrative Costs' B. Cost Estimate: Total Budget Required

V. BIBLIOGRAPHY COST ANALYSIS, j-. 213.

PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE

PROPERTY IMPROVEMENTS: I. TOTAL GROSS EXTERIOR SQUARE FOOTAGE: Facility Access, 53,640 Square Feet II. TOTAL GROSS INTERIOR SQUARE FOOTAGE: Facility, 36,725 Square Feet

GRAPHS

1983

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD: Assumed to be I8 months ^^^^^^ °\^Ji^YJ^^^^ construction period of similar Duixamg INFLATION PERCENTAGE: Threfyears x 12 months/year x 1.5%/inonth= 54% inflation.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT/BID PREPARATION;

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD:

GRAPH 9.0 CONSTRUCTION PERIOD COST ANALYSIS, p. 2.14.

COST ESTIMATE ANALYSIS

I. COST ANALYSIS. FACILITY ACCESS

Cost Per Ft Method: 13.30 Surface Parking, Unit Cost^ X 1.02 State Modifier Step A. $13.57 Subtotal A 13.57 Subtotal A X 0.902 San Antonio Modifier Step B. $12.24 Subtotal B 12.24 Subtotal B + 6.61 Inflation Percentage, 54% Step C. $ia.85 Subtotal 0 53,640 Total Gross Exterior Sq.Ft. X 18.85 Subtotal C Cost Estimate ". $1,011,114 Subtotal D

II. COST ANALYSIS, FACILITY

Cost Per Ft^ Method: 41.63 Building Type, Unit Cost® X 0.78 State Modifier Step E. $32.47 Subtotal E 32.47 Subtotal E X 0.902 San Antonio Modifier Step F. $29.29 Subtotal F 29.29 Subtotal F +15.82 Inflation Percentage, 54% Step G. $45.11 Subtotal G 36,725 Total Gross Interior Sq.Ft. X 45.11 Subtotal G Cost Estimate tl,6g6,665 Subtotal H

III. COST ANALYSIS, TOTAL DEVELOPMENT

COST ESTIMATE; Facility Access il'^ll'l^t ^^ll°l^] S COST ESTIMATE; Facility + $1,656,665 Subtotal H $2,667,779 TOTAL r.n^'V F..qTTMATE: TOTAL DEVELOFMENT= $2,bb7,779 9unit cost estimate is based on 1982 Building Construction Cost Data and is subject to annual adjustment due to change m economic conditions. COST ANALYSIS, p. 215.

TOTAL BUDGET REQUIRED

A. BUILDING COSTS' $2,667,779 B. FIXED EQUIPMENT (8% of A) ! 213 422 C. SITE DEVELOPMENT (5% of A) [ !!l33!388 D: TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST $3,014,589 E. SITE ACQUISITION/DEMOLITION 0 F. MOVABLE EQUIPMENT (8% of A) 213,422 G. PROFESSIONAL FEES (6% of D) 180,875 H. CONTINGENCIES (5% of D) 150,729 J. ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS' (1% of D) 30,145 K. TOTAL BUDGET REQUIRED $3,589,760

COST ESTIMATE: TOTAL BUDGET REQUIRED= $3,589,76"'P"

* Less Site Acquisition/Demolition. COST ANALYSIS, p. 2.16.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Pena, William. Problem Seeking, An Architectural Programming Primer. Cahners Books International, Inc., 1977.

Perelra, Percival E., ed. uo^l^e Construction Systems Costs, 1982. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 198I.

Godfrey, Robert Sturgis, ed. Building Construction Cost Data, MA.: Robert Snow Means Company, Inc., 1982.

The BiWloEraphy 1= listed In the order of use within the text. SvSSUTiyE SUMMARY, p. 2.17.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.. SXSTUTIVS SUMMARY, j;.. 218.

PROGRAM SUMMARY

Is there a need for a Head.iuarters & Visitor Orientation Center? If providing San Antonio visitors with an opportunity to appreciate the remnants of l8th century Spanish colonial enterprises in what was then the "New World" is important, then perhaps. If developing an awareness and sensitivity to the fragility of these resources and the need for continued preservation is relevant, then probably so. If simply establishing an onsite presense, by an agency truely interested in the well being of both the park and those who use it, then yes there is a need. There is justification in this need by reviewing visitation statistics that could swell from 300,000 up to nearly a million park visitors per year. There is a need for a center. To program this need is the objective. Initially, San Antonio was shaped by its waterways, Spanish Imperialism, and the change of political leadership from Spain to Mexico to the United States. It is presently the eleventh largest city in the nation, and the oldest in Texas. San Antonio is culturally unique. The national park, located in the southeastern quadrant of the city, is projected to attract some 450,000 visitors in its first full year of operation. Of the four missions within the park. Mission San Jose is projected to receive 362 visitors per peak hour in a peak day situation. Because most visitor inter­ pretation programs last 20-30 minutes in length and visitor turnover is Itself every half hour, the figure of l8l was used as criteria for establishing space summary square footages. A complex of 36,725 square feet resulted. In the analysis of existing visitor centers with varied characteristics, certain discoveries arose to help form a set of issues which represented guidelines of the do's and don'ts of visitor design. Historical backgrounds and architectural criticisms were observed. Project materials, sites, scopes, costs, systems, programs, and solutions were reviewed. EXECUTIVE SUMMA1.Y . ^ . 219,

The park boundaries were discussed with special attention given to the centrally locate.^ ^an Jose. The City of San Antonio donated a plot of land which bore heavily on the decision of park officials as to where to locate their new facility. Certain .site considerations were left for further re. e^ 'h. In order to promote patronage of the center and park facilities, the environment must be as pleasant as possible so as tv reinforce the visitors' behavior. To achieve this goal, those raanipulatable elements of the environment must be controlled. Functionally, the center consists of five basic environments: facility access, visitor use/interpretation, administration, park maintenance, and facility services. Of these, facility access and service are only of perlferal interest. The central elements of the visitor design being visitor use/interpretation, administration and park maintenance. In the design of public structures, such as a visitor center, it is necessary that the design of such a structure conform to accepted practice in reguard to visitor safety and the adoption of the latest technological developments. Equally important is that the design of, or specification of, equipment conform to the safest or best accepted practices. On November 10, l^^VS. the Congress and the Piesuient of the United S^^^^s authorized San Antonio Wifisions National Historical Park and made it a unit of the National Park System. These missions mc more than the nucleus of the modern city of San Antonio, though they are that. In the 1700's, even as the forces of revolution iccic growing in the eastern English colonies that loould lead to the creation of the United States, these outposts on the northern edge of Spain's frontier in the New World were shaping the Hispanic culture that enriches life here today. These missions represent a major influence on the diversity we call the American character.

The National Park Service and the community of San Antonio are cooperating to explore the unique opportunities this new park presents. Interest in land for the park is being acquired by cooperative agreement, purchase, and donation. Historical, archeologlcal, and presemation studies are being done to create a place where visitors from all around the country can touch their past. It is not a dead past. These missions still are active community centers, part of life today as they have been for more than two centuries. Exhibits, tours, cultural demonstrations, and the stones themselves will tell the story of the past, while the churches in the missions. Church, continue to serve their by pat ishe

So welcome to this new—yet very old—part of the National Park System. We invite you to watch your park develop.

The Superintendent San Antonio Missions National Historical Park 727 E. Durango, Room A612 San Antonio, Texas 78206

FIGURE 10.0 WE INVITE YOU TO WATCH YOUR PARK DEVELOP Source: The San Antonio Missions LIST OF FIGURES, p . 221

List of Figures. LIST OF FIGURES, P.222.

LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NUMBER

SECTION I: INTRODUCTION TABLE 1. 0 ESTIMATED VISITOR USE 7,8 TABLE 1.1 VISITATION: MISSION SAN JOSE 9 MAP 1.0 OLD SPANISH MISSIONS OF SAN ANTONIO 10

SECTION II: BACKGROUND MAP 2.0 SPANISH ESTABLISHMENTS INFLUENTIAL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF 18TH CENTURY SAN ANTONIO 22 MAP 2.1 THE MISSIONS OF SAN ANTONIO 23 MAP 2 . 2 SAN ANTONIO ORIENTATION MAP 30 MAP 2.3 PRINCIPAL POINTS OF INTEREST, DOWNTOWN, S.A 35 MAP 2.4 PRINCIPAL POINTS OF INTEREST, METROPOLITAN, S.A. 36

SECTION III: CASE STUDIES THE ATHENEUM AND NEW HARMONY, INDIANA: FIGURE 3 . 0 COOPERATIVE CENTRALIZED COMPLEX J*5 FIGURE 3 .1 THE ENTRANCE OF THE ATHENEUM 48 FIGURE 3.2 PLANS, SECTION, AND AXONOMETRIC 49 FIGURE 3.3 FRAMED VIEWS 50 FIGURE 3 - 4 THE AUDITORIUM 52 FIGURE 3 .5 SITE PLAN 55 FIGURE 3.6 FLOOD PLAIN 5b FIGURE 3 . 7 AXONOMETRIC 5 / FIGURE 3. 8 FIRST FLOOR PLAN 50 FIGURE 3.9 SECOND FLOOR PLAN 5^ FIGURE 3 .10 THIRD FLOOR PLAN '^^ RIDGWAY CENTER AND THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN: FIGURE 3.11 FIRST FLOOR PLAN ^1 FIGURE 3.12 SECOND FLOOR PLAN ' FIGURE 3.13 THIRD FLOOR PLAN THE VISITOR CENTER AT PECOS NATIONAL MONUMENT: FIGURE 3.14 PECOS NATIONAL MONUMENT ^^ FIGURE 3.15 DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT PLAN o^ FIGURE 3.16 ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES MAP g^ FIGURE 3.17 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM L:l:^j_>'S Sl^iSRSS , p . 223

LIST OF FIGURES p^GE j-,,,.^,^

SECTION IV; SITS ANALYSIS MAP 4.0 LOCATION OF BEXAR COUNTY IN TEXAS 93 MAP 4.1 GENERAL SOIL SURVEY MAP 94 MAP 4 . 2 PROXIMITY MAP '..'.'/./.'.'/. 96 GRAPH 4 .0 SAN ANTONIO TEMPERATURE DATA 97 GRAPH 4 .1 SAN ANTONIO HUMIDITY DATA 98 GRAPH 4.2 SAN ANTONIO PRECIPITATION DATA 99 GRAPH 4.3 SAN ANTONIO MEAN WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED 100 GRAPH 4.4 SOLAR INTENSITY AND SOLAR HEAT GAIN FACTORS 101 GRAPH 4 . 5 SOLAR POSITIONS AND RELATED ANGLES 102 MAP 4.3 SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK BOUNDARY IO6 MAP 4.4 DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT PLAN, MISSION SAN JOSE 109 MAP 4.5 SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK BASE MAP 110

SECTION V: ACTIVITY ANALYSIS FIGURE 5.0 INTERIOR SPACE RELATIONSHIPS AND POTENTIAL VISITOR FLOW 117

SECTION IX: COST ANALYSIS ____„^ GRAPH 9 . 0 CONSTRUCTION PERIOD 213

SECTION" X: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ______„, FIGURE 10.0 WE INVITE YOU TO WATCH YOUR PARK DEVELOP 220

PROGRAM COVER; ..THE SAU ANTONIO MISSIONS Source; The San Antonio Missions BIBLIOGRAPHY, p.224

Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY, p. 225.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Benson, Donald F., and Robert W. Balrd. "Designing Good, Basic Visitor Centers." Parks, 16-20.

Carosella, Leo. "Shaw's Garden Reaps Construction Harvest," St. Louis Construction News &_ Review, June I6, I982, p. 28.

Construction Documents, Pecos National Monument Visitor Center, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Southwest Region, David G. Battle; Architect/ Chief, Division of Conservation.

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Historic American Building Survey, San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, John T. Schllnke; Delineator, 1983. BIBLIOGRAPHY, p.226.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Thesis Documentatioii, THESIS DOCUMEHTATION. p.230^

THE DESIGN OP THE SAN ANTONIO MISSIONS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK HEADQUARTERS AND VISITOR ORIENTATION CENTER

Schemata: Site Context The overall building concept is one of a combination of reception, interpretation, and exhibition. It is intended to act as "a place of arrival, or a threshold" that begins the tour for both the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park and more precisely, Mission Sem Jose. The building faces toward the Sam Antonio River, located about a third of a mile away. Along this seldom traveled stretch of the river, recreational activities such as city aind co\inty paries, an old turn of the century bath house - Hot Wells Resort, an active mexican rodeo - Rancho del Charro, and pexhaps most importantly a large expanse of heavily wooded undeveloped land exist. This linkage of recreational areas suggests a strong cemdldate for expansion of current paork boundaries. Mission Parkway, or Padre Drive a vital vehicular linka^ to the paric system, terminates the northern most edge of the site. Mission Road, a path of similar function, flanks the lower or southern portion of the site. These two linkages serve as the major means of vehictilar access to the site and are supplemented by a most scenic San Jose Drive that travels in a curved path along the northern wall of the Mission compound. Visual connections from this entry onto the site and ultimately into the center are planned for by the curving of the Drive and the removal of small obstructive buildings trtiich are incoherent with any future park use plans. Visual connections along all mesuis of access are important. y.fMt\"fo iNTSRSTAri: id 2^7*30"

riu II t \\\ l<. In) \I ^ .^ I ,.1 .III— — ^ -^ ^^11.^ vs- ..•.^T.m. ,|BK^W v MAP 13.0 SITE CiONTEXT. The linkage of Mission San Jose and those areas of recreational activities along the San Antonio River illustrate the attempt of this particular site to strengthen existing park boundaries. Source! U.S. Geological Survey MAP 13.1 SITE BOUNDARIES. An indication of the more immidiate surroundings of the Visitor Center site, including Mission Parkway, Mission Road, and San Jose Drive. Source: Aireal photograi*i, City of San Antonio, Planning Department. iJgSIS DOCUMENTATION, p. 233,

Schemata: Site Design The immediate site around the center is designed in such a way as to create a perceivable transition for a visitor from the paricing area to the center, then from the center to the mission. As a visitor approaches an entry of the building the more aware he/she becomes of the altered landscape, in terms of the building's sculpural plem reflected in the contours of the site. An angular meadow of wild flower is intended to isolate the center with those (Aurch related activities of Mission Sam Jose and its adjacent Fiansiscan Monestary. Positive drainage away from the building was considered on all sides. In those few areas where planting or replanting of trees occured, only native species of Live Oak, Honey Mes^uite, Huisache, and Mexican Persimmon were used. S^SIS DOCUMENTATION, p. 234,

Schemata: Bxollding Design The interior of the center focuses its attention on the Visitor Use/ Interpretation aspect of activity. Greeted by a receptive information counter to the right of the entry, the visitor is encouraged to travel throu^ the center in a clockwise fashion which begins with Interpretive Display areas aq.\ialnting them with the broad overview of the San Antonio mission system. Painting, sculpture, small scale models, etc., will be arranged so as to make the visitor progressively more aware of the purpose of the Spanlsh/Colonial effort in Texas. The sequential arrangement of spaces then introduces the viewer with the more immediate existance within the park system. Mission San Jose. This exhibit space will contain both permanent and revolving exhibits to create an always changing display environment. This exhibit space is a two-story hi^ si>ace topped with an exposed concrete coffered ceiling. A 150-seat audio-visual space, which terminates the exhibit area, incorporates continental seating and allows for handicap seating near both entry and exit. Its sloping floor is reflected in its exterior form which serves as a visual termination of the left front facade of the building. A bildge leading to an upstairs gallery slices across the exhibit area above and. is in turn complimented by a six-foot-wide continuous skyll^t, dramatizing the transition from upstairs to downstairs, and from lobby to exhibit and vice versa. A large 15'xl7' model or "diarama" of Mission San Jose is a major feature of the upstairs gallery. An elevator and a comfortably wide semi-circular stair serve the gallery with the elevator expressed sculpturally on the interior and the stairs expressed sculpturally on the exterior. The sequential movement from Interpretive Display to exhibit space to gallery is terminated by a re-entry into the lobby, this time in the southern end opposite that of the building entry. This area is lit naturally by a large, quarter circle, two-story high skylight and serves to draw the visitor to its illuminated area. From here the visitor will be encouraged to travel up an eight-foot-wide ramped stair that will marie the begining of the end of the journey through the center. This ramped stairirill be observed by the visitor from his initial entry into the lobby, so when finally reached it will end a sense of anticipation. Both as to what it is and what it leads to. It THESIS DOCUMENTATION. p.23fi

will, when experienced, enhance the visitor's initial visual impact of San Jose. The outdoor observation deck runs the length of the west side of the center. This outdoor space will have orientation graphics to help indicate to the visitor the best route to travel from the center to the church, and from the church compounds back to the center. The most dramatically shaped feature of the building is the 120' long ramp »rtiich is intended to suggest a conclusion of one set of experiences, those of interpretation, while strongly indicating if not imposing a direction of travel which begins a totally new set of experiences, those of enjoying the riches of the mission compound itself. The return path from the mission to the center is again one of transition, traveling this time on a different path which exploits more typically related tourist amenities. A conspicuously shaped gift shop and a rectangular shaped restaurant offer comfort and relief. These two activities are also readily accessible from within the center as well, but may not seem quite so obvious in their relationship with direct visitor use. The Administrative Division of the center is located above the lobby sixis on the sajne level as the upstairs gallery. It is expressed on the exterior as a semi-isolated second level, supported by pilotes or columns, adding to the International overtones of the entire center. The staff entj^r brings the ailmost cantilevered wing back down to earth, and is located and shaped to directly serve the staff parking area. The Administration Division includes a large conference room, employees restrooms, a hierarchy of offices in open-plan fashion, and a small private gallery corridor. It is semi-isolated from public spaces but is sometrtiat more obvious and inviting from the upstairs gallery. mSmSlBl^BmM^^BmS/mBttK^^^^ BglS DOCUMENTATION, p.236

Schemata: Structural Systems The structural make-up of the building is comprised of basically two systems, both equally expressed. Load bearing, poured-in-place, concrete walls as one system and 25' bay concrete column and slab system as the second. All walls with the exception of those interior movable partitions aind the exterior lightweight skin of the Administration Division are load bearing. The envelope of the concrete column and slab system is of li^twei^t steel stud construction. All exterior finish material is a J^'x4-' gridded limestone panel system, utilizing 2" thick peuiels. Keeping the new in somewhat context with the old. Interior finishes include plaster, clay tile flooring, terrazzo flooring, and exposed concrete in the erfiibit space. The audio-visual space includes carpeting, cushioned seating, fabric covered wall panels and an acoustically treated ceiling. IlgSlS DOCUMENTATION, p.237.

Schemata: Mechemical System The mechanical system of the building is one of a multi-zone function. Its nucleus is an "outdoor package water diiller" located underneath the adaiinistrative wing near the staff entry. It services four heating auid cooling zones comprised of: 1) Exhibit spaces and reception area, 2) Gift Shop and the remainder of the Lobby, 3) Audio-visual space, and 4) Restaurant and the Administration Division. The kitchen is vented separately through a chase penetrating the floor and ceiling slabs of the upstairs private gallery. Three mechanical spaces within the building house those respective zone units while the audio-visual unit is located on its rooftop. IlggIS DOCUMENTATION, p.238

SLIDE INDEX

SLIIffi; NUMBER: DESCRIPTION: MODEL - 1 An aerial view from the south looking north. MODEL - 2 An aerial view from the west looking east. MODEL - 3 Sequence #1: Panorama view of the meadow of flowers. MODEL - ^ Sequence #2: Lightposts. MODEL - 5 Sequence #3: Sculptured landscape. MODEL - 6 Sequence #*!•: Entire meadow. MODEL - 7 Conspicuously shaped Gift Shop and outdoor observation deck. MOMJL - 8 Dramatic shadows cast by the building's form. MODEL - 9 Aerial view of the Exhibit areas. MODEL - 10 Continuous skyll^t, elevator, stairs, the use of ribbon windows. MODEL - 11 Main feature of upstairs gallery, the "diarama". MODEL - 12 View from Fransiscan Monestary. MODEL - 13 Pipe railing, expressed abstractly. MODEL - 14 View from staff parking lot to staff entry. MODEL - 15 View experienced from San Jose Drive. MODEL - 16 Sunset. MODEL - 17 Boroscope: Entry. MODEL - 18 Boroscope: Glass block skyll^t. MODEL - 19 Boroscope: View from the return path from the compo\inds. MODEL - 20 Boroscope: View of restaurant. BOARDS - 21 Complete presentation. BOARDS - 22 First boaird setup. BOARDS - 23 Second boaird setup. BOARDS - Zk Third board setup. BOARDS - 25 Contextual map. BOARDS - 26 Site Plan. BOARDS - 27 First Floor Plam. BOARDS - 28 Second Floor Plan. BOARDS - 29 Structural Isometric. BOARDS - 30 Mechanical Isometric. BOARDS - 31 Interior Perspective. BOARDS - 32 DETAIL!