Published by CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. www.cqresearcher.com Regulating Lobbying Do current laws have too many loopholes?

obbying is undergoing a transformation. Once seen mainly as glad-handing influence peddlers buttonholing lawmakers in Capitol corridors, federal government L lobbyists today face multiple challenges: A gridlocked Congress, an end to special-interest funding provisions known as earmarks that once created big business for lobbyists and an Obama administration that has taken steps to curtail their access and influence. Increasing numbers of lobbyists are calling them - selves “strategic advisers” effectively to skirt a 2007 law enacted in Bruce Josten is chief lobbyist for the U.S. Chamber of response to the Jack Abramoff lobbying scandal. Since then, Commerce, which has become a powerhouse in American politics. During the 2010 election cycle, it spent nearly $33 million on election-related ads and Congress has shown little interest in closing loopholes in lobbying other communications. Most Chamber money supports Republican candidates or opposes Democrats. laws, and many observers predict it will take another major scandal for any action to occur. Meanwhile, lobbyists are forming closer alliances with public relations firms and other entities while trying to better explain the breadth of their services. Yet the industry I continues to fight an image problem: In a 2013 poll, lobbying THIS REPORT N scored lowest among 22 professions on honesty and ethics. THE ISSUES ...... 483 S BACKGROUND ...... 490 I CHRONOLOGY ...... 491 D CURRENT SITUATION ...... 496 E CQ Researcher • June 6, 2014 • www.cqresearcher.com AT ISSUE ...... 497 Volume 24, Number 21 • Pages 481-504 OUTLOOK ...... 499 RECIPIENT OF SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS AWARD FOR BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 502 EXCELLENCE N AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SILVER GAVEL AWARD THE NEXT STEP ...... 503 REGULATING LOBBYING

June 6, 2014 THE ISSUES OUTLOOK Volume 24, Number 21 Interest-Group Gridlock MANAGING EDITOR: Thomas J. Billitteri • Do current laws sufficiently [email protected] 483 regulate lobbying? 499 Experts predict lobbying will • Do lobbyists move in and become more sophisticated. ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITORS: Maryann out of government too easily? Haggerty, [email protected], Kathy Koch , [email protected] • Does lobbyists’ money have too much influence on SIDEBARS AND GRAPHICS SENIOR CONTRIBUTING EDITOR: policymaking? Thomas J. Colin Finance, Health Sectors [email protected] 484 Spent Most on Lobbying CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Brian Beary, BACKGROUND Top sectors each spent more Marcia Clemmitt, Sarah Glazer, Kenneth Jost, than $480 million in 2013. Reed Karaim, Peter Katel , Robert Kiener, “Lobby Agents” Barbara Mantel, Tom Price, Jennifer Weeks 490 Fewer Lobbyists, But Scandals earned lobbyists a 485 SENIOR PROJECT EDITOR: Olu B. Davis poor reputation during the Spending Still High 1800s and early 1900s. Hidden spending by “shadow EDITORIAL ASSISTANT: Ethan McLeod lobbyists” may be reason. FACT CHECKERS: Eva P. Dasher, Watergate Reforms Michelle Harris, Nancie Majkowski 493 Post-Watergate reforms de - 486 Lobbying Group Defends centralized party leadership, Name Change INTERN: Kaya Yurieff creating more opportunities Lobbyists today “have so for lobbyists. many more responsibilities.” Scandals Erupt 488 Congressional Aides 495 A 2006 scandal involving Return as Lobbyists More GOP than Democratic lobbyist Jack Abramoff An Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. pushed Congress to overhaul former aides registered as lobbying regulations. lobbyists in recent years. VICE PRESIDENT AND EDITORIAL DIRECTOR, HIGHER EDUCATION GROUP: Chronology Michele Sordi 491 Key events since 1829. CURRENT SITUATION EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, ONLINE LIBRARY AND REFERENCE PUBLISHING: Regulation Sought for Todd Baldwin 496 Inaction by Congress 492 “Political Intelligence” Legislators who have intro - Copyright © 2014 CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Pub - duced bills restricting lobbying But critics see constitutional and other problems. lications, Inc. SAGE reserves all copyright and other have received little support. rights herein, unless pre vi ous ly spec i fied in writing. No part of this publication may be reproduced Court Decisions 497 At Issue: 496 Two recent rulings challenge Is President Obama unfair to electronically or otherwise, without prior written restrictions on appointments lobbyists? permission. Un au tho rized re pro duc tion or trans mis- and political contributions sion of SAGE copy right ed material is a violation of federal law car ry ing civil fines of up to $100,000. from lobbyists. OR URTHER ESEARCH F F R CQ Press is a registered trademark of Congressional Executive Branch Quarterly Inc. 496 President Obama continues 501 For More Information to criticize lobbyists’ role in Organizations to contact. CQ Researcher (ISSN 1056-2036) is printed on acid- policymaking. free paper. Pub lished weekly, except: (March wk. 4) 502 Bibliography (May wk. 4) (July wk. 1) (Aug. wks. 3, 4) (Nov. wk. State Actions Selected sources used. 4) and (Dec. wks. 3, 4). Published by SAGE Publica - 498 Lawmakers are debating tions, Inc., 2455 Teller Rd., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. whether to restrict legislators 503 The Next Step Annual full-service subscriptions start at $1,054. For from receiving gifts and Additional articles . pricing, call 1-800-818-7243. To purchase a CQ Re - lobbying right after leaving searcher report in print or electronic format (PDF), office. 503 Citing CQ Researcher visit www.cqpress.com or call 866-427-7737. Single Sample bibliography formats. reports start at $15. Bulk purchase discounts and electronic-rights licensing are also available. Periodicals postage paid at Thousand Oaks, California, and at additional mailing offices . POST MAST ER: Send ad dress chang es to CQ Re search er , 2300 N St., N.W., Suite 800, Cover: AP Photo/Susan Walsh Wash ing ton, DC 20037.

482 CQ Researcher Regulating Lobbying BY CHUCK MCCUTCHEON

The outside game, he says, in - THE ISSUES cludes “forming coalitions, get - ting third parties to augment early a decade ago, your research or your eco - presidential candidate nomic arguments” and coor - N Howard Dean thrilled dinating media coverage Democrats with his vow to through opinion articles, such stand up to the special inter - as Dean’s Wall Street Journal ests in Washington. Lately, column. however, some Democrats Even the word “lobbying” have been accusing him of is considered passé. The Amer - lobbying on behalf of those ican League of Lobbyists — same interests. the main trade organization Although not a registered for the influence industry — lobbyist, Dean is a “senior strate - changed its name last fall to gic adviser” at McKenna, Long the Association of Government & Aldridge, a Washington law Relations Professionals. ( See y firm that lobbies on behalf of d sidebar, p. 486. ) And, the tra - r e V

health care and pharmaceuti - ditional practice of “relation - e r cal companies. Last July, i n a r ship lobbying,” based on head- e i

Wall Street Journal column, he P to-head meetings to try to / s criticized a cost-control panel e persuade elected officials, “is g set up as part of President a dead, or at least not where m I

y

Obama’s health-care overhaul. t the growth will be” in the fu - t e

Left-leaning publications re - G ture, predicted Carter Eskew, / buked him: “Dean has found P founding partner of the lob - F a home in the K Street estab - A bying and public relations firm lishment he once held in such Howard Dean, a former presidential candidate and Glover Park Group. 4 chairman of the Democratic National Committee, is now a disdain,” wrote The New Re - “senior strategic adviser” for a Washington law firm that Instead, Rehr says, lobby - public , referring to the down - lobbies for health care and drug companies. Increasing ing now requires a broader town area where many lob - numbers of lobbyists are calling themselves advisers to set of skills, the kind that bying firms are located. 1 skirt a 2007 law passed in response to the Jack Abramoff public relations firms possess. Dean told Time : “I dare lobbying scandal. There are now more such unregistered “Lobbyists and public relations “shadow lobbyists” in Washington than registered say some of the clients think lobbyists. Congress has shown little interest in recent professionals no longer work [the column] is great, but I years in closing loopholes in lobbying laws. in silos,” said an invitation to don’t write stuff because the a recent Public Relations So - clients like it. I write stuff because I out registering as lobbyists or having ciety of America event. “Instead, we are believe it.” 2 to formally disclose their contacts and expected to offer integrated services But one of Dean’s drug company income. The result, say government and bottom-line results in a seamless clients told the publishing company watchdogs, is a shadow world of manner .” 5 BioCentury that Dean had been “very lobbying that taxpayers know little And lobbying does produce big helpful” in his firm’s efforts to loosen about and that creates a potentially bottom-line results. In 2012 and 2013, federal regulations on drug develop - ripe environment for abuse. for instance, Whirlpool Corp. invested ment. Another said Dean “has been a “Today, to be really effective, a lobby - $1.8 million in lobbying for legislation great addition to our team.” 3 ist not only has to be thinking about to create energy tax credits for mak - Dean’s situation offers a window the inside game — going to Capitol Hill ing high-efficiency appliances — cred - into the ongoing transformation of the — but the outside game,” says David its worth an estimated $120 million. 6 lobbying industry in Washington. In - Rehr, a former lobbyist who now stud - And a 2009 study found that for every creasingly, its practitioners are trying ies the industry as an adjunct professor dollar spent on lobbying for a 2004 to influence the opinions of the pub - at George Washington University’s Grad - bill that provided tax breaks for large lic, the regulators and politicians with - uate School of Political Management. multinational corporations, companies

www.cqresearcher.com June 6, 2014 483 REGULATING LOBBYING

as being spent on lobbying dropped Finance, Health Sectors Spent Most on Lobbying from a high of $3.55 billion in 2010 to 10 The finance, health and business sectors spent the most on lobbying $3.23 billion last year. (See graphic, in 2013, more than 10 times as much as organized labor, whose left. ) And in the first three months of this year, the amount reported as spent expenditures on lobbying have shrunk over time as the number of on lobbying was lower than in any unionized jobs has dwindled. quarter in four years . 11 Lobbying Expenditures by Sector, 2013 However, those figures do not in - clude shadow lobbyists’ work, which Finance/Insurance/Real Estate $488,112,892 is not required to be reported. If their Health $483,078,712 statistics are included, one political sci - entist estimates, the amount spent on $481,983,886 Misc. Business* lobbying tops $6 billion a year — and Communications/Electronics $393,044,474 is on the rise. 12 Energy/Natural Resources $357,730,595 Registered lobbyists face multiple chal - lenges. Extreme political polarization Transportation $223,271,514 means fewer bills are being considered, Other** $218,932,399 so the opportunities to lobby Congress Agribusiness $151,730,315 have dwindled, while the special-interest earmarks in appropriations bills that once Single-Issue Causes $146,419,518 created big business for K Street are Defense $134,507,531 largely gone. And more than any other Construction $48,850,975 recent chief executive, President Obama has taken steps to curtail lobbyists’ ac - Labor $46,457,560 cess and influence within the executive * Includes manufacturing, textiles, steel, chemical, consumer retail, restaurants, branch, such as barring them from serv - gambling, tourism, food and beverages ing on federal advisory boards. ** Includes retirees, educators, government employees, nonprofit organizations, Meanwhile, lobbyists are fighting a religious groups and members of the armed forces persistent image problem. In a Decem - Source: “Ranked Sectors, 2013” Center for Responsive Politics, undated, ber 2013 Gallup poll, lobbying scored http://tinyurl.com/okwphbh lowest among 22 professions on hon - esty and ethical standards. Just 6 per - received more than $220 as the result of close them. The current system is the cent of those surveyed said lobbyists had beneficial language added to the bill. 7 result of previous attempts to clean up high or very high standards — fewer To achieve similar results, well- the industry following earlier scandals. than members of Congress (8 percent) connected “advisers” such as Dean and The Lobbying Disclosure Act defines and car salespersons (9 percent) . 13 former Senate Majority Leaders Tom a lobbyist as someone who earns at “The lobbying profession . . . sym - Daschle, a Democrat, and Bob Dole, a least $2,500 from lobbying over a three- bolizes a deep conflict of American val - Republican, are generously rewarded. month period, whose services include ues,” wrote former Washington Post man - Daschle reportedly makes more than contacting more than one person on aging editor Robert G. Kaiser in his 2009 $2.1 million a year. 8 Such advisers are behalf of a client and who spends at book So Much Damn Money: The Tri - among the so-called “shadow lobbyists” least 20 percent of his or her time for umph of Lobbying and the Corrosion of or “unlobbyists” — a group that by 2013 each client on lobbying activity. American Government. “Lobbying is cor - had grown larger than the number of Both the number of registered lobby - rupt and deplorable . . . until one’s own registered lobbyists, according to one ists and the amount of money reported ox is gored or threatened; at which estimate. Watchdog groups say the as spent on lobbying have declined point, let the lobbying begin!” 14 growth stems largely from loopholes in in recent years. Data from the Center Lobbyists’ image took a severe hit in lobbying laws and lax enforcement. 9 for Responsive Politics, a Washington the mid-2000s, with a scandal surrounding Congress has shown little interest in watchdog group, shows the number the activities of Jack Abramoff. Once closing those loopholes, and many pre - of registered lobbyists dropped 17 per - one of Washington’s top lobbyists, dict it will take a major scandal before cent from 2007 to 2013, to around Abramoff served 43 months in prison lawmakers make a serious effort to 12 ,300. Meanwhile, the amount reported after being convicted of conspiring to

484 CQ Researcher bribe Republican elected officials, among other charges. 15 Rep. Bob Ney, R-Ohio, Fewer Lobbyists, But Spending Still High went to prison in connection with the Spending on lobbying peaked in 2010 at $3.6 billion, while the scandal, and a number of congression - number of registered lobbyists fell by 17 percent between 2007 and al and George W. Bush administration 2013. But according to the Sunlight Foundation watchdog group, the officials were convicted of various re - spending figures do not reflect fees paid to “shadow lobbyists” — lated crimes. But lobbyists say their profession is advisers hired to influence policy but not required to disclose their scorned because the public doesn’t fees or clients. When they are included, the total spent on lobbying understand it. After the Gallup poll ap - may have been as high as $6.7 billion in 2012, the group estimated. peared, former Republican Mississippi (in $ billions) Gov. Haley Barbour and Ed Rogers of $4.0 Total Lobbying Expenditures BGR Group, a Washington government- affairs firm, wrote a response explaining 3.5 three overlooked aspects of lobbying. The first, they wrote, is identifying who 3.0 to talk to: “The growth of bureaucracy 2.5 is making it harder for a company or 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 even an industry, much less an individ - (in thousands) ual, to find out what is actually going on 15 in government, and harder still to move Number of Registered Lobbyists the needle on any given measure.” The 14 second is providing lawmakers with solid information. “[T]he majority of policy - 13 makers want to thoroughly understand 12 the policy and politics of whatever issue 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 is on the table.” The third is telling the Source: “Lobbying Database,” Center for Responsive Politics, http://tinyurl.com/cbyu truth: “If you want to be invited back to 433 ; also see Tim LaPira, “How much lobbying is there in Washington?” Sunlight talk about an issue with members of Foundation (blog), Nov. 25, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/mzkgm3f Congress, government officials and other policymakers, you need to be quire activity reports only once a year, As lobbyists, lawmakers, watchdog credible.” 16 according to a 2011 survey by the Sun - groups and others debate changes in Contrary to what some voters be - light Foundation watchdog group. 17 the lobbying industry, here are some lieve, lobbyists do not always get their Meanwhile, lobbying is becoming of the questions under discussion: way. A broad coalition of powerful in - more international, as trans-border is - terest groups, ranging from Catholic sues such as data privacy and finan - Do current laws sufficiently and evangelical organizations to the cial regulation assume greater promi - regulate lobbying? U.S. Chamber of Commerce, has been nence. “There’s more U.S. lobbying in Since 1946, Congress has approved lobbying the House heavily for months the national and regional governments four separate measures to regulate lobby - to follow the Senate in adopting a com - across the world; we never used to ists’ contacts with congressional mem - prehensive immigration reform bill. But have that before,” says Nicholas Al - bers. Each required lobbyists to register House Republican leaders have resist - lard, an ex-lobbyist who is now dean with both the House and Senate and to ed the idea, and it is considered un - of Brooklyn Law School. disclose receipts and expenditures. likely that a bill will pass before the Allard is among those hoping that The most recent was the Honest November midterm elections. lobbyists’ reputations improve as more Leadership and Open Government Act Some lobbyists, finding less work at of them consider a future in politics. (HLOGA) of 2007, adopted in re - the federal level, are turning to the Democrat Terry McAuliffe was elected sponse to the Abramoff bribery scan - states, where disclosure laws vary Virginia’s governor in 2013, and Re - dal. The law substantially revised the widely. Nearly half of the states do not publican David Jolly won a special House Lobbying Disclosure Act, adopted 12 require registered lobbyists to file ac - election in Florida’s 13th District in March years earlier. It refined the thresholds tivity reports quarterly as they must at — both after overcoming heavy criti - and definitions of lobbying activities 18 the federal level, and eight states re - cism of their lobbying backgrounds. Continued on p. 487

www.cqresearcher.com June 6, 2014 485 REGULATING LOBBYING

Lobbying Group Defends Name Change Lobbyists today “have so many more responsibilities.” embers of the main Washington trade group for lob - tive process plus practical know-how for getting results while byists say the group’s new name — which doesn’t meeting the highest standards of ethics and professionalism.” 3 M include the word “lobbyist” — isn’t an attempt to dis - Organization members often defend the lobbying profession in guise what they do but simply an effort to show how much the news media. In particular, they frequently counter criticisms from the industry is changing. Abramoff, who has drawn considerable publicity with his accusa - Last fall the 1,100-member American League of Lobbyists tions that lobbyists still engage in the kind of payola practices that voted to rename itself the Association of Government Relations sent him to prison. In a speech last year at Georgetown Universi - Professionals (AGRP). Eighty-three percent of those voting sup - ty, he said: “I figured that I wasn’t really doing anything wrong, be - ported the change. cause every lobbying firm on Capitol Hill Group members said the action re - was giving the same improper benefits. I

d 4 flects how lobbyists today do much a was just doing it on a much larger scale.” m

more than the traditional efforts to in - a Miller, who was the group’s president S

fluence how lawmakers write, and vote l when the Abramoff scandal broke in 2005, e w

on, legislation. They now have to ac - e says the ex-lobbyist has no sincere inter - J

tively use social media, form alliances / est in bettering the lobbying industry — s e

with grassroots organizations and pub - g and that if he did he would donate some a m

lic affairs firms and develop other in - I of his income from speaking fees and

y t

novative ways to represent their clients. t book royalties to the certification program. e

“If you’re a lobbyist now, you have G “For a guy who screwed the entire pro - /

so many more responsibilities,” says Monte P fession, he should consider an apology to F

Ward, the organization’s president. A all of us following the rules,” Miller says. Ward said the idea of renaming the Former lobbyist Jack Abramoff served “At the end of the day, Jack Abramoff is association had been discussed since 43 months in prison for conspiracy to a crook and only out for himself.” bribe public officials and other crimes. 2000. It was the subject of several focus In response, Abramoff accused associa - Abramoff says lobbyists still engage in groups in which he and other lobby - illegal and unethical practices, a charge tion members of “Orwellian doublespeak” ists discussed how much the profes - the industry vigorously denies. if they think he should donate to the sion has evolved. 1 “It just made sense lobbying certification program when they to change the name to reflect the reality of D.C.,” says Robert already are guilty of prospering in ethically suspect ways. Miller’s Hay Jr., an AGRP board member. suggestion “that the true path to reform is through donations to his Paul Miller, a former president of the group, opposed the organization would be funny if he were not serious,” Abramoff name change at first: “I thought if you were a lobbyist and wrote in an email. “His problem does not lie only with Jack you were afraid to call yourself a lobbyist, you shouldn’t be Abramoff, but rather with a nation which will no longer condone one,” he says. But he voted for the new name, he explains, special-interest money buying legislative results.” 5 because “I realized the profession has changed.” Despite the low regard with which polls show the American Going forward, Ward said he wants the association to focus public holds lobbyists, Ward says he’s confident the group can on increasing educational opportunities for lobbyists. That in - help persuade people that the profession is essential and ethical. cludes getting more people in the industry to take part in He contends he’s already seeing some evidence of it. AGRP’s lobbying certification program, which it set up in 2006 “It’s an educational process,” he says. “When I talk about in response to the Jack Abramoff scandal. Abramoff, a former what we do to people and say, ‘Here’s what a lobbyist does’ lobbyist for American Indian tribes, was convicted of mail fraud, — once you go through that process, they often go, ‘They do conspiracy to bribe public officials and tax evasion and served provide a valuable service.’ ” 43 months in prison. 2 — Chuck McCutcheon The certification program is open to association members, who pay $1,636, as well as nonmembers, who are charged 1 Holly Yeager, “Lobbyists’ Lobbying Group Wants a New Name — One slightly more. It requires enrollees to complete five one-day That Doesn’t Mention Lobbying,” The Washington Post , Oct. 15, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/prvpvyo. core courses and six electives within two years of signing up. 2 For background, see Susan Schmidt, et al. , “Investigating Abramoff: Special One of the courses covers ethics training, which association Report,” The Washington Post , undated, http://tinyurl.com/8chq6. members say lends credibility to those who graduate. 3 “Lobbying Certificate Program,” Association of Government Relations Pro - The group tells lobbyists on its website that obtaining a cer - fessionals, http://tinyurl.com/oh5hrqu. 4 Sam Abrams, “Abramoff Talks Lobbying,” The Hoya (Georgetown University), tificate “will set you apart as the cream of the crop. That’s be - Oct. 11, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/o5vvc38. cause this is the only certificate program that offers mastery of 5 Chuck McCutcheon, “Abramoff Still Biggest Thorn in Lobbying Industry’s government relations strategies and best practices, the legisla - Side,” CQ Press First Street Research Group blog, March 15, 2012.

486 CQ Researcher Continued from p. 485 2011 or 2012, said the Center for Re - Sen. Daschle, who was defeated for re- and doubled — to four — the num - sponsive Politics. 22 election in 2004, three years before the ber of yearly reports required for reg - Lobbying experts say the offices law was enacted. 27 He is now a se - istered lobbyists and lobbying firms. It that register lobbyists — the House nior policy adviser at DLA Piper, a also required additional disclosures, clerk and secretary of the Senate — Washington law and lobbying firm. But created new semi-annual campaign perform largely clerical duties, making Daschle said that while he makes speech - contributions reports and required lob - sure that what lobbyists submit shows es, gives advice and does other work bying coalitions and associations to file up in the database. “They only look for clients related to public policy, he disclosures. 19 into cases where disclosures have al - personally doesn’t “lobby” by directly Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, ready arrived in their office and they approaching ex-colleagues. D-Nev., hailed the law in 2009 for pro - suspect error,” said Timothy LaPira, a “I’ve never felt comfortable asking viding “an unprecedented level of dis - James Madison University political sci - my former colleagues for access or for closure — both in quantity and qual - entist who studies lobbying. 23 support for things that I want to do,” ity — of the activities of lobbyists as Moreover, the U.S. Attorney’s Office he told The Hill newspaper. 28 they seek to influence federal policy - for the District of Columbia, which is Daschle is not the only former leg - making.” Reid said the law addresses responsible for enforcing lobbying vio - islator to eschew the “lobbyist” tag. Dur - “one of the glaring weaknesses re - lations, has only four attorneys handling ing the 2012 Republican presidential pri - vealed by the Abramoff scandal — the the issue, and their workloads include mary campaign, Mitt Romney accused lack of effective enforcement that health care and housing fraud, false former Republican House Speaker Newt helped lead to an attitude among claims and other cases. “We have no Gingrich of Georgia of lobbying Con - some that the rules could be ignored ability to know if somebody doesn’t gress on behalf of several clients, in - with impunity.” 20 register unless some insider or a com - cluding mortgage giant Freddie Mac. However, watchdog groups, lobbyists petitor comes and says, ‘We have rea - Gingrich responded that he did not lobby and those who study the industry say son to believe that this individual or this but provided advice “as a historian.” 29 the law is rife with deficiencies. “HLOGA group is lobbying,’ ” said Keith Morgan , To some industry observers and doesn’t do much,” says Paul Miller, a for - the office’s deputy chief. 24 lobbyists, however, such explanations mer president of the Association of Gov - When Obama took office in 2009, are unsatisfactory. “People say to me, ‘I ernment Relations Professionals, the main he barred registered lobbyists from join - don’t lobby. I engage in strategic plan - Washington trade group for lobbyists. ing his administration. But experts say ning and education,’ ” said Ken Gross, “You’re never going to be able to legis - many lobbyists decertified themselves to a lawyer who specializes in lobbying late morality. There are just too many avoid those and other restrictions, even laws and ethics. “I say to them, ‘That’s creative people who can find loopholes though they continued to do similar exactly what lobbying is — if it’s for and jump through them.” work, many for the same employers. 25 the purpose of influencing legislation For instance, Miller and others say, In a 2013 report for the Sunlight or policy, not strategic planning on who’s lobbyists are required to disclose only Foundation, LaPira estimated that for going to win the Super Bowl.’ ” 30 money spent on lobbying in excess every registered lobbyist at least one of $12,500 per quarter. “Groups that “shadow lobbyist” is being paid to in - Do lobbyists move in and out of spend $12,499 or less in a quarter fluence policy without disclosing fees government too easily? need not disclose,” said the Center for or clients. Assuming that a shadow Watchdog groups have long com - Responsive Politics, “and we know little lobbyist collects the same amount in plained about the “revolving door” be - about the ways they are trying to in - fees as a registered lobbyist, LaPira tween the government and K Street, fluence public policy.” 21 concluded that total spending in the saying too many lawmakers and staffers And grassroots lobbying activities, industry did not decline in 2012, but readily move into lucrative lobbying such as when an interest group orga - dou bled — from $3.1 billion to $6.7 bil - jobs. Critics say it gives the lobbyists nizes “fly outs” of its members to Wash - lion . 26 (See graph, p. 485. ) privileged access to former colleagues. ington, D.C., do not have to be reported. HLOGA “had sort of a perverse out - People who shift from government For instance, the Christian Coalition re - come and unintended consequences,” to lobbying “are literally cashing in on ported spending up to $6.4 million a LaPira says. “Instead of adding transparency, their Rolodex,” said Craig Holman, a year on lobbying in 1998, but after the it’s actually decreased transparency.” lobbyist for the consumer-interest group faith-based group stopped reporting its The use of shadow lobbyists has Public Citizen. “It distorts the legislative grassroots spending, its official tally was become known as “the Daschle Loop - process in favor of those who can pay just $10,000 for 2013 and nothing for hole,” after South Dakota Democratic for that Rolodex.” 31

www.cqresearcher.com June 6, 2014 487 REGULATING LOBBYING

the judicial and executive branches of Congressional Aides Return as Lobbyists government. 36 More former Republican than Democratic legislative aides registered In a study for the Sunlight Foun - dation, analysts Lee Drutman and as lobbyists in 2012 and 2013. In 2007, after Democrats took control Alexander Furnas found that most of of both the House and Senate, 53 percent of the 758 aides-turned - the growth in lobbyists’ fees between lobbyists were Republicans. The number of aides becoming lobbyists 1998 and 2012 came from revolving- typically increases in odd-numbered post-election years, when door lobbyists. The number of active proposed new legislation creates more lobbying opportunities. lobbyists who reported having prior government experience quadrupled Legislative Aides Who Became Lobbyists, during that period, they found. 37 2002-2013, by Party Total: Total: The Center for Responsive Politics counts 442 266 463 387 599 490 758 475 481 384 585 328 more than 400 former House and Senate 51% 51.8% 56.8% 58.7% 58.7% 57.1% 49.5% 56.8% 47.7% 47.7% 53.2% 52.7% members who have moved into lobby - 49.5% 48% 46.5% 43.8% 46.7% 45.7% 40.6% 40.2% 39% 40.9% 40.1% 41.2% ing or related government-affairs work. Hundreds of their ex-employees also hold such jobs, including 61 one-time staffers 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 for the late Democratic Sen. Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts, 50 for former * Note: Percentages do not add to 100 because some aides Republicans Republican Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison of were not identified by party Democrats Texas and 40 for former Democratic Sen. 38 Source: “Charting the Revolving Door,” LegiStorm, undated, http://tinyurl.com/ Max Baucus of Montana. mtcxrz6 The number of ex-Baucus staffers working as lobbyists became an issue The opposite scenario also occurs. government with a more informed in 2013, when the Senate Finance Com - Increasingly, so-called “reverse re - perspective. Coats went from serving mittee — which Baucus chaired at the volvers” leave corporations and lob - in the Senate to lobbying and then time — passed a bill to extend tax cuts bying firms to work in government — became U.S. ambassador to Germany. that otherwise would have expired sometimes after receiving six-figure He returned to K Street, but later moved under the so-called “fiscal cliff.” The mea - bonuses from their former employers back to Indiana and ran successfully sure included several tax-related provi - — according to Public Citizen and for the Senate again in 2010. “Through - sions sought by companies for whom other watchdog groups. out my life, whenever a new door has Baucus’ ex-aides were lobbying. 39 In January 2013, Ambrose “Bruce” opened, I chose to accept the chal - The Honest Leadership and Open Hock joined the Republican staff of the lenge,” Coats said. 34 Government Act (HLOGA) bans all Senate Armed Services Committee after Other lobbyists say colleagues with lobbying contact for a period of time working as an executive and lobbyist prior backgrounds on Capitol Hill have between government officials and the at Northrop Grumman Corp. The de - helped to offset the declines in longevity agency or body where they once fense giant gave him up to $450,000 in among congressional staffers by pro - worked. The length of time varies, de - bonus and incentive pay before he left. viding critical knowledge and back - pending on where the official worked Another former lobbyist for the com - ground needed to shape legislation. “De - and the position held. pany, Thomas Mackenzie, received even spite the increase in the scale and The law distinguishes between mem - more — $498,334 — when he left to complexity of governance, the number bers of Congress and their staffers and go to work for Republicans on the House of staffers in congressional offices has also makes a distinction between “se - Armed Services Committee in 2011. 32 remained nearly the same over the past nior” and “very senior” executive branch “The revolving door is maybe the 20 years,” said Allard, the former lobby - officials. Senators and “very senior” for - most corrupting element of Washing - ist. “Experience is spread thin.” 35 mer executive officials, such as Cabinet ton,” said Danielle Bryan, who heads Former Oregon GOP Sen. Gordon members, are prohibited from lobbying the Project on Government Oversight, Smith, who took a job as a senior ad - for two years, while House members, a watchdog group. 33 viser at the law and lobbying firm Cov - senior congressional staffers and “senior” Defenders of the revolving door, ington & Burling after losing his seat executive branch employees face a one- such as Indiana Republican Sen. Dan in 2008, said he not only deals with year ban. During this so-called “cooling- Coats, say it can provide lobbyists and Congress but also contacts officials in off period,” affected individuals may not

488 CQ Researcher engage in any communications aimed to 23 percent from federal agencies and ing group’s campaign contributions at influencing decision-making at their 9 percent from the White House. 43 can pave the way for access. Two po - former agency or government body. The New York Times reported in Feb - litical science graduate students en - Lobbyist Miller says the cooling-off ruary that many former House aides listed the help of a liberal organiza - period does an acceptable job of pre - had taken advantage of loopholes in tion, CREDO Action, based in San venting new lobbyists from being able HLOGA to lobby within one year of Francisco, which was seeking con - to influence legislation on which they leaving Capitol Hill. For instance, it found gressional cosponsors for a bill ban - worked as a member or aide. “I don’t some aides had resisted pay raises to ning certain chemicals. The group sent have an issue with the revolving door,” he keep their annual salaries below the two different emails to congressional says. “You’ve got the two-year cooling-off $130,500 cutoff that would trigger being offices. One had the subject line period for a member or a year for a subject to lobbying restrictions. 44 “Meeting with campaign donors about staffer.” If that period were extended cosponsoring bill” and said that CREDO any further, he adds, “you’re taking away Does lobbyists’ money have too members “who are active political their ability to earn a living.” much influence on policymaking? donors” were interested in meeting However, many former lawmakers Lobbyists and interest groups are with the member. The second email and top federal officials have joined commonly caricatured as doling out removed the donor references and re - lobbying firms during the cooling-off campaign checks to politicians in ex - placed them with “local constituents.” periods, usually as senior advisers or change for access. But the role that The researchers found that 12.5 per - in similar positions until they are legal - such donations play in directly influ - cent of offices responded positively to ly permitted to lobby. Five months encing law or policy remains a subject the first email, while only 2.4 percent after he left office in 2011, former New of debate. did so to the second. 47 Hampshire GOP Sen. Judd Gregg, Leon Panetta, who served as a House Some political scientists faulted the who chaired the Senate Budget Com - member from California before be - study’s methods. “Like all research in mittee, was named an international ad - coming CIA director and secretary of this area, this study is vexed by the viser to the Wall Street investment firm Defense, is among those lamenting problem of demonstrating a causal re - Goldman Sachs. He later became CEO lawmakers’ increasing financial de - lationship between money and legisla - of the Securities Industry and Finan - pendence on lobbyists. Members of tor behavior that is independent of a cial Markets Association, a trade asso - Congress “rarely legislate; they basi - common underlying ideology,” said Jen - ciation for the financial industry. 40 cally follow the money,” said Panetta, nifer Victor, an assistant professor of Watchdogs say it’s not always clear who now chairs a California State Uni - public and international affairs at George what lawmakers are doing during the versity public policy institute. “They’re Mason University in Fairfax, Va. 48 cooling-off period. “There is no regis - spending more and more time dialing The HLOGA sought to restrict lobby - tration or public disclosure required for for dollars. . . . The only place they ists ’ financial influence in various ways, simply working at a firm that lobbies, have to turn is to the lobbyists.” 45 including barring a lobbyist for a cor - and as such, the public may have little Panetta’s comments came before porate client from planning or paying to no idea of what former politicians the Supreme Court’s landmark 2010 for a lawmaker’s trip. The provision was are doing behind the scenes,” said the decision in Citizens United v. Federal adopted in response to the free out-of- Center for Responsive Politics. 41 Election Commission , which struck town and overseas trips that Abramoff Former Senate Minority Whip Jon Kyl, down limits on corporate political do - and his associates used to ingratiate R-Ariz., in discussing how the lobbying nations and opened the doors for even their clients with members of Congress. ban would affect him when he joined more spending. However, the law permits such trips Covington & Burling in 2013, acknowl - Center for Responsive Politics Exec - if foreign governments foot the bill, edged that he couldn’t lobby current sen - utive Director Sheila Krumholz em - so a lobbyist can pay for a trip on ators. But, he said, “I’m not prohibited phasized that money is not given “as behalf of one of those governments. from giving them my best advice.” 42 a quid pro quo to purchase a vote. In addition, nonprofit organizations, some Most “revolvers” come from Con - But well-placed contributions, money of which have close ties to lobbying gress, according to researchers LaPira spent on lobbying, well-placed former shops, also can finance trips. As a re - and Herschel Thomas III, a University aides now working to lobby are all sult, lawmakers and their aides took of Texas-Austin doctoral candidate. assets that can be used by private in - more free trips in 2013 than in any Among 1,600 randomly selected lobby - terests to influence policy.” 46 year since the restrictions took effect ists, nearly two-thirds came from Con - A recent study that attracted sub - — an estimated 1,887 excursions cost - gress, the researchers found, compared stantial publicity indicated that a lobby - ing almost $6 million. 49

www.cqresearcher.com June 6, 2014 489 REGULATING LOBBYING

But some research disputes the di - last among six measures. The highest- ing cost of running for office forces rect correlation between money and ranking measure cited by both lobbyists lawmakers to come to wealthy lobby - the outcome of an issue. University of and staffers was “providing credible, ing groups, hat in hand, asking for North Carolina political scientist Frank reliable information.” 51 money. Between 1986 and 2010, the R. Baumgartner looked at 98 randomly Money is “a tool,” Rehr says. “As a inflation-adjusted cost of winning a seat selected cases of lobbying in Wash - lobbyist, I would rather have it than in the House doubled, while the cost ington from 1999 to 2003, examining not. But it doesn’t play the dominant of winning a Senate seat climbed by Federal Election Commission campaign role people assume it does.” more than a third, according to a study finance reports and other information. Lobbyists note that even the most by the nonpartisan Campaign Finance He found “virtually no impact of money powerful among their ranks don’t al - Institute. 53 In addition to individual on outcomes.” He said it was because ways get what they want. Before the candidates, well-funded issue-oriented lobbying “is generally about changing deep automatic spending cuts known interest groups are pouring ever- the status quo,” and that “the huge as “sequestration” were scheduled to increasing amounts of cash into tele - business and corporate bias that per - take effect in 2012, defense contractors vised political messages and attack ads, without even mentioning a par - ticular candidate. Yet, the unmen - tioned candidate then feels pressured to respond to the ads. As a result, the airwaves during re - cent campaign seasons, especially in highly competitive districts, have been inundated by political ads. In 2010, the total number of TV political ads for House, Senate and gubernatorial can - a l l i

v didates was two-and-a-half times greater e

d than the number of ads for the same o m

o category of races in 2002, according to S

p one study. In terms of spending, TV ads i h

C in House races cost 54 percent more in / s

e 2010 than they did two years earlier, g

a while the cost of Senate race ads rose m I

54

y 71 percent over 2008. t t

e As a result, complain lobbyists, they G Religious leaders and lay people hold a prayer vigil for immigration reform must host or attend fundraiser after outside the Capitol Hill office of House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, on fundraiser. “I do not believe it would Oct. 8, 2013. A broad coalition of Catholic and evangelical groups has been be possible to receive more fundrais - lobbying the House for months to pass a comprehensive immigration reform bill, er invitations,” lobbyist Pat Raffaniello but House Republican leaders have resisted the idea. said recently. 55 meates Washington is already built including some of the largest political into the policies of the status quo.” 50 contributors, such as Lockheed Martin Rehr, the former lobbyist, reached Corp. and Raytheon Co., waged fierce a similar conclusion in a survey he lobbying campaigns against the cuts. BACKGROUND conducted in 2013 of more than 700 But sequestration took effect anyway. congressional staffers and 2,200 lobby - “People . . . have accused us of cry - ists. He asked the most important ways ing wolf,” said Dan Stohr, a spokesman “Lobby Agents” to get access to a member of Con - for the Aerospace Industries Association, gress or their staff. Only 2 percent of the trade group representing aerospace obbying, embedded in the First staffers and 4 percent of lobbyists said companies. 52 L Amendment’s protection of citizens’ the most important determinant of ac - Meanwhile, some lobbyists say the right “to petition the government for a cess was whether a lobbyist’s political perception that they offer money in redress of grievances,” has been part of action committee had donated to the exchange for access and favors is mis - American democracy since its earliest member’s campaign. They ranked it guided. Instead, they say, the spiral - Continued on p. 492

490 CQ Researcher Chronology

2004 1800s States restrict 1970s Reform-minded Powerful Pharmaceutical Research lobbyists as their influence lobbying groups blossom in the and Manufacturers of America (Big grows. wake of political and social Pharma), taps as its new president protest movements. former Rep. W. J. “Billy” Tauzin, R- 1829 La., main sponsor of a 2003 The phrase “lobby-agents” is used 1970 Medicare bill supported by the drug to describe favor-seekers in New Ralph Nader founds watchdog U.S. industry. York Capitol lobby. Public Interest Research Group. . . . Politically oriented lobby groups 2006 1872 formed following Watergate scandal. Abramoff sentenced to six years in Credit Mobilier scandal reveals that prison for mail fraud, conspiracy senators and representatives re - 1978 to bribe public officials and tax ceived railroad stocks for support - Ethics in Government Act requires evasion; he later becomes an ad - ing railroad legislation. former executive branch officials vocate for tough restrictions on to wait a year before lobbying for - lobbying. 1876 mer colleagues. House requires lobbyists to register. 2007 • Abramoff scandal sparks passage 1877 of Honest Leadership in Open Georgia constitution outlaws lobbying Government Act, aimed at further of state legislators. 1990s Congress attempts regulating lobbying. further regulation of lobbyists. 1890 2009 Massachusetts requires lobbyists 1995 Newly elected President Obama active on state issues to register. Lobbying Disclosure Act broadens orders appointed members of his definition of lobbying to include administration to refuse gifts from • contacts with congressional staff registered lobbyists and permanently and executive branch officials. . . . refrain from lobbying the adminis - Republicans launch K Street Project tration after leaving government. 1940s-1960s to influence lobby groups. Lobbying regulation evolves in 2010 modern political age. 1998 Total lobbying spending reaches a Senate committee investigates a record $3.6 billion. . . . House and 1946 program offering lobbyists and Senate end special-interest “earmarks” Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act other campaign donors coffee with in appropriations bills, which had requires lobbyists to register. President Bill Clinton, officials. been a boon for lobbyists.

1950 • 2013 President Harry S. Truman complains Th e 1,100-member American League about lobbyists’ influence. . . . of Lobbyists votes to rename itself House committee recommends 2000s Lobbying busi - the Association of Government Rela - strengthening 1946 law . ness booms; President Obama tions Professionals. cracks down. 1954 2014 Supreme Court upholds 1946 law. 2003 A federal appeals court in January Newspaper in Alexandria, La., re - rules that a lower court must hear 1962 ports Coushatta Tribe’s payments of arguments that Obama’s 2009 ban Congress redefines bribery to in - $16 million in one year to lobbyist on lobbyists serving on government clude offering or taking anything Jack Abramoff and a public relations advisory panels violates lobbyists’ of value to influence a vote. firm; investigations follow. First Amendment rights.

www.cqresearcher.com June 6, 2014 491 REGULATING LOBBYING

Regulation Sought for “Political Intelligence” But critics see constitutional and other problems.

nformation is power, as the saying goes, and in Washing - be subject to the same regulations as registered lobbyists. “When ton a new form of information — “political intelligence” — a political intelligence professional is paid to gather inside in - I is flexing its muscles — and causing controversy. formation from congressional or agency sources that can be Some consider it a variation of lobbying and think it should used to make investment decisions, that professional should be regulated, though it has nothing to do with influencing laws have to register and disclose his or her activities to the pub - being written. Instead, political intelligence seeks to help stock lic,” Sen. Chuck Grassley, R-Iowa, and Rep. Louise Slaughter, market investors by providing up-to-the-minute information about D-N.Y., said in a joint statement last year. 3 government actions. Grassley won Senate approval in 2012 of an amendment Political intelligence came under new scrutiny last year when requiring registration of political intelligence practitioners. But a Washington brokerage firm, Height Securities, revealed a Medicare his amendment, attached to a stock-trading bill, was stripped funding decision to its clients before the Obama administration from the final version of the bill. 4 formally announced it. The move prompted a surge in the price Not everyone endorses regulating the practice. A Bloomberg of health care stocks in the minutes before the market closed. 1 View editorial called it a “dumb idea,” stressing the difficulty of Political intelligence emerged as an industry in the pre -Internet defining political intelligence. “The Internet has enabled an ex - 1980s, when investment banker Ivan Boesky hired lobbyists to attend plosion of insider newsletters and websites that strive to give committee hearings about a proposed oil merger in 1984, using the subscribers government information faster and better than the information they provided to eventually earn $65 million. competition. . . . Would this information count as political in - “Investors started to realize that there was money to be telligence? More broadly, political speech enjoys strong consti - made by knowing what was going on in Washington and know - tutional protection; it’s hard to see how political intelligence ing it as quickly as possible,” said Michael Mayhew, founder wouldn’t merit similar deference,” the editorial said. 5 of the political-intelligence firm Integrity Research Associates. 2 The Government Accountability Office (GAO), in a report Some lawmakers say political intelligence practitioners should last year, also cited the difficulties of pinpointing how political

Continued from p. 490 home, came seeking good food, drink Hanna, that McKinley appoint a friend days. In 1792, a lobbyist for Continen - and agreeable company.” 57 to his Cabinet with the blunt remark: tal Army veterans in Virginia invited other In such an environment, scandals “Mark, I would do anything in the world veterans groups to form a coalition to flourished. In 1857, The New York Times for you, but I cannot put a man in my push for better compensation. published an exposé charging that Cabinet who is known as a lobbyist.” 59 The term “lobbying” came into vogue lobbyists had rewritten a Pacific rail - In 1876 the House began requiring in the 19th century. In 1829, the phrase road bill to take control of federal all lobbyists to register. 60 States also “lobby-agents” was used to describe lands. Four U.S. representatives had to took action: In its 1877 constitution favor-seekers who hovered in the lobby resign a fter an investigation by the House. Georgia outlawed any lobbying of of the New York Capitol in Albany. In the Credit Mobilier affair 15 years later, state legislators (these prohibitions sur - Within a few years, it had been short - several members of Congress were ac - vived until 1992, though they were not ened to “lobbyist” and was widely cused of taking stock in return for help - enforced), while Massachusetts in 1890 used around the U.S. Capitol. 56 ing the Union Pacific Railroad obtain began requiring lobbyists to register In a 1987 speech, Sen. Robert C. large land grants. And in 1906, a Cos - and disclose their expenses. 61 Byrd, D-W.Va., recalled how many of mopolitan magazine series accused promi - By 1946, lobbyists were required to the first Washington reporters were in nent senators of representing special in - disclose basic information about their fact lobbyists for merchants and ship - terests rather than the public interest. activities under the Federal Regulation pers, sent to the capital to provide in - The resulting political pressure helped of Lobbying Act, passed as part of a formation on pending tariffs. He noted enact the 17th Amendment, requiring legislative reorganization bill. The Supreme that they worked in a free-wheeling senators to be elected by the public Court in United States v. Harriss upheld atmosphere: “Clubs, brothels and rather than by state legislatures . 58 the constitutionality of the law in 1954 ‘gambling dens’ became natural habi - By the end of the 19th century, the but narrowly interpreted its key aspects, tats of the lobbyists, since these insti - reputation of lobbyists was so bad that including a finding that the law covered tutions were occasionally visited by President William McKinley rebuffed a only direct contact with legislators and members of Congress, who, far from suggestion from his political mentor, Mark not their aides. 62

492 CQ Researcher intelligence is used. “The extent to which investment decisions Office of Management and Budget and the White House. are based on a single piece of political intelligence would be Grassley “remains interested in the role of political intelligence extremely difficult to measure. . . . Investors typically use mul - firms in obtaining and sharing government information with Wall tiple sources of information to influence their investment and Street prior to public release and in making these interactions business decisions,” the GAO said. 6 with the government more transparent,” the statement said. Slaughter said any proposed legislation to regulate political intelligence would exclude journalists, prompting Reuters media — Chuck McCutcheon critic Jack Shafer to ask: “But how practical is that? The pri - mary difference between Bloomberg, Reuters, The Wall Street 1 Tom Hamburger and Dina Elboghdady, “Sen. Grassley: Political Intelli - Journal and all the other collectors of conventional business- gence Firms Need More Transparency, Disclosure,” The Washington Post , May 9, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/n4rkxnh. and -government news and the myriad political-intelligence outfits 2 Tim Murphy, “The Fastest-Growing Washington Industry You’ve Never and research firms collecting fine-grain business-and-government Heard Of,” Mother Jones , November/December 2013, http://tinyurl.com/pblr9ot. information is 1) the price they charge for information and 2) how 3 “Senator Grassley, Congresswoman Slaughter React to GAO Report on Political many clients (or readers) they have.” 7 Intelligence,” Office of Sen. Chuck Grassley, April 4, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/ndvm68b. 4 “Taking Stock of ‘Political Intelligence,’ ” Office of Sen. Chuck Grassley, Grassley, the Senate Judiciary Committee’s top Republican, launched April 29, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/lkjw7wf. an investigation of the Height Securities Medicare information tip 5 “Regulating Political Intelligence is Dumb Idea,” Bloomberg View , May 28, and the actions of another political intelligence firm, Capitol Street, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/l4c58t3. which held a conference call with investors in which congressional 6 “Political Intelligence: Financial Market Value of Government Information 8 Hinges on Materiality and Timing,” Government Accountability Office, April staffers discussed the likely ruling on the Medicare funding. 2013, http://tinyurl.com/n7fh4pn. Grassley’s office said in a statement in April that the investi - 7 Jack Shafer, “The Dumb War on Political Intelligence,” Reuters, May 8, gation stalled because the Obama administration refused to share 2013, http://tinyurl.com/ohabye5. emails from the Department of Health and Human Services, the 8 Hamburger and Elboghdady, op. cit.

Corporations interested in influencing counterweight in the 1930s to President able grassroots campaigns could effec - policy continued to operate behind the Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal so - tively lobby the president and others di - scenes. Before its official formation in cial and economic programs. Its mem - rectly. The American Federation of Labor 1972, the industry group Business Round - bership has remained constant at around was founded in 1886 and merged in 1955 table consisted of executives meeting se - 14,000 companies and subsidiaries. The with the rival Congress of Industrial Or - cretly at a Manhattan social club. “They Chamber, founded in 1912, now has ganizations to form the AFL-CIO, the largest were aware that if some journalist from nearly 3,000 state and local chapters. 64 union umbrella group. Although its mem - The Washington Post got wind of a meet - It claims to represent the interests of bership totaled nearly 16 million at the ing in a social club of representatives of more than 3 million businesses, but its time of the merger, the loss of union - industrial interests, all hell would break critics have argued its actual member - ized jobs over the subsequent decades loose,” says Benjamin Waterhouse, a Uni - ship is about one-tenth that size. 65 caused the AFL-CIO’s membership to versity of North Carolina historian and Nevertheless, the Chamber has be - dwindle to around 10.5 million. 67 author of the 2013 book Lobbying Amer - come a dominant powerhouse in Amer - ica: The Politics of Business from Nixon ican politics. During the 2010 election to NAFTA. “They said, ‘We need to keep cycle, it spent nearly $33 million on elec - Watergate Reforms this fairly under wraps.’ ” 63 tion-related advertisements and other The group, no longer secret, now communications, making it the biggest he Watergate scandal of the 1970s counts as members more than 200 chief spender other than the national party T created a clamor for more open - executive officers of America’s largest com - committees. Most Chamber money pro - ness in government, as lawmakers sought panies. But two groups with a similar motes Republican candidates or oppos - to address the public’s general concerns agenda — the National Association of es Democrats. However, like other non - about corruption. Manufacturers (NAM) and the U.S. Cham - profit business associations, the Chamber A variety of post-Watergate reforms ber of Commerce — are better known. does not have to disclose its donors. 66 opened most congressional committee NAM, established in 1895 to expand Before the 1970s, organized labor meetings to the public, while also in - foreign trade opportunities, became a was a dominant lobbying force. Its size - creasing the power of subcommittees.

www.cqresearcher.com June 6, 2014 493 REGULATING LOBBYING

Group (U.S. PIRG), founded by con - sumer advocate Ralph Nader in 1970, and Public Citizen, which Nader estab - lished in 1971 to address a broad array of interests, from consumer protection to pension rights. Public Citizen, which became one of the most prominent Wash - ington advocacy groups, conducts both n o

s grassroots lobbying and direct lobbying, t a though it does not endorse candidates W

m

i or make campaign contributions. J /

s There are also advocacy groups on e g

a the political right, with the National Rifle m I

Association regarded as the most pow - y t t

e erful. Former Union Army officers found - G

/ ed the NRA after the Civil War with the P

F goal of promoting better marksmanship A among citizens. 68 Over time, it took on the c ause of defending the rights of all gun owners, developing a lobbying op - eration that spent more than $3.4 mil - lion in 2013. 69 The NRA spends heavily on issue- advocacy advertisements and publishes a legislative scorecard that rates politi - cians on their positions on gun rights issues. The group has fought a variety g n

o of legislative attempts to restrict firearms, W

x including after the 1999 shootings at e l

A Columbine High School in Littleton, Colo., / s

e and after the 2012 massacre at Sandy g a Hook Elementary School in Newtown, m I

y

t Conn. It also has sought to repeal ex - t e

G isting gun laws. Many of its members Too Much Power? tend to be “single-issue” voters who will look only at a candidate’s position on Protesters in Washington march to the Department of Justice during a guns in deciding how to vote. 70 rally against big banks and home foreclosures on May 20, 2013 (top). Conservatives depict the American Bank executives testify about mortgage rules proposed by the new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau before the House Financial Institutions and Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) as a liberal Consumer Credit Subcommittee on Jan. 14, 2014. Many Americans interest group, but the organization — feel that corporate lobbyists have more influence over — and access to founded in 1920 — has defended po - — lawmakers and government officials than average citizens, especially litical speech by groups as diverse as since lobbyists and corporate executives are often called to testify on communists and the Ku Klux Klan. Capitol Hill on pending legislation. Such concerns intensified following the collapse of the real estate bubble in 2007, leading to hundreds of Since the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist at - thousands of homeowner foreclosures. tacks, one of the ACLU’s main focuses has been to protect individual privacy As the power that once was concen - Issue-advocacy groups, which lobby rights as the government enhances na - trated in each party’s leadership became on matters dealing with the govern - tional security. It has lobbied against more diffuse, opportunities to directly ment’s ability to affect individual free - the USA Patriot Act anti-terrorism law lobby more members increased. Many doms, also began to emerge. Such and in favor of proposals to rein in the new lobbyist groups were created, and groups began on the political left, such National Security Agency’s domestic others became even more powerful. as the U.S. Public Interest Research eavesdropping activities. 71

494 CQ Researcher The powerful AARP, formerly the Amer - DeLay also had close ties to disgraced istered lobbyists, imposed a two-year ican Association of Retired Persons, spent lobbyist Abramoff, whose dealings with ban on appointees working on issues more than $9.6 million on lobbying in Indian tribes became the subject of a involving a former employer, and pro - 2013, largely on health-care related issues Senate investigation that concluded he hibited them from lobbying the ad - and on protecting Social Security. 72 and his business partner, Michael Scan - ministration after leaving government Throughout the 1970s and ’80s, most lon, billed six tribes $66 million, much service. He later announced a contro - lobbyists did not bother to register, and of it through fraudulent overcharges. A versial policy to restrict the number of between 1946 and 1980 the Justice De - former aide to DeLay, Tony Rudy, plead - registered lobbyists serving on federal partment prosecuted only six lobbying ed guilty to bribing lawmakers while advisory boards and commissions . 81 groups under the Federal Regulation of working for Abramoff. 75 Rep. Bob Ney, Obama also began releasing White Lobbying Act. After Republicans gained R-Ohio, also was convicted of corrup - House visitor logs as part of an effort to control of both houses of Congress in tion charges and served a 30-month jail show he and his aides weren’t holding 1994, they enacted the Lobbying Dis - term. The saga was made into the 2010 court with lobbyists. Some meetings, how - closure Act, which made several signif - movie “Casino Jack” starring Kevin Spacey. ever, subsequently were held in a com - icant changes, including expanding the Democrats used the scandal in their plex just off the White House grounds definition of lobbying to include con - successful 2006 effort to reclaim ma - and thus weren’t recorded on those logs. tacts between lobbyists and non-elected jorities in the House and Senate by Lobbyists said the move was a deliber - officials, such as congressional staffers. promising to “drain the swamp” of ate attempt to conceal their visits, but The law also sought to increase prose - what then-Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, administration officials denied that. 82 cutions for violations by lowering the D-Calif., said was widespread GOP cor - Neither Obama’s executive orders nor threshold for minor violations from ruption. 76 When Pelosi ascended to the HLOGA addressed the longstanding felonies to misdemeanors . 73 the speakership of the House in 2007, issue of “earmarks,” federal money for local she helped steer into law the Honest projects in lawmakers’ home states and Leadership and Open Government Act districts. Lobbyist Gerald Cassidy pioneered Scandals Erupt (HLOGA), which passed 96-2 in the the use of earmarking as a specialty, be - Senate and 411-8 in the House. 77 coming one of the most powerful figures epublican leaders, meanwhile, relied Both the scandal and Abramoff’s in Washington. As members of both par - R on certain lobbyists to help them subsequent calls for further overhaul - ties began using them in the 1990s as maintain their majority. Early in 1995, a ing lobbying regulations put the in - bargaining chips to pass bills, their use group of GOP lawmakers, lobbyists and dustry on the defensive. Upon his re - soared from a few dozen each year into strategists launched the K Stree t Project, lease from prison in 2010, Abramoff the thousands. 83 The most infamous ear - in which the advocacy group Ameri - wrote a book and advocated a life - mark was the proposed $300 million cans for Tax Reform created and mon - long ban on legislators and their aides “bridge to nowhere,” a project connect - itored a database of lobbyists’ party af - becoming lobbyists, as well as barring ing Ketchikan, Alaska, to the island of filiations and contributions. At the same lobbyists from making contributions or Gravina. It was never built. 84 time, Republican leaders urged their giving gifts of any amount to any law - Earmarks were at the center of sever - members to work only with lobbyists maker. Many lobbyists dismissed those al political corruption scandals, including from the GOP, while pressuring lobby ideas as too draconian. 78 one that sent former Rep. Randy “Duke” firms, corporations and trade associa - During his presidential campaign in Cunningham, R-Calif., to jail after he was tions to hire their former Republican 2007-08, Obama often condemned the in - convicted of accepting bribes in exchange staffers and colleagues as lobbyists. dustry, asserting that “special interests” and for inserting earmarked provisions sought Then-House Majority Leader Tom lobbyists “think they own this government, by lobbyists into spending bills. Cunning - DeLay, R-Texas, solicited energy indus - but we’re here today to take it back.” 79 ham steered government contracts to com - try executives and lobbyists to attend a He later boasted that lobbyists “won’t find panies who had plied him with a luxury fund-raising retreat in 2002 shortly be - a job in my White House.” However, news house, a Rolls-Royce and other gifts. fore a House-Senate conference com - media outlets reported during his first Earmarks eventually became a prime mittee was to begin work on a nation - month in office that at least a dozen for - target of budget-cutting lawmakers and al energy bill. The House Ethics mer lobbyists had been granted waivers outside groups, and after Republicans Committee admonished DeLay for vio - in order to work there. 80 regained control of the House in 2010 lating House rules by creating an ap - Upon taking office, Obama ordered they pressured their leadership to end pearance of impropriety with the tim - that appointed members of his ad - the practice. The Senate followed suit, ing of the event. 74 ministration must refuse gifts from reg - and in 2011 Obama promised to veto

www.cqresearcher.com June 6, 2014 495 REGULATING LOBBYING

any appropriations bill sent to him that Bar Association task force’s recommen - 2009 ban on lobbyists serving on gov - contained earmarks. 85 dations. In addition to removing the 20- ernment advisory panels violates lobby - The loss of earmarks led to a steep percent loophole and lowering the year - ists’ First Amendment rights. Six lobbyists drop in business — and in income — ly lobbyist income ceiling from $20,000 for trade associations had challenged for some lobbyists. “The fees I charged to $12,000, Quigley’s legislation calls for Obama’s order, in which he said lob - for clients seeking earmarks were quadru - establishing a Justice Department task byists could exert undue influence if ple what I am able to charge them now,” force to prosecute lobbying violations. they are on those panels. says veteran lobbyist Michael Fulton. But the measure, which Quigley The lobbyists sought appointments An American Bar Association task force also had introduced during the previ - to the Industry Trade Advisory Com - made up of lobbyists and public inter - ous Congress, had attracted no cospon - mittees, which provide the executive est groups released a comprehensive re - sors as of June 1. 88 Other lawmakers branch with input from the business form proposal in 2011 calling for low - also had been unable, as of June 1, to community on trade matters. A U.S. ering the threshold by which someone attract support for lobbying-related District Court judge had dismissed the must register as a lobbyist. The group legislation, such as: case ( Autor v. Pritzker ) in 2012, but the suggested reducing the requirement that • A bill introduced in February by U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Cir - lobbyists spend at least 20 percent of Rep. David Cicilline, D-R.I., to bar for - cuit said that decision was “premature.” their time for a client on lobbying ac - mer members of Congress from be - The appeals court instructed the lower tivity to an unspecified “reasonable” per - coming lobbyists had no cosponsors court to focus on the justification for dis - centage. It also called for a two-year pro - as of June 1. 89 ti nguishing between corporate employees hibition on lobbyists doing any fundraising • A bill introduced in 2013 by Rep. — who are permitted to serve on advi - for members that they lobby. However, Bill Posey, R-Fla., to extend to five years sory panels — and registered lobbyists Congress did not act on it. 86 the cooling-off period on lobbying by for those same corporations. 92 In 2012, Rep. Frank Wolf, R-Va., ex-members had only three cosponsors In another high-profile ruling with im - became concerned about the use of as of May. 90 plications for lobbyists, the U.S. Supreme lobbyists by foreign governments, es - • A measure introduced in 2013 by Court in April struck down so-called ag - pecially those whose interests differed Rep. Alan Grayson, D-Fla., requiring gregate limits on political contributions. from those of the United States. He corporations to choose between using The decision, in McCutcheon v. Federal introduced a bill to bar ex-presidents lobbyists or spending money on po - Election Commission , allows lobbyists and and members of Congress from lobby - litical campaigns had no cosponsors other contributors — who previously ing on behalf of those governments as of May. 91 could give no more than $123,000 di - for 10 years after leaving office. The The Association of Government Re - rectly to political candidates and party measure drew just one cosponsor, and lations Professionals also has found committees during an election cycle — no action was taken on it. 87 House and Senate members unwilling to spend up to $3.5 million. to hold committee hearings on regu - The ruling is expected to put lobby - lating lobbying. Its members support ists under even more pressure to con - many of the reforms that Quigley has tribute vast sums to candidates and caus - CURRENT proposed. Howard Marlowe, the group’s es. Many of them had cited the prior immediate past president, says mem - aggregate restriction as a reason for turn - bers told him they feared it would ing down fundraising appeals from law - SITUATION touch off “partisan acrimony,” with both makers. One unidentified GOP lobbyist sides accusing each other of being de - told The Hill before the Supreme Court’s pendent on lobbyists’ donations. ruling: “I like the limit because it gives Inaction by Congress “Here’s the problem: We’re waiting for me an excuse not to give more.” 93 the next scandal,” Marlowe says of the variety of bills aimed at tightening lack of action. “And it’s going to come.” Afederal lobbying restrictions have been Executive Branch introduced in the current session of Con - gress, but in the absence of scandals, Court Decisions resident Obama has not proposed lawmakers have shown little interest. P any new crackdowns on lobbying In March, Rep. Mike Quigley, D-Ill., federal appeals court in January since he won re-election in 2012, but introduced the Transparency in Govern - Aruled that a lower court must hear has continued to criticize the profession. ment Act, which contained some of the arguments that President Obama’s Continued on p. 498

496 CQ Researcher At Issue:

Is Pyes resident Obama unfair to lobbyists?

HOWARD MARLOWE ROBERT BAUER FORMER PRESIDENT , A SSOCIATION OF FORMER WHITE HOUSE COUNSEL (O BAMA GOVERNMENT RELATIONS PROFESSIONALS ADMINISTRATION )

WRITTEN FOR CQ RESEARCHER , MAY 2014 EXCERPTED FROM REMARKS AT THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY CONFERENCE ON LOBBYING REFORM IN THE U.S. AND E.U., MARCH 17, 2014 rom the moment he began his race for the presidency, President Obama made demonization of lobbyists one of hile in the U.S. Senate, when running for president f his signature dishes, so to speak. And during much of and then while in office, President Obama has often his first term, he clearly left the impression that “high- w spoken out about the risk to the development and priced lobbyists” are behind every reprehensible legislative advancement of public policy presented by well-financed lobby - cause. ing campaigns. And he has been unsparing at times in his de - There are at least two sides to every issue, so there are at scription of the problem, such that many have heard from lob - least two sets of lobbyists battling it out, yet he has attacked byists that he is offending them and giving a bad name to the only those working for his opposition. He barred lobbyists processes by which people bring legitimate issues before the from holding jobs in his administration and refused to take government for resolution. political contributions from lobbyists. To protest these maneu - Much of the attention is focused on a particularly contro - vers as a grave injustice is akin to lobbing a tennis ball into versial measure — the executive order the president signed Obama’s court. Pigs squeal when you stick them, don’t they? on Jan. 21, 2009, his first day in office. With that order, he It’s in Obama’s interest for lobbyists to object. approved unprecedented restrictions on the hiring for senior When they president’s rhetoric was fres sh, many of us looked positions of indnividuals who hado been registered . . . as to his days as a community activist, law professor, state legisla - “lobbyists” any time within the previous two years and also tor or U.S. senator for clues to what might have sparked this on the lobbying or contacts permitted to Obama administration apparent hatred for lobbyists. We found none. It quickly became officials after they return to the private sector. apparent that his attacks were the work of a man whose ad - The first objection is that the president’s policy fails to dis - visers watched public opinion polls carefully. They knew that tinguish between good and bad lobbyists and paints everybody Obama could attack lobbyists and members of Congress with whose business it is to shape government policy, through pres - the assurance that the public held both groups in low esteem. sure and persuasion, in the same dark colors. It has never They also knew that he could still raise as much money and been clear how any reform policy that is concerned with the have as many meetings as he wanted, as long as they were “revolving door” could meet this objection successfully. with unregistered lobbyists — the “unlobbyists.” As for the broader objection, that the executive order cast Aside from this rather expedient hypocrisy, President Obama’s aspersions on the craft of lobbying, this, too, does not seem anti-lobbyist rhetoric puts the devil’s horns on a profession to allow for any practical answer. Either we have revolving- that is an integral part of our representative system of gov - door restrictions or we don’t, but if we have them, we will ernment. We help give voice to the full spectrum of interests necessarily, by virtue of the restrictions written into our rules from local governments to small businesses and large corpo - and regulations, suggest that — in some ways and in some rations, to charities, farmers and gun owners. Lobbyists do circumstances — lobbying activity or the role of lobbyists not succeed unless they combine at least a modest level of raise issues that are properly addressed by reforms. expertise with essential ingredients such as honesty and To the very real question about shutting out of government trustworthiness. Members of Congress and their staffs rely on service people with much to contribute, the answer lies in ad - our knowledge of the issues and the legislative process. Like ministrative flexibility through the waiver process. And perhaps many of the university students I work with now, I got in - there is other fine-tuning that, with experience and further re - volved with public policy advocacy because I wanted to flection, could prove useful. For example, the two-year period make a difference. could be shortened to one year, or other aspects of the policy Before long, this president will “retire” to a millionaire’s life could be revised to limit its more expansive applications. of corporate boards and speaking engagements, where rhetoric For all the controversy over these policies, and indeed because takes a back seat to fat checks. Perhaps Obama will even be - of that controversy, they constructively moved reform, and the de - come the first ex-president to become a lobbyist. That would bate about reform policy, in a fresh direction when a fresh direc - surely no be the definition of poetic justice. tion away from old and unproductive quarrels has been needed.

www.cqresearcher.com June 6, 2014 497 REGULATING LOBBYING

Continued from p. 496 U.S. House member and Secretary of “Ordinary folks can’t write massive State Actions Transportation Ray LaHood — said the campaign checks or hire high-priced Democratic majority in the Senate has lobbyists and lawyers to secure poli - handful of states are debating blocked the measure from coming to a cies that tilt the playing field in their A tougher lobbying laws, often in vote, knowing it would pass. 100 favor at everyone else’s expense,” he response to scandals and controversies. Other states have focused on gifts said in a December speech. 94 Lawmakers in Alabama are barred and donations that lobbyists can give However, Obama recently has from lobbying the chamber they worked to lawmakers. In Virginia, Democratic turned to lobbyists to fill some admin - in for two years after leaving office. The Gov. McAuliffe in January imposed a istration posts. In February he nomi - state Senate president pro tem, Republi - $100 limit on gifts to most executive branch employees following a gift-giving scandal involving his predecessor, Re - publican Robert McDonnell. McDonnell and his wife were indicted on charges that o

s they lent the prestige of the governor’s of - s

u fice to businessman Jonnie R. Williams R

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v Sr. and a company he used to run, Star E /

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n ing the value of gifts to lawmakers and i

h 101

s public officials from lobbyists to $250. a

W In Kentucky, lawmakers this year

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h strengthened an existing ethics law ban - T /

s ning lobbyists from contributing to leg - e g

a islators or legislative candidates as well m I

as prohibiting lobbyists’ employers and y t t

e political action committees (PACs) from G A demonstrator marches near Washington’s K Street — center of the city’s donating to candidates during the three- lobbying industry — on Oct. 1, 2012, to protest the influence of lobbyists on month legislative session. 102 Congress. Lobbying scored lowest among 22 professions on honesty and ethical The Philadelphia Inquirer reported standards in a poll in 2013, the same year the American League of Lobbyists in March that four state lawmakers changed its name to the Association of Government Relations Professionals. were caught on tape accepting cash from a lobbyist wearing a wire, an in - nated Robert Holleyman, a former leader can Del Marsh, introduced a bill ex - cident that spurred hearings to address of the Business Software Alliance, as tending the ban to both chambers after strengthening Pennsylvania’s gift laws. deputy U.S. trade representative. 95 Ear - three House members resigned, with one Legislators now are allowed to accept lier he named lobbyist Joseph Hezir as joining a lobbying firm and two work - gifts of any amount as long as they the Department of Energy’s chief fi - ing for political advocacy groups. 98 Sen - disclose gifts of more than $250 and nancial officer. 96 ate Democrats successfully added lan - hospitality-related events, such as din - Federal prosecutors, meanwhile, guage imposing new limits on lobbying ners, that exceed $650. 103 have filed charges against two lobby - for family members, but a House com - Meanwhile, the American Legislative ing firms. In March, the U.S. Attorney’s mittee removed that language. 99 Exchange Council (ALEC), a business- Office for the District of Columbia filed In Illinois, where several lobbying- oriented group that brings together state a complaint against Alexandria, Va., related scandals have erupted in the lawmakers with corporate executives to lobbyist Alan Mauk and his firm for past, GOP state Sen. Darin LaHood this try to pass conservative-oriented allegedly failing to submit dozens of year reintroduced a measure he has “model” bills, has been under scrutiny. disclosure reports. Nine months earli - sponsored since 2011 that would place In April, U.S. Rep. Raúl Grijalva, D-Ariz., er, the office had filed a civil suit against a one-year ban on legislators becoming asked the Interior Department to in - a New York consulting firm, Biassi lobbyists as well as bar legislators from vestigate the group for what he alleged Business Services, charging it with 124 negotiating lobbying contracts while still was unregistered lobbying to change disclosure violations. 97 in office. LaHood — the son of former state laws regarding public-land uses.

498 CQ Researcher The group says it does not lobby, ington) and increase transparency and and a spokesman dismissed Grijalva’s accountability (if all positions and ar - Notes request as “high political theater.” 104 But guments are public, everyone knows critics say ALEC’s leadership is made up who is lobbying for what and why). 1 Jonathan Cohn, “Howard Dean, the Obamacare of former lobbyists and that its approach This will result in more democratic Payment Board and K Street,” The New Republic , of writing model legislation “makes old- and more thoroughly vetted public pol - July 29, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/mqlggap . fashioned lobbying obsolete.” 105 icy,” he said in a research paper. 107 2 Kate Pickert, “Howard Dean Defends His The Sunlight Foundation also has pro - Work for Lobbying Firm After Backlash,” Time , posed creating an online disclosure sys - July 30, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/mwce95a . tem of lobbying activities. 108 “Congress 3 Cohn, op. cit. should examine and craft new lobbying 4 Thomas B. Edsall, “The Unlobbyists,” The OUTLOOK New York Times , Dec. 31, 2013, http://tinyurl. disclosure laws that are strong enough to move at the pace of the influence com/obhfm45 . 5 “Building Bridges: The Changing Relation - Interest-Group Gridlock they are intended to expose,” said John 109 ship Between Public Relations and Lobbying,” Wonderlich, Sunlight’s policy director. Public Relations Society of America, http://tiny obbying is here to stay — and ex - Other experts have offered addition - url.com/l35rtwt . L perts say it will become more so - al suggestions for the future. Yale Uni - 6 Christopher Rowland, “Tax Lobbyists Help phisticated as technology evolves. They versity law professor Heather Gerken Businesses Reap Windfalls,” The Boston Globe , also predict groups will devote ever- has called for establishing “policy re - March 17, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/brwf7ha . increasing amounts of time and money search consultants” for members of Con - 7 Raquel Meyer Alexander, et al. , “Measuring to advancing their causes. gress and their staffs who can serve as Rates of Return for Lobbying Expenditures: “One of the things we need to figure an alternative to lobbyists providing ad - An Empirical Case Study of Tax Breaks for out as a society is what happens when vice on writing and passing bills. Multinational Corporations,” Journal of Law and you have so many interests devoting so “If we imagine a market-based so - Politics , April 8, 2009, http://tinyurl.com/cwzs9z . 8 Lee Fang, “When a Congressman Becomes many resources to politics,” says the Sun - lution for funding the legislative sub - a Lobbyist, He Gets a 1,452 Percent Raise light Foundation’s Drutman. “There’s a sidy — allowing individual members (On Average),” The Nation , March 14, 2012, kind of interest-group gridlock where you to hire whomever they want — we http://tinyurl.com/7hlh6kq . have so much on both sides of an issue. would avoid the really hard constitu - 9 Tim LaPira, “How Much Lobbying Is There . . . It crowds out other issues.” tional question involved” in trying to in Washington? It’s Double What You Think,” As an example, Drutman cited the regulate lobbying, she said. 110 Sunlight Foundation (blog), Nov. 25, 2013, recurring controversy over whether Con - Allard, the former lobbyist who is http://tinyurl.com/mzkgm3f . gress should pass a resolution labeling now Brooklyn Law School’s dean, sug - 10 “Lobbying Database,” Center for Respon - as genocide the massacre of hundreds gests a way to make the information sive Politics, http://tinyurl.com/cbyu433 . 11 of thousands of Armenians during and and expertise that lobbyists provide Russ Choma, “How Low Can It Go? Another following World War I. Armenian- more accessible to small interest groups Drop in Lobbying Spending,” Center for Re - sponsive Politics, May 1, 2014, http://tinyurl. Americans have lobbied persistently in that cannot afford to hire lobbyists. He com/ksh683w . support of such a measure, but Turkey’s advocates having young lawyers work 12 LaPira, op. cit. government has vigorously campaigned on behalf of such groups in exchange 13 “Honesty/Ethics in Professions,” Gallup, un - against the idea, hiring a lobbying firm for reducing those individuals’ law school dated, http://tinyurl.com/lcer8a . led by former House Majority Leader debts. “We could adopt programs like 14 Robert G. Kaiser, So Much Damn Money: Richard Gephardt, D-Mo. 106 Teach for America — you could have The Triumph of Lobbying and the Corrosion Experts say future attempts to rein in Lobby for America,” he says. of American Government (2009), p. 95. lobbyists’ influence and encourage dis - Allard also says the current campaign- 15 For background on the Abramoff scandal, closure of their activities should not repli - finance system and politicians’ demands see Peter Katel, “Lobbying Boom,” CQ Researcher , cate old ones. Drutman has proposed for donations “may make them more July 22, 2005, pp. 613-636. 16 that the Library of Congress create a web - dependent on lobbyists — not for money, Haley Barbour and Ed Rogers, “The Lobby - ists’ Lament,” Politico , Dec. 17, 2013, http://tiny site as the central online forum and clear - but to get the work of legislators done.” url.com/opnlgun . inghouse for all public policy advocacy. As a result, he says, “The links between 17 Melanie Buck, “How Often Is State Lobby - “Such a website would both level professional lobbying and elections ing Influence Reported?” Sunlight Foundation the playing field (it is much cheaper should be better understood. The topic (blog), July 20, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/k9 to post a web page than to hire an is rich and worthy of considerable fur - qj9la . army of lobbyists to descend on Wash - ther study.” 18 Byron Tau, “Who Says Lobbyists Can’t Win

www.cqresearcher.com June 6, 2014 499 REGULATING LOBBYING

Elections?” Politico , March 12, 2014, http://tiny 33 “How Money Rules Washington,” “Moyers & ington Post (blog), March 11, 2014, http://tiny url.com/kh26jyh . Company,” May 17, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/ockr url.com/kr9s2eo . 19 Jacob R. Straus, “Lobbying Registration and fxq . 48 Jennifer Victor, “On Money Buying Access Disclosure: Before and After the Enactment of 34 Mary Beth Schneider, “Bio: Senate Race is . . .” Mischiefs of Faction , March 11, 2014, http:// the Honest Leadership and Open Government Coats’ Latest Challenge,” The Indianapolis Star , tinyurl.com/ozsavmd . Act of 2007,” Congressional Research Service, Sept. 7, 2010, http://tinyurl.com/lf2n4gy . 49 Shane Goldmacher, “Congress Took More April 22, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/jvqhx5g . 35 Nicholas Allard, “Lobbying Is An Honorable Free Trips in 2013 Than In Any Year Since 20 Harry Reid, “Foreword to the Fourth Edition,” Profession: The Right to Petition and The Com - the Abramoff Reforms,” National Journal , American Bar Association Lobbying Manual , petition to Be Right,” Stanford Law & Policy Feb. 3, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/nr4m32r. 2009, http://tinyurl.com/kdaozvu . Review , 2008, http://tinyurl.com/lc3wv96 . 50 Frank R. Baumgartner, “Controverting Ex - 21 “The 10 Things They Won’t Tell You About 36 Fredreka Schouten, “Door Still Revolving Be - pectations: New Empirical Evidence on Con - Money in Politics,” Center for Responsive Pol - tween Capitol, Lobbyists,” USA Today , April 22, gressional Lobbying and Public Policy,” Uni - itics, undated, http://tinyurl.com/n2admue . 2009, http://tinyurl.com/lk3gye7 . versity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 22 Ibid. 37 Lee Drutman and Alexander Furnas, “How March 8, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/plzsj6d . 23 Lee Fang, “Where Have All the Lobbyists Revolving-Door Lobbyists Are Taking Over K 51 David Rehr, “The 2014 Congressional Com - Gone?” The Nation , Feb. 19, 2014, http://tinyurl. Street,” Sunlight Foundation (blog), Jan. 22, munications Report,” undated, http://tinyurl.com/ com/kyk2ytp . 2014, http://tinyurl.com/pu5mpj4 . qy4wo74 . 24 Ibid. 38 Open Secrets, www.opensecrets.org/revolving . 52 Sara Sorcher, “How the Defense Lobby Be - 25 Dan Auble, “Waning Influence? Tracking the 39 Timothy Carney, “Max Baucus Rewards Ex- came Irrelevant,” National Journal , Jan. 1, 2014, ‘Unlobbyist,’ ” Center for Responsive Politics, Staffers With Tax Breaks for their Clients,” Wash - http://tinyurl.com/knvrqsp . March 18, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/mvhrnoc . ington Examiner , Jan. 4, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/ 53 “The Cost of Winning an Election, 1986- 26 LaPira, op. cit. keb27gc . 2010,” Campaign Finance Institute, undated, 27 Fang, “Where Have All the Lobbyists 40 Marcus Baram, “Judd Gregg Hired by Gold - http://tinyurl.com/jwl6lb4 . Gone?” op. cit. man Sachs as International Advisor,” The Huff - 54 Robert W. McChesney and John Nichols, 28 Elise Viebeck, “Daschle: A Cabinet Secretary ington Post , May 27, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/ “The Bull Market: Political Advertising,” Month - in Exile,” The Hill , April 8, 2014, http://tinyurl. 3kulzfb. ly Review , April 2012, http://tinyurl.com/o2kgotd . com/kc3pg6a . 41 “The 10 Things They Won’t Tell You About 55 Kevin Bogardus, “Lobbyists Fear Shake - 29 Glenn Kessler, “Newt Gingrich and Freddie Money in Politics,” op. cit. down If Supreme Court Lifts Campaign Con - Mac: Is He Being Misleading?” The Washington 42 Catalina Camia, “Ex-Sen. Jon Kyl Joins D.C. tributions Cap,” The Hill , Feb. 26, 2013, http:// Post (blog), Nov. 17, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/ Firm’s Lobbying Group,” USA Today , March tinyurl.com/kbrtjke . 7f4t27x . 6, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/krq8k67 . 56 Guide to Congress (7th edition), CQ Press 30 Eliza Newlin Carney and Kate Ackley, “Ex- 43 Tim LaPira and Herschel Thomas III, “A (2013), pp. 833-835. Gingrich Adviser Now Trying to Close Lob - Test of Nancy Pelosi’s Revolving-Door Hy - 57 Remarks of U.S. Sen. Robert C. Byrd, “Lob - bying Loopholes,” CQ Roll Call , Jan. 25, 2012, pothesis,” The Washington Post , Feb. 7, 2014, byists,” Sept. 28, 1987, http://tinyurl.com/mka3eol . http://tinyurl.com/7hytfon . http://tinyurl.com/l4o8erg . 58 Donald Ritchie, “Congressional Lobbying Scan - 31 Alex Leary, “Florida Lawmakers-Turned- 44 Eric Lipton and Ben Protess, “Law Doesn’t dals: A Top Ten List,” Oxford University Press Lobbyists Fuel Revolving Door of Politics,” End Revolving Door on Capitol Hill,” The New blog, March 14, 2006, http://tinyurl.com/6xdkuf . Tampa Bay (Fla.) Times , May 31, 2013, http://tiny York Times , Feb. 1, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/ 59 Guide to Congress , op. cit. url.com/oza359d . kvh5cfe . 60 Remarks of Sen. Robert C. Byrd, op. cit. 32 Lee Fang, “The Reverse Revolving Door: How 45 Kaiser, op. cit. , p. 19. 61 Richard L. Hasen, “Lobbying, Rent Seeking, Corporate Insiders Are Rewarded Upon Leaving 46 “How Money Rules Washington,” op. cit. and the Constitution,” Stanford Law Review , Firms for Congress,” The Nation , May 4, 2013, 47 Matea Gold, “Ready For a Surprise? Money Jan. 3, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/pfzowr5 . http://tinyurl.com/bn7yqrw . Does Equal Access in Washington,” The Wash - 62 Guide to Congress , op. cit. , p. 866. 63 Interview with Benjamin Waterhouse, March 26, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/lnyvxrb. About the Author 64 Guide to Congress , op. cit. , p. 845. 65 Josh Harkinson, “Chamber Rejects Use of Chuck McCutcheon is a freelance writer in Washington, Term ‘3 Million Members,” ’ Mother Jones , D.C. He has been a reporter and editor for Congressional Oct. 23, 2009, http://tinyurl.com/yl5aj2u . Quarterly and Newhouse News Service and is co-author of 66 “U.S. Chamber of Commerce,” Center for the 2012 and 2014 editions of The Almanac of American Responsive Politics, undated, http://tinyurl.com/ Politics and Dog Whistles, Walk-Backs and Washington o29an4a . 67 Handshakes: Decoding the Jargon, Slang and Bluster of Guide to Congress , op. cit. , pp. 846-847. American Political Speech. He also has written books on cli - BAC Local Union 7, “AFL-CIO History,” www. baclocal7.org/history.aspx?zone=History&pID= mate change and nuclear waste. 1631 . 68 Ibid. , pp. 851-857.

500 CQ Researcher 69 “National Rifle Association,” Center for Re - sponsive Politics, undated, http://tinyurl.com/ cttkdb8 . FOR MORE INFORMATION 70 Brian Palmer, “Why Is the NRA So Power - Association of Government Relations Professionals , 300 North Washington St., ful?” Slate , Dec. 18, 2012, http://tinyurl.com/ #205, Alexandria, VA 22314 ; 703-960-3011 ; grprofessionals.org . A trade organization cv9h2rv . for lobbyists (formerly the American League of Lobbyists). 71 “ACLU History,” American Civil Liberties Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies , American University, Union, undated, http://tinyurl.com/ktlgllz. For Ward 109, 4400 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20016-8130 ; 202-885-3491 ; background, see Chuck McCutcheon, “Gov - www.american.edu/spa/ccps/PAAI.cfm . Sponsors lectures by lobbyists and other ernment Surveillance,” CQ Researcher , Aug. 30, experts through the center’s Public Affairs and Advocacy Institute. 2013, pp. 717-740; and Kenneth Jost, “Re - Center for Public Integrity , 910 17th St., N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC 20006 ; membering 9/11,” CQ Researcher , Sept. 2, 2011, 202-466-1300 ; publicintegrity.org . A nonprofit dedicated to investigative journalism. pp. 701-732. 72 “AARP,” Center for Responsive Politics, un - Center for Responsive Politics , 1101 14th St., N.W., Suite 1030, Washington, DC dated, http://tinyurl.com/ls5cfdk . 20005 ; 202-857-0044 ; www.opensecrets.org . A nonpartisan research group that tracks money in politics and its effect on elections and public policy. 73 Guide to Congress , op. cit. , p. 867. 74 Ibid. , p. 836. Sunlight Foundation , 1818 N St., N.W., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036 ; 202- 75 Ibid. , p. 872. 742-1520 ; www.sunlightfoundation.org . A nonpartisan research group that tracks 76 David Espo, “Pelosi Says She Would Drain lobbying as part of its mission to promote greater transparency in politics. GOP ‘Swamp,”’ The Associated Press, Oct. 6, 2006, http://tinyurl.com/jw4cs. 89 See “H.R.4014 — To amend title 18, Unit - Spinning in Illinois,” RebootIllinois.com , April 3, 77 “U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 110th Congress ed States Code, to prohibit former Members 2014, http://tinyurl.com/knc5bqy . — 1st Session,” Secretary of the U.S. Senate, of Congress from engaging in lobbying con - 101 Nicholas Kusnetz, “Virginia’s Move Toward Jan. 18, 2007, http://tinyurl.com/pqt3fpn . Also tacts,” U.S. House of Representative 113th Ethics Reform Leaves Many Unimpressed,” see “Final Vote Results for Roll Call 763,” Clerk Congress, http://tinyurl.com/pczc5ax . State Integrity Investigation, March 11, 2014, of the U.S. House, July 31, 2007, http://tiny 90 See “H.R.440 — Stop the Revolving Door http://tinyurl.com/pxh3war . url.com/qhu79st . in Washington Act,” U.S. House of Representa - 102 George C. Troutman, “2014 Changes Will 78 Chuck McCutcheon, “Abramoff Still Biggest tives 113th Congress, http://tinyurl.com/k2hlw8e . Strengthen Kentucky Ethics Law,” The Eagle Post Thorn in Lobbying Industry’s Side,” CQ Press 91 See “H.R.1118 — Pick Your Poison Act of (Ky.), April 9, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/ltuzouq . First Street Research Group blog, March 15, 2012. 2013,” U.S. House of Representatives 113th 103 Amy Worden, “Toughen Ethics Laws, Ad - 79 “Transcript: Sen. Barack Obama’s An - Congress, http://tinyurl.com/orjarlz . vocates Tell Pa. Legislators,” The Philadelphia In - nouncement for President,” The Associated Press, 92 Autor v. Pritzker (12-5379), U.S. Court of quirer , April 28, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/m7jy2kb . Feb. 10, 2007, http://tinyurl.com/nhz7ygx . Appeals for the District of Columbia, Jan. 17, 104 Niraj Chokshi, “One Democratic Con - 80 Kenneth P. Vogel and Mike Allen, “Obama 2014, http://tinyurl.com/m7kk9vv . gressman Escalates the Fight Over ALEC,” The Finds Room for Lobbyists,” Politico , Jan. 28, 93 Bogardus, op. cit. Washington Post (blog), April 16, 2014, 2009, http://tinyurl.com/csf4y8 . 94 “Remarks by the President on Economic http://tinyurl.com/o2ycs3m. 81 Jacob R. Straus, “Lobbying the Executive Mobility,” White House Office of the Press Sec - 105 “ALEC Exposed,” The Center for Media and Branch: Current Practices and Options for retary, Dec. 4, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/mk4qe7n . Democracy, undated, http://tinyurl.com/o6elecn . Change,” Congressional Research Service, 95 Lee Fang, “Obama Nominates SOPA Lob - 106 Dan Eggen, “Armenia-Turkey Dispute Over Oct. 31, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/ozz84rf . byist for TPP Trade Post,” The Nation , Feb. 27, Genocide Label Sets Off Lobbying Frenzy,” The 82 Chris Frates, “White House Meets Lobbyists 2014, http://tinyurl.com/os45spw . Washington Post , March 4, 2010, http://tiny Off Campus,” Politico , Feb. 24, 2011, http:// 96 “President Obama Announces More Key url.com/ybw9f6j . tinyurl.com/4u9jrgr . Administration Posts,” White House Office of 107 Lee Drutman, “A Better Way to Fix Lobby - 83 Kaiser, op. cit. the Press Secretary, Oct. 30, 2013, http://tinyurl. ing,” Issues in Governance Studies , Brookings In - 84 “The Gravina Access Project: A Bridge to com/o4sn76m . stitution, June 2011, http://tinyurl.com/lmpchmr . Nowhere,” Taxpayers for Common Sense, 97 Holly Yeager, “Lobbyist Faces $5 Million 108 “Real Time Online Lobbying Transparency Feb. 9, 2005, http://tinyurl.com/oya5bcj . Fine for Allegedly Failing to File Disclosure Act,” Sunlight Foundation, undated, http://tiny 85 Guide to Congress, op. cit. , p. 874. Reports,” The Washington Post , March 18, 2014, url.com/4rnvm8t . 86 Dave Levinthal, “Without Scandal, Lobby http://tinyurl.com/l3ntp7m . 109 “Testimony of John Wonderlich, Policy Di - Reform Stalls,” Politico , Sept. 14, 2011, http:// 98 Phillip Rawls, “Alabama Senate Votes to rector, Sunlight Foundation,” House Energy tinyurl.com/q7x84fm . Toughen State Ethics Law,” The Associated and Commerce Committee, Subcommittee on 87 “H.R.4343,” — Foreign Lobbying Reform Press, Feb. 4, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/ndsu5ey . Oversight and Investigations, May 3, 2011, Act,” U.S. House of Representatives 112th Con - 99 Max Reiss, “Factcheck: Ad Targets GOP http://tinyurl.com/pyaw8qc . gress, http://tinyurl.com/qxvdslr . Leadership,” WSFA-TV.com, April 14, 2014, 110 Heather Gerken, “Keynote Address: Lobby - 88 See “HR 2425 — Transparency in Govern - http://tinyurl.com/mqpphla . ing as the New Campaign Finance,” Georgia ment Act of 2014,” U.S. House of Representa - 100 Darin LaHood, “LaHood: Time to Stop the State University Law Review , Summer 2011, tive 113th Congress, http://tinyurl.com/pgp72at . Legislator-to-Lobbyist Revolving Door From http://tinyurl.com/nvolsap .

www.cqresearcher.com June 6, 2014 501 Bibliography Selected Sources

Books A journalist who covers money in politics looks at how the lobbying profession has changed in recent years. Abramoff , Jack , Capitol Punishment: The Hard Truth About Washington Corruption From America’s Most Notorious Schmidt , Michael S. , Eric Lipton and Alexandra Stevenson , Lobbyist , WND Books , 2011 . “After Big Bet, Hedge Fund Pulls the Levers of Power,” The A convicted ex-lobbyist contends — in an argument that New York Times , March 9, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/lh8vnj5 . practicing lobbyists vehemently reject — that corruption per - Hedge fund manager William A. Ackman lobbied vigorous - vades the industry. ly to bring about the collapse of the nutritional-supplement company Herbalife to protect an investment. Holyoke , Thomas T. , Interest Groups and Lobbying: Pur - suing Political Interests in America , Westview Press , 2014 . Smith , Jennifer , and Elizabeth Williamson, “Lobbying Firm A California State University-Fresno political scientist ex - Patton Boggs Fights for Itself,” The Wall Street Journal , plains the roles of interest groups and lobbyists in shaping March 9, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/qggtv66 . public policy. One of Washington’s most powerful lobbying firms has lost ground to competitors. Kaiser , Robert G. , So Much Damn Money: The Triumph of Lobbying and the Corrosion of American Government , Reports and Studies Knopf , 2009 . A veteran Washington Post reporter and editor traces the Alexander , Raquel Meyer , et al. , “Measuring Rates of Re - career of powerful lobbyist Gerald Cassidy to illustrate how turn for Lobbying Expenditures: An Empirical Case Study campaign donations have influenced lobbying and politics. of Tax Breaks for Multinational Corporations,” Journal of Law and Politics , April 8, 2009 , http://tinyurl.com/cwzs9z . Vance , Stephanie , The Influence Game: 50 Insider Tac - A Washington and Lee University associate professor of ac - tics from the Washington D.C. Lobbying World That Will counting, along with law and business professors from the Get You to Yes , Wiley , 2012 . University of Kansas, finds a significant rate of return among A longtime lobbyist discusses the techniques that lobbyists corporations that spent money for lobbying on a 2004 tax bill. use to achieve short- and long-term goals. Baumgartner , Frank R. , “Controverting Expectations: Waterhouse , Benjamin C. , Lobbying America: The Politics New Empirical Evidence on Congressional Lobbying and of Business From Nixon to NAFTA , Princeton University Public Policy,” paper presented at the Baldy Center for Press , 2013 . Law and Social Policy, SUNY Albany Law School , March 8, A University of North Carolina historian details how in - 2013 , http://tinyurl.com/plzsj6d . dustry lobby groups emerged in the 1970s and ’80s to ad - A University of North Carolina political scientist looks at vance a pro-business agenda. 98 randomly selected cases of lobbying and finds “virtually no impact of money on outcomes.” Articles Drutman , Lee , and Alexander Furnas , “How Revolving- Barbour , Haley , and Ed Rogers , “The Lobbyists’ Lament,” Door Lobbyists Are Taking Over K Street,” Sunlight Foun - Politico , Dec. 17, 2013 , http://tinyurl.com/opnlgun . dation blog, Jan. 22, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/pu5mpj4 . Two long-time lobbyists explain how their business operates Researchers for a watchdog group document how many former in an attempt to bolster public confidence in the profession. elected officials and their staffers are turning to lobbying.

Becker , Bernie , “From Newspaper Reporter to Advocate,” Gerken , Heather , “Keynote Address: Lobbying as the New The Hill , Oct. 1, 2013 , http://tinyurl.com/pzopuku . Campaign Finance,” Georgia State University Law Review , Jeffrey Birnbaum went from covering the lobbying industry summer 2011 , http://tinyurl.com/nvolsap . as a reporter to becoming a lobbyist himself. A Yale University law professor discusses how future lobbying reforms might avoid constitutional challenges. Edsall , Thomas B. , “The Unlobbyists,” The New York Times , Dec. 31, 2013 , http://tinyurl.com/obhfm45 . Rehr , David , “The 2014 Congressional Communications A veteran political journalist examines the rise of “strategic Report,” http://tinyurl.com/qy4wo74 . advisers” and other unregistered lobbyists. A former lobbyist who studies the industry surveys lobby - ists and congressional staff members about what types of Fang , Lee , “Where Have All the Lobbyists Gone?” The lobbying are most effective. Nation , Feb. 14, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/kyk2ytp .

502 CQ Researcher The Next Step: Additional Articles from Current Periodicals

Advisory Panels Prosecutions

“Appeals court reverses judge on lobbyist ban,” The Ramonas , Andrew , “U.S. Attorney’s Office Files Suit Against Associated Press , Jan. 17, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/lcf9 Lobbying Firm,” Legal Times , June 10, 2013 , http://tinyurl. 9dj . com/k8bymx4 . An appeals court has told federal judge to reconsider A West Hempstead, N.Y.-based consulting firm allegedly whether the government’s desire to exclude lobbyists from failed to turn in 124 federal lobbying reports on time and serving on Industry Trade Advisory Committees outweighs is facing a fine of up to $33 million. their constitutional rights. Yeager , Holly , “Lobbyist faces $5 million fine for allegedly Bacher , Dan , “Big oil lobbyist serves on federal marine failing to file disclosure reports,” The Washington Post , protected areas panel,” San Francisco Bay Area Inde - March 18, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/l3ntp7m . pendent Media Center , March 21, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/ A lobbyist and his Alexandria, Va., firm were charged by lcyv77j . federal prosecutors and are facing a fine of up to $5.2 million A reporter specializing in marine issues says a prominent for failing to submit dozens of disclosure reports, a violation California oil industry lobbyist serves as a high ranking of - of federal lobbying laws. ficial overseeing the creation of marine protected areas in California and sits on a federal marine protected areas ad - State Laws visory panel, an example of conflicts of interest in envi - ronmental politics in California. LaHood , Darin , “LaHood: Time to Stop the Legislator-to- Lobbyist Revolving Door from Spinning in Illinois,” Re - Money & Politics boot Illinois , April 3, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/knc5bqy . Illinois Republican state Sen. Darin LaHood says his pro - “For Massachusetts lawmakers, steady lobbying money,” posed legislation would put a one-year ban on legislators The Associated Press , May 11, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/ becoming lobbyists and would prohibit legislators from ne - kqoxllz . gotiating lobbying contracts while still in office. Lobbyists in Massachusetts have spent nearly $10 million in direct contributions to lawmakers and politicians over the Weiner , Rachel , “McAuliffe imposes far-reaching gift limit past nine years, and the largest donations went to the most on himself and his staff,” The Washington Post , Jan. 11, powerful politicians, according to a review of lobbyist do - 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/jwhznun . nations. Gov. Terry McAuliffe, D-Va., imposed a $100 limit on gifts to most executive branch employees, a standard intended Liptak , Adam , “Justice Stevens Suggests Solution for ‘Giant to prevent gift scandals such as the one involving his Re - Step in the Wrong Direction,’ ” The New York Times , publican predecessor, Robert McDonnell. April 21, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/m8tpdfz . Retired Justice John Paul Stevens says the Supreme Court’s CITING CQ RESEARCHER decision to strike down aggregate contributions limits, allowing Sample formats for citing these reports in a bibliography wealthy people to make donations to an unlimited number of federal candidates, poses a grave threat to democracy. include the ones listed below. Preferred styles and formats vary, so please check with your instructor or professor. Ryan , Andrew , “Mayor Walsh received $1.4m in gifts for gala, transition,” The Boston Globe , May 19, 2014 , http:// MLA STYLE tinyurl.com/lsqtkt9 . Jost, Kenneth. “Remembering 9/11.” CQ Researcher 2 Sept. The new mayor of Boston received $1.4 million in private 2011: 701-732. donations from lobbyists and businesses in the city, which critics say gives big donors special access to the mayor. APA S TYLE Jost, K. (2011, September 2). Remembering 9/11. CQ Re - Yeager , Holly , “Soros group triples its lobbying spending,” The Washington Post , Feb. 23, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/ searcher, 9 , 701-732. pqqaeuv . CHICAGO STYLE The Open Society Policy Center tripled its lobbying spend - ing from 2012 to 2013. The executive director said most of Jost, Kenneth. “Remembering 9/11.” CQ Researcher , Sep - the spending was in support of comprehensive immigration tember 2, 2011, 701-732. reform.

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