Vol. XXX, No. 6. DECEMBER, 1911.

COVER DESIGN. Drawing by Vernon Howe Bailey. Page

THE PASSING OF MADISON SQUARE GARDEN . 513 SOME REMARKS PROMPTED BY THE PENDING DEMOLI- TION OF NEW YORK'S FAMOUS SHOW BUILDING. Illustrations from Drawings by Vernon Howe Bailey. THE PALACE OF THE POPES AT Frederic Lees 523 ITS HISTORY AND RESTORATION. Illustrations from Photographs by the author.

CURRENT ARCHITECTURE. Portfolio . 538 Fifth Fifth Piano Salesroom Store ; Avenue Jewelry ; Avenue First National Bank, Cleveland, Ohio; Connecticut State Armory and , Residence of Clinton MacKenzie and No. 68 East 56th Street, . ARCHITECTURE OF AMERICAN COLLEGES Montgomery Schuyler 549 IX-UNION, HAMILTON, HOBART, CORNELLand SYRACUSE Illustrations from Photographs. SOME CENTURY-OLD DOORWAYS IN RURAL NEW ENGLAND 575 Nine Plates from Photographs by A. G. Byne. EARLY AMERICAN CHURCHES Aymar Embury II. 584

WILLIAMSBURG, VA. ; BENNINGTON, VT.; AUGUSTA, GA.; and GUILFORD, CONN. NOTES AND COMMENTS 597 CROSS INDEX, VOLUME XXX Past Six Numbers Indexed according to Articles, Plate Illustrations, Clas- sified Buildings and Architects (home office, etc.) Page numbers of each issue will be found on the back of the binding for ready reference.

Published by THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD COMPANY

. W. . . CLINTON W. SWEET Vice-President HARRY DESMOND

. T. . . FRED W. DODGE Secretary . FRANKLIN MILLER HARRY W. DESMOND Editor RUSSELL F. WHITEHEAD .... Associate Editor RALPH REINHOLD Business Manager 11-15 EAST TWENTY-FOURTH STREET, NEW YORK CITY

Subscription (Yearly) $3.00. Published Monthly

Copyright, 1911, by "THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD COMPANY." All rights reserved. Entered My 22. 1902, as second-class matter. Post Office at New York, N. Y. Act of C^neress of March 3d, 1879 Record Co. Copyright 1911. The Architectural OF MADISON SQUARE GARDEN AS SEEN FROM THE TWENTY-SEVENTH FLOOR THE METROPOLITAN TOWER. ARCHiTECTVRAL RECORD DECEMBER, 1911

VOLVME XXX NVMBER. VI

THE PASSING OF MADISON SQVAR.E GARDEN SOME R.EMARJCS OF NEW YORK'S PR.OMPTED BY FAMOVS SHOW THE PENDING BVILDINGttSSJ'ft DEMOLITION VERNON HOWE BAILEY

To TIII-: CASUAL OBSERVER, "the man in and 3Oth Street, and its freight station the street," the passing of the Madison at Chambers Street, until in 1868 Com- Square Garden is even more inscrutable modore Vanderbilt persuaded Trinity than it is lamentable. The building did Church to sell its birthright of St. John's so appear, according to the consecrated Park to him for that purpose and for an to "meet a felt want" and even million. In those he phrase, long ; years cap- it has so adequately and so admirably tured the Harlem and converted it from met that want. The importance of the a rival of the Hudson River into an civic function the great interior has ful- humble auxiliary to it, discontinuing the filled was made evident beforehand by through trains and the competition and the demand upon it when it was simply degrading the Harlem, from the control the largest enclosed space on of which he had extruded Daniel Drew, Island. That it was in its original es- into a local road. Presently the popular tate as the Harlem Station in those old murmurs against the killing of foot-pas- the on the cross streets above ^days, unremembered, probably, by sengers -.pd majority of the readers of this article, Street by the trains became formidable. when the Harlem Railroad was an inde- With the building up and population of pendent entity and a formidable rival the region, the occasional homicides be- of the Hudson River road for the traffic came something like a chronic massacre, to Albany. In those days one went to and the expense to the road of these 26th Street and Fourth Avenue to take accidents incidental to its operation a the Harlem train, although the train was matter for serious consideration. Where- dragged by horse-power as far as 42d upon, by arrangement with the city, the Street, where steam was substituted. Fourth Avenue improvement was made The sole passenger station of the Hud- which avoided grade crossings from 42d son River road was at Tenth Avenue Street to the Harlem River. The next THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. step, or rather an integral part of the erly "accommodated." Athletic contests, same scheme, was the construction of horse shows, monster concerts these the Grand Central Station, which, after were some of the forms of popular en- one extensive addition and two recon- tertainment to which that old shed lent structions, has now ait last been demol- itself. It did not "accommodate" any ished. Naturally and necessarily .this be- of them except, perhaps, the long dis- came the point of departure for both the tance walking or "go-as-you-please" con- roads, once competitive and now co-op- tests, for which it had a track at least erative. The Hudson River tracks d\- as long as that of its successor. It was verged above the Harlem to the river an abominable place for music, as, for from which it took its name; the Tenth that matter, was its successor, and as Avenue Station of the Hudson River was any place available which would sank to the position of a station for hold a great crowd. The Wagner Festi- suburban and even interurban traffic, and val of 1882 was held in the Seventh the Fourth Avenue Station, completely Regiment Armory, with results that left deprived of its function, came into the much to desire, so far as the effect of market as unimproved real estate. the music was concerned. But it was But, before the improvement which it probably the insufficiency of accommoda- seems we are now to lose for any pub- tion for the horse show that had more lic purpose, it became evident, as was re- to do than any other single consideration marked at the outset, that there was a with the erection of the Madison Square public demand for just such a great en- Garden. The building we are now to closed space. It was the largest enclo- lose was planned with special regard to sure in Manhattan, which was then the that entertainment. Unless memory is City of New York, possibly excepting at fault, the leading spirits in the erec- the Seventh Regiment Armory, though tion of the new building were leading that came a little later. The area was spirits also in the Horse Show Associa- virtually the same as the plot extending tion. To accommodate a horse show from Third to Lexington and from street would not be as plausible a motive now to street in the sixties, and from Fourth as it was in the late eighties, when the to Madison and from street to street in project took shape, the building having the twenties. The only other equal area been begun, as the inscription on the under a single roof is that of the Metro- Fourth Avenue front sets forth, in 1889. politan Life, and even the youngest Now, it looks doubtful whether there will reader remembers how that area was much longer be any occasion for a show slowly and with difficulty acquired by of horses, except in a palaeological buying out the owners of all the small museum ! lover of holdings which occupied it, until it had However that may be, every all been brought under a single control architecture, and for that matter every and could be made the site for one mag- citizen with a decent share of public nificent building. The abandoned sta- spirit, has reason to be glad that it was tion of the Harlem was almost imme- put into the hearts of some men to build diately upon its abandonment found to a great building for public entertainments kind and have a public use. It was simply a of a "monster" or spectacular ; deserted trainshed. It had never had particularly that it was put into their any other pretension than that of shel- hearts to choose Stanford White to be tering cars in and out of service, and the architect of the edifice with which lacked conveniences for any more com- his name has become so closely and so it des- plicated and specialized occupancy. As tragically connected, since was to architecture, it was as innocent of tined to be the place of his own death the pretence of that as of the reality. by murder that he was so enthusiastical- far had less Nevertheless, it was made available for ly rearing. We have thus several descriptions of "big show," which to say than might reasonably be expected could not be held elsewhere, and which of an architectural periodical about the could here be at least given, if not prop- architectural aspects of the enterprise; Copyright 1911, The Architectural Record Co. MADISON SQUARE GARDEN PROM TWENTY-EIGHTH STREET AND MADISON AVE METROPOLITAN TOWER IN THE BACKGROUND. Copyright 1911, The Architectural Record Co. PORTE-COCHERE MADISON SQUARE GARDEN. Fourth Avenue Fagade. New York City. r/7

The Architectural Record Co. Copyright 1911, COLONNADE MADISON SQUARE GARDEN. .Madtson -Avemie Eagad.e New. YoricC.it>';. Copyright 1911, The Architectural Record Co. TERRA GOTTA DETAIL SHOWING ENRICHMENT ON MADISON AVE. FACADE MADISON SQUARE GARDEN. THE PASSING OF MADISON SQUARE GARDEN. 519 and yet it is certain that the genuine and source of effect; while the groupings and extensive public regret which will follow the projections quite fail to substi- the demolition of the Garden will be in tute any other in the interest of the fea- great part for the loss of its architec- tures taken singly. The arcade sur- ture. Here, however, we must distin- rounding the building at the west end is guish. It is the tower that will be re- a piece of entirely decorative architec- gretted. It was upon that that the archi- ture. At least the practical purpose of tect concentrated his own enthusiasm. providing shelter is far less important When reporters visited him, during the than the decorative purpose of providing progress of the work, to inquire about something worth looking at. This pur- it, it was his habit to say to them, "Say pose is hardly attained. The scale of what you like about the building, but the feature is so small that it is not im- whatever you say, for any sake say it pressive as a feature, having in view the needs the tower." He may and indeed magnitude of the building of which it must have had his troubles in persuad- is an excrescence. The interest must be ing a practical-minded building commit- sought in the detail, and the detail is tee that it was worth their while, after not interesting. It is a translation into they had spent a great deal of good terra cotta of an enrichment in carved money in the satisfaction of the practi- stone, or rather not a translation, but a cal requirements which the building was mere reproduction. It lacks completely intended to satisfy, to go on and build the interest of craftsmanship, of adapta- a costly monument, for the utility of tion of the design to the material. It is which only a very slender showing could true that it is much more effective now be made, merely, or almost altogether, when it has gathered the grime of twenty as an ornament to the city. Yet he odd years, than it was when it was new. knew exactly what he was about, and The author subsequently attained a much what part of his work would be most greater power of effective design in terra appreciated. cotta than he showed here. Take the Apart from the tower, the building cresting of Dr. Parkhurst's church or, in cannot be called successful. The most fact, any of the detail of that building in obvious motive for the side walls was baked clay, and you find precisely the the development and emphasis of their freshness and zest of craftsmanship, of length. A length unequalled in the city working in the given material, which you in which it appears was well worthy of miss here. The same want of craftsman- being made the very utmost of. The ship is still more injuriously apparent in way to make the most of it was, of the interior, which is even curiously inef- course, the repetition of an absolutely fective, considering its magnitude. This identical treatment, the recurrence of an was an early example of the exposure identical feature, from one end to the of metal in theatrical construction and other. In the architectural fashion just offered an opportunity which faithful now prevalent this feature would be a artistic study, in conjunction with an classic column. That would accomplish engineer capable of seeing the point of the particular purpose no doubt of ex- an artistic treatment, might have turned pressing and emphasizing the horizon- to the production of something fine and tal extension. But it would do it at the memorable. But, in fact, the metal cost of monotony in any case, and in work of the interior is even more devoid New York just now it would also be ob- of interest than the work in baked clay jectionable as being so dreadfully hack- on the outside. neyed that a new colonnade is simply a No; the architect was right. The new bore. And the classical colonnade tower is "the thing." What a fine thing is, by no means, the only way to do it. it is we can judge now better even than A repetition of similarly treated arched at first, since it is now seen overborne openings attains the purpose equally well. and belittled, and yet cannot in the least Here there is enough of irregularity in be shamed, by the mass and weight of the fenestration to destroy this obvious the tower of the Metropolitan, a third Copyright 1911, The Architectural Record Cc.

DETAIL. MADISON SQUARE GARDEN, NEW FORK CITY. THE PASSING OF MADISON SQUARE GARDEN. 5 21 greater in area, say, and half as high as the present chronicler believes them again. The enthusiasm with which it to be, by no means give the redesigner was acclaimed when it was new was the same artistic rank as that which quite justified. There was nothing like Richardson, for example, earned by his it in New York. One rather random restudy of the old tower of Salamanca guess at its purpose may be recorded, of for Trinity in Boston. But it remains an Episcopal clergyman who had spent true that the tower, superseded in mag- the summer of its construction in , nitude as it has been by its overtopping and, catching a glimpse of the tower neighbor, is a great ornament to the from the elevated railroad on his way city which it is not only a pity but really uptown, inquired of his companion what a shame for its city to permit to be was "that new Presbyterian church?" pulled down. Evidently he had overlooked the Diana, And, indeed, it argues a curious defect which, on her original scale, was hard of civic spirit for the community to al- to overlook. When the original went to low the demolition of the building to the Chicago Eair, and a reduction was which the tower is attached, and this substituted in Madison Square, the late not upon architectural but upon civic A. R. Macdonough made a rather neat grounds, seeing that the edifice per- epigram, beginning formed a civic function of unquestioned New York concedes Chicago's claim importance, for the performance of To giant Diana's foot and fame which there is henceforth no provision The late W, M. Laffan was moved by "in sight." "They order these matters the tower to exclaim, in the New York better in ." There, some means be found for the over Sun, that it was the greatest thing that would taking by had been done in art for centuries, or the public of a building which performed words to that effect. Of course, this so important a public service, even at loss. At the was extravagant praise for what was some slight pecuniary very be found of much more a reproduction than an adap- least, means would preserv- of architecture which had tation of an existing monument, in spite ing a piece the of the variations in the tower of Madi- won so wide a public recognition as the son Square Garden from the Giralda. tower, by assuming public guardian- Those variations, even if one concedes ship of it as a "Monument Historique." has its drawbacks. them to be improvements on the original, Anglosaxondom ENTRANCE TO THE PALACE OF THE POPES. THE PALACE OF THE POPES r A r AVIGNON ITS HISTORY AND O5TOHATION BY FRJEDERJC LEES, OFFICER, DE L'lNSTRJVCTION PVBLIQVE

I.

AVIGNON, THE ANCIENT fortified town of lers and writers ever since the Prince that "Garden of France" where Dante of Chroniclers set them so splendid an tarried and sought poetic inspiration, example. To Froissart, the Palace of Avignon, where Petrarca met Laura and the Popes at Avignon was "the most found the stimulus which gave us his beautiful and the strongest house in the immortal sonnets and canzone, Avig- world, and the easiest to hold, provided non, where nine Popes held a court that that those who were inside had enough for pomp and majesty was without equal to live upon." Stendhal, in his Me- during the whole of the fourteenth cen- moires d'un Touriste, noted, with de- tury, Avignon, with its Papal Palace, light, the glorious dead leaf color which its ancient streets, its fine old churches time and the sun have imparted to the and stately mansions, all so rich in his- stones of the little town which during torical memories, is a place which is sixty years dared to rival Rome. Pros- never forgotten by the lover of history per Merimee as enthusiastic an archae- and architecture. Once visited, it leaves ologist as he was subtle as a stylist an impression to which the mind, in after likewise came under the fascination of loves to return and the Palace whilst Victor in years, again again. Papal ; Hugo, Like the fruit which ripens under the one of those fine outbursts of poetic generous sun of , it flavour (if prose to which he accustomed his read- I may use the word) is exquisite, one ers, described it as "a sort of gigantic of those rare sensations that deserve to Roman cathedral with seven or eight be treasured and celebrated in song. enormous towers as a fagade and a Rabelais' ville sonante the town of in- mountain for an apsis" a Roman cathe- numerable belfries and clanging bells dral in a town which, seen from afar, has been held in high honor by travel- bore a resemblance to the form of Athens, and whose walls, as golden as *The photographs illustrating this article were the ruins of the specially taken for THE ARCHITECTURAL REC- august Peloponnesus, ORD. The writers' thanks are due to M. Henri Nodet, had something of the reflection of the Architect-in-Chief of the Monuments Historiques in his of Greece. ; to M. Valentin, collaborator in Avignon, beauty and to M. Girard, Curator of the Musee Calvet of From whatever of view be- that town, for the valuable assistance which they point you gave him in the preparation of his work. hold Avignon and its Palace whether 524 THE ARCHITECTURAL- RECORD.

you approach it by the line of the Paris, have made on the rock, you can form Lyons and Mediterranean Railway Co., an excellent idea of its position as re- by steamer on the majestic Rhone, or on gards the town and the surrounding foot it presents an almost indescribable country. At your feet lies the town, charm. It is set within a landscape with its fourteenth century ramparts and is in the curtains far which without compare whole ; below, past the broken Pont of the south of France. You feel that. de St. Benezet, rush the impetuous blue for the first time since leaving the cold waters of the Rhone; on the opposite gray north, you are in another country side of the valley stands the village of and climate. The blue sky and the Villeneuve-les-Avignon, with the stout olives and the very scent of the air re- machicolated walls of the fourteenth cen- mind you of Italy, to which the Midi, tury Fort of St. Andre and the pic- the best of introductions indeed, forms ; turesque Tower of Philippe-le-Bel, which and you come to realize how easy it once protected one of the ends of the must have been for the and those old of and in the dis- Popes bridge Avignon ; who left the banks of the Tiber to tance rises a screen of snow-capped crowd to their brilliant court on the mountains, the Alpines and the hills of banks of the Rhone to acclimatize them- the Card, as though to remind you, as selves and joyfully support that period you stand in the warm sun of the Midi, which certain Italian writers have harsh- of the cold north whence you have come. ly called "the second captivity of Baby- In whichever direction you look, your lon." eyes fall on things which the finger of The Palace stands on a slight emi- Time has touched none too lightly; you nence, under the lea of the Rocher des are dragged back into the past, forced Doms, overlooking gray-roofed houses to muse on those ancient days and an- and Gothic steeples. From the charming cient glories which, alas ! are now but garden which the people of Avignon phantoms.

II.

How WAS IT that this little French town was not the author of such a situation. came to be the rival of Rome? The but he lent himself to it: he was influ- question is easily answered. But it is enced by dominating currents, and his not to be found in the romantic story compliance led him into a truly extraor- * * * told by Villani the story of a secret pact dinary position. The city of between Albertini di Prato and Philippe- Rome was, in reality, the most turbulent in return for certain conces- of the Italian its dis- le-Bel, who, republics ; country sions, including the suppression of the tricts, given over to an ungovernable Knight Templars and the removal of the feudal system, had become a desert Holy See to France, agreed to use his which it was impossible to cross with- influence in getting Bertrand de Got, out danger. Two contradictory roles can- Archbishop of , elected Pope. not be played at one and the same time. The explanation of Bertrand de Got's In throwing herself into that brilliant choice of Avignon in preference to Rome life of strife and adventure which gave is much simpler. birth to the Renaissance, Italy could no At the time of the election of Clement longer pretend to retain her supremacy * * * V., Rome was a hotbed of sedition, and over the Christian world. If the prospect of exchanging a turbulent Italy rendered the sojourn of the head Italian milieu for one in the pleasant of the Catholic Church dangerous or in- fields of France could not fail to please convenient, if she used her ecclesiastical such a man as Bertrand de Got. As privileges as a means towards her private Renan says: "The rival parties into ends, she had no right to complain when which Italy was split up and the turbu- the Church removed its essential organs lence of the Roman factions had made outside her circle. The sojourn of the the sojourn of the Papacy in Rome al- Popes in Rome had become, in fact, the * * * most impossible. Clement V. most intolerable of captivities."

526 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

Bertrand de Got was elected Pope on des Anges, and ending at the opposite June 5th, 1305, and on the following I4th corner on the northwest of the courtyard. of November, in the Church of St. Just, Everything to the left of this diagonal at Lyons, and in the presence of a bril- was due to Benedict." liant assembly of kings and princes, he The first work undertaken by Benedict was crowned. But it was not until the was the doubling of the Pontifical Chapel of the of that of XXII. the beginning spring 1309 John , now large room used Clement V. made his entry into Avignon. for the Departmental Archives (No. I on He took up his residence in a convent Plan), and the construction of the Tour of the Dominican Friars, then situated des Anges (No. 2). The architect of outside the town, and there continued to both was Pierre Poisson, of Mirepoix, in live during almost the whole of his pon- the Ariege. The tower, which is the most tificate, without attempting to build him- complete of all the towers of the Palace, self a worthier home. is also one of the most interesting, since His successor, John XXII., elected it contained the Pope's private rooms. It Pope in 1316, showed greater enterprise. is 46 meters 50 centimeters in height ,and He began building a Papal Palace which it took two years to build. On the ground stood on the site of the present building floor was Benedict's private wine cellar; and was a transformation of the resi- above, level with the courtyard, was his dence as the first floor the which he had occupied Bishop treasury ; on was apart- of little or of this ment of his the second Avignon. But nothing Chamberlain ; on earlier palace now remains. Indeed, the floor was his bedroom, decorated with architectural history of the Palace of the frescoes which possibly still exist under a does not until Decem- thick of whitewash and on the Popes really begin coating ; ber 2Oth, 1335, when Benedict XII., the third and last floor but one was his li- third Pope of Avignon, was elected to brary. Benedict's next piece of work was the Holy See. the building (now very much modern- Benedict retained hardly anything of ized) which forms a continuation of the his predecessor's work. He did not be- Tour des Anges and faces you on enter- gin, however, by pulling everything down, ing the Palace courtyard (No. 3). Here as has been stated by many historians; were also his private rooms : dining room, he proceeded very gradually, repairing wardrobe, study and oratory. The small certain private apartments, whilst others tower (No. 4) in the angle formed by were being made ready, and never de- the Tour des Anges and the building just stroying an old construction until a new mentioned was probably the Tour des one was finished. Considering the short Etuves, so frequently mentioned in the duration of his pontificate, his share in Latin documents in the Vatican Library/ the building of the Palace of the Popes and doubtless held the Pope's bathroom. was enormous. "We owe to him," says As to his reception rooms, these were the author of a recent work*, "about two- built on the left of the courtyard (No. 5). thirds of the existing constructions. They The wing known as the Aile du Consis- are the simplest and least ornamental, but toire (No. 6), with the Tour St. Jean the most robust and next constructed and after strongest. Every- (No. 7), was ; thing which this Pope built is still stand- this Benedict turned his attention to the ing. On entering the courtyard, every- large kitchen and its dependencies (Nos. thing with the ^exception of the right 8 and 9), the Tour de la Glaciere (No. wing with the two towers of the Garde- 10), the Tour de la Campane (No. n), robe and St. Laurent, and the fagade fac- the adjoining wing (No. 12) in which the ing the Place du Palais was the work of members of his staff were lodged, and, Benedict XII. If one would have a finally, the Tour du Trouillas (No. 13). graphic representation, one 'has only to The last named tower was barely com- draw, on a plan of the Palace, a diagonal pleted when, after a reign of seven years, line across the courtyard, starting from death surprised him. the southern corner, in front of the Tour Before describing the work of his suc-

*Pelix Digonnet's "Le d'Avig- fEhrles "Historia bibliothecae Romanorum Pon- iron." Seguin : Avignon, 1907. tificum." Rome, 1890. THE PALACE OF THE POPES AT AVIGNON. 527

THE PALACE OP THE POPES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY AS SEEN FROM ACROSS THE RHONE.

(From a drawing in the Muse Calvet. )

VIEW OF THE PALACE OF THE POPES FROM ACROSS THE RHONE, PORTION OF THE FORTIFICATION OF THE TOWN. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

VI. let us for a the cessor, Clement , moment Inquisition, pictured them being heat- concentrate our attention .on two particu- ed in a furnace the position of which is larly interesting features of Benedict's clearly indicated in one of the walls ! palace : the large kitchen, with its octa- The Tour St. Jean calls for special at- gonal tower, and the Tour St. Jean. tention on account of the frescoes with In the old accounts, under the date Oc- which the walls and ceilings of its two tober 1 6th, 1339, there is a mention of chapels the Chapel of St. John and the payments being made to Jean Mathe and Chapel of St. Martial are covered. But Jean Calhe for the "new kitchens" and we must remember that these beautiful the "big chimney of the palace." There paintings, so interesting to students of the can be no doubt that this is the large art of the fourteenth century, were exe- chimney shaped like an octagonal pyra- cuted to the order of Clement VI. mid and terminated by a round top, which The name of the painter of the fres-

AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY DRAWING IN THE MUSEE CALVET AT AVIGNON, SHOWING THE TWO TURRETS OVER ENTRANCE AND THE RAVELIN BUILT BY THE PAPAL LEGATE COLONNA ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES WHICH NO LONGER EXIST. rises at the side of the Tour de la Gla- coes in the Chapel of St. John is un- ciere, and which, covering the whole of known. They have been attributed to the kitchen below, carried off the smoke Simone di Martino, who, according to from the fires and the smell of cooking. Vasari, came to Avignon. But the state- Somewhat similar kitchens and chimneys ment is not confirmed by the accounts. are to be seen in other parts of France, Possibly they were the work of one of his notably at the Chateau of Montreuil-Bel- pupils, assisted 'by French or local artists. lay and the Abbey of Fontevrault, in The keystone of the vaulted roof of . Yet the Avignon construction the chapel bears the arms of Clement VI. was long thought to be the torture-cham- and the four segments into which the ceil- ber of the Palace! Even Merimee fell ing is divided by the ribs the figures of into the error and, after a minute descrip- eight saints : St. , St. tion of the instruments of torture used bv , St. Zachariah and THE PALACE OF THE POPES AT Al'lGNON. 529 others, with their names and mottoes in Martial on his mission, and St. Peter Latin. On the eastern wall are depicted transmitting these orders. the birth of St. John the Baptist, a group D. The Ordination of St. Martial. St. of men and women in fourteenth century Peter handing his crosier to the kneeling costumes, Zachariah's Sacrifice, St. John St. Martial. Below, the resurrection of Preaching in the Desert, and Christ in St. Austriclinian. the Garden of Olives. The northern wall E. The Casting out of a Devil at bears pictures of the Baptism of Christ. Tulle an incident in the life of the St. John and the Pharisees, Herod feast- daughter of Arnulfe. The demon es- ing with his friends, with a man bringing capes under the form of a little black in the head of St. John on a plate, animal. presenting the head to her mother, and F. The Curing of a Sick Person in the Decapitation of St. John. The call the same town. Below, a baptism. of the sons of , Christ conferring G. The Abolition of Idolatry at Agen his authority on St. Peter, and the Resur- rection of Tabitha by St. Peter are rep- resented on the southern wall ; whilst on the western wall there is a fine Crucifix- ion in the style of the School of Sienna and fragments of a decoration which probably represents the burial of St. John. Matteo Giovanetti, of Viterbe, and his assistants, almost all of whom were Ital- ians, were the authors of the frescoes in the Chapel of St. Martial*. The subjects are all inspired by the life of St. Martial, the great apostle of of the third century, and who, owing to several Popes and Cardinals being natives of that old province of France, was held in particu- lar veneration at the Court of Avignon. The vaulted roof, divided into four segments, is a mass of charming paint- ings on a dark blue ground: landscapes, of buildings and figures, with the head Christ on the keystone. The subjects are so numerous that the artist has lettered them from A to H. Let us take them in their proper order : A. The Call of St. Martial. Christ, to a wearing a blue cloak, is speaking BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OP THE PALACE OP number of seated persons, three of whom THE POPES. his father and his are named : the Saint, (Prom a map dated 1618.) mother. Below is the Baptism of St. a curious scene in a Gothic Martial by St. Peter. building. St. Martial is four B. The Laying on of Hands. Christ, curing pagan priests who have become blind seated on a throne and surrounded by through having hands on struck him. Two angels are driving thirteen apostles, is laying his the devil a black hairy man with the kneeling saint. Below, a fisherman, away the of a bat. an allusion to the evangelistic mission. wings H. St. Martial sent God to Limo- C. St. Martial's Mission in Gaul. by The kneeling Saint, in a Gothic Christ ordering St. Peter to send St. ges. building at Agen, is receiving a message *E. Miintz, "Fresques iuedites," in the "Gazette from Christ : "Fear not, to archeeologique" for 1885-86. go Limoges. RECORD. 530 THE ARCHITECTURAL for I will glorify thee there," written in the martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul. * Latin. In a second compartment is a rep- The richness and profuseness of the resentation of the Curing of a Paralytic. decorations of the Chapels of St. John The paintings on the walls, in spite of and St. Martial give one a very good idea the mutilations to which they have been of the artistic inclinations of Clement VI. submitted, are no less remarkable. On the Elected Pope on May Qth, 1343, after a northern wall we see St. Martial at Limo- conclave which was held in the palace, the which he founded Pierre des Roziers to ges, and churches ; immediately began on the eastern side, facing the door, the think not only of softening the severity of Martyrdom of St. Valerie, the Resurrec- his predecessor's work, but of increasing tion of her Executioneer, St. Valerie the Palace to a scale which was more in bringing her head to St. Martial, Christ accordance with the importance and gran-

FRESCOES DISCOVERED IN A ROOM ON THE THIRD FLOOR OF THE TOUR DE LA GARDE-ROBE BY M. LOUIS YPERMAN. informing St. Martial of his approaching deur of the office of the head of the and the Death of the Saint on the Church. death, ; Having appointed Jean de Lou- wall to the right of the door, the Confes- biere as 'his architect, he first of all com- sion of Due Etienne, St. Martial resur- pleted the Tour de Trouillas, enlarged his recting the son of the Comte de , predecessor's private kitchen and modi- the Burial of St. the Miracle fied his Martial, and dining room ; after which he bold- St. Martial's and those performed by Shroud ; ly entered on extensive building above the door Due Etienne breaking the operations that were to add to the Palace Idols, the Curing of Comte Sigebert at its finest features : the Tour de la Garde- Bordeaux, the putting out of a fire by robe, the Audience Chamber, the huge means of the Saint's crosier, and the vis- Pontifical Chapel, the western wing and ion in which Christ fortold the Saint of the Tour de la Cache. THE PALACE OF THE POPES AT AVIGNON. 53*

The Tour de la Garde-robe (No. 14 on likewise decorated with paintings, the Plan) is less high and smaller than the work, in all probability, of French and adjoining Tour des Anges, and in build- Italian artists. The latter works, discov- ing it the Pope's object was to form an ered under the thick coating of white- annex to his private apartments for the wash which has covered them since 1822 storing of his linen, articles of clothing and intelligently restored by M. Louis and furniture. It is divided into four Yperman, represent hunting, fishing, floors, to which access is gained by means fruit gathering and other scenes of coun- of a winding staircase, and each floor try life. The principal fresco is on the consists of a single room, measuring northern wall : a fishing scene, with four about sixty-four square yards. There was figures, a swan and a background of ver- a private chapel, dedicated to St. Michael dure. and ornamented with frescoes, and un- The Audience Chamber and Pontifical derneath, on the third floor, a pretty room Chapel, situated one above the other (No.

c PLAN OF THE PALACE OF THE POPES, AVIGNON.

1 Departmental Archives. 12 Wing in which the Pope's staff lived. 2 Tour des Anges. 13 Tour du Trouillas. 3 Building built by Benedict XII. 14 Tour de la Garde-Robe. 4 Tour des Etuves. 15 Audience Chamber and Pontificial Chapel 5 Benedict's Reception Rooms. 16 Arcade. 6 Aile du Consistoire. 17 Grand Staircase. 7 Tour St Jean. 18 Entrance to the Palace. 19 8 and 9 Kitchen and Dependencies. Western wing occupied by members of Clement the Sixth's staff and body- 10 Tour de la Glaciere. guard. 11 Tour de la Campane. 20 Tour St. Laurent. RECORD. 532 THE ARCHITECTURAL

15 on Plan), were considered, on their On December 6th, 1351, one month completion in 1347 and 1351, to be the a*fter this memorable inauguration, the finest rooms in the whole Palace. They Pope died. He had by then, however, still hold that The Audience all his architectural position. completed projects ; Chamber, which was entered, as now, by for, simultaneously with the building of way of a lofty arcade (No. 16) that the Audience Chamber and the Pontifical forms a sort of vestibule and leads to the Chapel, the western fagade and wing, ex- Grand Staircase (No. 17), is 52 meters tending for a length of sixty meters and long, 16 m. 50 wide, and n meters high. enclosing the courtyard, had been erected. It is divided into two naves by a series This wing has retained so many of its of stout pillars, and on a portion of the original features that a number of its beautiful vaulted roof are twenty painted parts are worthy of being examined in figures of prophets, all admirably pre- detail. served and worthy, such is the skill with The entrance (No. 18 on Plan) wa.-> which they are drawn and colored, of the surmounted by two graceful turrets, hand of either Giotto or Memmi, to which, on the ground that they were in whom, but incorrectly, they have been such a rujned state that there was a dan- attributed.* Whether the entire ceiling ger of them falling, were destroyed at the was once covered with similar works is end of the eighteenth century. The cor- unknown, but the walls of this fine hall, bel tables on which they rested now alone where the Supreme Court of the Roman remain, but one can form an excellent Church dealt out justice, were, it has been idea of their aspect from an ancient proved, entirely decorated with paintings, drawing one of a most valuable series, the traces of which can here and there due to an unknown artist in the Musee still be detected. Calvet, at Avignon. Above this entrance The Pontifical Chapel is reached by are the well-preserved arms of Clement means of the Grand Staircase, which is 3 VI. It was formerly preceded by a gen- meters 30 broad and is said to have had tle slope and was strongly defended by a steps of white marble. On reaching the drawbridge, barbican, ravelin and other second landing a large Gothic bay opens, military works. on the right, on to the courtyard the On passing through this entrance the window from which the Pope, as a various floors of the western wing (No. learned Avignon archaeologist has 19), occupied by members of the Pope's shown,t blessed the people and imme- staff and bodyguard, are reached by diately opposite this is the sculptured en- winding staircases, several of which still trance to the Chapel. This imposing hall exist. Communication between the rooms is the same length and breadth as the and offices was assured by means of cor- Audience Chamber, but it is nearly dou- ridors running laterally with the interior ble the height. It is lit by eight majestic facade. One of these, erroneously called

Gothic windows : two at each end and the Galerie du Conclave, and which was four in the southern wall. One can well reserved for dignitaries of the Church, imagine how fine an appearance it must forms a long and charming vaulted gal- have presented when it possessed its altar, lery, ornamented with grotesque figures its costly furniture and rich hangings, of monsters and birds, and lighted by and when, on All Saints Day, one year eight narrow windows. after its completion, Clement VI. solemn- The facade facing the courtyard is re- ized his first mass there and sent up markably well preserved. Some of the of thanks to God for enabling him to ac- original windows, the gargoyles, one complish his plans. the slender bell-turrets which surmounted each of them, the crenellated top and *M. Jules Courtet, in his "Notice historique et still remain : archeologique sur Avignon," suggests, on the other decorative details strength of a passage in Vasari, that they may be indications to those who have the work of Orgagna, who executed several com- precious missions for Clement VI. undertaken the restoration of the Palace. fDr. Colombe, "Au Palais des Papes (La Grande The Tour St. Laurent (No. 20), forty- in the "Revue du Midi" for December Fenetre)," into 15, 1909. four meters in height and divided THE PALACE OF THE POPES AT AVIGNON. 533 four floors, was the work of Innocent VI, paintings attributed to Giotto, Simon and with its completion the Palace of the Memmi, or his pupils. Do not let us for- Popes, as regards the main work of build- get, moreover, that Clement V., who was ing, may be said to have been completed. the first to establish the Pontifical seat at the Clement at Gregory XL ; Anti-Popes, Avignon, was born Villendrau, near VII. and Benedict XI the Le- Bordeaux that XXII. his II., Papal ; John , success- and who it was born at gates Vice-Legates occupied or, Jacques d'Euse, Cahors ; until the Revolution drove them hence, that Benedict XII. was Jacques Fournier, each contributed his share. born at in the of But, generally Saverdun, county ; speaking, the Palace had already assumed that Clement VI. was Pierre Roger, born that gigantic and imposing whole which at the Chateau de Maumont, in the dio- it still possesses today. cese of Limoges; that Innocent VI. was The question of the nationality of the Etienne d'Albert, born near Pompadour, architects who built the Palace of the in the diocese of that Limoges ; Urban V. Popes and the style in which they worked was Guillaume Grimoald, born at Grisac, ought now to be considered. We find, in the Gevaudan, in the diocese of on consulting the original documents in Mende; and that Gregory XL, nephew of all of them were the Vatican, that Pope Clement VI., was, like his uncle, to what has French, and that, contrary born at Maumont. That these Popes, who certain did been claimed by writers, they obtained the election to the sacred college to for their "Ital- not go Italy inspiration. of a large number of French prelates, ian architecture of the fourteenth cen- particularly Gascons and Limousins, it in the south or tury, whether we take would have brought Italian architects to north of the Viollet-le- peninsula," says build their palace is hardly likely; but "bears no resemblance to that of Duc*, even if they had, it would be impossible the Palace of the Popes. From the Tour not to consider the construction of the Tour des de Trouillas to the Anges, Palace of the Popes as belonging to the the entire extent of these throughout architecture of the southern provinces of from the north to the south, buildings, France. We insist on this point because the east to the west, the methods of con- it is commonly claimed that the Palace of the sections of the the struction, piles, the Popes is one of those grandiose con- the and the defenses belong vaults, bays structions belonging to the arts of Italy. architecture of the Midito to French At that time that is, in the fourteenth that Gothic architecture which with diffi- century taste in Italian architecture was relieves itself from certain Roman culty indecisively wavering between antique The ornamentation, which, traditions. traditions and the influences of France moreover, is sober, recalls that of very and Germany, and was not distinguished the of the Cathedral of Nar- upper parts by grandeur and frankness. The Popes, bonne, which date from the beginning established in France, possessors of a of the fourteenth century. Now, the wealthy county, reuniting considerable Narbonne Cathedral is the work of a resources, living relatively in a state of French architect, the same, probably, who profound peace, all of them natives of the built that of Clermont, in the , dioceses of the Midi, then so rich in fine . . . The and that of Limoges. only a work which buildings, produced at Avignon details of the Palace of the Popes much are the which was absolutely French, supe- are evidently of Italian origin rior in its conception, grandeur and taste Fran- *"Dictionnaire raisonne de 1'Architecture to what was then erected in Italy." caise," Vol. VII., p. 28.

III.

WANDERING THROUGH the innumerable down upon the old deserted garden where the the head of the Roman Church once rooms and passages of the Palace of fail of its tow- strolled and took the air, you cannot Popes, mounting to the tops look to realize that it is not time alone which ers to survey the courtyard and 534 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

deals hardly with ancient buildings. Alan window was removed to make room for a

does his full share towards their destruc- clock dial ; and there, on the second land- tion. Nowhere, I believe, has this been ing of the Grand Staircase, the sculp- the case so much as in France. Think tured doorway leading into the Pontifical of the havoc which was wrought to her Chapel was entirely hidden behind a mass ancient buildings by the Revolution ! of masonry. On all sides needless mutila- Like the Chateau de Nantes, the tion went hand in hand with necessary Chateau de Langeasis and many another but regrettable changes, and in certain noble old pile, the Palace of the Popes cases the damage done was wilful and suffered terribly through the great up- absolutely indefensible. A Corsican offi- heaval, and only just escaped being razed cer even cut out a number of the to the ground. Later, when the storm heads of Saints in the Chapels of St. John was over, it fell upon even more evil and St. Martial, and disposed of them, it days, for in 1822 it came into the hands is believed, to art collectors. of the military authorities and was con- Such was the state of the greater por- verted into a barracks. To provide ac- tion of the Palace of the Popes when I commodation for the soldiers, the Audi- visited it for the first time now seven ence Chamber and the Pontifical Chapel years ago. What a change was to be were supplied with additional floors and noted when, at the end of January of this converted into huge dormitories. Rooms year, I paid it a second visit ! But before that were considered too extensive were speaking of the wonderful transformation cut up into sections by means of parti- which it is undergoing, let me briefly re- tions; ancient narrow winding staircases cord the events which led up to it, and were walled up and replaced by modern give the names of those who, directly or in the above the in the ones ; here, courtyard, indirectly, have aided this, most entrance, a charming fourteenth century important piece of work of restoration

I

II

WESTERN FACADE FACING COURTYARD. THE PALACE OF THE POPES AT AVIGNON. 535 that has been undertaken in France for many a long year. The northern portion of the Palace of the Popes, built during the reign of Bene- dict XII. to the , belongs Department of Vaucluse, which utilizes it for the de- partmental archives. The southern por- tion, commonly known as the Palace of Clement VI., is the property of the town of Avignon. The first work of restora- tion was begun in the part belonging to the Department, neighboring the Cathe- dral of Notre Dame des Doms. The buildings on this side of the Palace, for- merly used as a prison, having been evac- uated, the General Council of Vaucluse decided, about the year 1880, to use them for the archives of the Department, and voted a relatively large sum of money for the carrying out of this project. The Minister of Fine Arts, informed of this decision, examined the question, and agreed to participate in the work on con- dition that the installation of the archives be combined with the restoration of the building, and that the work be carried out THE AUDIENCE CHAMBER. bv architects of the Commission des

Monuments Historiques. This proposal was willingly accepted by the Depart- ment, and in 1884, under the direction of M. Henri Revoil, Architect in Chief, as- sisted by M. Valentin, Architect of the Monuments Historique of the Depart- ment, the work began. Benedict XII. 's Chapel the important building which occupies the extreme north of the Palace, between the Tour de la Campane and the Tour de Trouillas was the first portion to be restored. A few years later, the Department, desirous of extending its archives to the Tour de la Campane, again asked the State to participate in a scheme of restoration, and the Govern- ment having agreed, the Monuments His- toriques put the interior of the tower into a thorough state of repair and re-estab- lished the battlements. The work was at first placed in the hands of the same arch- itects, but M. Revoil, who will long be remembered for his valuable services, having died in 1900, it had to be com- in pleted by M. Henri Nodet, Architect M. Valentin as his collabora- TO THE RIGHT OF Chief, with RESTORED WINDOWS has THE ENTRANCE IN THE COURTYARD. tor. Since that date, the Department 536 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

of and the State t Mayor Avignon, Inspec- teur des Domaines. But it was not until about the middle of 1905 that the new barracks were completed and the last sol- dier had left the palace. From that date M. Henri Nodet and his collaborators have been continually at work. Assisted by M. Valentin, the architect of the Monuments Historiques at Avignon; by M. Louis Yperman, the well-known artist, and by MM. Henri Souvet, Gilles, Audemard, Bedoiseau and Lescure, all specialists in the branches of building which they represent, the Palace of the Popes has month by month re- vealed its hidden beauties. The Audience Chamber and the Pontifical Chapel, rid of the additions which were made by the military authorities, have once more as- sumed more of that grandeur which the architect of Clement VI. gave them. The entrance to the Chapel, evidently the work of two different periods, as is shown by the two styles of sculpture and

STAIRCASE LEADING TO THE PONTIF- ICAL, CHAPEL OF CLEMENT VII RESTORED IN 1659.

done nothing further, with the exception of a few slight pieces of work to the bat- tlements of the western fagade. Encouraged by these precedents, the town of Avignon, represented by M. Pourquery de Boisserin, Mayor and Dep- uty of Vaucluse, began to take the neces- sary steps to obtain the evacuation of the southern portion of the Palace, which, although it was town property, had been granted to the Ministry of War for use as an infantry barracks. On June loth, 1900, M. Pourquery de Boisserin pro- posed the following resolution to the Chamber of Deputies : "The Chamber calls upon the Government to bring in a bill approving of a contract relative to the abandonment by the State of the usu- fruct of the Palace of the Popes, and to the construction of new barracks, with a view to the evacuation of the Palace and its restoration." Accepted by the Gov- ENTRANCE TO THE PONTIFICAL CHAPEL ernment, this resolution was adopted, and OF CLEMENT VI., SHOWING CARVING on January i5th, 1901, the contract was RECENTLY DISCOVERED UNDER A signed by the Prefect of Vaucluse, the MASS OF MASONRY. THE PALACE OF THE POPES AT AVIGNON. 537 certain architectural features*, has been mulation of ovr eighty years is falling revealed to the light of day. Staircases from the walls to reveal the adorable of modern construction are being re- beauty of fourteenth century frescoes. moved and ancient winding ones, hidden Unlike the members of a former school in the thickness of // of architects, M. the walls, are taking Henri Nodet is leav- their place. Modern ing nothing to the openings in the walls imagination in the are being filled up gigantic work which and light is once he has undertaken . more entering the in- His methods, based terior of the Palace on the researches of through its fine old the scholar and ar- windows. The large cha5ologist, are strict- window at which the ly scientific. Slowly Popes appeared to but surely he is ac- bless the faithful is complishing his task rapidly assuming its contented, rather primitive appearance. PLAN SHOWING PORTIONS OP THE than put out, by the Broken and PALACE OF THE POPES THAT HAVE fact that the annual gargoyle BEEN OR ARE BEING RESTORED. bell-turret ffrant for the work missing (Darkly shaded parts restored.) are one by one be- of restoration (some the ing replaced, and, as though by magic, $10,000) is so small; for, with a larger half-inch coat of whitewash the accu- sum of money to spend he feels that *The low doors and massive central pier were there might be a temptation to waste it more beautiful added to support the earlier and over transformations Gothic archway, which, owing to an error of con- hasty and thus de- struction, threatened to fall, as, indeed, is proved tract from the ultimate exquisite^ beautvJ ination are still . . bv cracs wc, on cos , visible "Au Palais des Papes : A propos de 1'entree OI a monument OI which Avignon and Dr. Colombe. .. de la Chapelle de Clement VI.," by Miai\I\\A\ arearp Nimes: Imprimerie Generate. 1910.

THE ARMS OF AVIGNON.

INTERIOR COURT AT. "JOURNEYS END." House of Mr. Hayden. Lexington, Mass. FACADE OF JEWELRY STORE . New York City. Maynicke & Franke, Architects. FACADE OF PIANO SALESROOM FIFTH AVENUE. New York City. Harry A. Jacobs, Architect. immmmm

FIRST NATIONAL BANK BUILDING, Cleveland, Ohio. Milton Dyer, Architect. See Plans and Description on following page. NUMBER 68 EAST 56TH STREET, NEW YORK CITY. Stockton B. Colt ) Associated Architects. Thornton Chard } o o CO EH

l IF! - ^ Overcoming the Difficulty of Dissymmetry in a City House On a Twenty Foot Lot

THE PROBLEM of designing a modern city permit of greater symmetry; but, as a house on a narrow lot is one of many rule, the end piers and the piers between difficulties. By observing the houses in the windows of these upper stories bear the side streets between Sixth and Madi- little relation to the vertical masonry of son Avenues, from 42d Street to 72d the story containing the entrance and are Street, one may see various solutions of accordingly, not architecturally satisfac- the problem. One of the features which tory. always presents difficulties is the design- The accompanying photograph of the ing of that part of the elevation which house, 68 East 56th Street, shows one so- contains the main entrance to the house. lution of the problem which overcomes It is especially difficult where it is de- the difficulty of dissymmetry. In this sired to squeeze into the width of this case the main entrance, a servants' sit- first or basement story, beside the en- ting room and a service entrance were trance door and vestibule, a small re- required in the width of the basement room a feet there- ception and service entrance. The story only 20 wide ; the design, numerous and divers ways in which these fore, called for two doors and at least functions have been submitted to treat- one window, one of these doors to be ment is astonishing. In few cases is a major door. Placing these require- the result a happy one, for, in spite of ments on the facade of the basement the attempts to make the string course story would have cut up the masonry at above the first or basement story strong the place where one expects to see it enough to cut it off from the stories strongest. The expedient was resorted above, or to use a rustication strong to, therefore, of using a recessed portico enough to divert the eye from the solids and carrying the front wall on an entabla- and voids above, still the basement re- ture supported by piers and columns. mains in its unsymmetrically broken sur- Thus the three features above mentioned face. were taken away from the immediate When the entire width is allotted to foreground and placed less conspicuous- the entrance vestibule and hall, the prob- ly at the back of the portico, making the lem is a simple one. object of interest at the face of this Even in the case where the steps lead basement story the columns, piers and down the area to the servants' entrance entablature. Thus a symmetrical and below the sidewalk surface, and where more monumental effect is obtained. the main entrance to the house and a Moreover, two other features of this small reception room are the only fea- faqade are worthy of attention. First, tures left to bother the designer, the re- the fact that there are no projections of sult is often happy, for, while absolute steps or areas beyond the building line. symmetry is not essential, still there This is a desirable condition, and one would remain a good balance and a good that will undoubtedly obtain in all new proportion of walls and openings. work throughout the city in the near Usually, when the designer has to future. Second, nearly all houses built provide for an entrance vestibule and a on narrow city lots seem too high for reception room, as much space as pos- their width. This is partially overcome sible is taken for the width of the re- in this case by receding the top or fifth ception room, which necessarily crowds story so that the main cornice might be the entrance door too close to the ad- placed at the fourth floor level, thus re- joining building, thus squeezing out too ducing the apparent height of the faqade. refer to thin the pier forming the outside door Most of the above comments 2O-foot lots or less but jamb. buildings on ; Generally, in the upper stories of the even in buildings of greater width this even fac.ade, it is possible to obtain better and plan might be adopted with greater stronger outer piers, and the conditions success. H nd x -~ 1

CH -^ ^ Qj?' 05 H EH

EH . U -a THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. 548

Drill Room.

Front Elevation. CONNECTICUT STATE ARSENAL AND ARMORY. Hartford, Conn. Benj. Wistar Morris, Architect. ARXHITECTVILE OF AMERICAN COLLEGES IX VNION, HAMILTON, HOBAR^T, CORNELL AND SYICACVSE BY MONTGOMERY: SCHVYLER,

THE DUTCHMEN of The toga did not entirely yield to arms, UNION New York were by even during the Revolutionary war. COLLEGE, no means so keen which elsewhere suspended all peaceful about book-learning, enterprises. In 1779 a petition was pre- (1795) in colonial days, as sented to the legislature for a college at the New England- Schenectady, and in 1782 a like petition ers. The oldest college of Dutch founda- with "near 1,200 subscribers" applied tion, established in 1766 in New Jersey again to the legislature, then sitting at as "Queen's" and a seminary of the Kingston, in behalf of the same institu- Dutch Reformed Church, though now, as tion "for founding which the citizens of Rutgers, advertised as "non-sectarian," is Schenectady alone proposed an estate almost if not quite the only remaining valued at nearly eight thousand pounds memorial of the interest of the Holland- principal." With the establishment of the ers in higher education, unless Union is State was established the institution of to be regarded as such. Schenectady re- the University of the State of New York, mained homogeneously Dutch long after an institution designed for much larger there was a considerable English infusion uses than those which it has come to ful- in Albany, and the impulse to the founda- fill. The Board of Regents repeatedly re- l;ion there, first of the Schenectady Acad- fused the application for the charter of mey (1785) and afterwards of Union the college, chiefly upon the ground that College, came from the inhabitants of the funds promised were insufficient for Dutch descent. In fact, the historiogra- the purpose of a college. Though it pher of Union declares that the founder passed the charter for the "Academy of of Union College was the Dominie of the the Town of Schenectady" in 1793, it de- Dutch Church of Schenectady, Dirck nied the next year the application for its Romeyn, who did not intermit his agita- promotion to collegiate rank, but granted tion from 1779, until the grant of the that application the following year, thus actual charter in 1795, and that next to issuing its own first collegiate charter. him was General Philip Schuyler, who "Union" was not, as might be imagined, lobbied for the institution with the Board a testimonial of the union of the States of Regents and with the Legislature. under the Constitution of the United 550 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

States, but rather of the union of the the Albany Academy, of which the nomi- sects in the new institution, of which the nal architect was Seth Geer. This edifice second article of the charter lays it down was sold to the city and stood until it that the government of the college shall was demolished in 1890. But the year of vest in a board of twenty-four trustees, its completion, 1804, was also the year of which number "a majority shall not at of the accession of the president who was any time be composed of persons of the really to begin the architectural as well same religious sect or denomination." as the educational history of what up to The new college fell heir to the quar- then had been but a feeble and languish- ters of the old Academy, a spacious ing institution. This was Eliphalet Nott, dwelling house in Schenectady, given to who was to be the President of Union for the Academy by the Consistory of the over half a century. He perceived that,

SOUTH COLLEGE, UNION COLLEGE (1814-1821). Schenectady, N. Y. J. J. Rarnee, Architect.

Dutch Church, and valued, in 1797, at $5,- situated as it was in the heart of the an- ooo. But under its second president, the cient "dorp," the college had no room to second Jonathan Edwards, son of the the- grow to his notion of what it ought to be. ologian who was for so short a term the At the eastern edge of Schenectady he president of Princeton, who, like his selected a natural terrace and plateau, more famous father, died in office, it overlooking the valley of the Mohawk, erected a much more pretentious edifice, which offered a site ample for any con- of three stories and a high basement of ceivable future development, and secured, stone with a belfry, from the designs of mainly on his personal responsibility, a Philip Hooker, of Albany, the architect tract of 250 acres. A general plan for of the State Hall, of the old St. Peter's the buildings, providing for ultimate as Church, and possibly the real architect of well as for immediate needs was the next ARCHITECTURE OF AMERICAN COLLEGES. 551 logical and natural step. Logical and provided for a semicircular fringe of natural as it was, Dr. Nott was almost or buildings with its two extremities flanked quite alone among promoters of colleges by two main buildings proposed to be in his time in being well enough advised first erected, of which the lines were to be to take it. It is almost superfluous to say continued by colonnades. The centre that his adviser was a Frenchman, and, from which the semicircle was sprung like the Frenchman who had laid out was reserved for the chief monumental Washington in the preceding decade, a building, for which Ramee may very like- French engineer, M. Joseph Jacques ly have had in mind what Jefferson was Ramee had a considerable vogue in his at almost the same time projecting for the time, being employed by the Federal Gov- University of Virginia, a reduced and re- ernment in the planning of fortifications, produced model of what Jefferson called

SOUTH COLONNADE, UNION COLLEGE (1814-1821). Schenectady, N. Y. J. J. Ramee, Architect. \ and like all engineers of his generation "the most perfect example of the spheri- and so few engineers of ours, he had en- cal" in the Pantheon of Rome. The work joyed an architectural training. Not un- of construction was begun upon the flank- til 1890. and in an old print shop in Paris ing buildings in 1812, and one of them was discovered, by a graduate of Union, was occupied in 1814, though they were the plan of buildings and grounds, in- not completed until. 1820. To defray the scribed, "College de 1'Union a Schenec- expense of them, stated at about $110,- tady, Etat de New Yorck, 1813," which is ooo, resort was had to the legislature of in It was a authorized a from the now . the college library. 1814, which lottery "cadre" for a larger institution than it proceeds of which Union was to receive was destined to serve, for, in fact, its out- $200.000 and Hamilton $40,000. The leg- lines have not even yet been filled up. It islative view of lotteries was very differ- 552 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. ent a hundred years ago from what it is time, and of a seemly and dignified as- now. The old Capitol of New York was pect. These, however, were but "the built from the proceeds of a lottery. rests and monotones" of Ramee's archi- This particular lottery, however, was ill- tectural scheme. The buildings he pro- managed, insomuch that up to 1822 not jected for the extremities of his semi- one of the beneficiary institutions had circle are still unbuilt, and when the received a dollar from it. Dr. Nott, with central circular building and the semi- the advice and consent of his trustees, circle behind it came to be built they bought out the other beneficiaries, and were built in a taste so different from Union ultimately received $277,000 in- that of the original project that they stead of its original allotment. The build- would have made the original projector ings presumably paid for out of the stare and gasp. The semi-centenary, in avails of this operation were North and 1854, of the presidency of the still sur-

THE NOTT-POTTER MEMORIAL, UNION COLLEGE (1858-1876). Schenectady, N. Y. Edward T. Potter, Architect.

South Colleges and North and South viving Dr. Nott was the occasion of a Colonnades, which are still, though so special effort on the part of the alumni closely verging on their century of dura- to erect some permanent memorial of tion, fulfilling the purposes of their erec- him. His grandson, Edward Tuckerman tion, and promise to be serviceable for Potter, of the class of 1853, seemed the another century. Each "college" consists "logical" architect, and the completion of two gabled pavilions designed for of the central building the logical archi- professors' houses, and a curtain wall be- tecture. The architect was selected ac- tween, an arcade below and a "pilas- cordingly, and the architect was a con- trade" above for a dormitory. The col- vinced believer in the Gothic revival, to onnades were designed for lecture rooms. which he was afterwards to become one All are solfdly built, of a backing of of the most important contributors. It brickwork and a facing of roughcast, was not until 1858 that the actual build- with a sparing ornamentation, chiefly of ing was begun, and by that time the arches and pilasters, in the taste of the architect had made his architectural ap- ARCHITECTURE OF AMERICAN COLLEGES. 553

under the excellent tuition memorial in prenticeship ought, conjunction with it, of the younger Upjohn. Ruskin's elo- to have produced a sparkling effect. quent inculcations had sent the more Doubtless it was a practical and economi- enthusiastic and impressionable of the cal consideration that restricted the archi- younger American architects to North tect of the Powers Memorial building, Italy for their models, and, given the or Powers-Washburn Hall, as it is vari- circularity which the project had inher- ously designated, to a monochrome of ited from the original plan, the choice red in brick and terra cotta, inasmuch as for the prototype of the baptistry of the architect of the more recent building Pisa was quite natural, although the was a younger brother of the architect form lent itself better to the purposes of of the earlier, being William Appleton a library, at least as a library was un- Potter, of the class of 1864, and it may derstood before the modern system of be assumed that he would have continued "stacks," than to those of a chapel, the Italian Gothic of the nucleal build- which was the original destination of ing of the group if it had been per- the building. Construction naturally mitted. The change of material natural- lagged during the Civil War, and it was ly enforced a change of style, and the not until 1876 that it was completed. Powers Memorial Hall is evidently Then it had become the "Nott-Potter enough inspired by examples of English Memorial Hall," commemorating not Gothic, though neither in this work nor only the architect's grandfather, but his in any other did the architect ever "as- father, Bishop Alonzo Potter, who had pire to the praise of a purist. This been professor and vice-president of work also appears as mainly a monu- Union under his father-in-law, whom he ment, although in fact the central gabled predeceased by a year in 1865. It is not building provides suitable and commo- so much below the scale of its proto- dious quarters for the college library, of type, the baptistry having a diameter and the wings for administrative offices 84 feet against the 100 feet of the orig- and lecture rooms. It is an excellent ex- inal and a total height of 120 feet ample of sober and restrained and yet it the against 190. It is by no means, will highly decorative architecture. But be perceived, a servile imitation but a moral that mainly forces itself upon very free rendering of an original which every discerning visitor to Union is how is by no means in itself an example of very fortunate the college was in begin- is not purity of style, the unmistakable Lom- ning with a plan, a plan which but bard Romanesque of the twelfth century only not superseded by its growth, in the base blossoming into the four- which has been more than adequate to been teenth century pointed Gothic of the that growth, and which has not yet superstructure. The modern version has executed to anything like completeness. never, it seems, served any practical It is to be regretted that Union has per- purpose, but it will not be disputed that mitted itself to erect some outlying build- well worth while to the it is architecturally very ings quite extraneous general as an ornament to the campus, in spite scheme of Ramee. But the error has of the rather cheap and shabby way in returned upon those who committed it, which the domical has been do not at all clerestory for their buildings _ most inter- the institu- carried out, and one of the in the general, impression of of the its esting American examples poly- tion, nor are to be reckoned among chrome Gothic of the Victorian revival. architectural ornaments. It is a pity that the including semi-circle, Note Mr. Schuyler's series on the Architecture or should not have conformed of American Colleges began in the October, 1909, segment, issue Harvard, Yale, Princeton, The New York in its Dart- to the monumental central building City Colleges, The Pennsylvania Colleges material. A cloister carried mouth Williams, Amherst, Brown, Bowdoin, Trinity, particolored Wesleyan and the Southern Colleges have followed out in the material and the style of the in the order named. .">^'itj'sj ARCHITECTURE OF AMERICAN COLLEGES. 555

THIS is a college tous for the education of their sons in a HAMILTON which will celebrate time when distances meant so much more COLLEGE its "j am s e n i o r" than they mean now. centenary next year Kirkland had chosen well the (1812) very among American in- tract which he acquired by purchase stitutions of learn- from his Indians, and a part of which will and ing. All readers understand, was the patrimony of the academy and will with the official of the many sympathize college after it. The campus is declaration that the Hamilton of the a commanding eastward-looking ridge, present and the future is not to diverge attained by a rather steep climb from the very widely from its original standards village of Clinton, and commanding a and that it ''would far rather wide purposes, prospect. Before the college was as a clean and resolute old- a be known decade old the single building of the fashioned college than as an educational academy had come to be supplemented In a true sense cafe or a country club." as it was soon afterwards supplanted, by Hamilton is the daughter of Dartmouth, the three buildings which constitute the ideal is understood to where this same original architectural plant of so many the be preserved. Samuel Kirkland, country colleges, a chapel available for founder of Hamilton, was the pupil of commencements and other ceremonial Indian School Eleazar Wheelock, whose occasions and also containing subordin- was the precursor of Dartmouth. While ate apartments available for "recitation- the Revolution was still in progress, and rooms" and two flanking dormitories. the event of it doubtful, he made his These edifices were, in the matter of In- way as a missionary to the Oneida design, such as the country carpenter dians to the neighborhood of what is habitually turned out then, which means now Utica. It was

tween the building of Hamilton and that stroll over the campus which he is to of most other colleges, and notices it embellish or deface. At least the cam- with great pleasure. The building of pus of Hamilton seems to bear out this these twenty years has almost all been view. Such a building as Carnegie Hall entrusted to one neighboring architect, would disarm criticism just as criticism no further off than Utica. A single is disarmed by the buildings of a century architect has not, in the first place, that ago by its unpretentious answering of its temptation to compete with himself, and practical purpose. It has nothing of to signalize his work by difference rather superfluous. It is of no style, the mate- than to merge it in the ensemble by con- rial simply being put together to the best formity, which seems irresistible to the advantage, and the openings cut where ordinary American practitioner, when he they are needed, which does not prevent supervenes upon a campus occupied by their grouping from being expressive and

NEW SOUTH DORMITORY, HAMILTON COLLEGE. Clinton, N. Y. F. H. Gouge, Architect. the works of other architects. In the effective. One might wish, indeed, that in second place, given a reasonable profes- some points the architectural development sional competency, the local or neighbor- had been carried further, but the build- ing practitioner who is in constant con- ing is not only a respectable but an at- sultation with his client and in continual tractive object. The New South Dormi- touch with his work and its environ- tory, a year later in date, is, architec- ment will produce better results, archi- turally, more developed, and developed tecturally as well as practically, than the in the forms of an historical style, Tudor "swell" architect from a distance who is Gothic namely. Doubtless it gains by invoked to add a single building to an the development, but it by no means puts existing collection, and whose knowledge to shame the simpler erection. It merely of the environment, even if he cared to indicates that there was more money adjust his work to it, as he commonly available than in the case of the earlier does not, is apt to be limited to a single erection. The expression of a dormi- ARCHITECTURE OF AMERICAN COLLEGES. 557

FIG. 9. ALPHA DELTA PHI CHAPTER HOUSE, HAMILTON COLLEGE. Clinton, N. Y. F. H. Gouge, Architect. tory, given by the arrangement of the collegiate architecture. But evidently openings, is as unmistakable in the one the development from what may be case as in the other, but in the second called the rudimentary architecture of case it is heightened and developed, and Carnegie Hall to the finished architec- acquires the traditional associations of ture of the New South Dormitorv, the

PIG. g. SIGMA PHI CHAPTER HOUSE, HAMILTON COLLEGE. Clinton, N. Y. F. H. Gouge, Architect. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. cordons, the dripstones, the mullions, The walls owe their stability simply to the moulded jambs and arches of the the cohesion of the mortar and are thus entrances, all in hewn stone, costs money. of a magnified concrete, cemented rather It is money well spent, but it does not than built. The point of weakness of discredit the simpler building. With the the construction is acknowledged, as in adherence to the same material and es- the analogous constructions of adobe, by sentially the same arrangement, there is the unusual projection and umbrage of no incongruity between the two. A third the roof, which of itself would suffice building in the same materials as the to give character and expression to the later of the dormitories, and clearly by building it protects. This is even simpler the same hand, a fraternity house, has than Carnegie Hall and quite as vernacu- the expression of its particular uses, lar quite equally belongs to the campus while unmistakably belonging to the of Hamilton and promotes the single and campus. A just sense of fitness is total impression, which the Tudor of the

CHEMICAL LABORATORY, HAMILTON COLLEGE (1903). shown in another fraternity house by the new dormitory does not disturb, of an same architect, which is merely a well American country college that is home- designed rural or suburban house with made and well made. no "collegiate" connotations, but this is That impression is rather seriously off the campus and not meant to be seen disturbed by an exception which proves, in conjunction with its architecture. A and approves, the rule. Even at Hamil- building that does distinctly belong to ton one finds the trail of the eminent the campus is the Chemical Laboratory architect chosen to add a single build- to which no designer's name is attached ing to an existing and consistent scheme, One suspects the president of being in and imported, so to speak, ad hoc. This this case his own architect. The walls is the rule in many colleges, insomuch are of field stone picked up close at that the evidence of a consistent scheme, hand, and showing no tool-marks ex- if there has ever been any, is nearly or cept in the arches of the smaller aper- entirely obliterated. It is true that the tures. Obviously, there can be no ques- Hall of Science preceded the building's tion of bonded masonry in such a case. we have been praising, but the Chapel ARCHITECTURE OF AMERICAN COLLEGES. 559

FIG. 11. HALL OF SCIENCE, HAMILTON COLLEGE (1897). Clinton, N. Y. Carrre & Hastings, Architects. and its flanking buildings were already some naivete on the part of the archi- there. Certainly the Hall of Science tect. They may more reasonably be ex- is a nonconformist building. Only in pected to evince astonishment at the the material of its walls, the same other feature of the edifice. The exag- local stone used elsewhere, is there gerated attic in wood painted white, any conformity. In point of design, if may appear to them merely a rather the environment has been taken into awkward makeshift for the illegitimate consideration at all, it has been for the provision of additional accommodation. purpose of flouting it and of announc- For this is not only a novelty on the ing the entry of a new architect, pre- campus of Hamilton, but it most cer- to astonish the natives. The would be a and prepared tainly novelty anywhere ; natives must be especially "naifs" it is a novelty, moreover, that seems fairly true, to be astonished by a tetrastyle secure against imitation. But, though Ionic portico in wood, an object unfa- this anomaly assuredly disturbs, it by no miliar to the of Hamilton suffices to the only campus ; means destroy homogene- and the expectation of suprising them ousness of the architecture of Hamil- with such an object seems to indicate ton.

THE SETTLEMENT of took up in gross tracts which they ex- the Lake Country of pected to dispose of to settlers in detail. Central New York and, after the manner of promoters, set virtually began with out to "boom" their holdings and entice the beginning of the settlers after the primitive methods of nineteenth century. those old days. "Phelps and Gorham's It came from many sources. The west- purchase" took up such a tract and at- ward trail of the Yankee, moving, as in- tracted settlers from all directions and deed did all the other settlers, in quest even from afar. The New England ele- of better and cheaper land than was to ment was never absent, but here it was be had at home, was already worn be- hardly prevalent. Dutch farmers from fore the Revolution; but this early im- the Hudson River and from New Jer- migration mostly found its resting place sey, farmers of German and English in the Mohawk valley and little of it descent from Maryland and Virginia, penetrated so far as the Seneca Country. went to swell 'the tide that flowed After the century had turned, patentees towards the fertile fields that sloped H S H o ^ i3 J

. a O o K = 5 H 2 a o

O O 562 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

gradually or sometimes, by exception, cuse to Rochester. The crudity of these fell precipitately to the shores of the is in violent contrast with the mellow- beautiful lakes. This immigration from ness of those. The older seem to have the southward was a particularly notable been both built and lived in more at element in the settlement of Geneva, leisure. There is nothing in the United which from an early time had a strong States, certainly nothing in the Northern infusion of Episcopalians. Hobart Col- States, quainter and more old-worldly lege is now officially advertised as "non- than the aspect of Main Street in Gen- sectarian," but in fact, even in its earli- eva. It is greatly favored by nature, est estate as "Geneva College" was estab- skirting as it does for the larger part of lished, if there be faith in Appleton, its course the shore of Seneca Lake up- "under the direction of the Episcopa- on the bank here raised by a hundred lians," and sustained by subscription feet or so above the water, which the among the villages and the neighboring backs of the houses on the waterside di- farmers, who were in effect its found- rectly overlook, and to which their gar- ers. After 1852, when it was renamed dens slope or tumble down. Luckily, the for one Bishop of the Protestant Epis- Genevans appreciate their unique posses- copal church, John Henry Hobart, there sion, as they have proved by banishing could be no question of the status of the from it to a parallel street, a few hundred institution as a church college, nor after- feet inland, the trolley line, of which wards when it was an object of affec- they thus retain the convenience while tionate solicitude to two others, the first avoiding the unsightliness and the noise. and second bishops of Western New Happily, again, the recent industrial York, William Heathcote De Lancey and development of the town has found a Arthur Cleveland Coxe. One would ex- new quarter for itself and does not in- pect to find it peculiarly Anglican in its terfere at all with the aspect of Main curriculum and in its architecture, and Street, which is very much what it was in its architecture it doubtless would when the college was founded nearly a have been so if in its early days it had century ago. The houses of the older had the money to spend on collegiate part of the street, built in rows and architecture or the architects to design abutting directly on the sidewalk, gave it. As it was, it had to rely upon the this part an urban aspect beyond what local mechanics and the quickest and its population justified, and have in their cheapest modes of construction that were building the decency of the period to also decent and substantial for its initial which they belong, while in the larger buildings, Geneva Hall (1821) and Trin- "places," further out, where each house ity Hall (1837). These have no more stands free in its own grounds, the de- or different character from other country cency often rises into elegance and gives college buildings of their time, rectangles the long street its note of unquestionable of the local stone, three stories high, distinction. covered with four-hipped roofs, and put The college stands upon the landward together without the least thought of art side of the street, but that does not mat- or of any other appearance than that of ter, since the other side is here too nar- neat workmanship. Such things cannot row to allow of any building between be vulgar, and, indeed, it would be par- the street and the shore, and the view ticularly difficult and wanton to be vul- of the lake from it is thus unobstructed. gar in Geneva. The towns that grew up If the two old buildings do not distinct- their sur- along the old stage route from Albany ly conduce to the distinction of to Buffalo, now the "old road" or roundings, at least they do nothing to "Auburn Branch" of the New York Cen- impair it. They constituted virtually all tral, are to this clay distinguishable to that there was of the architecture of the their advantage from -those which sprang college until a benefactor determined, up along the straighter course of the about 1860, to erect a college chapel, and Erie Canal, which afterwards became the was well enough advised to employ Rich- "direct line" of the railroad from Svra- ard Upjohn to design it. Probably it ARCHITECTURE OF AMERICAN COLLEGES. 563

THE GYMNASIUM, HOBART COLLEGE. Geneva, N. Y. Arthur C. Nash, Architect. was not the benefaction of which the walk away. The chapel is a very simple college authorities felt themselves most piece of early English Gothic, a timber- in need, and may almost have seemed roofed nave, though consistent and be- a work of supererogation, since the coming. It was more than a generation church, itself a well done piece of Gothic after its erection before any addition was for the time and place, is but a short made to the architecture of the college

WILLIAM SMITH HALL OF SCIENCE, HOBART COLLEGE. Geneva, N. Y. Arthur C. Nash, Architect. 564 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. that so well repaid the attention it did and artistic beginning for the expansion not challenge. of a small college than these two build- It was, in fact, in 1901 that there were ings furnish. Unfortunately, one has erected in the sunken and secluded space seen too many good beginnings spoiled behind the original buildings the two in collegiate architecture by the non-con- buildings that began the addition to Ho- formity of a succeeding architect to be- bart of a positive architectural interest. lieve without evidence that the promise One of them was an administrative would be fulfilled. But at Hobart one building, in memory of the second of finds that it has been loyally fulfilled in the bishops who had been the chief the next succeeding buildings, insomuch patrons and nursing fathers of the col- that one would take them, in the absence lege, the other a dormitory of modest of evidence, for the work of the same size and scope. The material of both architect as the two pioneers. The gym- was the same, an excellent rough brick, nasium and William Smith Hall of laid in an effective and expressive bond, Science are of the same material, the with wrought work of light limestone. same construction, and the same style as The style was the same, distinctly "col- their predecessors. The difference in legiate," and yet not "Tudor" nor yet requirements and in plan permit, and in- even Gothic, but "Stuart" and Jacobean deed enforce, differences of treatment and of that stage of the early English quite sufficient to avoid monotony and to Renaissance which supplied some of their give scope for the individuality of the most picturesque erections to the Eng- later designer. But his deference to lish universities. The effect of them is what he found and to what he, most as charming as it is appropriate. It is properly, found himself committed are hard to imagine a more attractive dormi- all the more welcome for being so ex- tory than Medbury Hall, its modest di- ceptional in additions to collegiate build- mensions and its limitation to two stories ing, instead of being, as they so clearly assisting the inherent charm of its half- ought to be, the rule. Hobart has al- domestic and half-cloistral architecture. ready a model group of buildings and is And Coxe Hall, for its purpose of a col- excellently launched on her architectural lege headquarters, is as perfect in its enlargement which future designers are way as is Medbury for its purpose of a under artistic bonds to continue on the dormitory. lines on which it has been so well be- There could not be a more rational gun.

GOLDWIN-SMITH HALL, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. Ithaca, N. Y. Carr6re & Hastings, Architects. ARCHITECTURE OF AMERICAN COLLEGES. 565

PANORAMA OF CAMPUS, CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

BY RIGHTS, chrono- recent date and of the current architec- CORNELL logical rights, Roch- tural fashion, of which it is a negotiable been A of such UNIVERSITY, ester, having specimen. group buildings chartered in 1850, would give the campus some character, (1868) should precede Cor- but the isolated example is hardly worth nell. But the archi- discussion or illustration. tecture of Rochester may be disposed of It is very far otherwise with the archi- as briefly as the snakes of Iceland in tecture of Cornell. Visiting alumni of Horrebow's famous chapter. There is other institutions are reported to agree no architecture in the University of that this is the second handsomest campus Rochester. It has some twenty-five acres in America, and, according to Dean of land in a situation rather urban than Swift, "It is a maxim that those to suburban. But it has apparently never whom everybody allows the second place maintained any dormitories and thus have an undoubted title to the first." could in no case have in its building the Most of our colleges are picturesquely complete collegiate character. Such of placed, and almost every prospect pleas- its students as "reside" live in cottages es, even where architectural man is most near the campus, which do not aspire to conspicuously vile. But what other any different expression than the other campus has such a variety of pictur- cottages which have nothing to do with esqueness? A plateau of more than a the institution. It built nothing until it thousand acres is bounded by the ravines was eleven years of age, in 1861, which of swift and headlong streams, falling in was a bad time to begin. Anderson Hall, successive cascades. Below is the plain named for the great teacher who was occupied by the city of Ithaca. To the then the president, betrays its date in right the long initial stretch of Cayuga wearing a mansard but is otherwise free Lake, almost as wide as the Hudson at from the architectural vices of the time, its widest, though enclosed between banks being an honest and solid edifice, but of of a gentler slope. All this plateau jio more interest intrinsically than the was farm land forty years ago, a dormitories of Hamilton and Hobart we great part of it woodland, and a clear have been looking at, and lacking the field for future building operations. Now factitious interest which their generation it is a considerable town in itself, or two of seniority give them. Artisti- being occupied by a student popula- cally, a more creditable monument to the tion of over five thousand. It is, how- creator of the university is the statue ever, almost as strictly a daylight popu- which confronts the hall, his namesake. lation as that of the commercial quarter Sibley Hall, Reynolds Laboratory, East- of a great city, for no real provision for man Hall, aspire to no collegiate or other dormitories has yet been made. The architectural character and are quite neg- students provide themselves with lodg- ligible. Carnegie Mechanical Labora- ings in the city, and nightfall leaves the tory, as the name imports, is of a very campus to darkness and to the families THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. 5 66 of the professors. The domestic expres- tory on the campus. "Cascadilla Place" sion which forms so much of the charm is of no other architectural interest than of colleges in which the students live as that which belongs to the original dormi- well as work, the "still air of delightful tories of such country colleges as Hamil- studies" is thus as yet wanting to Cor- ton and Hobart, hardly of so much, as nell. But a beginning is about to be it was built during the prevalence of the made of supplying this lack, one is glad mansard which deprives the building to to learn, and a quadrangle of dormitories which it is superadded of such expres- has already been authorized. There is sion as is imparted by a real and visible not only, one would say, a sufficient de- roof. The earliest buildings of the uni- mand for dormitories to attract the at- versity made for itself were architec- tention of benefactors to this form of turally on a parity with this building benefaction. There is also ample room which it found. "Non ragionam di lor."

/

PLAY CftOUrtD ArtD ATHLETIC riCLD

PLAN CORNELL UNIVERSITY CAMPUS. Ithaca, N. Y. for the housing of a great part of the They will continue, doubtless, fairly to student body in the university domain, serve the purposes of their erection un- of which five-sixths is still farm land, til the university is prepared to super- though devoted, it is true, in large part sede them with others which will serve to the educational farming of the College the practical purpose as well, or better, of Agriculture, the maintenance of which and which will present the architectural is the condition upon which the univer- expression of the practical purpose which sity holds a great part of its endowment. is wanting to these. When that time Meanwhile, the architecture of the uni- comes, the room of the pioneers will ob- versity is entirely public and "institu- viously be preferable to their company, tional." The one building which it in- and there will not be a dog to bark at herited with the campus, and which had their going. therefore been in use for a hygienic Meanwhile, the architectural history of boarding house, remains the only dormi- Cornell begins with the erection of Sage ARCHITECTURE OF AMERICAN COLLEGES. 567

I Tall in 1872 and of Sage Chapel in the applied to their own erections by the following year. Goldwin Smith, an orig- architects of English Gothic or of Eng- inal member of the faculty of Cornell, lish colleges until the nineteenth century, has testified in his autobiography to the which is to say not until their attention value of "aesthetic surroundings as an had been directed to it by the eloquent element in education." In truth, given inculcations of the author of the "Seven an average of native sensibility, a grad- Lamps" and of "The Stones of Venice." uate of Oxford is almost by that fact It is a dangerous mode of design, in that enabled to qualify as an expert in col- the sprightliness and animation of form legiate architecture. In an address upon and color *which it encourages and even Cornell, delivered in England at a time demands are always tending to destroy when Sage College and Sage Chapel con- the repose which is more valuable, more stituted in effect the architecture of Cor- essential, than sprightliness and anima- nell, Goldwin Smith instanced these two tion, and the architect who essays it thus buildings as quite equal in architectural assumes a responsibility greater than that merit to the modern Gothic of his Alma incurred by him who seeks refuge in Mater. Considering the polychromatics monochrome. Butterfield succumbed to

SIBLEY COLLEGE, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. Ithaca, N. Y. of Keble, and especially that very trying its dangers in the architecture of Keble, interior of Keble Chapel, considering and still more grievously certain cisat- even the new architecture of Balliol, lantic designers, among whom one may which, according to that son of Balliol, name, supposing him to be by this time Andrew Lang, is "so much more remark- immune to criticism and his work to have able for point than for feeling," one feels followed him, the architect of the Fine that the Oxford-Cornell professor of his- Arts Building in Boston, not to name tory might have made his statement of any of the architects whose works are il- the case even stronger. The Gothic of lustrated in this present series of articles. these edifices is unmistakably modern, But at any rate these brick buildings at and, even one may say, Victorian. It Cornell are not to be numbered among has little in common with the sleepy, gray the failures but, contrariwise, among the monochrome of the masonry of Magda- signal successes of our Victorian Gothic. len and of Merton, delightful and con- Sage College, in spite of the roofs of ducive to "the still air of delightful the pavilions which one would so much studies" as that is. It is a product prefer to see produced to a ridge or a rather of the study of the brickwork of point as the case might be, than aborted North Italv which was not studied and by the mansard which denotes the decade THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. 5 68 of their erection, is quite worthy to the transept a hundred more. Ten years strike the keynote of a more extensive later (1883) the memorial ant^chapel architectural group than that to which was built, and in 1898, after the original it belongs. It is most effectively and nucleus had been clearly outgrown, its commandingly placed on a terrace of its capacity was doubled by an enlargement own, and suitable provision made, in the which removed the original transept, the plantation for its effective visibility and original tower, and half the original nave is well worthy of its conspicuousness by and added two coupled transepts on the the balance of its masses, the animation same side. In 1883 the Memorial Ante- of its outline, well within the limit of chapel had been built by the estate of repose, the successful adjustment and Jennie McGraw Fiske, a very notable design of its features, and the grace of benefactress of Cornell, as a monument its detail. to Ezra Cornell, to Mrs. Fiske and to Originally there was no other provi- her father, John McGraw. In 1898 the sion for religious services on the campus Sage Memorial Apse was added, as a than the reservation of a large room in monument to the "second founder," and Sage College. But Mr. Henry W. Sage, finally, in 1903, through the liberality of

Goldwin-Smith Hall. Stimson Hall. THE QUADRANGLE LOOKING whose benefactions entitle him to rank a son of Henry W. Sage, an additional among the founders, as well as the most transept which gives space for a large munificent supporters of Cornell, in- organ, a small orchestra and a choir of a sisted upon a separate edifice for a chap- hundred voices. el, and Sage Chapel quickly succeeded These successive additions were all Sage College. Like the earlier building, made under the direction of the original it was designed by the head of the De- architect and hence with all the consid- partment of Architecture of the univer- eration for the original design of which sity, who, being also a clergyman, be- the case admitted. The resulting struc- came the rector of the little parish of ture has still its unity, while it has also which the erection of the chapel encour- the attractiveness of that random and aged the formation. The chapel was of seemingly accidental picturesqueness modest dimensions, a single nave, with a which belong to the style and which small tower containing the organ and a make Gothic, in the right hands, so much single small transept, serving as a smal- the most eligible of styles for additions ler chapel. The total capacity of the to an existing building. It is very effec- nave was four hundred sittings, and of tive, inside and out. the interior being ARCHITECTURE OF AMERICAN COLLEGES. 569

decorated not only by an unusually dec- out at Cornell' by the Romanesque as orative construction, as in the excellent well as by the Gothic group of buildings. and solid vaulting of the Memorial Ante- The Gothic buildings were done by the but the best that our decora- of architecture chapel, by university professor ; tive sculptors and painters and glass the Romanesque by a student who had workers can do in ecclesiastical decora- undertaken the study of architecture be- tion, applied with unusual lavishness. fore there was any formal teaching of There is a third building, known as the it at Cornell, but who had resided in Armory, which belongs to this very at- Ithaca and grown up with the insti- tractive group, less striking and ornate tution. The buildings, Barnes Hall, than the other two, but promoting their Boardman Hall, the Library, which con- expression by its seemly aspect. The stitute the Romanesque group, do not at- additions of a "hall," a library and dor- tain the full effect of the Richardsonian mitories would make Sage College a version of the Southern French Roman- complete architectural as well as "admin- esque in the hands of the original im- istrative entity," in the sense of the col- porter at his best; but neither do they leges which make up the English univer- exhibit that exaggeration which was the

Boardman Hall. Library. Merrill Hall McGraw Hall. SOUTH, CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

sities. There seems to be no reason why defect of his unusual artistic qualities, this plan should not be followed in insti- nor have they the exotic air which al- tutions which have attained university ways attended his works. The tremen- proportions, as Cornell assuredly has dous exaggeration by Richardson of his done. The entire student population is structural features did not interfere with x over five thousand, while the student their vernacularly. It was rather in body, either of the twenty-five colleges the decorative detail that the foreignness and halls of Oxford, or of the nineteen appeared. The exaggeration was much of Cambridge, is fewer than four thou- diminished in the Romanesque buildings sand. of Cornell, and the conditions forbade To the Gothic revival, in Cornell as any extensive use of carved ornament. elsewhere, succeeded the Romanesque What there is, as in the porch of Board- revival. What we were saying, with ref- man Hall, belongs rather to the Western erence to Hamilton, of the advantage of Romanesque which subsequently efflor- having the architecture of a college done esced into Gothic than of the Eastern as nearly as possible by architects in con- which is Byzantine and in which Rich- stant touch with the institution, is borne ardson sought his decorative motives. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

The tower of the Library may, indeed, part from the private munificence of have been inspired by that of the City Ezra Cornell. It proceeds also from the Hall in Albany or by that of the Court land allotted to the State of New York House at Pittsburgh. And, upon the under an act of Congress which granted whole, the simple and monochromatic such lands for the teaching of agricul- buildings of the Romanesque group sac- ture and the mechanic arts. This fund, rifice nothing, although the effective in spite of the contention that it should saddle-backed tower of Barnes Hall be divided and frittered away, was se- owes nothing, to the preservation of cured to Cornell by the persistence of their historical "style." They are con- its founder, aided, or rather instigated, structed in straightforward satisfaction b- its first president, Andrew D. White, of their practical requirements, put to- then a member of the State legislature, gether with a sense of architectural ef- who stubbornly resisted the division, and fect which is never allowed to come into who now, from his residence on the conflict with the utilitarian reasons of campus, the seat of his honored retire- their being, and they thus retain much ment, is able to see the great results of of the "home made" and untutored as- his foresight and resolution, and to con- pect which, given artistic sense, is al- gratulate himself upon them. One re- ways an additional attraction. The ef- sult of the conjoining of public and pri- fect of the group will be much enhanced vate funds in the endowment of Cornell when a contemplated archway and has been that the State maintains cer- bridge is completed between the Library tain institutions of its own in conjunc- and Boardman Hall. All these buildings tion with the university, and provides are fortunately placed with reference to for housing them. It was thus that the one another, and each is so detached as Veterinary College came to be designed to conduce to its effective visibility. by an architect chosen by the State, and Nobody would think of calling Gold-, the Agricultural College designed by the win Smith Hall vernacular or homely State architect. There is nothing clois- in its expression. And yet it would tral about either of these edifices, as in- have had such an aspect if it had been deed, by reason of the absence we have left alone, or rather had been developed noted of provision for residence on the on its own lines. For here the classic campus for any considerable part of the feature which gives the air of facti- student body, there is very little of clois- tiousness to the entire structure, the trality in the architecture of Cornell. tetrastyle portico in Roman Doric, con- That is the chief of its defects. The tradicts not only the surroundings but Veterinary College is an edifice which the building itself to which it is so ex- might serve any one of many purposes traneous an appendage. Nothing could with efficiency and dignity, but which be less like formal classic than the mass has nothing of specifically collegiate. of the building. If the roof-windows, The College of Agriculture might be a here mere holes cut in the roof and summer hotel with its appended cottages. merely glazed with inserted skylights, They form a sprightly group with their had received the architectural treatment lively coloring and their diversified for which they loudly call in the protec- forms, which are, all the same, consis- tive and umbrageous dormers which tent as well as expressive. The roof- would comport with the umbrageous treatment is the expression of what was projection of the eaves, it would be even suppressed in Goldwin Smith Hall, in more visible how irrelevant and imperti- deference presumably to the portico nent a formal classic portico was to so which would have looked still more in- very unclassical a building. congruous if the indications elsewhere In fact, the treatment indicated and afforded by the facts of the building had partly carried out in Goldwin Smith been developed in its architecture. It Hall is that which has been adopted for is to be noted in Cornell that the great the State College of Agriculture. The spaciousness of the campus and the fact endowment of Cornell proceeds only in that most of it was heavily wooded when OF ARCHITECTURE AMERICAN COLLEGES. 5/1 the university began its building made as much pleasure as the arboriculture. it unusually easy to detach the various It would be hard to name another groups of buildings so that each group American campus or, for that matter, could be seen by itself. One of the an American "place" of any kind in chief incentives to unity of style through- which the gardening has been more ad- out was thus removed; and, indeed, va- mirably united with the architecture or rious as have been the manners of in which, upon the whole, art has bet- building employed, the only real discord ter seconded nature. The wonderful between any of the principal buildings luck of the university in finding such a and its immediate surroundings is that site has been attended and followed by made by the misplaced classic of Gold- an equal good fortune in its develop- win Smith Hall. Elsewhere, the planta- ment. When the domestic element tion or rather the deforestation has been comes to be added to the architecture, so skilfully done as to secure for almost the idea of an American university will every group or building its most effec- be realized on this hill more completely tive trees are an than almost else to re- aspect. The important anywhere ; and, factor in the architecture. And one is alize it there, much less than usual will compelled to note the horticulture with be required in the way of demolition.

INTERIOR OF CHAPEL, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. Ithaca. N. T. Chas. Babcock, Arch't. 572 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

THE YOUNGEST uni- the "artchitect." In no city more than in SYRACUSE versity in the State this would the thoughtful and restrained UNIVERSITY, started with a con- work of a competent designer have been siderable architec- more exemplary and conspicuous, if such (1870) tural advantage by a designer had been employed to design the fact of its date. the buildings of the university. Not that 1870 was what the Germans "Instead of which," alas, the architec- call a "flower-time" for architecture, ture of the university is of a piece with but in fact the building of the univer- the architecture of the city, if that ex- sity did not begin for some years after- pression does not imply a homogeneous- wards, and when the aesthetic movement ness which belongs to neither. An induced by the Centennial Exposition at "artchitect" or a succession of "artchi- Philadelphia had begun to take effect. tects" has been at work on the campus as The site acquired for the university was in the town the same crudity, the same perhaps the best and most commanding thoughtlessness, the same illiteracy. that Syracuse afforded, an elevated tract There is not a trace of a general plan. of a hundred acres at the edge of the The disposition of the buildings in rela- city. tion to one another is as higgledy-pig- Here was ample room to lay out a gledy as the design of each considered by collection of buildings which should have itself. One attempt at a grouping, in- an effect of unity in the aggregate, to- deed, there is. The flanking buildings of gether with whatever of variety their the Carnegie Library are counterparts of varying purposes might invite or permit one another in form, and this is so far in detail. And seemingly there has been commendable, even though the repeated enough money spent on buildings to ex- design be atrocious. But the intention of ecute such a scheme handsomely and im- uniformity has been baffled even here by pressively. The actual result is simply- the diversity in the tint of the yellow deplorable in the crudity of the parts and brick of which the two are composed, the absence of anything that can be de- a diversity calculated to set the teeth of cently called a whole. the sensitive on edge. There is not Syracuse is a particularly unfortunate enough difference to be worth noting city in its architecture. Despite its com- among the several buildings, except that parative antiquity, for its growth began the eldest are the least offensive. What immediately upon the completion of the are apparently the oldest of all attain Erie Canal, it is as raw in its building the comparative felicity of the buildings as the newest "boom town" of the fur- of the university of Rochester in that thest West. One oasis there is in the there is nothing to say about them. The residential quarter, Fayette Park, of Hall of Languages and the College of which the building apparently dates from Applied Science are the sincere efforts the thirties, for the familiar and decor- of an incompetent designer to answer a ous forms of the Greek Revival consti- practical purpose and as such are al- tute the architecture of its bordering most immune from criticism. They houses. In the business quarter, rather have not the outrageous self-compla- curiously, the few examples of compe- cency and aggressiveness of such erec- tency and study and restraint, of which tions as the Natural History Building, the most noteworthy is a savings bank, of which it is so clear that the author are examples of the Gothic Revival, and has never been "forewarned," with Em- all seemingly from the same hand. There erson, "that the vice of the times and is a new skyscraping hotel, which is in- the country is an excessive pretension." distinguishable architecturally from any Curiously, in view of what we have been of one of a dozen like it, in any one of noting about the street architecture half a dozen cities very much larger than Syracuse, perhaps the very worst of all, Syracuse. But the rule is of the hasty, in its random aggregation of unstudied reckless and unstudied compilation of forms and features, is a Gothic building, familiar forms which mark the trail of though its author might prefer to call ARCHITECTURE OF AMERICAN COLLEGES. 573

it and this Grouse contrast to Romanesque ; building, the.pretention and vulgarity Hall yclept, is, most sadly and strangely, of the buildings on the campus. And the "College of Fine Arts." There is, there is another building behind the it seems, a course of architecture at Syra- campus, and which thus does not come cuse, which will fail of its purpose unless into the general view of the campus, it inculcates upon its students the pri- which is of positive architectural inter- mary necessity of refraining from doing est. This is the new and enormous sta- anything like the buildings of the cam- dium, a piece of what one is inclined to pus. call artistic engineering rather than schol- It were a mockery of architecture to astic architecture, being a construction in illustrate these things. On the other reinforced concrete, of which the fea-

THE STADIUM, SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY, SYRACUSE, N. Y.

hand, there are some dormitories belong- tures, and especially the chief feature, ing to the university, but off the campus, the main entrance, are a particularly and which so do not come into "the pic- straightforward and expressive treat- ture" in which "the municipal character ment of the material and attain a large of the site" is recognized by making and impressive picturesqueness. It is

, them merely city apartment houses, with- out of the class of the other architec- out a suggestion of collegiate character, ture, being the only one that is really which are nevertheless decent and seem- worth looking at of all the buildings of ly apartment houses, and in gratifying the university. (See Captions on opposite page.) SOME CENT VRJf-OLD DOORWAYS IN RJ/RJVL NEW ENGLAND^

PHOT OS BY A- G B Y N E A Deerfield example that is a literal copy in wood of a Georgian stone doorway. Made before Colonial Woodworkers had learned the more graceful and more delicate pos- sibilities of their material; in fact it is early enough to still show a trace of Gothic feel- ing in the lower panels. It is interpreted with as much naivety and innocence of classic proportions as was its prototype interpreted from the Italian Renaissance. Al- though of the same date as the house, the door was not built in situ but was ordered separately from some skilled workman and set up intact in the opening left for it. One of the most extraordinary things about this excellent piece of work is that it was found in a very small unknown Connecticut town called Bethany. The carved frieze over the arch is unique, in no sense typical of Colonial. Cornice and carved panels of the soffit of the hood are well executed as to suggest that the coarser boxed posts of the porch probably replace original columns. The Palladian motif above the door is full of quality. '

: +

An unexcelled end treatment of a house and incidently of a doorway. It is in Litch- fleld and tradition has it that its owner, before building- it, had visited Mt. Vernon. Vig- nola has been absolutely disregarded in proportioning the columns and the resulting delicacy is peculiarly appropriate to wood. The other end of the house has the same motif. the same An ambitious Deerfield door which claims to have been built in 1750, year It is a wooden copy of Georgian as the house, but is probably several decades later. here became later a great stone work even to the voussoirs. The broken pediment used, favorite with Colonial builders and was much improved upon. An unpretentious flat doorway on a Deerfleid house. Its lines throughout, even to the leaded glass of the fan, are most pleasing; but its distinguishing feature is the engaged double colonnette each side of the door, with its two members egg-shaped, not round. A doorway whose every detail is admirable; yet whose most salient appeal is the per- fect relationship it maintains with the columnar portico beyond. This fine old Litchfleld house, built in 1792, is unfortunately being allowed to fall into ruin. An example of great delicacy whose spindle columns, by being- used in pairs, are made to seem adequate for their work. The hood is so well done that it is a pity the door and side lights are not a more integral part of the whole composition. A 1770 entrance in Deerfield. The very extenuated doorway would appear less so if the spandrels over the arch had been painted white instead of dark, as no doubt they were originally. It is interesting- to note that even in this unpretentious doorway, the pilasters have a most subtle entasis. EARLY AMERICAN CHVRCHES

BVILTON PARISH BENNINCTON GVILFOR^D AVGV5TA

BY AYMA1L EMBVR.Y tt

WHAT WE ARE accustomed to call Co- because of the lack either of concrete ex- lonial architecture in this country did amples or graphic illustrations, its de- not, of course, terminate with the found- velopment was along more spontaneous ing of the nation, and the term is gener- and original lines than those of Europe, ally construed to include such work done and at the very end it was infused with during the early years of the nation as fresh inspiration from the revival of in- was a continuation in spirit of the true terest in the pure classic forms, first of Colonial. Some effort has been made to the Roman type and then of the Greek. denominate this as Georgian, a term Since the new blood, thus introduced, was which though chronologically correct, is that of the parent school from which the hardly so historically, since while it is Renaissance architecture itself was de- perfectly true that the early American rived, the character of the Colonial work architecture derived from the was it was Eng- unchanged ; was merely simplified lish Renaissance, as the English was in and strengthened, without losing the airy its turn derived from the Italian, its de- and graceful proportions and naive de- velopment was not identical with that in tail which were its salient characteristics. England, but was in character truly na- The memorials of this architecture are tional. Terminology is always a matter fast passing away, either because their for open discussion, and if in this presen- sites are commercially necessary, or be- tation of the American churches phrases cause of their perishable materials, but are used rather in their popular than in during the last few years a deep and sin- their technical sense, it is for the sake of cere interest has endeavored to preserve clarity. Nor will any attempt be made at least the memory of its more interest- to divide those churches of the strictly ing monuments. Frank E. Wallis has col- Colonial period and of Renaissance lected in his two volumes, "Colonial architecture from later churches of more Architecture in New England" and "Co- or less Neo-Classic type. lonial Architecture in Maryland and Vir- Architecture within the present borders ginia," a number of the more noteworthy of the United States during the Colonial examples, especially of residences, while period was of a very high plane, and this the magnificent "Georgian Period" has in spite of the fact that Renaissance included in its compilation a great mass architecture throughout the world was in of material from all portions of the its decadence. It was a decadence, how- United States. These, of course, are but ever, unique in that it was marked not two of many collections of the Colonial by the profuse and illogical use of orna- work, but strangely enough none hitherto ment, and by forms gross and unnatural, published has separated out for com- but by an extreme delicacy and refine- parison any particular type of building, ment of proportions, attenuation of the and none has even attempted to fully various members and a beautiful and cover the whole field. logical, though sparing, use of ornament. Unquestionably the most interesting The style was, of course, an outgrowth and characteristic of the structures of the of a similar movement in England, which period (with some few isolated excep- there culminated in the exquisite detail tions) were the churches, many of which Brothers outside of their own of the Adam ; here, probably are almost unknown EARLY AMERICAN CHURCHES. 585

localities, and many of which are worthy month in this magazine photographs of of preservation, not alone because of the interiors and exteriors of several their intrinsic beauty, but because they churches, and historical data pertaining constitute such a worthy series of ex- to them without attempting to separate amples to present-day designers. It has them into kindred groups either by period been my aim during the past two or three or locality. It may be as well to here add years to collect photographs of all the a few words of generalized statement in better churches of Colonial or Neo-Clas- this respect; in the first place, the ma- sic design which seemed to me to pos- terials are alike in the same portions of sess marked merit, and to cover in this the country, while the quality of design series as nearly as possible all portions of varies with the period. This is only what the United States. I have thought it might be expected, but we find that cer- best to exclude those sporadic examples tain portions of the country are far more of Gothic which are occasionally to be prolific in buildings of enduring ma- found and which curiously enough are terials and worth of design than others. the work of the same architects who de- Of them all it can be fairly said that the the Middle States have the best signed Colonial churches, and with examples ; these I have not hesitated to omit from New York, Philadelphia, Newark and illustration churches whose architecture New Haven have each a group of was uninteresting or uninstructive, no masonry structures of interesting and matter what the historical associations beautiful detail, while in New England, might be; and while the date, 1820, has outside of Boston, the materials are al- been loosely set as the later limit for the most invariably wood, and the real design building of the churches illustrated, occa- was confined to a decorative treatment of sional ones erected after that time in the entrance front and the tower. In the which the full spirit of Colonial work^ South, while the majority of the build- survives will be included. ings were erected of brick, for the most I have endeavored to discover in re- part but little attention was paid even such authentic inci- to the entrance and towers and in the gard to each church ; dents in its history as may be significant, Dutch settlements around New York co- not alone in their bearing on American existant with pure Colonial architecture design, but also on American social life, we find traces of a strong survival of and I have endeavored especially to Gothic sentiment. search out, sometimes with complete suc- The four examples illustrated in this cess, and sometimes with none at all, the first article are far separated, both by genesis of the designs of the various time and space, and while each is agree- churches with the names of their design- able in itself they illustrate the wide lati- ers and their technical training. tude in character between the various There will be published from month to American buildings.

BRUTON PARISH CHURCH

BRUTON PARISH CHURCH at Williams- certain Sir Thos. Ludwell, whose birth- burg, Virginia, is an excellent example place was Bruton, in Somerset County, of the vicissitudes through which most England. The present building was the American Anglican churches have passed. third of a -series of churches erected on The parish resulted from the consolida- the same location after the founding of tion of three of the oldest parishes in the parish in about 1674, for the removal Virginia, originally known as Middle of the Colonial capitol of Virginia to Wil- Plantation, Harup and Marston. Its pres- liamsburg- in 1699, and the founding of ent name, "Bruton," was a mark of re- the College of William and Mary in 1693 spect to one of its early benefactors, a necessitated the construction of a larger 5 86 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. edifice, and some of the furnishings of and a half feet; exclusive of these the the older churches were incorporated into size of the church is twenty-eight by sev- the structure. Completed in 1715, it was enty-five feet. In 1839 the pulpit was in its time a sort of State church, since removed and the interior of the church the Church of England was in Virginia was divided up to form a Sunday school, still the established church, and the State but in 1905 the old pulpit and pews were authorities were instrumental in its con- replaced in their former positions, and at struction. Plans were furnished by the that time, also, the canopy, with its velvet then Governor, Alexander Spotswood, curtain embroidered with the name of who proposed that the vestry should Alexander Spotswood, was unearthed build the two ends of the church and and restored to its position over the Gov- promised that the Government "would ernor's pew. take care of the wings and intervening The historical associations of the part." The House of Burgesses in addi- church, 'because of its position at the Co- tion said that they "would appropriate lonial capitol of Virginia, are many. The a sufficient sum of money for building original bell was presented by Queen pews for the Governor, Council and Anne, although the present one was given of and a a member of the in the House Burgesses," appointed by parish 1761 ; committee to co-operate with the vestry Bible now used was given by Edward in its construction. The land for the VII. and the lectern President , by Roose- church and the churchyard surrounding velt at the time of the restoration of the it, with twenty pounds toward its con- church, in memory of the three hun- struction, was given by Colonel John dredth anniversary of the establishment Page, who was allowed to put up a pew of the English church in America. in the chancel, and Governor Spotswood Among the members of the church were constructed twenty-two feet of the nave many of the men most famous in the at his own expense, while the wings and early days of the colony : Lord Botetourt, crossing were as proposed built by the Lord Dunmore and others of the Royal House of Burgesses. It seems an inter- Governors worshipped here, as did the esting side light on the regard in which Lees, Peyton Randolph, Patrick Henry plans were held that the House of Bur- and George Washington; while during gesses apparently arbitrarily limited the the War of the Rebellion the church was transepts to nineteen feet projection. The used as a hospital. first services in the present structure As regards the exterior the architec- it erect- were held in 1715, and that was ture is of the typical Virginia type : brick ed on the site of the previous church was laid in Flemish bond, a cornice greatly determined by the discovery of an old reduced from the usual Colonial pat- cornerstone bearing the following in- tern, and the tower 'somewhat low and scription: "November ye 2Qth 1683: heavy; while the interior, simple as it Whereas ye Brick Church at Middle is, is one of the most attractive in Amer- Plantation is now finished, It is ordered ica. The details of the woodwork, of that all ye inhabitants of ye said Parish the pews with their brass name-plates, do for the future repair thither to hear of the canopies over the governor's Divine Service and ye Word of God pew and pulpit, and of the pulpit itself, preached; and that Mr. Rowland Jones, are perfect examples of Colonial qual- Minister, do dedicate ye said Church, ye ity; while the apparently unintentional sixth of January next, being ye contrast between the simple white walls Epiphany." The church, as originally and the rich colors of the woodwork and completed, was without the present spire, hangings is far better than the stencil which was constructed in 1769; and the patterns of Greek design commonly em- wings were at the same time reduced ployed to decorate the old American from nineteen feet projection to fourteen churches.

EARLY AMERICAN CHURCHES.

FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH,

GUILFORD, CONN.

THE PRESENT CHURCH at Guilford was the members being in favor of building the third erected to house its congrega- the church by tax and seating the con- tion, and its construction arose from the gregation by age as had previously been appointing of a committee to inspect the custom, but was finally adopted. the former church and to report whether The contract to build the church was it was expedient or not to repair and let to Ira Atwater and Wilson Booth of paint it. New Haven for $6,500, and the size of The usual old fogies with their line the church was fixed at sixty feet wide of talk about the good old times were and eighty feet long. The portico at no more absent from that church com- the front projected six feet, and, with mittee than from those of our day, as is this addition and the tower, the total pretty well proved by the preamble to cost of the church was about $7,400. the subscription paper, which recites that The pews were held by the original pur- "the Meetinghouse of the first ecclesias- chasers, and the church was supported tical society in Guilford has been built by a tax assessment on all its members 115 years and has become much decayed until 1850, when the members of the and is far from ibeing comfortable in society owning pews gave them to the its shattered condition" and that "our church by a joint deed, and the balance fathers within seventy years from the of the pews owned by heirs of the orig- first settlement of the Town with much inal owners, no longer members of the less means than we possess, with a spirit society, were purchased. which did them much honor, erected the The interior has remained substantial- present house, which they determined ly unaltered, up to the present date, ex- should be. and which was, inferior to cept that the original galleries were low- none in the State." It was finally de- ered slightly, the organs built and the cided on February 4, 1829, by the So- interior of the church frescoed as shown ciety of the church to build a new- in the photograph. The origin of the meeting house after a subscription com- design of this church from the informa- mittee had found that the parish would tion which I have at hand can only be back their sentiment with their purses. conjectural; judging from the methods The difference in the methods of employed in other Connecticut churches, church government in the established the size of the church was fixed by in and the fee churches vote of the its builder church Virginia congregation ; had in New England is nowhere better illus- no drawings to guide him, but was gov- trated than by a comparison of the ways erned by instructions to follow certain in which the money for this and Bruton features of other churches fancied by church was gathered. In place of state the congregation. Certain points of sim- construction or donations by officially ilarity between the design of this church prominent members as in the Bruton and that of the Center Church of New church, all the members of the church Haven, and the fact that its builders who could subscribe were at liberty to come from that town, make it, seem receive pews, or "slips," as they were probable that the earlier New Haven then called, in proportion to the amount church was taken as a model and was of their subscription. This proposition- followed as far as the difference in mate- did not meet with entire favor, some of rials and cost could permit. . < Q O tf H O tf fa So MJ 8

s H sK & ZW - O Photo by W. E. Agnew. EXTERIOR OF FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. GUILFORD, CONN. 592 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

THE FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH BENNINGTON, VT.

THE PRESENT BUILDING was dedicated gational church can be said to have New Year's Day, 1806, and the origin such an article) and the arrangement of the design is unknown. It is, how- of the pews, which were formerly of ever, probably one of the early New the old-fashioned square variety. The England churches, copied in a general details of the exterior are of especial way from some previous church, the one charm, and the design of the bel- in question in this case appearing to be fry and doorways suggest that they Old South at Boston with the spire were copied from "Asher Benja- modified. The interior has been some- min's Country Carpenter's Assistant," what altered, the alterations comprising, a book which was the Yignola of its T understand, the reredos (if a Congre- day.

ST. PAUL'S CHURCH AUGUSTA, GA.

THE ORIGINAL SETTLEMENT at AugUSta present church, built in 1819, at a cost was a trading post, established in 1736 of $30,000. Of the interior it can only by order of General Oglethorpe, at be said that a small part of the which date the town was laid out, and original work remains, the wooden a fort built on the bluff overlooking the ceiling, the chancel, doorways and the Savannah River and was named "Fort organ being all restorations or modi- Augusta," in honor of the mother of fications necessitated by severe earth- George the Third. The first church quakes which almost destroyed the erected there was built in 1750 opposite building. one of the curtains of the fort and near The most interesting fact connected enough to be protected by its guns. Dur- with the history of the present structure ing the Revolutionary War, Fort Au- is that one of its pastors was Bishop gusta was three times taken and retaken, Leonidas Polk, perhaps better known as and the old church was first appropri- Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk of the ated by the Americans as a barracks, Confederate army, who is here buried. and again by the British for other mili- During the last few years members of tary purposes. During the siege of this the parish and its present rector have fort in 1781 by the Americans under done much toward unearthing the early "Lighthorse Harry" Lee the old church- history of the parish as a whole, but of yard became a battlefield, and the church the designer of the present church they was practically destroyed by an Ameri- have not a word to say. It is one of can cannon mounted on a log tower the earliest of the churches in which the the site of the Greek revival entered while the or- nearby. On original ; and, church the second St. Paul's church was der is Greek, the tower is of pure built in 1786, and was succeeded by the Colonial design. Photo by P. D. Hurt. EXTERIOR OF FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. BENNINGTON, VERMONT. Photo by P. D. Burt.

INTERIOR OP FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. BENNINGTON, VERMONT. Q ^ d GO

O ^ S) > o

O I

M U NOTES AND COMMENTS

From Harrisburg .Announcements have have come very glow- come to hand within A TRIBUTE m& accounts of the NEW the last few weeks of THAT ceremony at which the LECTURE three elaborate lecture Ge rge Grey Barnard courses on plan- TOUCHED. COURSES. city groups of capi'tol statu- ningall by architects. ary were turned over In New York, George this fall to the State of B. Ford has started a Pennsylvania. Whatever may be thought course of fifteen lectures at Columbia Uni- of the elaborate symbolism of these groups, versity, one a week, on Wednesday after- of the attempt to crowd such a multitude of noons. While the public may attend, and abstract ideas, however beautiful, moral there is no entrance examination, for stu- and uplifting, into concrete form, there is dents the course will be credited toward the enough of appeal in the separate figures Master's degree, and toward the degree and of the groups to affect one strongly even diploma in architecture. In England, though the full scope of the allegory be not through the generosity of George Cadbury, grasped. And certainly the ceremony seems of Bournville fame, a lectureship in town not to have wanted poetic features, in har- planning has been established 'this fall at mony with the sculpture. The correspond- the University of Birmingham, with Ray- ent of the Philadelphia North American de- mond Unwin as lecturer. Newspaper ac- scribes it as a "tribute to true genius, so fit- of the first lecture of the course de- tingly planned and carried out and so fault- scribe a brilliant audience, presided over by lessly framed by nature 'that it seemed al- Sir Oliver Lodge and including the Lord most a prelude to that sublime vision which Mayor. The lecturer expressed the hope had stirred the sculptor's soul to light with that the course might be of value to "many joyous wonder the faces of the Adam and who would never attempt the practice of Eve of the Future a vision of the vast pos- town-planning: to the architect, that he sibilities of Labor and Love." Through it might realize his dependence on the engineer all "the stocky little" sculptor sat with his and surveyor, and in the design of his build- head bowed in his hands, "half overcome by ing might consider the total effect of the such happiness as may be known only by town as more important than the individual those who have stumbled upward through prominence of his own building; to the en- the shadows into the sunlight of triumph." gineer, that he might realize the intimate It was a fine touch however the circum- connection between all his work and the stance may have happened that the only activities and life of the people, and that extraneous object to distract attention from he might appreciate the importance and the sculptures was a single wreath to which function of the designer to give the final per- was attached a card with these words: "In fection of beautiful form to his work; to the recognition of the conception, beauty of de- student of social science, that he might sign, skill of workmanship and wealth of realize how the life of the community and meaning embodied in 'Labor and Love,' with the form of its city reacted one upon the its allied group, 'this laurel wreath is lov- other." ingly laid at the feet of these statues by the And finally, from the University of Liver- parents of the sculptor, Joseph H. Barnard pool's School of Architecture, has come a and Martha G. Barnard." small pamphlet containing the syllabi of the THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. various lecture courses given there this year approval of Chester citizens had a prompt in the department of civic design. Profess- effect. Within a few months the Duke of ors Adshead and Abercrombie discuss town Westminster, to whom the building belonged, planning in a series of twenty lectures, ex- had the whole front stripped off, and a new tending through two terms. In nine lec- fac,ade of half-timber work constructed. It tures, stretched through two terms, three was a dramatic episode, that can not fail to other men consider civic engineering and teach a lesson to many other proprietors, es- hygiene. To civic law six lectures are de- pecially in England where the prominence voted. Courses D. and E., by Professor of the repentant offender must take it doubly Adshead, take up civic architecture and civic striking. We need a few such episodes in decoration, in ten lectures each; and for the United States. Course F., on parks and gardens, Thomas H. Mawson is the lecturer. The headings of the course in civic architecture are perhaps Of much more than of most interest. In the first lecture there if local interest is the se- discussed the dependence of town planning lection of the great tract of upon artistic and aesthetic considerations M. I. T'S. vacant land on the Charles its barrenness if thought of from only the NEW SITE. River utilitarian standpoint. Lecture two. deals Esplanade, Cambridge, with the expression of character and style in east --from Massachu- civic design 'the ultimate crystallization of setts Avenue and Har- vard Bridge, as the site of character into style, and the influence of the new buildings of the tradition. Lecture three is on composition; Massachusetts Institute of Technology. On this tract, than four, on color and materials; five, on trees larger Boston Common, with a and verdure, also on monuments and non- superb expanse of living waters as its there is utilitarian furnishings generally. Lecture base, to be developed within the next few an six takes up the planning of a residential years educational plant repre- more than district from the aesthetic standpoint, and senting $2,000,000 of expenditure. That in the seven the formal planning of an area. The designing of such a plant on such a site the eighth lecture is devoted to civic centers architectural opportunity and will be and open spaces; the ninth to different kinds obligation conscientiously con- sidered, is to be of of streets; and the last -to a historical review expected. But equal in- terest with the of town planning systems especially to "the beauty or impressiveness of modern romantic movement in Germany and the picture to be here created is the con- the classical movement in America." tribution which the group will make to the beauty of the Basin itself, in the enhance- ment of the latter's setting. Indeed, the A note in this de- choice of this site by the trustees of the partment last winter Massachusetts Tech. creates one of the most described the white noteworthy and interesting of recent archi- MANLY glazed building that tectural opportunities. REPENTANCE had been erected in From a practical standpoint, also, the Chester, England, on choice seems to have been well made. With one of the four original the completion of the new subway to Cam- Roman cross roads bridge, the institution will be brought very which still preserve their "Rows." Atten- close in time to both Boston and Harvard. tion had been called to the matter by Town It is about midway on the direct surface Planning Review's severe arraignment of car line connecting the old site on Boylston the lacking sense of propriety which had Street, where the administration buildng will permitted the garish obtrusiveness of the be for a time at least retained, with Har- glistening white material with its gilded vard University; and thus it has the ad- carving amid the mellowed brick and toned vantages of both isolation and propinquity. timber and plaster of the eighteenth cen- Naturally no details as +0 architectural tury. An attempt had been made, but un- plans have been yet given c v -^ any successfully, to lessen the incongruity by details have been decided U A. -^ay be continuing across the first floor of this build- assumed that the instructors s own de- ing the arcaded walk that constitutes the partment of architecture will insist upon ad- historic "Rows." Very remarkably, and en- herence to the highest ideals, and will give couragingly, the arraignment of the Town to the problem peculiarly painstaking and Planning Review, the sturdy protest of the loving study. One suggestion which has Archaeological Society and the strong dis- been made is that it may prove possible to NOTES AND COMMENTS. 599 incorporate in the design a reproduction of be less of this advanced work, but in both the "Boston Stump," that famous tower of these places and at Ulm the new work to the Church of St. Botolph in old Boston, the Town Halls was carefully studied and England. The original is 280 feet high, so it much appreciated." Of course he raves over may be that, if this should be made a fea- Rothenburg "there is not a single discord- ture, some private gift will have to be made ant note struck in the architectural compo- specifically for that purpose. One hesitates, sition of this wonderful place. Even Nur- too, over the planning of so large and con- emberg suffers severely in comparison and spicuous a group of structures to suit a should be visited before and not after Roth- readymade tower, however fine that be, or enburg." Of the other towns, he considered however interesting historically or sentimen- Stuttgart as "beyond doubt" the most beau- tally. But no doubt we may safely leave the tiful. He observes, also, speaking generally, planning of the buildings to the men who that "the reaction against academic archi- had the vision to choose such a site until, tecture, whatever its influence may be on at least, those plans are officially announced. monumental architecture, is certainly con- ducive to the simple and unaffected treat- of the of the classes. Some interesting ment dwellings poorer notes on recent Ger- In France the exclusive teaching of Renais- man architecture are sance in the schools has had a most dis- NOTES ON contributed by W. H. astrous effect on the small house." Yet even GERMAN in he he colonies Seth Smith, F. R. I. Germany rarely saw, says, of small houses which an archi- A RCHITECTTJRE. B. A., to the English displayed "Garden Cities and tectural treatment "at all to be compared Town Planning Maga- in merit" with that of the Hampstead Garden the zine." He notes that recent art history in Suburb in England. But he thought Germany has been much concerned during cottages generally better built, owing to the of the winter. the last fifteen years or so with a "steadily comparative severity German "the of stucco rising movement known as 'secessionist' Bavaria he speaks of as land from medieval times against purely traditional and conventional facings. Everywhere over rules of art." This has been not less true to our own we see this material, used rubble dressed with free even in the in literature, painting and sculpture than in stone, This stucco work is doubt- architecture. Coming to the examples which public buildings. less the of the almost universal he observed during a short trip, he cites "a prototype as to middle-class and new church just completed in Ulm, where rough-cast applied and we saw every feature exhibits an impatience with workers' dwellings, nothing looked half so well when broadly used in academic design, a thoughtful optimism, and combination with red tiled roofs." courage in the adoption of new forms suited for new materials, such as ferro-concrete, That as the and where the treatment, both as to design Ottawa, capital of the Dominion and texture of surface, is in a fresh and of Canada, should be characteristic style." He adds: "The same with the influence was evident everywhere. It is not TO PLAN planned degree of care which has too much to say that all the architects we OTTAWA. been given to the plan- met, practicing officially or independently, of Washington, is expressed, both in their work and in their ning the of the Ontario conversation, their adhesion to the secession- plea Association of Architects. In a series of ist ideal of thoughtful and free design, while the association emphatically lamenting and condemning its strong resolutions, expresses of the fact that measures abuses." He commends especially the big its "appreciation taken to add to the Tietz building in Diisseldorf "the strong are being materially of but it sub- vertical lines carried boldly through all the dignity and beauty Ottawa;" "in view of the criticisms of cer- stories are very picturesque; in short, one mits that, architects and town- has here a happy combination of Gothic and tain eminent landscape have studied the question re- Renaissance principles, resulting in the dig- planners who it is very necessary that some sys- nity and refir rient required in street archi- cently, T -T ' be for the co-ordination tecture." T says, however: "The center tem should adopted works in and for the of this fre6 art movement is Munich, which of the several progress future works as of a has the best school of architecture in Ger- planning of parts It the belief to ancient and harmonious whole." expreses many. . . . Cologne, both as that much which has been done will have to modern work, is most interesting. ... In that there has been striving for Frankfort and Stuttgart there appeared to be undone,

10 6oo THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. effect by over-elaboration of detail and "the ting an example to the world, and you are use of a quantity of meretricious ornament;" making Europeans hopeful for the future of in and it "would respectfully urge upon the art this country." Government the appointment of an advisory commission of architects (nominated by the A very interesting ar- of the Architectural Insti- Council Roya' chitectural competition the from tute), which would study question which has been de- all of view and particularly in regard points AN IRISH cided in Ireland, was future needs." It adds: "The association to COMPETITION. for the extension of the out the success which attended would point Queen's University of of such a commission at the appointment Belfast. The conditions D. C. . . . The greatest heritage Washington, were prepared under the that can be handed down to future Ottawa advice of Sir Aston Webb, R. A., and "The is a well planned city," Building News" says that with him as as- sessor, a design has been obtained which is Willis Polk, W. B. almost ideal in successfully overcoming the Faville and Clarence R. various difficulties involved. An interesting Ward have been ap- PANAMA feature of the competition and its conditions pointed an architectural EXPOSITION was that in addition to the ".schedule of ac- council to supervise the commodation," the conditions, while leaving IDEAL.!?. designs for the Panama- it open to architects "to suggest any other Pacific Exposition in sites that they may consider preferable," in- San Francisco. The dicated on the accompanying plans the views choice seems to have been well made. Polk of the Senate as to the location of the "va- was with D. H. Burnham for some years rious buildings." The fact that out of the and was one of his collaborators in making fifty-seven designs submitted only a very the San Francisco Faville was in Mc- plan; few show any radical deviation from the Kim, Mead & White's office in his early suggested positions, induces the reflection days; and Ward is a Western product. All that it is probably inadvisable thus to tacitly three men have made good with their own hamper architects and destroy their initiative work. by the fear that if they venture to disregard the suggestions of the conditions their chan- In a recent address ces of success will be meagre. It is in- at Washington, on "The teresting, however, to note that the design Hope of Art in Amer- placed first does depart entirely from the ENCOURAGING ica '" Ambassador Bryce suggestions of the Senate. The successful WORDS. said: "The chief thing competitor is W. H. Lynn, and a further is that the people should interesting fact is that as much as sixty- the learn to love beauty. . . . one years ago he was connected with One of the simplest and architecture of the Queen's University in directest ways of cultivating a taste for Belfast. At that time he was serving his beauty is by making the cities beautiful, not articles with the late Sir Charles Lanyon, only by erecting fine buildings but by giving who was engaged on the drawings of the them a fine setting in natural surroundings. original buildings. During their erection The particular desire to associate the beauties Mr. Lynn acted as clerk of works. Later of buildings with the beauties of nature in becoming a partner of Sir Charles Lanyon, parks and streets is one of the things in he personally designed and superintended which the peopie of the United States seem the erection of the library building, and now, to be setting a model to the world. We in a half century later, prepares the premi- Europe admire what you are doing. Most ated design for the University's extension. of our countries are behind you in these His main idea is described as the "concen- matters, but we are stimulated by you to do +ration of the buildings, rather than their the best we can, and we heartily congratulate dispersal." Sir Aston Webb speaks of the you. It seems to me that you have been set- Swheme as "a very masterly one."