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CC11 Abstracts ORAL.Pdf Abstracts: Oral Presentations COMBINED CONGRESS 2011 • GESAMENTLIKE KONGRES 2011 16 COLOUR VARIATION IN GREEN MATURE PEPPER FRUIT IN RELATION TO PIGMENT CONCENTRATION Alcock, CM1 and Bertling, I2 1P O Box 1424, Margate 4275; 2University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209 Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Various shades of green are found in unripe pepper fruit, even within a particular cultivar. Moreover, the peel of a green pepper is darker than the flesh. This colour variation can be expressed mathematically according to the CIELAB colour system, particularly in terms of a* (green to red) and b* (blue to yellow). Chlorophyll and yellow carotenoids are responsible for the colour of green peppers. The objectives of this study were to relate the colour variation in green pepper fruit to pigment concentration, and to determine a suitable CIELAB colour value for estimating pigment content. MATERIALS AND METHODS Green mature pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum L., cv Sondela) of various shades were peeled and the a* and b* colour values of the peel and flesh of each fruit measured. Samples were freeze-dried and analysed spectrophotometrically for total chlorophyll, chl a, chl b and total carotenoids (Lichtenthaler, 1987). Chl a/b and chlorophyll/carotenoid ratios were calculated for each sample. Flesh and peel attributes were tested for significant differences using ANOVA (F-test). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As the green colour of plant tissue became darker, a* increased and b* decreased, so that paler flesh samples had lower (more negative) a* and higher b* values than peel samples. Concentrations of total chlorophyll, chl a, chl b and total carotenoids increased with increasing a* and decreasing b* values. Chl a/b and chlorophyll/carotenoid ratios were significantly lower in the flesh of each fruit than in the corresponding peel. The higher b* (yellow) values of flesh were probably the result of a higher proportion of chl b (yellow-green) to chl a (blue-green) and a higher proportion of yellow carotenoids to chlorophyll. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant relationship between colour and pigment concentration in green pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum L., cv Sondela). Results indicate that the dark green colour in peppers is due to relatively high chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, chlorophyll/carotenoid and chl a/b ratios. Concentrations of total chlorophyll, chl a, chl b and total carotenoids can be estimated from either a* or b* colour values. REFERENCES LICHTENTHALER, H.K., 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol. 148, 358-382 Keywords: Capsicum annuum, carotenoids, chlorophyll, CIELAB, green fruit, COMBINED CONGRESS 2011 • GESAMENTLIKE KONGRES 2011 17 COLOUR CHANGE IN RIPENING RED PEPPER FRUIT IN RELATION TO PIGMENT CONCENTRATION Alcock, CM1 and Bertling, I2 1P O Box 1424, Margate 4275; 2University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209 Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Ripening fruit of red pepper varieties change colour from green to red as a result of the concurrent disappearance of chlorophyll and formation of red carotenoid pigments. This process of colour change can be expressed in terms of the CIELAB colour system (McGuire, 1992). The aims of this study were to relate fruit colour to pigment concentration and to determine a suitable CIELAB colour value for estimating pigment concentration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum L., cv STAR 6651) were harvested at various stages of ripeness from green mature to over-ripe (deep red). Similarly coloured exocarp portions (outer 2 mm of the pericarp) of each fruit were excised and CIELAB values L*, a*, b*, C* and ho measured (five readings per fruit). Samples were freeze-dried and analysed spectrophotometrically (470 nm, 648.6 nm, 664.2 nm) to determine chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations (Lichtenthaler, 1987). Data were subjected to analysis of variance (F-test) to determine significant differences (Rayner, 1967). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Concentrations of total chlorophyll, chl a and chl b decreased quadratically with increasing a* as fruit turned from green to deep red, such that a* was the most suitable colour value for estimating concentrations of these pigments. Total carotenoid concentration increased with increasing a* until the bright red stage (maximum C*, no chlorophyll detected), but a*, b* and C* were lower for deep red fruit which had the highest concentration of carotenoids. The relatively dull colour of deep red fruit could have been due to the presence of small amounts of chlorophyll as well as to high carotenoid concentrations. The relative rate of chlorophyll disappearance to red carotenoid formation differs among fruit, even within a certain cultivar. This further compromises the suitability of using a* values to estimate carotenoid concentrations in ripening fruit. Carotenoid concentration increased linearly with decreasing hue angle (ho = tan-1 b*/a*). Hue angle was therefore the most suitable colour value for estimating carotenoid concentration. CONCLUSIONS No single CIELAB colour value could be used to estimate concentrations of both chlorophyll and carotenoids in ripening red pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum L., cv STAR 6651). Hue angle was most representative of carotenoid concentration, and a* of chlorophyll concentration. REFERENCES LICHTENTHALER, H.K., 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol. 148, 358-382. McGUIRE, R.G., 1992. Reporting of objective color measurements. HortScience 27, 1254- 1255. RAYNER, A.A., 1967. A first course in biometry for agriculture students. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. Keywords: carotenoids, chlorophyll, CIELAB, red pepper, ripening fruit, COMBINED CONGRESS 2011 • GESAMENTLIKE KONGRES 2011 18 PEARL MILLET (Pennisetum glaucum) RESPONSE TO WATER UNDER LINE SOURCE SPRINKLER SYSTEM Bello, ZA1, Walker, S1 and Tfwala, CM1 1Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa 9300 Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is a C4 plant which has dual purpose, both as staple crop and forage, in semi-arid and arid regions. Apart from being drought resistant, pearl millet attributes include high nutritional value and ability to grow on a wide variety of soils. This study was carried out to investigate the response of the crop to water in a semi-arid region of South Africa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two lines of pearl millet, 06 GCI-PM 17 and local variety Monyaloti were cultivated for two seasons (2008/2009 and 2009/2010). The field experimental site was Kenilworth Experimental farm of the Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences of the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein during the summer of each season. The soil at the experimental site belongs to loamy aridic ustorthents (Amalia family). The experiment was laid out as a split plot design with four replications and a line source sprinkler was used as source of irrigation. The treatments include five levels of water application from fully irrigated, plots closest to the line source (W5), to rainfed plots (W1). The rainfed plots were twice the size of the irrigated plots to avoid the effects of border and lateral movement of water. Irrigation water was supplied once the plant available water fell below 70% in the W5 treatment plots. The field soil water content was monitored weekly with the aid of a Waterman Neutron moisture meter. Plants were thinned to two plants per station two weeks after emergence. Parameters such as leaf area, above ground biomass, radiation interception and yield components were collected at weekly intervals. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Different water level treatments affected leaf area index, above ground biomass and radiation interception of the two lines of pearl millet during the two seasons. Maximum canopy development was attained in GCI 17 earlier than Monyaloti. W4 and W3 plots produced the highest leaf area and biomass compared to the rest of the treatments in the two lines of pearl millets. Rainfed plots produced the lowest leaf area index and above ground biomass in all water treatments during the study period. Development of reproductive parts was significantly affected by water treatment in the improved line while the local variety was not affected. Yield components that were affected by water treatments include number of heads per stand and grain yields. CONCLUSIONS The results show that pearl millet being a rainfed crop can still be cultivated and production improves under irrigation. Quantity of water applied plays an important role in the development of the crop. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This project was funded by Water Research Commission project (WRC K5/1771/4). Keywords: Above ground biomass, leaf area index,, pearl millets, water treatments COMBINED CONGRESS 2011 • GESAMENTLIKE KONGRES 2011 19 COVER CROP INTERFERENCE WITH THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF MAIZE AND YELLOW NUTSEDGE UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS Bezuidenhout, SR1 and Reinhardt, CF2 1KZN Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs & Rural Development, Private Bag X9059, Pietermaritzburg 3200; 2Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002 Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Winter cover crops can fulfill an important part in sustainable agriculture because of their ability to suppress weed growth (Moore, Gillespie & Swanton, 1994). The objective of
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