“Marriage of Convenience”. Conjugality and (Il)Legality in Portuguese Migration Policies and in Couples’ Experiences

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“Marriage of Convenience”. Conjugality and (Il)Legality in Portuguese Migration Policies and in Couples’ Experiences UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA INSTITUTO de CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS Narratives and counter-narratives on “marriage of convenience”. Conjugality and (il)legality in Portuguese migration policies and in couples’ experiences. Marianna Bacci Tamburlini Orientadora: Prof. Doutora Marzia Grassi Tese especialmente elaborada para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Sociologia, na especialidade de Sociologia da Família, Juventude e das Relações de Género Ano 2016 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA INSTITUTO de CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS Narratives and counter-narratives on “marriage of convenience”. Conjugality and (il)legality in Portuguese migration policies and in couples’ experiences. Marianna Bacci Tamburlini Orientadora: Prof. Doutora Marzia Grassi Tese especialmente elaborada para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Sociologia, na especialidade de Sociologia da Família, Juventude e das Relações de Género Júri das Provas de Doutoramento, 30 Março 2016 Presidente: Doutora Ana Margarida Seabra Nunes de Almeida Vogais: Doutor Miguel de Matos Castanheira do Vale de Almeida Doutor Pierre Henri Guibentif Doutor João Alfredo dos Reis Peixoto Doutora Marzia Grassi Bonacchi Tese elaborada com o apoio da Bolsa de Doutoramento da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia SFRH/BD/72765/2010 Ano 2016 Solo tus etiquetas me dividen Gloria Anzaldúa, 1999 Abstract This thesis explores the interaction between the mobility and conjugal trajectories of married couples involving migrants in an undocumented position and the state regulation of residency rights in Portugal. In a context in which securitarian approaches prevail in European Union migration policies, family reunification is increasingly controlled and framed as a potentially fraudulent channel to evade migration restrictions and obtain residency documents. Namely, residency and nationality applications based on conjugal motives are the object of growing institutionalized suspicion. In 2007, the Portuguese government introduced a specific crime denominated as “marriage of convenience”, defined as a marital act that is contracted for the “exclusive purpose” of gaining residency rights (Law 23/2007). The implementation of this legislation by state authorities is based on the assumption that conjugal motivations may be investigated on the basis of institutional criteria capable of differentiating “genuine” marriages from “fraudulent” relationships. The research focuses on the underpinnings and repercussions of restrictive regulations, weighing institutional paradigms and practices against couples’ experiences. A qualitative case study was developed on the basis of interviews with both state representatives and married couples involving subjects in an undocumented or precarious residency situation. The thesis argues that the current mobility and intimacy control policies, notwithstanding the resistance enacted by some couples, impact in a discriminatory way on the opportunities and constraints faced by specific social categories. The empirical data indicates that restrictive migration policies (re)produce the stratification of subjects along gender, socioeconomic and national origin lines by regulating residency opportunities. The fundamental categories of illegality, marriage and migrant imposed through “marriage of convenience” policies reveal narrow and normative definitions, and thus consolidate a particular way of life and social profile as a condition for full citizenship recognition. This selection process fails to recognize the inherent complexity of transnational lives and relationships, and reinforces underlying unequal power relations by criminalizing marginalized social profiles. Keywords: Undocumented migration, Illegality, Conjugality, Gender, Mobility Resumo da tese em Português No contexto das políticas migratórias de carácter securitário desenvolvidas nas últimas duas décadas no seio da União Europeia, os canais de entrada e permanência nos estados membros foram sendo progressivamente limitados e regulados. A reunificação familiar tornou-se um dos canais mais utilizados no âmbito dos pedidos de autorizações de residência (Eurostat 2014) e contemporaneamente alvo de vigilância institucional. As relações familiares dos sujeitos que cruzam as fronteiras da UE são questionadas pelas autoridades alegando que os/as migrantes com um estatuto legal irregular ou precarizado poderiam falsificá-las para obterem um título de residência e direitos de livre circulação na União Europeia. Neste âmbito, aprovaram-se legislações que assentam numa visão criminalizadora e preveem requisitos específicos para os casais nos quais pelo menos um dos parceiros tem uma situação de residência “irregular”. No Estado português produziu-se uma tipificação de crime específica punível com penas de prisão de 1 a 5 anos (Lei 23/2007), que define o “casamento de conveniência” como um ato que tem por “único objetivo” adquirir direitos de residência. Com base na referida legislação, os casais que pretendem ter os seus direitos de residência reconhecidos através do seu vínculo conjugal são submetidos a um escrutínio institucional cujo propósito é averiguar se a sua intenção é a de contornar as leis migratórias. O enfoque da tese é o de captar a interação entre a regulação dos direitos de residência por parte das instituições estatais e as trajetórias migratórias e conjugais dos/das sujeitos/as em mobilidade. O objetivo é interrogar as normas que se alicerçam nos discursos, políticas e práticas institucionais relativas ao “casamento de conveniência” com base nas experiências e perspetivas dos casais submetidos à vigilância das suas práticas e percursos de vida. A análise desta articulação visa estudar as repercussões sociais desta interação em termos de desigualdade social, explorando como a regulação pública da conjugalidade e da mobilidade interagem com as hierarquias pré- existentes. Com base em teorias críticas sobre as migrações indocumentadas (De Genova 2002), o direito à mobilidade é abordado como um processo institucionalmente regulado como um privilégio social, a partir da delimitação estatal de fronteiras materiais e/ou simbólicas. Num contexto global de acessos desiguais à mobilidade, o tema da conjugalidade pode ser abordado teoricamente como um processo transnacional. Observa-se que a dinâmica conjugal atravessa, e é atravessada, por estas fronteiras contemporâneas, permitindo examinar as relações de poder contidas nestas articulações. A partir de uma releitura crítica dos conceitos- chave ilegal, casamento e migrante que se articulam na abordagem institucional baseada na noção de “casamento de conveniência”, questionam-se os mecanismos de inclusão e exclusão social inerentes na regulação contemporânea das fronteiras. O trabalho desenvolvido, com o apoio de uma literatura multidisciplinar concentrada na relação entre as políticas públicas e os processos que alimentam as desigualdades sociais, contribui para um espaço de debate que se articula entre a sociologia da família e das migrações. Nomeadamente, o fenómeno dos controlos institucionais é investigado como um processo de reprodução da ordem social através da classificação e regulação dos laços familiares em âmbito migratório (Wray 2006, De Hart 2006, Grassi 2006, Kraler et al. 2011). Com o intuito de captar a influência dos múltiplos fatores de estratificação social que emergem na regulação estatal das migrações e nas práticas conjugais, a análise assenta, como suporte analítico, em uma perspetiva de género e interseccional (Hondagneu-Sotelo 2011, Kofman 2002, Gregorio Gil 2009, Yuval Davis 2011). A vigilância das relações conjugais é ainda interpretada como um processo incorporado no que se constituiu como uma batalha estatal contra a “ilegalidade” (De Genova 2002, Grassi e Giuffré 2013) e em dinâmicas mais vastas de exclusão social dos/das migrantes (Kofman and Sales 2001). Com base numa perspetiva de equidade social, a análise apresentada questiona as políticas públicas que tendem a selecionar os/as migrantes segundo a sua “desejabilidade” e conformidade a modelos prescritivos de “integração” assentes nos interesses de estado (Sayad 1999, Mezzadra 2012, Palidda 2010) e em modelos normativos de família (Kofman and Kraler 2006). As reflexões reunidas nesta tese fundamentam-se em uma recolha de dados qualitativos, que permite captar a interação entre as práticas dos casais e a regulação institucional através de uma investigação empírica. Após uma análise documental no âmbito legislativo, no período de 2011 a 2014, foi desenvolvido na zona de Lisboa um estudo de caso focado na interação entre os casais e o Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras. O estudo inclui uma observação direta e entrevistas em profundidade focadas nas experiências e perspetivas de sujeitos/as envolvidos/as em diferentes níveis dos processos institucionais, totalizando um total de 36 participantes. Por um lado, foram contactados/as representantes de entidades estatais e não estatais que tinham uma atividade profissional ligada às migrações em Portugal, incluindo principalmente funcionários do Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras e de Organizações Não Governamentais. Por outro lado, o destaque principal foi dedicado às entrevistas com casais heterossexuais nos quais um dos membros esteve numa situação de residência irregular ou precária anteriormente ao casamento ou união de facto, definidos como inter-status couples (Block 2009). A seleção dos/as entrevistados/as foi determinada pelo estatuto legal assimétrico ao interior do casal, procurando diversificar as nacionalidades de origem. Esta escolha procura refletir uma perspetiva
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