Investigating the 1565 Menéndez Defenses Field Report on the 2011-2015 Excavations at the Fountain of Youth Park Site, St. Augustine
Kathleen Deagan Florida Museum of Natural History
Florida Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Papers in Archaeology # 62 Gainesville, November 15 2016
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements……………………..………………………………………………………… .ii List of Figures……………………………………………………….……………………………… vi List of Tables ……………………………………………………………...... vii
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Cultural and Historical Setting……………………………………………………………………. 2 Previous excavations………………………………………………………………………...... 8 The Spanish Defenses……………………………………………………………………………... 11 Documentary Accounts…………………………………………………………………………….14 Map Evidence………………………………………………………………………………………16 Archaeological Analogy……………………………………………………………………………17 2011-2013 Field Seasons……………………………………………………………………………21 A Hypothesized Casa de Municiones………………………………………………………………22 Defining a potential northern periphery wall……………………………………………………….27 Testing for the presence of a Timucua Chief’s “House”…………………………………………...31 Discovery of the 1951 Excavations Records………………………………………………………39 Investigating trench features to the north of the presumed northern perimeter wall……………….45 Ground Penetrating Radar Survey………………………………………………………….………57 A large Timucuan building………………………………………………………………………...60 Assessing the evidence for a Timucuan “Council House”……………………………………….. 73 Summary of Results………………………………………………………………………………...82 Potential Casa de Municiones or other large Spanish building……………………………………..83 A northern perimeter wall or boundary……………………………………………………………..85 Trench features to the north of the presumed perimeter wall……………………………………….86 A large Timucuan Building or Chief’s House………………………………………………………87 Spatial Organization…………………………………………………………………………………89
REFERENCES CITED……………………………………………………………………… 98
APPENDIX 1 Excavation and Recording Protocols 106 APPENDIX 2 Materials Excavated During the 1951-2 Project 110 APPENDIX 3 Locations of 1953 Northern "wall tests" (From Hahn field cards) 116 APPENDIX 4 Report of Ground Penetrating Radar Survey by J. Schultz and K. Gidusky 118 APPENDIX 5 Radiometric Dates from 8SJ31 130 APPENDIX 6 Distribution of Artifacts from Excavations South of Grid Northing 490N (1976-2015) 132 APPENDIX 7 Distribution of Artifacts from Excavations North of Grid Northing 490 151
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The 2011-2015 projects at the Fountain of Youth Park site were made possible through the generous support of the Historic St. Augustine Research Institute and the St. Augustine Foundation at Flagler College, the Fountain of Youth Park Properties, Inc. the Lastinger Family Foundation, the
Florida Museum of Natural History and the University of Florida Institute for Early Contact Period
Studies.
A great many individuals and agencies have made this work both possible and productive, not only during the current project reported here, but over many years of archaeological work in St.
Augustine. We would particularly like to thank the Fraser family- John R., Brian, Elaine and Steve
– for more than 30 years of support and enthusiasm for this project, including ongoing permission to work on the property. They, and the entire staff of the Fountain of Youth Park, have provided logistical support of the excavations in many large and small ways – water for screening, help in backfilling, cheerful repairs of spigots run over by field vehicles, great crew parties, and too many others ways to individually list here. They have also protected the archaeological resources within the park for more than 30 years from ground-impacting activity. I thank them for their hospitality, patience and good humor throughout that time. The Fraser family also helped to provide pertinent information and photographs relating to the recent history of the property and the changes that have been made over the years. We also thank the late Bill Edmiston and Greer Edmiston of Edmiston and Edmiston, P.A., Trustees of the Fountain of Youth Properties, Inc. They have given us all wise counsel and a steady guiding hand in fiscal and other matters related to the many archaeological projects at the site.
Carl Halbirt and the City of St. Augustine Archaeology program have provided innumerable kinds of assistance and invaluable advice over the years. Carl has been present on site
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Deagan-FOY-2016 regularly, sharing ideas and helping sort out interpretations. He has also generously released his volunteer crew members to help us in the field on many occasions. At his instigation, the City of St.
Augustine Public Works Department has provided us with superbly skilled assistance in grading excavation areas, taking overhead photography and in sinking well points, for which we are most grateful.
Much of the work at the Fountain of Youth Park has been carried out by the people who have volunteered to provide their time, skills and energy to the project. We are especially grateful to the members of the St. Augustine Archaeological Association, who have joined us over the years to provide volunteer labor, moral support, and advice. We especially want to thank Tommy Abood for the many weeks he spent with us volunteering his time in the field, and keeping the mudflows from water screening under control.
The field crews during the 2011-2015 period covered in this report exercised the skill and dedication that were essential to carrying out this work. I thank Janet Jordan, Sarah Bennett,
Courney Boren, Linda Chandler, Brandi Hamm, Jim Doyle, Mischa Johns, Peter Larson, Greg
Smith and David Underwood. Courtney Crum of the Flagler College Archaeology Club spent many hours during St. Augustine’s critical 450th anniversary year providing information and interpretation to the crowds of visitors who visited the Fountain of Youth Park.
Dr. Gifford Waters of the Florida Museum of Natural History has participated in the work through the years, providing logistical support, and providing supervision in both the field and the analysis and curation of the excavated materials from the site. He and continues to manage and oversee the 8SJ31 collection at the Florida Museum of Natural History.
Invaluable information and insights have been provided by a great many colleagues who have collaborated with us over the years. Dr. Eugene Lyon has devoted many hours over the course of the project to providing us with guidance, advice, interpretation and critical new historical
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Deagan-FOY-2016 information. Likewise, Prof. Herschel Shepard has helped us immensely in identifying and interpreting architectural features, and much of our work has been guided by Herschel’s architectural hypotheses and insights. Dr. Paul Hoffman of Louisiana State University has also provided us with most useful critical reviews of our reports from a historical perspective over the years. Dr. Michael Gannon of the University of Florida has been a decades-long source of historical inspiration and endless moral support.
Dr. John Schultz of the University of Central Florida contributed many days to conducting and analyzing the ground penetrating radar survey of the site, and Dr. Ryan Williams of the
Chicago Field Museum generously carried out the magnetometer survey. Maurice Williams directed the initial electromagnetic conductivity survey and topographic mapping programs at the site. Dr. Ed Tennant of the University of Florida designed and implemented the GIS system that now integrates the data resulting from all years of archaeology at the Fountain of Youth Park, and will continue to organize it.
Dr. Willie Horton and graduate student Chip Chilton of the University of Florida Soil
Sciences Department spend time with us on site, helping us analyze and interpret the non-cultural soil stratigraphy. Their core samples, and discussion of coastal soils educated us in a new way about the site, and aided greatly in both interpreting the soils and developing future strategies.
Environmental Archaeologist Sylvia Scudder of the Florida Museum of Natural History has also given freely of her time and advice on the many occasions of our questions about site soils.
Dr. Betsy Reitz and her students of the University of Georgia have carried out the analyses of faunal remains from the site since the project’s beginning, not only reconstructing the diets of the site’s inhabitants, but also helping us reconstruct the taphonomy and formation processes of the site itself. Zooarchaeologist Irv Quitmeyer of the Florida Museum of Natural History, has provided a
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Deagan-FOY-2016 great many shell identifications for us over the years, and well as discussions of procurement strategies for them.
In addition to her skillful reconstruction of pottery vessels, Ceramic Technologist Ann Cordell of the Florida Museum of Natural History has likewise provided us with countless identification of pottery types, paste composition and minerals from the Fountain of Youth Park. She has also incorporated samples from the site into her ongoing studies of Florida indigenous pottery to help us better understand the production traditions and exchange patterns of pottery represented at the site.
I and my co-workers at the Fountain of Youth Park have constantly benefited and continuously learned from discussions and review of our data with colleagues working in other
Spanish colonial sites. Thanks to Keith Ashley, Chester DePratter, Buff Gordon, Carl Halbirt,
Bonnie McEwan, Jerry Milanich, Vicki Rolland, Stan South, David Thomas, Gifford Waters, John
Worth, and Al Woods.
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Location of the Fountain of Youth Park Site……………………………………………………….2
Figure 2. Menéndez settlement area within the Fountain of Youth Park site…………………………………3
Figure 3. Topographic map showing locations of Timucua middens in the Menéndez encampment area… 11
Figure 4. Menéndez-era deposits excavated between 1976 and 2007………………………………………..12
Figure 5. Speculative layout of the Menéndez encampment made after the 2008 field season……………..13
Figure .6 Forms of century century forts in St. Augustine…………………………………………………...16
Figure 7. Sixteenth century forts at Santa Elena (1566-1587)…………………………………………….. 17
Figure 8. Coastal fortifications in sixteenth century Puerto Rico...... 18
Figure 9. Location of units excavated in 2011 and 2013 …………………………………………………..23
Figure 10. 2002 Block Excavation 1 showing charcoal-stained sill impressions and posts ……………….23
Figure 11. Plan view map of 2002 Block Excavation 1. …………………………………………………..24
Figure 12. Cross section profiles of trenches in 2008 Block excavation 1 and associated units………….…24
Figure 13. Aerial view of the Fountain of Youth Park and adjacent areas ca. 1935………………...... 26
Figure 14. Trench features along presumed northern wall extent. ………………………………………….30
Figure 15. 1976 Unit 462.5N 528.5E showing large hearth (Feature 2) and associated features ……….32
Figure 16. Units and features excavated in 2013 …………………………………………………………...34
Figure 17. Feature 196 ……………………………………………………………………………………...38
Figure 18. 1951-2 Excavation basemap (Paul Hahn)…………………………………………………….... .41
Figure 19. 1952-52 Excavations (red) overlaid on 1976-2008 excavations (blue)………………………...... 41
Figure 20. Features mapped in 1952 excavations…………………………………………………………....43
Figure 21. Detail of 1952 northern wall trenches and a turn to the north……………………………………44
Figure 22. Example of field record for the 1953 tests north of the central path……………………………..45
Figure 23. Locations of 2014 excavations in relation to the hypothetical locations of the 1953 wall tests (dashed red outlines)………………………………………………………………………………………….47
Figure 24. Feature 192 trench profile in Unit 495N 495E…………………………………………………...48
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Figure 25. Bottom of Feature 192 showing circular impressions in the base…………………………….....48
Figure 26. Feature 192 and 193 top……………………………………………………………………..…..49
Figure 27. South profile of 516N 491E showing 1953 backfill and wall trench stain………………………50
Figure 28 Features 196 and 197 in Unit 507N 535E………………………………………………………..52
Figure 29. Feature 196 trench profile………………………………………………………………………..52
Figure 30. Feature 197, north end of 507N 535E……………………………………………………………53
Figure 31. Top of Feature 201 trench overlaid by Feature 200……………………………………………...55
Figure 32 Burned postmold (Feature 203) at base of Feature 201 trench………………………………….. 55
Figure 33. East and West Profiles, Unit 503N 525E…………….………………………………………….56
Figure 34. Dr. John Schultz and Graduate Student Kevin Gidusky carrying out the 2014 Ground
Penetrating Radar survey……………………………………………………………………………………57
Figure 35. Areas covered by the 2014 Ground Penetrating Radar Survey….…………………………..….58
Figure 36. Locations of principal anomalies located during the 2014 GPR Areas…………………………58
Figure 37. Features located in 2014 Blocks 1 and 2...... 59
Figure 38. Location of 1952 eastern block and features………………………………………….………....61
Figure 39. Locations of various excavations in vicinity of the 1952 East Block …………………………..64
Figure 40. Drone view of 2015 East Block unit with 1952 features overlaid………………………..…….64
Figure 41. Excavation of the 2015 East Block prior to flooding……………………………………………65
Figure 42. Features and postmolds in the south half of the 2015 East Block (facing east)…………….. ….65
Figure 43. Subsiding flood waters and water table in 2015 East Block (facing west)……………………...66
Figure 44. Features located and mapped in the 2015 East Block unit………………………………………67
Figure 45. Combined features mapped in 1952 (yellow) and 2015 (blue) in 2015 East Block……………67
Figure 46. Feature 224 burned post and posthole, and Feature 228 shallow trench ………………………..68
Figure 47. East-west cross section through Feature 224 post and posthole………………………………...68
Figure 48. Fragment of Venetian (?) enameled glass folded vessel foot……………………………………69
Figure 49. Archaeological footprints of Apalachee Council Houses. San Luis de Talimali,
B. Borrow Pit Site, C. Miami Circle. Patale…………………………….…………………………….……77
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Figure 50. Structures 10 and 11 at the Blue Goose Midden (8IR15). From Handley 2001:110-11………....78
Figure 51. All mapped features in vicinity of the East Block, 1952-2015…………………..……………… 80
Figure 52. Potential circular post structures in East Block area……………………………………….…… .81
Figure 53. Archaeologically-verified linear trenches and hypothetical connecting lines…………………....86 Figure 54. St. Johns Period features .…………………………… …………..…………………..…...... 94
Figure 55. St. Johns Period features showing arc-shaped postmold patterns…………………………….….95
Figure 56. Distribution of St. Johns pottery. Contour interval = 50 sherds………………………………...96
Figure 57. Distribution of Menéndez-era ceramics (Excluding Olive Jar). Contour=5 sherds………...... 97
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Archaeological expeditions at 8SJ31 ………………………..……………… ...... ……………..8 Table 2. 8SJ31 Trenches associated with possible storehouse. (configurations in meters) …………..26 Table 3. 8SJ31 Units excavated to locate east-west northern perimeter wall feature … . ……………..28 Table 4. 8SJ31 East-west northern perimeter wall feature data…………………………… ..... ……….29 Table 5. 8SJ31 Units excavated in 2013 to test for a hypothesized Timucua chief’s house ...... 33 Table 6. 8SJ31 Artifact distributions in hearth area features, 2013 and 1976 ……………………… 35 Table 7. 8SJ31 Materials remains from feature 1996 (2013)…………… .... … ……………………38 Table 8. 8SJ31. Unscreened material collected in the 1952 excavation of Trench 5 (east block area) .. 62 Table 9. 8SJ31 Distribution of materials in 2015 Block 2 deposits…………………………………….70 Table 10.8SJ31 Artifact Distribution Summary: North and South of Grid Northing 490………………89
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Introduction
The Fountain of Youth Park site (8SJ31) in St. Augustine, Florida is one of the nation’s richest archaeological resources for understanding the earliest years of European colonial presence in
North America. The property was occupied for more than 2,000 years by the Timucua Indians and their predecessors before Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Aviles founded St. Augustine, the first permanent European town in the United States, in 1565. The Fountain of Youth Park property also contains the buried remains of the first Franciscan mission to the American Indians, established in 1587, and continues today as one of Florida’s oldest and most famous tourist attractions.
Because of this exceptional historical and archaeological heritage, the property encompassed by the Fountain of Youth Park has been the focus of archaeological study for more than 70 years. A synthesis of archaeological work done at the Park between 1934 and 2007 was prepared in 2008
(Deagan 2008), with a particular focus on the Menéndez-era occupation of the southeastern portion of the site.
Five subsequent seasons of excavations were undertaken at the Fountain of Youth Park Site between 2011 and 2015 (April-June, 2011; October-December 2011 and March – June 5, 2013;
March-June 2014 and March to May 2015). This work was designed to help meet the interpretive needs identified in the 2008 synthetic report, of which the most urgent was a more comprehensive understanding of the defenses of the initial Spanish encampment of 1565. This report is intended to document those excavations, and integrate the results within the larger framework of previous excavations and interpretations.
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Cultural and Historical Setting Today the Fountain of Youth Park (FOY) is a privately-owned, 16-acre tract located at 21
Magnolia Street in the city of St. Augustine. It serves as a tourist attraction promoting Ponce de
Leon and the story of the Fountain of Youth, as well as the early history of the St. Augustine area.
The property extends between Magnolia Street on the west and the intracoastal waterway (Hospital
Creek) on the east and the southeast, and is bordered by private property on the north and southwest
(Figures 1-2). The entire tract encompassed by the Fountain of Youth Park was designated in 1951 as site 8SJ31, with the site boundaries corresponding to the Park property boundaries.
Figure 1. Location of the Fountain of Youth Park Site
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Figure 2. Menéndez settlement area within the Fountain of Youth Park site.
The Fountain of Youth Park has been occupied by people at least intermittently for more than
2,500 years. The earliest use of the site appears to have been during the final stage of the ceramic
Archaic Orange period (1000-500B.C.) (B.P.E. 3000-2500) (dates for the precolumbian occupations follow Milanich 1994:94, 247). This is part of an extensive region of Orange Period occupation that is documented to have extended along the intracoastal waterway from several miles north of St. Augustine, southward to below Matanzas inlet (Deagan 1981; Goggin 1952; Handley
2001; Miller 1990; Russo 1992:111-13; Smith and Bond 1983; Wallace et. al. 2007).
Late Orange and early St. Johns I period occupation is evidenced along the northeastern shoreline of the Park, represented principally by Orange Fiber Tempered pottery, sometimes in association with St.
Johns plain pottery. The deposits of the period are located directly above the marsh clay surface along the site’s eastern edge, and at the base of the shell midden at the southwestern portion of the property.
The levels dated to the Orange and St. Johns I periods reflect multi-seasonal occupation (Hales and Reitz
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1992), but these may have been periodic, since the deposits are markedly sparse, and consist principally of thin sheet deposits rather than identifiable, human-created features.
The principal and most intensive occupation of the Fountain of Youth Park property began at about
A.D. 900, during the St. Johns II period (for details of this occupation see Deagan 2010: 23-27, 300-
320). The St. Johns II culture is associated with the historically known Eastern Timucua people who inhabited the site when the Spaniards arrived in 1565. Analysis of faunal remains and particularly fish otoliths from St. Johns II contexts suggests that occupation was probably year-round after ca. A.D. 1000
(Reitz 1991; Young 1988).
The property encompassed by the Fountain of Youth site comprises the southern end of a larger pre-Spanish contact Timucua settlement area extending northward for nearly a mile along St.
Augustine’s Intracoastal Waterway (Chaney 1986:34-38; Handley 2001; Smith and Bond 1983;
Wallace, et. al. 2007). This occupation was abruptly interrupted by the arrival of the Spanish colonization expedition under Pedro Menéndez de Aviles in 1565.
Menéndez was the Captain General of the Spanish fleet stationed in the West Indies to protect trade and Spanish shipping. He was also a privateer and had a troubled history of tax evasion and smuggling shipping (a definitive study of Pedro Menéndez and his enterprise in Florida is found in Lyon 1976). But the establishment of French Fort Caroline near present-day
Jacksonville in 1564 convinced Phillip II of Spain to enter a joint venture with Menéndez to both settle Florida and expel the protestant French. A race to Florida began in 1565 between Menéndez' colonization expedition and the French relief fleet under the command of Jean Ribault sent to assist the barely-surviving French (McGrath 2000).
The two fleets arrived in Florida almost simultaneously. Menéndez decided to make landfall about
50 miles south of Fort Caroline, and came ashore to claim Florida for Spain in the vicinity of St.
Augustine. More than 800 Spaniards (including 26 women) made their camp at a village under the
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Deagan-FOY-2016 jurisdiction of the Timucua Cacique Seloy. While Menéndez and most of the soldiers marched north to deal with the French at Fort Caroline, the rest of his expedition established a settlement in or near the Indian town.
The events of these first days are unclear, and eyewitness accounts of the establishment of the settlement are ambiguous and often contradictory. It is well established, however, that the encampment - the real or pueblo- was established close to or perhaps around the fort, where civilians and off-duty soldiers lived in bohios (Indian-style huts). This site has been identified in the southeast quadrant of the Fountain of Youth Park (8SJ31) and has been the focus of most of the archaeological research there.
Pedro Menéndez wrote that he sent his Captains ashore first to make an entrenchment to protect the goods and people that were being unloaded from the ships. They would subsequently, once the immediate threats and uncertainties of arrival were past, more carefully select a site for the fort. The expedition’s chaplain, Father López Mendoza de Grajales in contrast, wrote that upon landing, they took a house of a chief, and made a fortification around it (see Deagan 2008 and Lyon 1997b for a more detailed consideration of the founding documents).
Very little else is known about the nature of the earliest Spanish defensive constructions at St.
Augustine. It is documented that the first fort at St. Augustine contained a storehouse, or Casa de
Municiones, that also lodged some of the expedition’s officials. Eyewitnesses recount that although the building had a stout wooden door; it was constructed of palm thatch. The Spaniards referred to the building as a buhio, the word used in the Caribbean to describe a thatched hut, and sometimes a large house of a cacique. Inside the Casa de Municiones the Spaniards stored corn, meat, cassava, wine, oil, garbanzos, other foodstuffs, cloth, sails, and munitions. The storehouse probably housed the ammunition, since it appears that there was considerable fear of fire.
Another contemporary, Bartolomé Barrientos, stated that the fort's powder house was thatched
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Deagan-FOY-2016 with palmetto leaves: "they (the Indians) burned the powder magazine, which readily caught fire because it was thatched with palmetto leaves"(Manucy translation 1997:28).
Menéndez’s colonists included some 500 soldiers, 200 seamen, and 100 “others”, comprised by civilians, clergy and the wives and children of 26 soldiers. All were from Spain. One hundred and thirty eight of these soldiers also held licenses in various crafts and trades, including 10 stonemasons, 15 carpenters, 21 tailors 10 shoemakers, eight blacksmiths, five barbers, two surgeons, two lime makers, three swordsmiths, a gunmaker and a crossbow repairman. Other trades represented among the group included tanners, farriers, wool carders, a hatmaker, an embroiderer, a bookseller, coopers, bakers, gardeners, an apothecary, and a master brewer. Another 117 of the soldiers were also farmers, ready to settle and farm the land once the French were vanquished
(Lyon 1976:92).
Their circumstances deteriorated within a month. After the capture of Ft. Caroline, Menéndez renamed the fort San Mateo, and left a garrison of three hundred men there. Those who remained in
St. Augustine were obligated to build their own fort and shelters, and in October of 1565 Menéndez wrote to the King that “we are suffering for want of food, and the labors and dangers that we undergo are great, the fort that we erect here being built by the labor of every man, of whatever rank, of six hours every day, three hours before noon and three hours after, and if the men do not endure it well, many of us will be sick and die” (AGI Seville Santo Domingo 221, in Quinn
1979:397). The following month, in November of 1565, another fort was established near the mouth of the Indian River and 200 men were left there. Additionally, a considerable number of soldiers and seamen accompanied Menéndez on his explorations and voyages, which took place almost continuously for the first five months after settlement.
Thus by November of 1565, it was likely that fewer than 200 people remained at the St.
Augustine settlement. They continued to suffer from hunger, illness and Indian attacks, and it was
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Deagan-FOY-2016 reported in January of 1566 that more than 100 people had died in the Florida forts from hunger and cold (Lyon 1976:140).
These conditions, exacerbated by the failure to find wealth, led to mutinies against Menéndez by the soldiers in both St. Augustine and San Mateo in the Spring of 1566. Records of the St.
Augustine mutiny provide additional detail about the storehouse. The rebels apparently gained easy access to the fort at midnight on March 8, and proceeded to the Casa de Munición, which had a wooden door. After pounding on it with lances and halberds, they forced the door and tied up the loyal soldiers inside.
They made their escape in a boat, leaving a rear guard to spike the fort guns. Witnesses recounted that the rebels went "down river" about a league and a half (approximately 7,500 varas, or about four statute miles) from the fort to the bar of St. Augustine, where they were just out of reach of the fort guns. Work on the changing configurations of the St. Augustine inlet and bar
(Franklin and Morris 1996) indicates that prior to the dredging of the present St. Augustine inlet in
1940, the historic inlet was about 400 meters to the south of its present location, led Lyon to suggest that this first fort "must have been on the west shore of the Matanzas river, at a point somewhere above an east-west line drawn through the inlet at that time" (Lyon 1997a:135), corresponding to the location of the Fountain of Youth Park.
The soldier’s mutiny was ultimately quelled, but the Spaniards' fears of fire were realized a month later. On April 19, the fort burned, either as a result of Indian attack or accident. In either case, relations with the Timucua in the area had deteriorated badly, and the Spaniards decided to move the fort across to the east side of the bay rather than rebuild the burned Seloy fort. This they did, building an insubstantial fortification at the (then) north end of Anastasia Island. When the relief fleet of 17 ships under General Sancho de Archineaga arrived in June of 1566, they were able to build a more substantial fort. This third fort, too, was across the bay from the hostile Indian
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Deagan-FOY-2016 territory in which the initial encampment was established.
The town of St. Augustine ultimately moved to its present location in 1572, owing to the erosion of the forts and buildings on Anastasia Island and, presumably, the pacification of the
Timucua in the immediate vicinity of St. Augustine. In 1587, the first Franciscan mission in the province was established at a Native American town near the site of the 1565 Menéndez encampment, and was known as Nombre de Dios. A wood and thatch church was constructed at what is today the southwestern corner of the Fountain of Youth Park property, persisting there until the mid-seventeenth century (see discussion in Deagan 2008: 37-40, 333-337).
Previous excavations Table 1 lists the archaeological projects undertaken at 8SJ31, and details of that field work are documented in Deagan (2008). The final summary section of this report integrates the data from previous excavations with that from the post-2007 projects reported here.
Systematic shovel tests have covered all 16 acres of the Fountain of Youth Park site at 10- meter and 5-meter intervals (Barrett and Braden 2001; Betz 1994; Chaney 1986; Deagan 2008:93-
95; Lewis and Wright 2001; Luccketti 1977; Waters 2005), and 1,320 square meters of area have been excavated since 1976.
Table 1: Archaeological Expeditions at 8SJ31 Date Institution Excavator(s) Site Location Report reference Location of field records and artifact collections 1934 Smithsonian Roy Dickson/ SW Area-north Dickson 1934; Records- FOY Mathew Stirling burials Seaberg 1951 archive; Collections- unknown 1935 Florida Vernon Lamme Unknown Lamme 1935 Unknown Geological Survey 1951 University John Goggin/ SW and SE Seaberg 1951 Records – of Florida Lillian Seaberg / quadrants Unknown Anthropology Paul Hahn/ Collections- FLMNH- UF 1951 University of John Goggin/ SE quadrant Porter 1952 Records – Florida Marguerite Porter/ Unknown Anthropology Richard Cooper Collections- Unknown
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1953 University of John Goggin/ SW Area -South Hahn 1953 Records – Florida Paul Hahn burials Unknown Anthropology Collections- Unknown 1976 Florida State Kathleen Deagan/ SE and NE Merritt 1977 Records: University Donald Merritt quadrants FLMNH-UF Anthropology Collections- FLMNH- UF 1977 Florida State Kathleen Deagan/ Whole park Luccketti 1977 Records: University Nicholas survey, SE FLMNH-UF Anthropology Luccketti quadrant south Collections- midden FLMNH- UF 1985 University of Kathleen Deagan/ SE quadrant, Chaney 1987 Records: Florida- Ed Chaney Menéndez area FLMNH-UF FLMNH Collections- FLMNH-UF 1987 University of Kathleen Deagan/ SE quadrant, None Records: Florida- Ed Chaney Menéndez area FLMNH-UF FLMNH Collections- FLMNH-UF 1990 University of Kathleen Deagan/ SE quadrant, Gordon 1992 Records: Florida- Gardner Gordon Menéndez area FLMNH-UF FLMNH Collections- FLMNH-UF 1994 University of Kathleen Deagan/ SE quadrant, Stuhlman 1995 Records: Florida- Robin Shtulman Menéndez area FLMNH-UF FLMNH Collections- FLMNH-UF 2000 University of Kathleen Deagan/ SE quadrant, White 2001 Records: Florida- Cheryl White Menéndez area FLMNH-UF FLMNH Collections- FLMNH-UF 2000 University of Gifford Waters SW quadrant Waters 2006; Records: Florida- survey, village Deagan 2008) FLMNH-UF FLMNH area Collections- FLMNH-UF 2000 University of Gifford Waters/ NE sector survey Lewis,/Wright Records: Florida- Korinn Braden/ 2000, FLMNH-UF FLMNH Kim Lewis Barrett/Braden Collections- 2000 FLMNH-UF 2001 University of Kathleen Deagan/ SE quadrant, Anderson 2002 Records: Florida- Jamie Anderson Menéndez area FLMNH-UF FLMNH Collections- FLMNH-UF 2002 University of Kathleen Deagan/ SE quadrant, Woods 2004, Records: Florida- Al Woods Menéndez area Deagan 2004 FLMNH-UF FLMNH Collections- FLMNH-UF 2005 University of Kathleen Deagan SE quadrant, Newquist 2007 Records: Florida- Ingrid Newquist Menéndez area FLMNH-UF FLMNH shoreline Collections- FLMNH-UF 2006 University of Kathleen Deagan/ Menéndez Deagan 2008 Records: Florida- SAAA* encampment, SE FLMNH-UF FLMNH quadrant, Collections- FLMNH-UF 2007 University of Gifford Central and south Deagan 2008 Records: Florida- Waters/Kathleen area survey, FLMNH-UF FLMNH Deagan/SAAA Menéndez Collections- encampment FLMNH-UF 2011 University of Kathleen Deagan/ North sector of This report Records: 9
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Florida- Gifford Waters Menéndez FLMNH-UF FLMNH encampment 2013 University of Kathleen Menéndez This report Collections- Florida- Deagan/SAAA encampment area FLMNH-UF FLMNH Records: FLMNH-UF
2014 University of Kathleen North of central This report Collections- Florida- Deagan/SAAA Path (NE FLMNH-UF FLMNH quadrant) Records: FLMNH-UF 2015 Spring University of Kathleen Block excavations: This report Collections- Florida- Deagan/SAAA N of path; FLMNH-UF FLMNH Menéndez Records: encampment NE FLMNH-UF section 2015 Sept. University of Kathleen Menéndez This report Collections- Florida- Deagan/SAAA encampment NE FLMNH-UF FLMNH section Records: FLMNH-UF
Additional testing, not part of the University of Florida program, has also been carried out in the western portion of the Park (Halbirt 2011, 2015; Seaberg 1951). These projects recovered features and materials dating exclusively to the precolumbian and seventeenth century mission periods.
All of this work has definitively shown that 16th century artifacts and features are almost exclusively concentrated in the southeastern quadrant of the Park, encompassing an area of approximately 90 meters north to south and 55-60 meters east to west (about 8,000 square meters, .8 hectare, or 1.9 acres). This occupation area was bounded on the south and east by Hospital Creek, on the west by what is thought to have been inundated marshland in 1565, and on the north by what may have been a wooden or brush and earth wall.
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Figure 3. Topographic map showing locations of Timucua middens in the Menéndez encampment area. The encampment area corresponds roughly to the area occupied by the precolumbian Timucua village. That village occupation is defined by two area of dense shell midden, deposited principally during the St. Johns 2 period (ca. AD 800 – ca. 1565). At the approximate center of the occupation area a circular or oval space of 20-23 meters in diameter was free of either Timucua or Spanish residential constructions, apparently serving as a plaza area for both occupations. (Figure 3).
The Spanish Defenses By 2008, the basic elements of the Menéndez settlement at the Fountain of Youth Park were
reasonably well delineated (Figures 4-5). The physical extent and boundaries of the sixteenth
century Spanish occupation were determined; the principal architectural elements were identified,
and the material culture of the community was documented (Deagan 2008). However, none of the
features expected to have characterized a Spanish fort of the period- specifically a moat or a
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palisade- had been located.
Figure 4. Menéndez-era deposits excavated between 1976 and 2007.
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Figure 5 Speculative layout of the Menéndez encampment made after the 2008 field season. (Courtesy of the Florida Museum of Natural History)
The difficulty in interpreting the defenses is complicated by the absence of any reliable model – either archaeological or documentary – that is specifically analogous to the situation represented by
1565 St. Augustine. Menéndez was a seaman, and most of his colonists were part-time militia soldiers. It was not until after the settlement moved across the Matanzas river harbor in 1566 (to what is today Anastasia Island) that professional soldiers trained and experienced in frontier fort building – such as Juan Pardo – arrived in Florida.
Investigation of the 1565 defenses has been guided by various models of sixteenth century
Spanish frontier field fortification, including:
1. Documentary accounts, of which Father López’s description of a fortified Timucua chief’s house has been prominent (discussed below and in Shepard 2005)
2. Map depictions of early wooden forts in the Spanish Caribbean, a number of which were simply encampments or settlements within an enclosure (see Deagan 2010)
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3. Excavations elsewhere in the southeastern United States, including those at Menéndez’s second town, Santa Elena, South Carolina (1566-1586), (DePratter and South 1995; South 1980, 1982, 1983; South and DePratter 1996; South Skowronek and Johnson 1988) as well as more recent excavation at the interior North Carolina Berry Site, which was the location of Juan Pardo’s 1566 fort of Joara (Beck, Rodning and Moore 2016).
Documentary Accounts
The documentary evidence relating to the first St. Augustine fort is sparse and ambiguous at best. When the Menéndez expedition arrived at St. Augustine, their chaplain, Father Pedro Lopez y
Grajales wrote that “They went ashore and were well-received by the Indians, who gave them a very large house of a cacique which is on the riverbank. And then Captains Patiño and San Vicente, with strong industry and diligence, ordered a ditch and moat made around the house, with a rampart of earth and fagots..." (Lyon 1997a:6).
Father Lopez’s account has dominated nearly all subsequent interpretations of the first settlement since that time, despite the existence of two other eyewitness accounts to the landing that made no mention of a chief’s house. Menéndez himself, for example, wrote that “I sent on shore two captains with the first 200 soldiers ….in order to throw up a trench in the place most fit to fortify themselves in….. They did this so well that when I landed on Our Lady’s Day to take possession of the country in your Majesty’s name, it seemed as if they had had a month’s time, and if they had had shovels and other iron tools, they could not have done it better, for we have none of these things, the ship laden with them not having yet arrived… When I go onshore we shall seek out a more suitable place to fortify ourselves in, as it is not fit where we are now. (Menéndez de Aviles in Ware 1894).
Gonzalo Solís de Merás, a Captain and Menéndez’s brother in law, recounted that “As soon as he (Menéndez) reached there (the harbor of St. Augustine) he landed about 300 soldiers and sent two Captains with them, who were to reconnoiter at daybreak the next morning the lay of the land and the places which seemed to them strongest (for defense), in order that they might dig a trench 14
Deagan-FOY-2016 quickly while it was being seen where they could build a fort…”( Solís de Merás ca. 1567 in
Connor 1923:89).
According to Menéndez and others, the official “fort” of St. Augustine was not laid out until mid-October of 1565, when Menéndez left with 300 men to deal with a group of French survivors from Fort Caroline and establish a new fort in the Indian River area (see Lyon 1976: 128-130).
Solís de Merás wrote that on October 26th “..he left the fort traced out and the work of erecting it equally divided among squads of men, and they were to work at the fortifications each day 3 hours in the morning and 3 in the afternoon ” (Solís de Merás ca. 1567 in Connor 1923:125).
By that time the number of people in the St. Augustine settlement had diminished drastically.
Of the original contingent of 800 settlers (500 soldiers, 200 seamen and 100 civilians and family members), 300 soldiers were stationed at the former French Fort Caroline, by then renamed San
Mateo. Another 300 men were sent to man a new fort at Santa Lucia (today’s Jupiter Island), and a number of soldiers had died. If all of the 200 seamen remained with their ships, these alternate assignments could account for all of those arriving in September. This was obviously not the case, however it suggests that relatively few soldiers, and perhaps some sailors were left in St. Augustine to build the fort, along with the 100 civilians (who included women, children, priests and civilian officials).
The only subsequent mention of the fort in documentary sources comes from accounts of a mutiny in March of 1566 (Lyon 1997:a-b). During the uprising, mutineers pounded on the wooden door of the fort storehouse, and broke in. They stole arms and munitions, and tied up the quartermaster. The following month, part of the storehouse burned down, along with all of the supplies within it, either because of an Indian fire arrow or by accident. That event caused the settlement to be abandoned and relocated across the Matanzas River on present-day Anastasia
Island (these events are described in detail in Lyon 1997a-b).
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The documents of the period therefore provide very little information about the nature of the first St. Augustine fort, revealing only that it was traced out, and that an at least partially thatched storehouse was a prominent feature. It is also possible that a large Timucuan structure served at least initially as a storehouse or fort.
Map Evidence Although no known maps or drawings of Menéndez era St. Augustine are known to exist, depictions do exists of several roughly contemporary Spanish fortifications in the Caribbean and
Florida. None represent the first stages of establishing a settlement, however they do offer a range of potential spatial organization patterns and defensive elements. Figures 6-8 show several varieties of 16th century forts in Florida and the Caribbean.
Figure 6 Forms of sixteenth century forts in St. Augustine
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Figure 7. !6th century forts at Santa Elena (1566-1587)
Archaeological analogy
Fort San Juan at Joara Although no contemporaries to the initial St. Augustine fortifications represent the same hasty and informal circumstances of Menéndez ‘s encampment, there were forts constructed in the region that suggest potential points of comparison. The site of Fort San Juan at Joara is probably the most appropriate of these, and has been the focus of extensive excavations over the past decade (Beck,
Rodning and Moore 2016).
In 1566, Captain Juan Pardo and 125 men departed Santa Elena (on modern-day Parris Island,
South Carolina) to explore and claim the interior of southeastern North America for Spain (for detailed accounts of this expedition, see Hudson 1990). Pardo built Fort San Juan in the native town of Joara in 1567, located in the Appalachian foothills near present day Morgantown N.C. The
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Deagan-FOY-2016 entire group stayed at Joara for two weeks, during which they apparently built the fort. When Pardo departed to return to Santa Elena, he left 30 men garrisoned at Fort San Juan.
Figure 8. Coastal fortifications in 16th century Puerto Rico. Spanish soldiers lived at Fort San Juan from January 1567 until May of 1568, when relations between the Spaniards and the native peoples of Joara became hostile, and the encampment and fort were burned and destroyed.
Excavators Rob Beck, Chris Rodning and David Moore have located the residential compound of the Spanish soldiers and Fort San Juan itself. The 30 soldiers lived in five buildings around a central open area or plaza, with the compound encompassing an area of roughly 40 by 80 meters
(about 3 hectares or .75 acres). The structures themselves were of essentially Native American
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Deagan-FOY-2016 design, but with elements that indicated the use of European tools and alterations. They were approximately seven meters square, with about 50 square meters of floor space (Beck, Moore,
Rodning, Sherwood and Horton 2016).
Ft. San Juan itself was located about 50 meters to the south of the encampment, adjacent to a stream that extends along the site’s east boundary. It was square or rectangular with corner bastions, and measured about 20 meters north to south and possibly more east to west (Beck, Rodning and
Moore 2016b). The fort was defined by a deep, V-shaped moat that in the areas excavated so far, was approximately 3.5 meters wide, and about 1.8 meters in depth (Beck, Moore and Rodning
2014). The fort interior remains to be excavated.
Although the structures and organization of the Ft. San Juan site do not resemble patterns documented at the Fountain of Youth Park site, it is important as the closest analogy in time in space and context to the Menéndez site. It is also important in showing the distance between the encampment and the fort itself, and the extraordinary amount of physical labor that could be done by 125 soldiers in two weeks.
Santa Elena: Fort San Felipe (I) Santa Elena was established in 1566 by Menéndez as his second town in La Florida. By that time, the original settlement at St. Augustine was in the process of relocating across the Matanzas
River to today’s Anastasia Island. Menéndez visited what would become Santa Elena in April
1566, and laid out a fort. He then left between 50 and 70 men to build a fort and establish a garrison at Santa Elena.
They built a fort named San Sebastian, but after fewer than two months 43 of the soldiers at
Santa Elena mutinied and fled to Cuba (Lyon 1984:2-3). The remainder of the garrison, left with little food and few arms, eventually got relief after the Spanish expeditionary fleet under Sánchez de Archiniegas arrived in St. Augustine on June 29. Captain Juan Pardo and his company of 250
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Deagan-FOY-2016 soldiers arrived with that fleet, were sent directly to reinforce Santa Elena. They arrived in mid-July and immediately set about building a better, more defensible fort which they named San Felipe.
Fort San Felipe was burned in 1570, and was rebuilt in 1572 at an as-yet unknown location.
The site of San Felipe was located and excavated by the late Stanley South (South 1984, 1985,
1991). It was an earth and wood fort, estimated to have had a parallelogram shape with four corner bastions (South 1984:53). The moat exterior measured about 170 feet (52 meters) east to west, with north and south sides of 100 (30.5 meters) and 270 feet (82 meters) respectively. The moat itself was 16 feet (about 5 meters) wide and 5 feet (about 1.5 meters) deep. It was a shallow and rounded moat, unlike the narrow, V-shaped moat at Ft. San Juan. A wood casa fuerte or stronghouse was constructed within the fort, measuring approximately 50 by 70 feet (about 15 by 21 meters)
The sequence of building Fort San Felipe as determined by South is relevant to the Menéndez site in St. Augustine. South notes that the initial stage of construction was the excavation of a narrow ditch in a rectangular shape inside the fort, measuring about 50 by 80 feet (about 15 by 25 meters). The ditch was 2.5 feet (about 70 centimeters) wide, and the base was at 3.5 feet (about 1 meter) below the present ground surface. (South 1991:45; 1984:33)
South interpreted this as the base of a wall built of faggots (bundles of small logs bound together) and gabions (bundles of wood and twigs bound together) that served as a temporary protection for the Spaniards while they built the stronghouse, or casa fuerte. When timbers for the casa fuerte were ready to erect, the ditch was filled in and large casa fuerte posts were dug into it.
Two years later, the moat and the corner bastions were added.
The lowest half foot (about 12 centimeters) in the ditch contained “a darker fill area (that) suggested that perhaps a timber had rotted in place here. At the same elevation, in areas 225,226, and 227, iron spikes were found in the ditch with the points down, as though once fastened in
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Deagan-FOY-2016 position to a wooden beam. These are the only suggestions that the ditch may have contained some wooden architectural elements, but these were certainly not definitive” (South 1984:33).
This description is consistent with the trench features found at the Fountain of Youth Park site, discussed in more detail below.
It would have been traditional in the sixteenth century to build a moat and an earthwork around the settlement-fort; however many of the early Spanish forts in Florida did not have moats. At
Menéndez’s second townsite of Santa Elena their Fort San Felipe did not have a moat until four years after the fort itself was constructed (South 1983:43). Neither has any trace of the first Santa
Elena fort of 1566 (San Sebastian) or its moat been found, despite an extremely extensive program of testing and excavation over more than 20 years (South 1980, DePratter and South 1995; South and DePratter 1996). At the Fountain of Youth Park site, the 2005 excavation season was devoted to and ultimately disproved the hypothesis that a moat or ditch had been present along the east side of the encampment (Newquist 2006). Those excavations showed that a series of features located between 1991 and 2001 and thought to have been the edge of a wide ditch were, in fact, the edge of a buried marsh rather than a human-constructed deposit.
Given that the opposite (western) side of the encampment area was marshland or water during the sixteenth century (see Deagan 2008:13-14), the area identified as the encampment would have been surrounded by inundated marsh or water on its eastern, western and southern sides. It is possible, therefore, that the encampment may have required defensive fortifications principally on the northern side.
2011-2013 Field Seasons Two field seasons were completed during 2011, the first between April 20 and June 20th, and
the second between October 25 and December 10. Excavations took place in 2013 between March
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17 and May 23. Excavation controls and field protocols continued those of previous excavations
at the site, and are detailed in Appendix 1. The work addressed three principal goals:
1. Locating and defining of the boundaries of a large sill-beam supported structure thought to
be a storehouse or Casa de Municiones.
2. Defining the extent and configuration of the hypothesized northern settlement defensive
wall.
3. Exploring the possibility that a very large (two meter diameter) hearth located in 1976
could be associated with a large Timucua communal structure (following the account of
Father López, described above)
Each of these research objectives is closely related to the larger effort of understanding the nature of the 1565-66 fortification and defenses. They are considered individually below.
*NOTE: Excavation units are designated by the coordinates of the unit southwest corner*
A Hypothesized Casa de Municiones Excavations in 1991 (Gordon 1992) and 2002 (Woods 2004) located a series of parallel linear stains, currently interpreted as wood sill beam stains, at the northern end of the Spanish occupation area (Figures 10-11). They initiated at the base of Zone 2, which is a shell midden zone generally somewhat disturbed by agriculture, grading activities, and frequent flooding. The linear stains included Features 26 (1991), 34 (1991 and 2011), 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 (2002) and 200 (2013), and are detailed in Table 2. The majority of the features were located in the large block excavation of 2002
(Woods 2004), which is one of the lowest parts of the site owing to its use as an airstrip during the
1930’s (Deagan 2008: 35-36). The features are consistent in their dimensions and elevations, and are approximately 1.8 meters apart at their centers. They are wide (about 70 cm.) and shallow
(about 20 cm. deep) with straight sides and generally flat bases, and all had a pronounced furrow- like depression along the bases of their east sides (Figure 12).
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Figure 9. Location of units excavated in 2011 and 2013
Figure 10. 2002 Block Excavation 1 showing charcoal-stained sill impressions and posts
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Figure 11. Plan view map of 2002 Block Excavation 1. Artifacts such as lead shot, olive jar, iron nails and majolica were found in their fill, indicating the time of their destruction and filling. The presumed beam stains and associated postmolds were heavily charcoal-laden, and they intruded upon large burned postmolds, pits and smudge pits dating to the pre-1565 Timucua occupation. Whatever superstructure may have been supported by these linear beam-like features, it was clearly burned.
Figure 12. Cross section profiles of trenches in 2008 Block excavation 1 and associated units This complex of trench-like features is currently interpreted as a series of north-south floor joist beams or supports defining a rectangular structure of some 20 by 15 meters. There are however,
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Deagan-FOY-2016 alternative possibilities for interpretation. The stains end abruptly on their north and south sides, with no apparent evidence for a beam-supported northern or southern wall. This may suggest that the supports for the short east-west end beams were attached directly to the existing north-south beams. Alternatively, it is possible that the stains represented supports for an earthen gun platform without earthfast walls. It is also not impossible that this was a planting area of some sort as was initially assumed, however this now seems the least likely interpretation given that the size, depth, shape and regularity of the stains themselves are not consistent with planting furrows documented elsewhere. The obvious burning and sixteenth century artifact contents of the features furthermore makes the interpretations of a gun platform or planting bed somewhat less likely than the floor sill beams hypothesis.
Despite extensive testing to both the east and west of the presumed structure’s 20 by 15 meter boundaries, no evidence for any other such stains has been found. This is the largest presumed structure at the site, the only potentially wooden-floored structure and is the best candidate for the remains of a Casa de Municiones. It is also approximately the same size as the casa fuerte excavated by South at Ft. San Felipe, which was 21 by 15 meters.
Unfortunately, this area is one of the lowest elevations at the site, and has been flooded, graded and filled extensively over the centuries, including the creation of a dirt airstrip there during the
1930’s (Figure 13). The only surviving archaeological features are those that extend into sterile soil, so any interpretation remains tentative. Additional work in what appears to have been the structure’s interior may clarify this.
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Figure 13. Aerial view of the Fountain of Youth Park and adjacent areas ca. 1935. Courtesy of the Fraser Family Archives.
TABLE 2 Trenches Associated with Potential Casa de Municiones (Configurations in meters) Featur Unit Year Ori- Top Base Depth Top Base Profile shape Artifact TPQ e # enta- elevat. elevat. Width Width (destruct-tion tatio (jmbd) (jmbd) date) 95 Block 2002 N-S 1.81 2.02? 21 cm. .65 .20 East side depression El Morro, 1565+ 2002-1 96 Block 2002 N-S 1.81 2.04 23 cm. .65 .19 East side depression Iron spike, 2002-1 1565+
97 Block 2002 N-S 1.82 1.97 18 cm. .65 .20 East side depression Glass bead, 2002-1 1565+
98 Block 2002 N-S 1.81 1.98 19 cm. .65 .18 East side depression San Marcos 2002-1
99 Block 2002 N-S 1.81 1.98 19 cm. .60 .20 East side depression Clear glass 1565+ 2002-1
26 470N 1991 N-S 1.71 1.92 21 cm. .70 .20 East side depression Olive Jar, 1565+ 511.5E 34 470N 1991 N-S 1.73 1.93 20 cm. .58 .20 East side depression San Luis 105E polychrome 1580+ * 34N 472N 2011 N-S 1.78 1.91 23 cm. .70 .20 East side depression end 503.5E 200 465.5N 2013 N-S 2.02 2.22 20 cm. .70 .20 East side depression Olive Jar 1565+ 26
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516.5E 41 468.5N 1991 E-W 1.84 2.05 21 cm. .20 .20 Straight sided, rounded San Marcos deep 506E base pit 32 N wall 1991 E-W 1.58 1.76 18 cm. .50 .20 Straight sided, rounded Iron nail 1565+ base
Defining a potential northern periphery wall A second, and equally provocative series of what appear to be timber sill stains extends continuously along the northern periphery of the encampment area, from the water’s edge on the eastern side of the site to the (former) marsh edge on the western side (Figures 13-14). Excavations at the Fountain of Youth Park had been undertaken in 1951-52 by students of John Goggin (Deagan
2008:67-79). Only a very small portion of this work was ever reported, however (Seaberg 1952), and the whereabouts of not only the field maps, notes, photographs and excavated artifacts, but also the location and extent of those excavations were unknown. In 2007, correspondence between one of the students on the 1951-52 excavation and the site owner, Walter B. Fraser, was foiund in the
Fraser family archives. This revealed that the 1951 work had uncovered what appeared to be a deep timber stain extending some 65 feet along the northern periphery of the Spanish occupation area
(Porter 1952). Much of this feature was excavated and backfilled during the 1951 campaign, although it seems that neither the east or west terminus was located (Porter 1952).
Meanwhile, University of Florida excavations in 1991and 2005-2006 had encountered segments of a square-sectioned trench or large timber stain extending from east to west along approximately the site 483-485 north line (designated as Feature 32). Sections of the trench were encountered over a distance of some 20 meters east-west. Once the relationship between these segments and the timber stain located in 1952 became evident, excavations after 2009 were more intensively focused on delineating and understanding the nature of that feature (Deagan 2008: 207-228), hypothesizing that it represented the base of a northern defensive wall or a barrier for the Menéndez encampment.
Nine units were excavated in 2011 (Table 3) in an effort to document and better understand the
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Deagan-FOY-2016 large sill beam stain or narrow wall trench. These units were concentrated between 480N and
500N, to the north of the area in which Spanish occupation features and artifacts are found. One of the most striking features of this general area is the relative absence of Spanish artifact materials, and the density of precolumbian Timucua posts and midden deposits. There seems to have been an abrupt demarcation between the sixteenth century Spanish and Timucua activity areas at approximately the north end of the presumed Casa de Municiones.
Table 3. Units Excavated to locate East-West Northern Perimeter Wall
Unit Coordinates Size orientation Year Unit_id 491.5N 530E 1 x 2 N-S 2011 Wall test 492.5N531E 1 x 2 N-S 2011 Wall test 493.3n 534e .5x1 N-S 2011 Wall shovel test 1 493.6n536e .5x1 N-S 2011 Wall shovel test 2 494.2n538e .5x1 N-S 2011 Wall test, western end 494N 546.7e 2.5x5.5 N-S 2011 Wall test, eastern end 479N472.5E 1x2 N-S 2011 Wall test, western end 484N517E 6x1.5 N-S 2011 EXPL TR1 (Wall Test) 490N517E 1.5x1.5 2011 Wall test
The trench feature was found in seven locations in these units, extending from approximately
550E at its north end to 470E at its south end (Figure 14). It extends in a northeast to southwest orientation over a distance of 80 meters, extending from the waterfront on the east, to the marsh
(today filled in) on the west. Because the top of the feature stain was removed in many units by previous excavations or other modern intrusions, it is difficult to assess the true extent of homogeneity or variability in its morphology. In undisturbed units, however, it initiated at the base of Zone 2, at a depth possibly ranging from 1.5 to 1.7 meters below the site datum plane, with its base following a gentle topographic slope toward the waterfront on the east (Table 3). No information remains about the possible elevation of the structure’s top. The width of the stains ranged from 40 to 50 centimeters, and their depths from 20 to 30 centimeters (Figure 14) .
Postmolds were located at irregular intervals on the south side of the stain.
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The continuous extent of the stain, as well as the positions of its eastern and western termini, suggest that it may represent the base or footing of a wall that would potentially have enclosed and defended the north side of the Spanish encampment. Although postmolds have been located at irregular intervals along the south side of the trench feature, no archaeological evidence has been so far found for either an adjacent moat or ditch, or for an earth revetment or embankment. If such earthen structures were present, 450 years of farming activity, grading, modern filling and regular flooding from storms may well have obliterated them.
The configuration of the feature is reminiscent of South’s description of the initial Fort San
Felipe casa fuerte ditch, which supported a temporary protective wall of faggots and gabions while the casa fuerte was being constructed (South 1991:45; 1984:33).
Unit 479N 472.5E was placed in line with the wall feature’s trajectory in an effort to locate the western end of the feature. Modern fill extended from just below the sod layer (1.38 jmbd) to sterile sand at 1.85 jmbd. The lower five centimeters of the fill deposit consisted of wet, black-brown clayey sand with patches of heavily crushed shell interspersed. A square-sectioned surveyor’s stake, typical of those used by the Goggin team expedition of 1951-52, was lying at the base of the deposit, indicating that the deposits above that level consisted of backfill from one of the 1951 or 1952 test units.
Table 4 East-West Northern Perimeter Wall Feature Data
Unit Prove Top jmbd Base Width Depth TPQ Year nience jmbd 481N 483E F32W (Goggin) 1.97 45 ? SJ 2011 ?-1951 trench obscured true top 483N 487E F32W (Goggin) 1.87 ? ? SL poly 2007 ? -1951 trench obscured true top and width 484N 499E F32- (Goggin) 1.85 50 ? Clear glass 2007 ?-1951 trench 07 obscured true top 486N 505E F 32 1.46 1.76 50 30 OJ, lead shot 1991 486N 506E F32E 1.5 1.7 40 20 2011 Post on south side 487N F32E 1.5 1.7 40 20 2011 (2011 T1S1) 517E 492.5n 531E F183 1.72 1.99 40 30 2011 Post on south side
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Figure 14. Trench features along presumed northern wall extent.
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Below the base of the 1950’s unit a linear stain intruding into wet sterile sand was apparent.
It had the same width and orientation as the presumed northern periphery wall trench (Feature 32/184) and extended from east to west across the unit. The location, trajectory and dimensions of this linear stain matched those of the northern trench feature, and it appears to represent the very lowest point or perhaps a leached stain from the trench feature itself.
A second 1.5 by 1 meter unit was subsequently placed five meters to the east at 479N 477.5E. It became clear that most of the 1 by 1.5-meter unit was within an area previously excavated by the
1952 team. Modern fill extended from just below the sod layer (1.51 jmbd) to sterile sand (2.02 jmbd). Another displaced wood surveyor stake was found in this fill layer at 1.75 jmbd. The lower
10 centimeters of the backfill layers consisted of wet, black-brown clayey sand with partially decayed vegetation and such modern material as glass flash bulbs and glass soda bottles.
Testing for the presence of a Timucua Chief’s “House” At the end of the 2007 field season, a major re-evaluation and synthesis of data from 1976-2007 reaffirmed that no archaeologically-documented evidence corresponded to what had been predicted as evidence for either a moat or a large Timucua chiefly building (those predictions are outlined in detail in Shepard 2005 and Deagan 2008). There remained, however, significant portions of the central site than had not been tested through excavation.
In one of these relatively untested areas, the initial site excavations of 1976 had located a shallow hearth with associated postmolds. The hearth feature was approximately 2.8 meters in diameter, and 25 centimeters deep at the center. The fill consisted of charred soil, ash and pottery
(Figure 15).
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Figure 15. 1976 Unit 462.5N 528.5E showing large hearth (Feature 2) and associated features At the time of excavation, the hearth feature and associated posts were interpreted (and entered into the site database) as part of a historic-period Timucua domestic structural complex (the presence of the Spanish encampment was unknown at that time) (Merritt 1977:132). During the intervening years, however, an extensive program of archaeological excavation had developed at the San Luis Mission site in Tallahassee, a seventeenth century Spanish mission, towns and fort in present day Tallahassee, Florida (see Hann and McEwan 1998). One of the most important and impressive features of the site is the Apalachee council house, which was excavated in 1985 and
1986 (Shapiro and McEwan 1992). The central feature of the council house (actually some 70 centimeters off center from the geographic center of the structure) was a hearth measuring about four meters in diameter, and 14 cm. in depth. It appeared to have been a surface fire, without a prepared basin (Shapiro and McEwan 1992:43).
The fill consisted of charred soil, charcoal and potsherds. Although this hearth feature had nearly twice the diameter of the hearth at 8SJ31 found in 1976, the depths, shapes and contents of the two features were very similar. Because of this, and because a large section of the site in the 32
Deagan-FOY-2016 vicinity of the 1976 hearth had not been excavated, the focus of the 2013 field season was testing the possibility that a large chiefly Timucua building was associated with the hearth located in 1976.
This hypothesis was related to the overall goal of understanding the defenses of the Menéndez- era encampment in that one of the three eyewitness accounts of the settlement’s establishment, that of the chaplain Father Pedro López y Grajales wrote that “They went ashore and were well-received by the Indians, who gave them a very large house of a cacique which is on the riverbank. And then
Captains Patiño and San Vicente, with strong industry and diligence, ordered a ditch and moat made around the house, with a rampart of earth and fagots..." (Lyon 1997a:6).
Table 5 Units excavated in 2013 to test for a hypothesized Timucua chief’s house (East to west) Unit coordinates Size Orientation 465.5n 516e 1.5x3 E-W 465.5n 519.5e 1.5x3 E-W 465.5n 522.5e 1.5x3 E-W 467n524e 1.5x3 E-W 468.5n 524e 1.5x3 E-W 465.5n 525e 1.5x3 E-W 461n 525e 1.5x3 E-W 461n 525.5e 1.5x3 E-W 467n530e 1.5x3 E-W 462.5N530E 1.5x3 N-S 461N 531.5E 1.5x3 E-W 465.5n 533e 1.5x3 E-W 465.5n536e 1.5x3 E-W
Figure 16 shows the locations of features found in the 2013 test units. The distribution of postmolds in the units surrounding the hearth feature does not convincingly reflect a circular post building, although the gaps in areas excavated and taphonomic alterations probably undoubtedly contribute to this. If the larger postmolds (greater than 20 cm. in diameter and 25 cm. in depth) do in fact reflect structural support posts for a building surrounding the hearth, such a structure would have been about seven to nine meters in diameter.
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Figure 16. Units and features excavated in 2013
The materials recovered from this area (in both 1976 and 2013) are shown in Table 6, and they indicate that the area was occupied (or at least destroyed) during the sixteenth century. All the deposits have at least one European-origin item in its fill, although the overall proportion of
European-origin materials constituted just 0.5% of all materials in the features.
Five seven-layer chevron beads were recovered from a single feature (Feature 196), located four meters to the east of the central hearth. This is a singularly high concentration of these beads, which are widely acknowledged as a reliable marker for sixteenth century Spanish presence (Little
2010; Mitchem and Leader 1988; Smith 1983). Only 25 of these beads were recovered from 8SJ31 between 1976 and 2013, and those in Feature 196 constitute 25 percent of that total.
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Table 6 8SJ31 Artifact Distributions in Hearth Area Features, 2013 and 1976
Features Sheet Deposits Total
filled
-
Hearth Firepits Trash pits Smudge pit Shell post/pit Posts Total Feas. Prop.of Tot. Fea. Sheet deposit of Prop. sheet All Deposits all Prop deposits
European Ceramics Bisque 1 1 Columbia Plain 1 1 3 4 Orange Micaceous 1 1 2 3 Olive Jar 1 7 6 5 2 21 40 61 Olive Jar Glazed 2 2 2 4 UID Coarse Earthenware 1 1 2 22 24 Lead Glazed Coarse Earthenware 2 2 3 5 UID Salt Glazed Stoneware 1 1 UID Slipped Earthenware 17 17 Subtotal 1 9 11 5 3 29 0.02 91 0.03 120 0.03
Native American Ceramics Orange Fiber Tempered Orange Fiber Tempered 4 1 5 120 125 Orange Fiber Tempered Incised 1 1 2 3 Subtotal 1 4 1 6 0.00 122 0.05 128 0.03 St. Johns St. Johns Plain 72 35 423 1 35 11 577 1024 1601 St. Johns Stamped 98 46 365 5 33 22 569 614 1183 St. Johns Incised 1 1 2 9 11 17 Subtotal 0 81 789 6 68 34 1148 0.78 1647 0.62 2795 0.68 San Marcos Stamped 5 6 5 16 48 64 San Marcos Punctated 3 3 3 San Marcos Red Filmed 1 1 1 2 San Marcos Plain 7 23 1 31 67 98 Subtotal 12 33 6 51 0.03 116 0.04 167 0.04 San Pedro Decorated 4 2 6 10 16 San Pedro 19 2 2 23 59 82 Subtotal 4 21 2 2 29 0.02 69 0.03 98 0.02 Unclassified Grit Tempered Decorated 4 4 7 11 Unclassified Grit Tempered Plain 3 2 5 26 31 Unclassified Grog Tempered Plain 5 5
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Table 6 8SJ31 Artifact Distributions in Hearth Area Features, 2013 and 1976
Features Sheet Deposits Total
filled
-
Hearth Firepits Trash pits Smudge pit Shell post/pit Posts Total Feas. Prop.of Tot. Fea. Sheet deposit of Prop. sheet All Deposits all Prop deposits
Unclassified Grog/Grit Tempered Plain 35 35 Unclassified Grog/Sand Tempered Plain 7 7 Unclassified Sand Tempered Decorated 1 1 42 43 Unclassified Sand Tempered Plain 15 1 120 3 11 3 153 158 311 Unclassified Sand/Grit Tempered Decorated 2 2 Unclassified Sand/Grit Tempered Plain 11 11 Unclassified Sand/Shell Tempered Plain 1 1 1 2 Subtotal 16 4 120 3 11 10 164 0.11 294 0.11 458 0.11
Glass Amber Glass 1 1 Clear Glass 24 24 Green Glass 7 7 Light Green Glass 1 1 Medicine Bottle 1 1 Olive Green Glass 2 2 Eroded Indeterminate Glass 12 12 Subtotal 48 0.02 48 0.01
Iron Fasteners Uid Nail 3 2 1 6 75 81 Wrought Nail 1 1 1 Spike 1 1 2 3 Subtotal 4 3 1 8 0.01 77 0.03 85 0.02
European Clothing/Ornaments Pin 2 2 Lacing Tip 4 4 4 Chevron Bead 2 2 4 6 Jet Bead 1 1 Seed Bead 1 1 Shell Bead 1 3 4 4 Wire Wound Bead 1 1 1 2 Pipe Stem 3 3 Figurine 4 4 Subtotal 2 5 4 11 0.01 16 0.01 27 0.01
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Table 6 8SJ31 Artifact Distributions in Hearth Area Features, 2013 and 1976
Features Sheet Deposits Total
filled
-
Hearth Firepits Trash pits Smudge pit Shell post/pit Posts Total Feas. Prop.of Tot. Fea. Sheet deposit of Prop. sheet All Deposits all Prop deposits
Native American Production Items Chert Debitage 7 7 Drill 1 1 2 3 Shell Tool 1 16 17 8 25 Fishing weight 2 2 2 Subtotal 1 19 20 0.01 17 0.01 37 0.01
European Weaponry Lead Sprue 2 2 2 4 Lead Shot 2 2 Subtotal 4 6 0.00
Indeterminate Metal 1 1 15 16 Brass Fragment Iron Object 9 9 Brass Object 1 1 1 Lead flake 2 2 2 Subtotal 1 3 8 0.01 24 28 0.01
Total All 95 58 503 5 43 30 1472 2524 4119 0.97
Feature 196 was a shallow, bowl-shaped pit, nearly one meter in diameter and 35 cm. in depth
(Figure 17). It contained heavy amounts of charcoal, shell, and artifacts (Table 7). Its profile suggests that the initial hole was excavated to place a smaller, straight-sided object of about 70 cm. diameter into it. Whatever that was apparently burned quite hotly, however there were no observable casing stains to suggest what the object might have been. The precise function of this feature is undetermined. The small amount (17 grams) of bone suggest that it was not a typical trash pit, although the broken condition of the artifact contents (other than beads) suggests that it was not a storage pit either. The shallow depth in relation to the diameter of the feature is not characteristic of the very large postholes at the site. It may have had an architectural function, however, since similar large-diameter, shallow features dating to both the precolumbian and
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Deagan-FOY-2016 sixteenth century Spanish periods have been found previously both at 8SJ31, and at the adjacent site to the south, the La Leche-Nombre de Dios site (see Deagan 2008:227, Figure 7.14; 2011:92-93).
These are consistently located in areas of structures.
Figure 17. Feature 196
TABLE 7. 8SJ31 Materials Excavated from Feature 196 (2013)
WEIGHT ITEM FREQ# (In Grams) European Origin Ceramics Olive Jar 5 106 Olive Jar Glazed 1 1 Unglazed Coarse Earthenware 1 22 Native American Ceramics St. Johns Plain 35 120 St. Johns Stamped 49 444 San Marcos Plain 1 5 San Marcos Stamped 1 2 San Pedro Plain 49 362 Unclassified Grit Tempered Plain 1 2 Unclassified Sand Tempered Decorated 2 16 Unclassified Sand Tempered Plain 3 4 Nonceramic European Items 38
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Lead Shot 1 2 Chevron Bead 5 0 Wrought Nail 1 9 Nonceramic Native American Items Worked Shell 1 0 Shell Hammer 1 799 Shell Bead 1 Total Artifacts 158 832
Weighed Substances Grams Bone 17 Charcoal 262 Granite 19 Shell 2251 Native American sherds <1cm. 4
The excavation results from the 2013 excavations intended to investigate the possibility of a very large Timucua house occupied in 1565 by Spaniards were provocative, but not conclusive. No substantive evidence for a very large, late Timucuan building was located in the area of the 2013 excavations, although the presence of the hearth excavated in 1976 (with sixteenth century Spanish materials in the fill) in association with postmolds and the burned pit suggests that both Timucuan and Spanish activities took place in this area.
Discovery of the 1951 Excavations Records.
About one month after the conclusion of the 2013 fieldwork, all the previously unknown records, maps, artifacts, photographs and notes from the 1951-1952 Goggin-Hahn excavations were unexpectedly found in Martinez, California by the daughter and granddaughter of Paul Hahn. Hahn, one of Goggin’s students, had apparently been charged with completing the report on the project.
He left for graduate school at Yale without completing the report, however, taking all the materials from the 8SJ31 excavations with him. He later left Yale and moved to Chicago, then retired in New
Mexico and ultimately moved to Martinez, California, where he died in 2012
In 2013, Hahn’s daughter, Julie Willsea, found the materials from both the Fountain of Youth
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Park and other unreported excavations in Cuba in their garage after his death, apparently untouched and in their original condition after 62 years. Willsea contacted Roger Colson, Collections Manager at the Yale Peabody Museum, since some of the crates containing the collection were from Yale.
Colson travelled to California to see the collection, which he hoped was from Hahn’s Cuban work.
Finding that most of the materials were from Florida, Colson subsequently contacted the Florida
Museum of Natural History, and the materials were ultimately shipped to the University of Florida.
Hahn’s maps and records revealed extraordinarily extensive excavation trenches encircling the periphery of the site area (Figures 18-20). The fields maps indicate that the 1951-2 teams excavated some 633 square meters of area, and mapped dozens of pits, postmolds and linear (presumably wall trench) features. A total of 9,064 artifacts was collected during those excavations, and were included with the materials sent to the Florida Museum. They were analyzed there in 2013-14
(Appendix 2). It is unclear from the field records whether any of the material was screened, but the near absence of small finds such as beads, lead shot and ceramics sherds of less than two centimeters in diameter suggests that what screening was done used ½ inch or larger mesh.
University of Florida excavations between 1985 and 2013 had from time to time located deposits of modern backfill that (we realized in retrospect) corresponded to some of the 1952 units, although that association was not known at the time. It was possible, using the locations of those backfilled features, to georeference the 1952 maps to the Cartesian coordinate grid system currently in use, and to rectify the 1952 finds with those excavated subsequently (Figure 21).
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Figure 18. 1951-2 Excavation basemap (Paul Hahn)
Figure 19 1952-52 Excavations (red) overlaid on 1976-2008 excavations (blue) . In December of 2013, a Florida Museum of Natural History team re-opened two areas of the
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Deagan-FOY-2016 site that had been previously excavated both by the University of Florida and, if the 1952 maps were correct, also by the Hahn team. This was undertaken to ground truth and verify the locations of the 1951 excavation units in relation to the University of Florida grid system. These tests showed that the 1951-52 maps are in fact internally consistent, and that the units and features represented on them are locatable on the ground.
According to the 1951-52 field records, the trenches were all five feet wide, and were excavated in arbitrary 12-inch layers to sterile soil. The features and intrusions at that level were sketched on notecards that corresponded to a single five-foot segment of the 5-foot wide trenches (Figure 22).
The 2013 ground truth excavation verified that none of the features encountered by the 1951-52 team and shown on the sketch maps had been excavated features were excavated, possibly because the project ended before that could be done. The artifact collection that accompanied the records further supports this, in that all the artifact bags are labelled as having come from stratigraphic layers, and none were labelled as posts, pits or other intrusions.
The records from the Hahn excavations presented a wealth of additional potential information about both the Menéndez settlement and the Timucua village. Two aspects of the newly-discovered 1951-53 data were critically important, and immediately altered our approach to the site:
1. Documentation of the timber “northern periphery wall” feature discussed above. This is
one of the most provocative aspects of the newly-found records. The 1951 maps of the east-
west “large timber stain” aligned nearly perfectly with those segments excavation by the
University of Florida, revealing that it was a nearly continuous for some 80 meters along the
northern periphery of the site (Figure 21).
Hahn’s maps and notes, however, also showed a point along the feature at
approximately grid Easting 496, at which the presumed wall trench turned northward, forming
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a corner of what Hahn surmised was a very large structure (Figure 21).
Figure 20 Features mapped in 1952 excavations
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Figure 21. Detail of 1952 northern wall trenches and a turn to the north. He subsequently excavated 19 units to the north of the feature, although these were not plotted on the 1951 map. This was in an area well north of that part of the site containing Spanish remains, and which today contains a tourist walkway and picnic area. Although these units were not located on the site basemap, Hahn provided general descriptions of the test units’ locations and sketches of the features he excavated (Figure 22, Appendix 3). The 2014 and brief 2015 field seasons were committed to investigating these two new sources of information.
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Figure 22. Example of field record for the 1953 tests north of the central path.
Investigating trench features to the north of the presumed northern perimeter wall
In 2014, fieldwork was carried out in the northern part of the site (to the north of grid northing
500) both to explore the potential very large wood structure proposed by Hahn, and try to locate the
20 northern test units he excavated in 1953. Hahn’s field notes regarding those excavations are reproduced in their entirety below:
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“Numbering system of 1953
Cards with Roman numerals are for squares of trenches laid out in ’52 and are marked with corrected numbers. New trenches (X and XI) added. Dug:
60-65’a partial square of Trench VII;
85-90’square of Trench IX;
85-90’(partial) , 110’-115’and 120-125’square of Trench X
110-115’(part), 120-125’, and 130-135’(part) squares of Trench XI
Gave up following feature (the sill beam structure stain) by trenching and started tests of various sizes located in spots where I thought I should pick up the feature. Tests are located north of the trenches and most of them are across the walk. There are twenty of these tests designated as Wall Test 1, etc.” (Hahn 1953)
Hahn located trench features in 11 of his 20 tests, however as noted, the tests themselves neither appear on any of the recovered overall basemaps, nor are the descriptions of their locations noted on
Hahn’s individual 3 x 5 cards specific (Appendix 3). Nevertheless, by using those descriptions in relation to the few 1953 landscape features that remain today, hypothetical positions for the1953 wall test locations were predicted (Figure 23).
The 2014 and 2015 excavation seasons attempted to locate those 1953 excavations that were specifically recorded as containing wall trench features. Although several segments of the presumed wall trenches were located, we were only able to relocate two of Hahn’s actual wall test excavation units.
Unit 495N 495E (1.5 by three meters, E-W) was placed between the central site path and the north end of Hahn’s suspected building’s south to north wall line (Figures 21, 23). At 1.79 mbd (43 cm. below surface) a wall trench segment (Feature 192) was found, extending north to south across the unit directly in line with the north-south west “wall” of Hahn’s hypothesized 1953 building.
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Figure 23. Locations of 2014 excavations in relation to the hypothetical locations of the 1953 wall tests (dashed red outlines) .
The feature was 26 cm. deep, and 60 cm. wide at the top, sloping slightly inward toward a flat
base (Figures 24-26). A wrought iron nail fragment was present in level four of the feature,
dating it’s filling in to the post-1563 period. A shallow circular stain extended a few meters below
the base of Feature 192, perhaps the impression from a timber or other upright element. A small
postmold (PM1) was also located at the outer southwest corner of the trench (Figure 25).
At approximately three centimeters above the top of Feature 192, the soil deposits became
distinctly different to the north and south of the trench. To the west of Feature 192 the typically
dark tan, relatively shell-free Zone 3 deposit found throughout the site extended to sterile sand.
To the east of the feature at the same level, a10-cm thick layer of tan, shell-bearing sand (Feature 47
Deagan-FOY-2016
193) was present, bottoming out in sterile sand (Figure 27). It is possible that this represents a
prepared surface to the north of the wall trench, which would be consistent with the inside of the
building hypothesized by Hahn in 1953.
.
Figure 24. Feature 192 trench profile in Unit 495N 495E
Figure 25. Bottom of Feature 192 showing circular impressions in the base
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Figure 26. Feature 192 and 193 top. Another unit was subsequently placed 17 meters to the north of the central path at 517N 563E, in an attempt to determine how far to the north the Feature 192 wall segment extended, and also to relocate Hahn’s Wall Test 12. At 2.27 mbd (30 cm. below surface) the backfill from a 1953 unit was encountered. It extended to sterile soil, and encompassed the southern half of the 2014 517N
563E unit. This location conformed to Hahn’s description of Wall Test 12. Although the 1952 sketch map for Wall Test 12 recorded a segment of the trench feature, it was not seen in the 2014 unit. The 1953 trench feature, however, was 27-30 inches deep, rather than the more typical 18-20 inches for other units recorded by Hahn (Appendix 3). It is quite possible that the trench feature
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Deagan-FOY-2016 noted by Hahn in Unit 12 was removed as part of the 1953 excavation. The only other deposits in the 2014 unit were St. Johns 2 period sheet deposits, located to the north of the 1952 Wall Test 12.
Unit 516N 492E was subsequently opened perpendicular to the south side of 517N 493E to investigate the 1953 unit more extensively. It was oriented east to west. Nearly the entire unit was comprised of backfill from the 1953 excavations, additionally supporting the conclusion that
Hahn’s Wall Test 12 was in this location. Although the structural trench feature recorded by Hahn was not obvious during excavation, the north and south profiles of unit 516N 491E indicated that the wall trench feature recorded by Hahn was present, extending north-south across the unit (Figure
26). In both walls, there is a significant narrowing dip at the base of the 1953 trench backfill, approximately where the wall trench feature was recorded by Hahn.
Figure 27. South profile of 516N 491E showing 1953 backfill and wall trench stain Although the results of the 2014 excavations in this area are not conclusive, the evidence does point to the presence of the “wall trench” feature in the location recorded by Hahn in his Wall Test
12.
If, in fact, this supposition is correct, it indicates that whatever sort of construction was represented by the trench features, it extended farther to the west than the 461 Easting line. The
1953 Wall Test 16 was positioned adjacent to the west side of Wall Test 12 (Figure 23) , and Hahn
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Deagan-FOY-2016 noted on the card for Wall Test 16 that “Hit wall feature at 12”. Its west extension of E wall found in WT 12. Width of feature 15”. The most westerly extent of any structural trench recorded by
Hahn was to the south of this, in TR1, LR1-3, at approximately 470N 481E.
Four other excavation units were excavated north of the central path to try and locate other
1953 units and features (Figure 23). Although none of the 1953 Wall Test excavations were found in these units, structural trench features unrecorded by Hahn were located in two of the 2014 units
(507N 535E, four by one meters, east-west; and 502N 534E, three by two meters, north-south).
The other two units (510N 528E, one by two meters, north-south; and 502N 534E, three by one meters, north -south) contained only sheet deposits and shallow, amorphous soil discolorations. No intrusive features were present, and very little artifact or refuse material was present in those units.
In Unit 507N 535E a trench feature designated Feature 196 (2014), appeared at 1.94 mbd, or 44 cm. below surface (Figures 27-28). The trench was 40 cm wide and 23 cm. deep, with a narrow
(five cm.) band of light soil bordering its sides from 1.99 mbd to 2.04 mbd.
A postmold with a. diameter of 23 cm. was present at the base of the Feature 196 trench, however its fill was the same as the trench so the true point of initiation is uncertain. The post only extended an additional five cm. below the base of the trench. The Feature 196 fill contained a wrought nail fragment and four Native American sherds.
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Figure 28 Features 196 and 197 in Unit 507N 535E
Figure 29. Feature 196 trench profile
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Another straight-sided feature (Feature 197) appeared at the north end of the same unit, extending east to west across the excavation, and northward into the unit’s north wall (Figures 28 and 30). This provoked the extension of the excavation unit for one meter to the north (to 511N), however Feature 197 continued across the north extension into the extension’s north wall. The feature was straight-sided and comprised of dark grey-brown sandy soil with very little shell or other aggregate. It also contained a wrought nail fragment, in addition to seven Native American sherds.
Feature 197 was intruded upon by a very large mid-twentieth century trash pit, with a very irregular base. The modern pit extended from just below the sod level to sterile sand, cutting through a portion of Feature 197. The soil of the modern pit however, (grey-brown sandy loam with large amounts of crushed and broken shell), was highly distinct from that of Feature 197 (dark grey sand with little shell or other aggregate).
Figure 30. Feature 197, north end of 507N 535E
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Despite the modern intrusion, Feature 197 appears to be a straight-sided pit, ditch or trench measuring more than a meter in each direction, and contemporaneous with the Feature 196 structural trench. Time constraints prevented additional excavation in this area, but it remains a priority for future excavations.
The locations and configurations of Features 197 and 196 suggested a potential location for
Hahn’s 1953 Wall Tests 3 and 7. The sketch of the features made by Hahn for Wall Trench 3 showed “a wall trench running ENE by WSW about 2’ wide. Another trench, side trench, platform or something running about right angle to the north, very wide”. The location of the Wall Test was only recorded as “north of walk”, however Wall Test 7 was recorded as: “about 20 feet north of walk and about 5 feet west of Test 3”. … wall structure going WSW out of corner of Test 3 appears to line up with Test 7”. The location of the 1953 Wall Tests 3 and 7 shown in Figure 23 is strictly hypothetical, but it did provide a basis for positioning an excavation unit that might intersect the direction and orientation of Feature 196, as it appeared in Unit 507N 535E.
To that end a three by three-meter unit was placed at 503N 525E. At 1.78 mbd (38 cm BPS) a wall trench feature first appeared and was designated as Feature 201. The trench feature was 50 cm. wide and 25-30 cm. deep and contained two iron nail fragments and four Native American sherds. The western end of the trench feature was initially intruded upon by Feature 200, a shallow, amorphous area of heavy shell in dark soil that paralleled the west end of the Feature 201 trench’s north side (Figures 31, 32). The irregular amorphous shape and variable depths of the shell deposit suggests that it did not have an architectural or purposive function.
Feature 201 (the trench feature), did not align with the SW-NE orientation of Feature 196 in Unit 507N 535E, as had been hypothesized when the unit was placed. The trench had instead had a slight SE-NW trajectory (Figures 23, 31).
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Figure 31 Top of Feature 201 trench overlaid by Feature 200
Figure 32. Burned postmold (Feature 203) at base of Feature 201 trench
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Figure 33. East and West Profiles, Unit 503N 525E Unit 502N 515E was opened the following season in an effort to intercept the potential SE-
NW trench line indicated by Feature 201. The unit was initially laid out as a six by six-meter block unit, however the presence of severe tree root and modern electric line disturbance in the northern half of the unit rendered it impossible to excavate that portion of the block. The southern portion, a six by three-meter unit aligned east to west, did not contain any potential wall trench features or
European materials. Deposits were exclusively from the pre-1565 Timucua occupation, including
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Deagan-FOY-2016 two large burned postmolds. Not enough area was open, however, to suggest any structural association.
Ground Penetrating Radar Survey Near the end of the 2014 field season, we contracted with Dr. John Schultz of the University of
Central Florida to carry out a ground penetrating radar survey in an effort to locate additional 1953 units. The work was intended to test the entire area to the north of the central path, but was ultimately restricted to the northern part of that area owing to the presence of mature oaks and cedars in the south portion, which created excessive and significant root disturbance (Figures 34-35). The report on that survey (Schultz and Gidusky 2014) is included as Appendix 4.
Figure 34. Dr. John Schultz and Graduate Student Kevin Gidusky carrying out the 2014 Ground Penetrating Radar survey.. The anomalies located during the survey are shown in Figure 36. Two large block excavation units were placed in that area to investigate the anomalies, one north to south oriented block measuring three by eight meters (514N 512E), and one east to west oriented block of three by six meters (522.5N515.5E).
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Figure 35. Areas covered by the 2014 Ground Penetrating Radar Survey.
Figure 36. Locations of principal anomalies located during the 2014 GPR Areas. Blocks 1 and 2 are post-survey ground truth excavations.
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Figure 37. Features located in 2014 Blocks 1 and 2. All of the deposits in both block units dated to the precontact period, with the exception of the west end of Block 2. A modern metal pipe assembly was present in the southwest wall of Block 2, which is probably the source of the anomaly cluster on the west end of that block. A cluster of small posts and a shallow, amorphous layer or scatter of darker soil and shell (Feature 210 and Area 9) dated to the British period. All other deposits had either no material other than shell and faunal bone, or precolumbian ceramics.
The upper 20-25 cm. of soil were removed from these blocks by machine, leaving the lower 15 centimeters of sheet deposit and intrusions that initiated at that level or below. Although this may help account for the very low density of material in the block units, it is not solely responsible. Block
1 contained a total of 63 artifacts including 14 sherds of the St. Johns series; 19 sherds of Orange
Fiber tempered pottery and 28 unclassified sand tempered plain sherds. Block 2, farther to the north, contained 41 artifacts, including 11 items dateable to the British period (1763-1784) or later. The remaining artifacts included 8 sherds of Orange Fiber tempered pottery, six St. Johns series sherds, 59
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11 Deptford Linear Stamped sherds and three sherds of unclassified sand tempered pottery. One shell awl was present in Feature 211, a shallow St. Johns 1 period pit.
Several things are clear from the excavation of these units. The first is that 1953 excavations did not extend into this area, and there is no evidence that the wall-like trench features extended here either. It is also clear that the density of artifact materials, and presumably human activity, becomes very notably sparse as it extends northward. This is true not only of Spanish period activity, which is completely absent in this area, but also of Timucuan occupation, which is very limited north of approximately 505 Grid North. The little material found in this part of the site is most frequently from the Orange Archaic and St. Johns 1 periods. It may have been principally a vacant area, or farming area during later periods
A large Timucuan building The possibility that a very large Timucua building may have been present and used during the
Spanish occupation was reinforced by the information about the 1952 excavations rediscovered in
2013. The 1952 maps showed a very large excavation block of approximately 9.5 meters by 13.5 meters at the northeastern edge of the Spanish occupation area, extending southward from the southwest side of Hahn’s Trench 5 (Figure 38). Except for this block excavation, all of the units excavated during the 1952-1953 season were five foot wide trenches. The block was opened when
Hahn encountered what he believed was part of a ring of postmolds in Trench 5. Within the block he recorded a circular post pattern that in some areas formed a double ring of posts, appearing to form a round or possibly oval post building of about 11 meters in diameter (Figure 38).
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Figure 38. Location of 1952 eastern block and features Hahn also mapped two parallel wall trench features within the circle of posts. These were each about six meters long, and five meters apart. Perhaps the most intriguing feature in the block unit was positioned at the east end of the southern linear trench stain. Hahn recorded it as a circular pit of about 1.3 meters in diameter, with a smaller (60 cm. diameter) circle of “burned clay” at the center. No other information was given.
The sheet deposit materials in Hahn’s block excavation were not screened, and the artifacts from that excavation were apparently randomly collected. Table 8 lists those materials which, in the absence of depth information, are not especially useful. There is no evidence in the records that the
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Deagan-FOY-2016 features encountered and mapped by Hahn were excavated.
TABLE 8. 8SJ31. Unscreened material collected during the 1952 excavation of Trench V (East Block area)
Spanish Tradition Ceramics Columbia Green 1 Fig Springs Polychrome 1 Orange Micaceous 2 Olive Jar 11 Olive Jar Glazed 11 San Luis Polychrome 1 Post-Colonial Ceramics Ginger Beer Bottle Feather Edged Pearlware 1 Flow Blue Pearlware 2 Mono Transfer Printed Pearlware 1 Whiteware 5 Native American Ceramics 6 Orange Fiber Tempered Incised Orange Fiber Tempered Plain St. Johns Plain 6 St. Johns Stamped 9 San Marcos Plain 26 San Marcos Stamped 30 Unclassified Grog Tempered Cob Marked 14 Unclassified Grog Tempered Plain 13 Unclassified Grog Tempered Stamped 1 Unclassified Sand Tempered Plain 13 Unclassified Sand Tempered Stamped 2 Dark Green Glass 6 UID Nail 1 UID Spike 2 UID Square Nail 3 Iron Fragment 2 Iron Object 6 Stone 4 Worked Chert Flake 5
Basalt Fragment 1
Total 187
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With the recovery and georeferencing of the 1952 maps, it became possible to locate and reopen part of the block area excavated by Hahn (Figure 39). A ten by ten-meter block was opened in 2015, with its southwest corner at 433N 568E. As seen in Figure 39, this area had also been partially excavated by the University of Florida field schools in 1991 (Gordon 1992) and 2007 (in
Deagan 2008). Several features in the 2007 excavation of trench 469.5N 534E corresponded to those mapped by Hahn in 1952 (although at the time of excavation, Hahn’s records were unknown).
The 1991 excavation units, however, had been suspended after the upper 25 cm. were excavated, since the unit appeared to have been filled with refuse dating to the 1950’s, and was also flooded.
Returning to the area in 2015, the upper 25cm. of soil in the ten by ten-meter square block
(outlined in green in Figure 39) was removed using heavy equipment, to a level at which the regions’ s typical tan-gold sterile sand was first encountered. The remaining 10-12 cm. of sheet deposit in the rest of the block was hand excavated.
The 1952 excavations went somewhat deeper in some areas than in others, but the base of that excavation (other than features intruding into subsoil) was reached at approximately 2.21mbd, or approximately 43 cm. below present ground surface. The block was divided into four five-meter square sections. An aerial drone photo was taken of the unit at 2.21 mbd, and the 1952 Hahn map of the east block excavation features was superimposed (Figure 40). The overlay revealed that several of the features mapped by Hahn were still intact, although located a few centimeters to the north of the features on the georeferenced map. The circular pit with “burnt clay” and a linear trench extending to the southwest can be seen in the southwest quadrant, just above and overlapping the
1952 mapped location.
It is also of potential interest that the postmolds mapped by Hahn in 1952 surrounded a circular or oval area that is noticeably free of darker, shell-heavy soil and features. It is possible that this area may have been the center of the structure, which would typically have been free of
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Deagan-FOY-2016 construction.
Figure 39. Locations of various excavations in vicinity of the 1952 East Block
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Figure 40. Drone view of 2015 East Block unit with 1952 features overlaid.
Figure 41. Excavation of the 2015 East Block prior to flooding
Figure 42. Features and postmolds in the south half of the 2015 East Block (facing east)
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The excavations in 2015 relocated many of the features mapped by Hahn, as well as others that did not appear on the maps (Figures 44-45), however the variable depths of the 1952 excavations made a confident assessment of associations quite difficult. The soil was additionally impacted by torrential rains and floods during September and early October of 2015, forcing suspension of the excavation for more than a month. Although lined with perforated plastic, the continuous rising and falling water levels from below, and the growth of thick mold on the surface undoubtedly obscured or eliminated many deposits (Figure 43).
Figure 43. Subsiding flood waters and water table in 2015 East Block (facing west) Only the southern half and the northeastern quadrants of the block unit could be fully cleaned and mapped. The water damage was most severe in the northwest quadrant, and that section had already been largely excavated by units in 2007 (Trench 468N 533E) and 1992 (Units 473N 576E and 476N 576E (Figure 44). Most of the intrusive deposits located in 2015 were postmolds, and many of those mapped by Hahn corresponded to those mapped in 2015.
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Figure 44. Features located and mapped in the 2015 East Block unit.
Figure 45. Combined features mapped in 1952 (yellow) and 2015 (blue) in 2015 East Block The most singular feature in the block excavations was an oval pit of dark grey-brown sandy 67
Deagan-FOY-2016 loam, with heavy shell and charcoal staining, designated as Feature 224 (Figures 46-47). The pit had postmolds on its sides, and a narrow linear trench extending from it toward the west. The trench was designated as Feature 228. Both of these had been mapped by Hahn in 1952, and although he described Feature 224 as a pit with a “circle of burned clay” in the center, no such clay was evident during the 2015 excavation, and may have been removed by Hahn during the 1952 excavations.
Figure 46. Feature 224 burned post and posthole, and Feature 228 shallow trench
Figure 47. East-west cross section through Feature 224 post and posthole
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Feature 224 was 1.45 meters north to south, and 90 cm. east to west. From the point at which it was first seen and mapped the feature was 43 cm. deep. In cross section it had steep bowl-shaped sides, and an irregular but nearly flat base (Figure 46). The lower levels of the feature were more heavily charcoal-laden, and the depth, shape and soil stratigraphy suggest that this was a large burned post of about 45 cm diameter, rather than a hearth or fire pit. Because of time and flooding constraints, only the south half of the feature was excavated. The contents included principally St.
Johns ceramics, however a small piece of red and white striped enameled glass (Figure 47) and a fragment of a wrought iron spike were also in the fill (Table 9). The glass fragment with a rolled foot ring appears to have been a piece of a goblet or vase base enameled in the style of sixteenth century Venetian glassware.
Figure 48. Fragment of Venetian (?) enameled glass folded vessel foot
Feature 228, the narrow linear trench extending from Feature 224, conformed very closely in both dimensions and location to that mapped by Hahn in 1952. It was 25 cm. wide, and at least ten cm. deep (Figure 45). The trench extended to the west of Feature 224 for 1.25 meters, followed by a gap of 1.9 meters until another portion of the trench continued for an additional 1.75 meters. A portion of this second segment of Feature 228 had apparently located in 2007 at the south end of
Trench 469.5N 534E, recorded at that time only as Feature 167, and identified as a “linear trench”
(since the Hahn excavations were unknown at that date). 69
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Table 9 8SJ41 (FOY) Distribution of Materials in 2015 Block 2 Deposits
F212
ZONE ZONE 3 F222 F224 F235 PPM4 PPM8 PPM14 PPM42 PPM45 TOTA L % Potential 16th C. European Ceramics Unclassified Blue/White 1 1 Majolica Olive Jar 2 2 Cologne Stoneware 1 1 16th Century Lead Glazed 1 1 Unclassified Coarse 1 1 Earthenware Subtotal 6 2.09 % Post-Colonial Ceramics Reyware? 1 1 Creamware 1 1 Edged Pearlware 1 1 Whiteware 1 1 Subtotal 4 1.39 % Orange Archaic Period Ceramics Fiber Tempered Incised 2 2 Fiber Tempered Plain 4 2 4 1 10 Subtotal 12 4.18 % St. Johns Series Ceramics St Johns Check Stamped 33 12 2 2 3 52 St Johns Plain 61 1 28 1 4 1 96 St Johns Red Filmed 1 1 St Johns Grog Tempered 2 2 Subtotal 151 52.61 % Non-Local Native American Ceramics Deptford Stamped 2 2 San Marcos Stamped 3 3 San Pedro Plain 19 3 9 31 Subtotal 36 12.54 % Unclassified Native American Ceramics Sand Temp. Simple Stamped 1 1 Sand Tempered Incised 1 1 Sand Tempered Plain 14 1 2 3 1 1 22 Sand, Grit Tempered Plain 4 4
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Subtotal 28 9.76 % Glass Glass, Clear 4 1 5 Glass, Enameled 1 1 Glass, Unidentified 1 1 Glass, Aqua 3 3 Glass, Dark Green 3 3 Glass. Brown 1 1 Subtotal 14 4.88 % European Clothing Bead, Chevron 2 2 Bead, Seed 2 2 Brass Wire Link 1 1 Iron Eye Fastener 1 1 Subtotal 6 2.09 % Fasteners Nail fragment 4 4 Wrought Nail 1 1 Wrought Spike 1 1 Subtotal 6 2.09 % Military related items Brigandine Plate 2 2 Lead Shot 9 1 10 Subtotal 12 4.18 % Shell Awl 1 1 0.35 % TOTAL 195 6 6 58 5 1 1 9 1 4 287
Weighed Substances
F22 F22 F23 PP PP PM1 PP PP Tota (grams) ZO
Aboriginal Discard (<1 cm.) 224. 34 35 12 0.5 0.1 306
3
Chert flake 0.2
NE 3 NE F212 2 4 52 M4 M8 4 M42 M45 l Shell 2.4 1. 224 1.1 0.15 0.1 2 28.5 Faunal bone 3 5.1 4.4 0.8 13.3 Charcoal 39 2 2.8 43.8 Rust Concretion 10.2 10.2 Iron Flakes 38.7 0.7 39.5 6 Slag 10.9 2.5 13.4 Pumice 3.8 3.8 Basalt 3 361 363.8
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At seven cm. below the top of Feature 228, adjacent to Feature 224, a large, shallow post impression was present (Postmold 8). The post impression was oval, measuring 33 by 20 centimeters. Rain and flooding, however, made in impossible to complete the excavation of the entire feature in 2015. The function of Feature 228 and its relationship to Feature 224 are unclear, and made more complicated by the previous 1952 excavations removal of the upper surface of the feature. Flooding and groundwater water percolation problems in 2015 further exacerbated interpretation. Feature 228 may have functioned as some sort of division or barrier wall secured at the east end by the Feature 224 post.
Curiously, Hahn’s excavation in 1952 recorded a nearly identical trench paralleling Feature
228 at five meters to the north (Figure 38, 45). Again because of flooding and previous excavation in that area, it was not located in 2015. However, what now in retrospect appears to have been a portion of that 1952 trench was located at the north end of trench 469.5N 534E in 2007. It was designated then as “Area 4” and identified at the time as an “unidentified linear stain”. The combined data of 2007 and 2015 indicate that the map made by Hahn of these features is accurate.
If in fact they are related to walls or a room, they would describe a rectangular structure of about five by six meters within the circle of posts (Figure 45).
Native American ceramics were the only artifacts recovered from the trench features, but if they are associated with the Feature 224 post, it suggests a destruction dates in the sixteenth century. It seems probable that these features represent a modification to the building, or perhaps a different occupation period. The shallow trench features are intriguing in their potential association with Spanish activities at the site, and may suggest Spanish modification of the structure.
Other than postmolds and a few shallow shell and earth-filled deposits, the only other deposit that could be mapped and excavated in the 2015 East Block was a large shallow pit or depression designated Feature 235. This was in the east wall of the unit, near the northwest corner. The
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Deagan-FOY-2016 feature was 1.5 meters in diameter and 20 cm. deep, and contained only three St. Johns and one sand tempered plain potsherds (Table 9). It was neither a posthole nor a trash pit, and is very similar in size and contents to other broad shallow pits excavated at the site in previous years.
(Deagan 2008:226-227, fig. 7.14). Those all dated to the precontact occupation of the site.
Assessing the evidence for a Timucuan “Council House”.
The archaeological evidence from the 2015 East Block excavation is provocative but not conclusive. Although most of the 1952 postmolds found during the 2015 re-excavation were very close to their expected locations, some were not, and the 2015 excavation also located postmolds that were not recorded in 1952. This may have to do with different recognition and recording protocols, or may have to do with the fact that the area was excavated, backfilled, then re-excavated to an elevation level that was at the highest appearance of sub-soil in 2015. The 1952 excavation units were clearly not all excavated to the same base elevation. The 1952 project furthermore did not excavate the mapped features, and it is possible that some of the posts recorded in 1952, if excavated, would have been shown to have been soil stains, root molds or underlying depressions rather than posts. Finally, the multiple episodes of flooding, pumping, ground water inundation and cleaning surface algae undoubtedly removed or obscured some features.
Interpretation is additionally complicated by the very lengthy full-time Timucua occupation documented at the site, which extended from about AD 800 to the early seventeenth century AD.
(Appendix 5 shows Radiocarbon dates from the site). It is likely that any council house-like building at the site would have been repaired and rebuilt many times over the centuries. Work at other council house sites has suggested that rebuilding took place after about 25 years of occupation
(Schroedel 1986: 229, Shapiro and McEwan 1991:65).
Finally, interpretation is hindered by the absence of any previous descriptions or archaeological studies specific to coastal Timucuan council houses. The few published 73
Deagan-FOY-2016 documentary and archaeological work on council houses among other Florida Indian groups, however, are reviewed briefly below.
Documentary descriptions and archaeological prototypes for council houses
Documentary accounts of Florida native council houses were made by members of religious orders, soldiers and other visitors others during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Shapiro and
McEwan 1992:7-15). Accounts agree that every town had one, and that they were large or very large circular structures made of palm thatch. In some Apalachee and Guale regional capitals it was recorded that the council houses could contain as many as 2,000 people, while others in less central towns were as small as 50 feet in diameter.
Council houses were essentially public community buildings, where feasts, dances, games, food preparation and town governance took place. They also served as inns or hostels for visitors and travelers. Nearly all the descriptions noted a bench, or series of banquettes or “cabins” encircling the inner wall, which served as seating and sleeping areas. Public activities took place in the open center of the building.
The only specific descriptions of council houses in coastal northeast Florida were made by
Jonathon Dickinson in 1698, however neither of them was Timucuan but were instead in relocated
Guale mission communities. Although these buildings were described more than 130 years after
Menéndez’s arrival at St. Augustine, and were of Guale rather than Timucuan construction, the descriptions nevertheless give a sense of the range of possibilities in size and configuration of council houses throughout the region.
Dickinson and his companions travelled north from St. Augustine after having been
shipwrecked in Aís Indian territory (Andrews and Andrews 1985), stopping about three leagues
north of St. Augustine at a town they recorded as Santa Cruce (Santa Cruz de Guadalquini).
Modern scholars have noted that Dickinson’s identification of the town was confused, and they 74
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actually stopped at Tolomato, another relocated Guale mission town which actually was about
three leagues north of St. Augustine (Hann 1996:271; Worth 1995:198). Dickinson described the
council house as “….built round, having 16 squares, on each square is a cabin built and painted
which will hold two people; the house being about 50 foot diameter. In the middle of the top is a
square opening about fifteen foot. …”(Andrews and Andrews 1985: 65).
The Dickinson party stopped again further north, at the town of Santa Maria de Guale on present day Amelia Island. There Dickinson described “…a house about 81 foot diameter, built round, with 32 squares, in each and well matted. The center of the building is a quadrangle of 20 foot, being open at the top of the house, against which the house is built thus. In this quadrangle is the place they dance, having a great fire in the middle. One of the squares of this building is the gateway or passage in.”
Archaeological Studies of Florida Indian Council Houses Despite their apparently ubiquitous presence in the native towns of Florida, only a few council houses have been archaeologically documented. The best-known and studied example is the council house at the San Luis de Talimali mission (8LE4), which was built in the second half of the seventeenth century in present day Tallahassee. The mission, fort and village community of
San Luis formed the Spaniards’ administrative capital of the Apalachee mission province, and the
Apalachee leadership settled there after 1656 (Hann and McEwan 1998:50-51). By any standards the Apalachee council house built there was a spectacular wood and thatch building with a diameter of 120 feet (about 37 meters) and the capacity to hold 1,000- 2,000 people or more (Figure 49A)
(see Shapiro and McEwan 1991: 7-173; McEwan and Hann 1998: 75-81).
The immense size of the San Luis council house was apparently not typical of smaller and less politically important towns. At least two other council houses have been located archaeologically in the Apalachee region, both thought to date from the precontact period. Both were double-ring
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Deagan-FOY-2016 circles of postmolds, and both measured 12 meters in diameter. The Patale Mission site (8LE152) council house had a 12-meter diameter outer circle of widely spaced postmolds, with a seven meter diameter inner circle of closely spaced postmolds (Marrinan 1993:255-63) (Figure 49D). It had a large support post in the center, but no evidence for a hearth was reported.
The council house at the Borrow Pit Site (8Le170) had an outer ring of large posts measuring 12 meters in diameter, with an inner ring of scattered smaller posts measuring about nine meters in diameter (Figure 49B) (Calvin Jones in Shapiro and McEwan 1991: 66-68). Jones, the excavator, believed that the respective rings of posts represented two different structures. The Borrow Pit house did not have a central hearth or a large central support post, but it did have a small circular cluster of postmolds in the center that may have served that function. Unlike other reported council houses, however, the structure contained eight sub-floor human burials (ibid).
The Miami Circle at Brickell Point in Miami (8DA12) is another example of what is currently interpreted to have been a council house or communal house among the Tequesta of South Florida
(Figure 49C) (Florida Division of Historical Resources 2004). It is thought that it was in use either continuously or intermittently from about 500 BC into the sixteenth century AD. The structure is represented archaeologically by an outer circle of small postholes carved into the limestone substrate, measuring 32.8 feet or about ten meters in diameter. These surround a circle of larger
“basins” thought to have contained upright post supports, describing a circle of about 30 feet, or about 9 meters. The smaller posts may have been resting places for inward sloping wood wall elements.
Circular postmold patters of a similar size to those identified at council house sites have also been documented at the Blue Goose midden site (8IR15) (Handley 2001). The site is located in the
Indian River region and occupied by Aís people at the time of European arrival. The post structures located by Handley are thought to date to the late precontact era, ca. AD 800-1513.
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Among several structures documented at the site were two circular post buildings measuring some
10-12 meters in diameter (Structures 10 and 11, Handley 2001:110-112).
Figure 49. Archaeological footprints of Apalachee Council Houses. San Luis de Talimali, B. Borrow Pit Site, C. Miami Circle. Patale
Although modern disturbances to the site obscured large portions of the structures, they seem to have been single-ring post buildings with no apparent central hearths. They are equivalent in size to other presumed council house structures reported in Florida.
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Figure 50. Structures 10 and 11 at the Blue Goose Midden (8IR15). From Handley 2001:110-113
Interpretation In summary, there seems to have been considerable variation in size and construction methods for even the small sample of Florida Indian council houses known so far. The largest example, San
Luis, had several large center posts supports to support the structures’ eaves, and these were probably surmounted by a wall plate to support vertical slanting wall supports. Smaller buildings, however, may have been simply constructed with angled wooden poles connected near the top in the manner of a teepee, with or without sidewalls. In that case, the outer ring of posts probably marked the perimeter of the structure, with inner rings of posts placed to support benches.
Although the council house at San Luis had a large central hearth, other, smaller houses did not.
Figures 51 and 52 show the postmolds and other features excavated in both 1952 and 2015 in the vicinity of the suspected structure at the Fountain of Youth Park Site, however this should be taken as close approximations rather than exact locations.
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Figure 51. All mapped features in vicinity of the East Block , 1952-2015 The 1952 excavation project records, while very comprehensive for that date, were
essentially sketches of individual five-foot squares. Although they are consistent with one another,
the maps were not tied in to any permanent datum, and the process of georeferencing the 1952
maps to the current post-1976 grid system introduced an inevitable margin of locational error, in
some cases as much as 30 centimeters. Therefore, although the spatial representations of the 1952
features shown here are generally accurate, they are not all exact. Even given these potentially
destructive circumstances, a generally circular pattern of posts can be detected, surrounding an
essentially post and intrusion-free area. There is some suggestion of an inner circle of posts,
perhaps representing support posts for an encircling bench.
Every archaeologist working with post-supported round or oval buildings understand that arcs
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Deagan-FOY-2016 or circles connecting postmolds can be drawn in multiple ways to suggest potential structural footprints. The circle shown in Figure 43 describes a structure of 12 meters diameter, with an inner circle surrounding an open area of 6 meters diameter. Two of the inner circle posts are quite large, greater than 30 centimeters in diameter, but none are deeper than 20 centimeters. The clear inner area furthermore corresponds quite closely with the tan-gold, interior and roughly circular area seen in the center of the unit at 1.78 mbd (seen on the drone aerial in Figure 40). This interpretation is consistent with the traditional understanding of council house organization.
.
Figure 52. All postmolds/holes mapped in East Block vicinity Figures 52-53 show only postmolds excavated in 1952, 2013, and 2015 in relation to major features. In this view, the postmolds appear to form a series of smaller arcs or circles, which are themselves arrayed in a circular formation. These smaller arcs all measure approximately two meters across. It is conceivable that the inside section of a coastal Timucuan council-house type building might have been comprised by circular “cabin” or divisions, rather than the more commonly assumed rectangles. An oval inscribed around the upper six clusters of posts would be
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Deagan-FOY-2016 approximately 12 by 8.5 meters. Without any specific descriptions or archaeological prototypes for a Timucuan council, house or chiefly structure, no possibilities should be dismissed.
Figure 52. Potential circular post structures in East Block area.
It should be once again reiterated that several factors compromise the precision of the archaeological data relevant to this area. They include the difficulties inherent in integrating 60- year-old excavation results into a 21st century project format, such as different recording and excavation protocols, as well as precision levels in mapping. These issues are further complicated by multiple episodes of excavation, backfill and re-excavation of the area, and exacerbated by flooding and a nearly unprecedentedly high water table during the 2015 excavation. The site was also occupied for several centuries, and there were undoubtedly multiple episodes of building and repair over that period. Because the area was previously excavated and backfilled, it was in many cases not possible to identify the true initiation elevation of features.
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Nevertheless, even given these caveats, it seems likely that some sort of large structure or related group of structures was in fact present in the area designated as the “East Block”. Excavations by
Hahn in 1952, and those in 2013 and 2015 confirmed the presence of a circular or oval arrangement of post clusters around a clear, circular open space. The outermost posts form a circle of approximately 12 meters, and the inner clear area has a diameter of 6 meters. Two of the postmolds verified in 2015 were greater than 30 cm. in diameter, and could have served as central roof supports.
The most puzzling features in the vicinity of the presumed structure are the two parallel shallow trenches, first mapped by Hahn in 1952, and verified by the 2015 excavations (Feature 228) and in retrospect by the 2007 excavations (“Linear stain” in unit 469.5N 534E). The shallow trenches are associated with shallow post impressions, and of all other features documented at the site, they are most like the trenches supporting the Spanish house structures in the south part of the
Menéndez encampment area (detailed in Deagan 2008:80-82). If indeed they represent Spanish construction, it would support the notion that the Spaniards modified a chief’s house for their own use.
Regardless of the form of a potential building, there is no evidence of a central hearth, although other “council house” structures of this size also did not have interior hearths. There is, however, a large hearth located four meters outside the southwestern part of the proposed building. This hearth in turn seems to have been surrounded or partially surrounded by circular post walls. The exterior hearth, however, dates clearly to the post-1563 period, since European artifacts (lead shot, ceramics, nails) were present at all levels. Several features associated with the hearth also contained sixteenth century Spanish artifacts (Table 6).
Summary of Results The excavation programs at 8SJ31 between 2011 and 2015 were intended to better
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Deagan-FOY-2016 understand the Menéndez-era defenses of the initial encampment. Building on previous work at the site (reported in Deagan 2008), emphasis was placed on three specific objectives:
1. Defining the boundaries of what is interpreted to have been a large sill-beam supported
structure potentially serving as a storehouse or Casa de Municiones.
2 Exploring and defining the extent and configuration of what was hypothesized to have been
a timber beam-supported wall or boundary on the northern side of the Spanish settlement
3 Testing the possibility that a large Timucua “Chief’s house” (following the account of
Father López) was located near the northeast periphery of the settlement, in the vicinity of a
large hearth excavated in 1976.
The 2011 field seasons concentrated on the first two objectives, locating the northern end of the suspected Casa de Municiones, and additional segments of what was thought to have been a northern periphery wall. The discovery in 2013 of the field records from the 1951-1953 excavations at 8SJ31 carried out by Paul Hahn greatly expanded our understanding of the northern periphery of the site, and additionally reinforced the hypotheses regarding the presence and location of a large Timucua chiefly house.
Hahn’s records also introduced a fourth research objective into the project, since extensive testing he carried out in 1953 showed that there were several timber beam stains located to the north of the Spanish settlement area and the northern periphery wall feature. These were very similar in shape, depths and soil fill to those comprising the northern periphery wall and the Casa de
Municiones. The 2014 field season was devoted to exploring that area, since it potentially indicated the presence of additional defensive elements in that area.
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Potential Casa de Municiones or other large Spanish building
The complex of trench-like features near the northern end of the settlement site is currently interpreted as a series of north-south floor joist beams or supports defining a rectangular structure of some 20 by 15 meters, which is approximately the same size as the casa fuerte excavated by
South at Ft. San Felipe, which was 21 by 15 meters.
The structure defined by the linear stains is aligned at the same angle as the other structures at the site (11 degrees west of grid north). The linear features are consistent in their dimensions and elevations, and are approximately 1.8 meters apart at their centers. They are wide (about 70 cm.) and shallow (20 cm.) with straight sides and generally flat bases, and all had a pronounced furrow- like depression along the bases of their east sides (Figure 12). The fill of the features was heavily carbonized, with abundant charcoal inclusions, and the soil contained small sixteenth century artifacts. Many of the linear features intruded upon large postmolds, also burned.
The stains end abruptly on their north and south sides, with no apparent evidence for a beam- supported northern or southern wall. This may suggest that the supports for the short east-west end beams were attached directly to the existing north-south beams. Alternatively, it is possible that the stains represented supports for an earthen gun platform without earthfast walls. It was initially assumed that these features were part of a planting area of some sort, however this now seems the least likely interpretation, given that the size, depth, shape and regularity of the stains themselves are not consistent with planting furrows documented elsewhere. The heavy burning, and sixteenth century artifact contents of the features furthermore makes the latter two possibilities somewhat less likely than the floor sill beams hypothesis.
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Despite extensive testing to the east and west of the presumed structure’s 20 by 15 meter boundaries, no evidence for any other such stains has been found. This is the largest presumed structure at the site, the only potentially wooden-floored structure and is the best candidate for the remains of a Casa de Municiones.
A northern perimeter wall or boundary A second, and equally provocative series of what appear to be timber sill stains extends continuously for 80 meters along the northern periphery of the Spanish encampment area, from the water’s edge on the eastern side of the site to the (former) marsh edge on the western side. The
University of Florida excavations of 2005-2006 located several segments of this feature, and after the 2013 discovery of the Hahn field records it was apparent that they were aligned nearly exactly with the much larger segments of the feature mapped by Hahn in 1953. The width of the stains ranged from 40 to 50 centimeters, and their depths from 20 to 30 centimeters. Postmolds were located at irregular intervals on the south side of the stain.
The continuous extent of the stain, as well as the positions of its eastern and western termini, suggest that it may represent the base or footing of a wall that would potentially have enclosed and defended the north side of the Spanish encampment. So far no archaeological evidence has been found for either an adjacent moat or ditch, or for an earth revetment or embankment, although 450 years of farming activity, grading, modern filling and flooding from storms may well have obliterated evidence for such earthen or fascine/gabion structures.
One of the most striking features of this general area of the site surrounding the “wall trench” feature at the north of the Spanish occupation area is the relative absence of Spanish artifact materials, and the density of precolumbian Timucua posts and midden deposits. There seems to have been an abrupt demarcation between the sixteenth century Spanish and Timucua activity areas at approximately the north end of the presumed Casa de Municiones.
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Trench features to the north of the presumed perimeter wall
Between the Hahn excavations in 1953 and the University of Florida excavations in 2014, 15 segments of wall trench features have been documented. These include 11 features located in the
20 units excavated in 1953, and four features found in the eight units excavated in 2014-15.
Of the eight units excavated to the north of the presumed perimeter wall trench feature in
2014 however, only one located any of the unmapped. “Wall Test” units excavated by Hahn in
1953. Interpreting the shape or footprint of the structure represented by the linear trench features remains speculative and unresolved. Figure 54 shows the wall trench features that have been located and verified archaeologically.
Figure 53. Archaeologically-verified linear trenches and hypothetical connecting lines. 86
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Although there is so far no obvious defensive pattern, there is evidence for a series of trenches that may have functioned in a defensive construction to the north of (and incorporating) the northern perimeter trench. Unfortunately, this part of the site is populated with massive cedar, magnolia and liveoak trees that both eliminate some areas for investigation, and have created significant root disturbance in others. Figure 23 shows a hypothetical placement of Hahn’s 1953
Wall Test Units, and if these are even approximately in the correct locations, this would considerably contribute to understanding of the trench complex footprint.
Block excavations in this area were intended to investigate anomalies detected during the ground penetrating radar survey (which was limited and often hindered by the presence of large trees).
These large areal excavations showed clearly that the 1953 excavations did not extend this far north, and there is no evidence that the wall trench-like features extended here either. It is also clear that the density of artifact materials, and presumably human activity, becomes very notably sparse as it extends northward from the site’s central east-west path (at approximately 497-500 Grid
Northing). Sixteenth century Spanish features and artifacts (other than wrought nail fragments) are very sparse to the north of the presumed Casa de Municiones (approximately 475 Grid Northing) and are almost completely absent north of 515 Grid Northing. Precolumbian Timucuan occupation appears to have been densest (or perhaps longest-lived) between about 450 Grid Northing and approximately 505 Grid North. To the north of that point, what little artifact material that has been recovered is most frequently from the Orange Archaic and St. Johns 1 periods (Table 10, Appendix
5).
A large Timucuan Building or Chief’s House.
“They went ashore and were well-received by the Indians, who gave them a very large house of a cacique which is on the riverbank (López y Grajales in Lyon 1976:6)
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Much of the preceding discussion about testing for the presence of the large “chiefs house” has been couched in a series of cautions and caveats. These include difficulties inherent in combining archaeological evidence 1952 and 2015; potential spatial skewedness from georeferencing 60-year- old unreferenced data to a Cartesian grid, the fact that the area had been excavated and backfilled in
1952 and re-excavated in 2015, and the episodic flooding of the open 2015 unit. Despite these concerns, it does appear likely that some sort of large structure or related group of structures was in fact present in the area designated as the “East Block”. Excavations by Hahn in 1952, and those in
2013 and 2015 confirmed the presence of a circular or oval arrangement of post clusters around a clear, circular open space. The outermost posts described a circle of approximately 12 meters, and the inner, feature-clear area had a diameter of six meters. Between the inner and outer circular areas the post patterns appeared to form a series of two-meter diameter arcs or circles, possibly representing the inner bench or “cabins” as encircling the inside of council houses described by seventeenth century visitors. Two of the postmolds verified in 2015 were greater than 30 cm. in diameter, and could conceivably have served as central roof supports. No hearth was found in the center of the building. There was, however, a large hearth located about four meters outside the southwestern part of the hypothesized building. This hearth in turn seems to have been surrounded or partially surrounded by circular post walls. The exterior hearth dates clearly to the post-1563 period, since European artifacts (lead shot, ceramics, nails) were present at all levels.
The most puzzling features in the presumed structure are the two shallow, parallel trenches, first mapped by Hahn in 1952, and verified by the 2015 excavations (Feature 228) and in retrospect by the 2007 excavations (“Linear stain” in unit 469.5N 534E). These shallow trenches are associated with shallow post impressions, and of all other features documented at the site, they are most like the trenches supporting the Spanish house structures located between 1985 and 2001 in the southern part of the Menéndez encampment area (detailed in Deagan 2008:80-82). If indeed
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Deagan-FOY-2016 they represent Spanish construction, it would support the notion that the Spaniards modified a chief’s house for their own use giving support to the statement of Father López y Grajales.
Spatial Organization The fieldwork from 2011-2015, combined with the information contained in the 1953 records, has provided additional important evidence for the spatial distributions of distinct cultural occupations on the property. Although Orange period late Archaic ceramics are present in all areas of the site, they are significantly more frequent to the north of 505 Grid Northing. In this same area, all other cultural occupations are significantly less represented, and in fact, are nearly absent. The excavated areas to the north of Grid 490 Northing (149 square meters) yielded an average of 14.3 artifacts per square meter, while the excavated areas to the south of that point (1,338 square meters) yielded an average of 40.5 artifacts per square meter.
TABLE 10. 8SJ31 Artifact Distribution Summary: North and South of 490 Grid Northing NORTH of Grid SOUTH of Grid 490N 490N European tradition ceramics # Percent # Percent Menéndez-era ceramics (TPQ pre- 1580) 42 2.0% 3697 6.8% Post 1580 TPQ ceramics 5 0.2% 162 0.3% Post 1650 TPQ ceramics 4 0.2% 95 0.2% Post ca. 1700 TPQ Ceramics 17 0.8% 169 0.3% Post 1750 TPQ ceramics 41 1.9% 541 1.0% 19th Century TPQ ceramics 0 0.0% 432 0.8% Indeterminate TPQ ceramics 37 1.7% 347 0.6% All European tradition ceramics 146 6.8% 5443 10.1% Native American ceramics Orange fiber tempered wares 264 12.4% 1071 2.0% Deptford ceramics 13 0.6% 0 St. Johns series 1005 47.1% 25306 46.7% San Pedro wares 81 3.8% 1671 3.1% Altamaha/Irene/San Marcos wares 112 5.2% 6791 12.5% Other non-local wares 2 0.1% 87 0.2% Unclassified Native American ceramics 212 9.9% 6543 12.1%
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All Native American ceramics 1689 79.1% 41469 76.6% Nonceramic items Glass fragments 94 4.4% 2040 3.8% Building construction items 141 6.6% 3857 7.1% Clothing-related items 0 0.0% 49 0.1% Beads 0 0.0% 188 0.3% Other personal ornaments 0 0.0% 11 0.0% Personal possessions 1 0.0% 99 0.2% Weaponry/military items 4 0.2% 462 0.9% Tools/crafts/implements 55 2.6% 160 0.3% Miscellaneous 6 0.3% 205 0.4% Production by-products 0 0.0% 287 0.5% All nonceramic items 301 14.1% 7383 13.6% TOTAL Pre-20th Century Artifacts 2136 54135
The great majority of all post-Archaic feature deposits occur to the south of Grid Northing 490.
Features dating to the St. Johns I period are scarce, and were identified principally by stratigraphic position and the absence of St. Johns check stamped pottery. They were found irregularly throughout the south area. The St. Johns II period occupation was the most intense and widespread, represented by pits, postmolds and hearths to the south of Grid Northing 490 (Figure
55). Radiocarbon dates indicate that the principal St. Johns occupation occurred between about
AD 800 and the arrival of Menéndez in 1565 (Appendix 5).
Precolumbian refuse was deposited in two principal shell middens between 40 and 50 centimeters deep, separated by an open, relatively shell-free area about 20 meters across (north to south). Both the shell middens and the open area between them retained their initial configurations into the historic period. The open and relatively refuse-free area between the northern and southern shell middens is assumed to have been a plaza or open space during both the pre- and post-contact periods .
Features dating to the Timucuan pre-contact era are restricted primarily to the inner edges of the middens, and St. Johns pottery at the site is concentrated around, not within, this central area.
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The distribution of St. Johns period precontact features shown in Figure 55 is tentative. It is difficult to confidently assign many features and posts with confidence to the pre- or post- contact periods. Many structural elements- particularly posts - seem to have been removed and/or filled in during the post-contact period, but may have been placed initially before 1565. There has also been, as discussed, considerable disturbance to this lowest occupation level, and it is likely that key architectural features were obliterated or contaminated during either the sixteenth century Spanish occupation, or during subsequent flooding, grading and gardening.
Assessing the 1951-52 mapped features furthermore complicates temporal and spatial assessment since the features recorded during those excavations were apparently all mapped at the base of the excavations, and were not excavated. It is not therefore possible to assign deposit dates for those features based either on stratigraphy or artifact contents.
That said, most of the structural evidence thought to be Timucuan is comprised of postmolds arranged in circular or oval curves, presumably supporting the walls of thatched structures. A curious but consistent configuration of posts describes an arc defining half or slightly more than half of a circle, rather than closed circles or ellipses (Figures 55-57).
They appear to enclose spaces that may have been open on one side, or perhaps enclosed using a method that did not leave postmold stains in the ground. This does not appear to be the result of sampling issues, since virtually all the Timucua structures located to date show this pattern regardless of excavator or field season. Such open-sided structural patterns have also been found elsewhere in St. Augustine (Handley 2003:34; Halbirt 2011, 2015a; Wallace et. al. 2007) and at the
Blue Goose Midden village site (Handley 2001).
Assuming that the arcs formed by post lines are accurate reflections of the walls, most of the structures are circular and between 3.7 and 4 meters in diameter, although the post arcs associated with two clearly pre-Columbian structures located at the western ends of the north and south middens
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Deagan-FOY-2016 respectively, were oval-shaped and nearly nine meters across. These larger structures were represented archaeologically by the broad shallow support posts found throughout the site in pre- contact deposits (discussed in Deagan 2008:226-227, Fig. 7.14).
It has not been possible so far to determine whether Timucuas continued to live on the site after the arrival of the Spaniards, although the documentary accounts of Timucua-Spanish hostilities make this seem unlikely. The ambiguity in assigning construction dates to these structures has to do both with the absence of precise dates for Timucua artifacts that might serve as dating indices to the pre- and post-contact periods, as well as with the damaging taphonomic and site alteration factors discussed in Section II. As noted frequently throughout this report, the fill of postmolds and wall trenches provide dates for the destruction and backfilling of these features, rather than for their construction. It is likely that many of the structures with assigned dates in the sixteenth century (indicated by the presence of a European item) may well have been constructed before 1565, and altered, disturbed or destroyed after 1565. The continual flooding and water table fluctuation at the site has also made it likely that even fully pre-contact Timucua deposits have been disturbed by the migration through the sandy soils of small European items such as iron flakes, seed beads and glass fragments.
There is some suggestion that the Spaniards used and perhaps altered some of the Timucua structures for their own use. Several of the circular thatch huts located at the site had clearly outlined post walls, however some posts dated to the St. Johns Period (in that no European materials were associated with them), and others in the same wall pattern dated to the post-1565 period. This may indicate re-use of Timucua buildings by Spanish colonists
The distribution of St. Johns pottery across the site (Figure 56) indicates that the densest deposits of St. Johns wares are outside of but close to the potential chiefly structure discussed above, particularly around the hearth feature outside that structure. This pottery is also concentrated around
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Deagan-FOY-2016 the outer edge of the central area thought to have been a plaza.
The distribution shown in Figure 56 is obviously shaped partly by the areas in which excavation has taken place, however it is clear that the major concentration of St. Johns ceramics is inn a generally circular area of about 60 meters in diameter. Relatively little material is present to the north of Grid Northing 490 or to the south of Grid Northing 420.
This distribution is quite distinct from that seen for post-1565 materials. Menéndez-era ceramics
(excluding Olive Jar) are most concentrated near the presumed sill-beam structures to the south of the presumed plaza (Figure 57). Olive Jar, which makes up 87% of the Spanish ceramics, have a somewhat broader distribution (Figure 58). These storage and shipping containers are more frequent in the plaza area, as well as near the hearth outside the presumed chief’s house.
These artifact distributions provide a sense of where Spanish activities tended to take place, however they also reflect those areas of the site most intensively excavated. It is likely that these patterns would be refined if other, unexcavated areas of the southern part of the site were excavated using the same sampling strategies. Accurate representations of spatial distribution are also limited by the large areas excavated in 1951-2, for which no information about recovery or screening methods is available.
Based on the currently available data, however, it can be concluded that the major household
occupation of the Spanish encampment was located between approximate 500E and 552E, and
from about 465N to 425N. Spanish features do occur to the north of this concentration, including
the structure thought to be a Casa de Municiones, the northern perimeter wall and the as-yet
undefined trenching or wall system to the north of that. Very little Spanish period artifact
materials are present in these areas, however, suggesting that the functions of these northern
features were not domestic, but rather were related to defense.
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Figure 54. St. Johns Period features
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Figure 55. 1976-2015 St. Johns Period features (and all 1953 features) showing arc-shaped postmold patterns
Figure 56. Distribution of St. Johns pottery. Contour interval = 50 sherds
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Figure 32. Distribution of Menéndez-era ceramics (Excluding Olive Jar). Contour=5 sherds
Figure 58. Distribution of Olive Jar. Contour interval=10 sherds
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Barrett, Marie and Korinn Braden 2001 Posthole Survey 2001: Northeast Portion of the Fountain of Youth Park. Manuscript on file. Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville.
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Chaney, Edward 1986 Survey and evaluation of archaeological resources in the Abbott Tract and North City, St. Augustine. Project report on file, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville.
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Deagan, Kathleen 1981 An archaeological survey of St. Johns County, Florida. Phase 1 background research. Unpublished project report, St. Augustine: Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board.
Deagan, Kathleen 2004 Summary Interpretation of Archaeological Field Work at the Fountain of Youth Park Site (98-SJ-31) St. Augustine. 1951-2002. Florida Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Project Reports in Archaeology . No. 56. Gainesville.
Deagan, Kathleen 2008 Fifty Years of Archaeology at the Fountain of Youth Park site (8-SJ-31). St. Augustine. Florida Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Project Reports in Archaeology # 59. University of Florida, Gainesville. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/histarch/foy_site_reports.htm (167mb)
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Deagan, Kathleen 2010 Archaeology at 8SJ34. The Nombre de Dios/La Leche Shrine Site, St. Augustine: Summary report on the 1934-2011 excavations. Florida Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Project Reports in Archaeology # 62. University of Florida, Gainesville.
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Dickson, Ray 1934b Field notes on excavations at the Fountain of Youth Park. On file, Fountain of Youth Park, St. Augustine.
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Franklin, Marianne and John W. Morris 1996 The St. Augustine shipwreck survey: Phase 1. Project report, Southern Oceans Archaeological Research, Inc. Pensacola, FL
Goggin, John 1952 Space and Time Perspective in Northern St. Johns Archaeology, Florida. Yale University Publications in Anthropology 47.
Gordon, Gardner 1992 Report on the 1992 excavations at the Fountain of Youth Park Site, St. Augustine (8-SJ-31). (With summary and synthesis by Kathleen Deagan). Unpublished site report on file, Florida Museum of Natural History.(57 pp.)
Hahn, Paul (attributed) 1953 Burial excavation, 1953. Unpublished report, on file Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville.
Halbirt, Carl 2007 Preliminary Report of Archaeological Investigations at 39 Magnolia Avenue, St. Augustine, Florida. (BDAC No. 04-0271). On file, City of St. Augustine Archaeology Office Planning and Building Department, St. Augustine.
Halbirt, Carl 2011 Personal communication to K. Deagan, March 2011. St. Augustine
Halbirt, Carl 2015a Like a Tendril Radiating Along a Branch: Archaeological Investigations at 39 May Street and North City, St. Augustine. On file, City of St. Augustine Archaeology Office Planning and Building Department, St. Augustine
Halbirt, Carl 2015b Field notes, mitigation excavations in the southwestern border of 8SJ31, the Fountain of Youth Park Site. On file, Office of the City of St. Augustine Archaeologist. .
Hales, L. S. and E. Reitz. 1992. Historical changes in age and growth of Atlantic Croaker, Micropogonias undulates (Perciformes:Sciaenidae). Journal of Archaeological Science 19:73-99.
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Handley, Brent 2001 The Blue Goose Midden (IR15): A Malabar II Occupation. The Florida Anthropologist 54(3-4):103-122
Handley, Brent 2003 An Intensive Cultural Resource Survey of the WFOY Property, and Data Recovery/Mitigation of site 8SJ3128, St. Augustine Florida. ESI Report of Investigations No. 378. Environmental Services, Inc. Jacksonville, Florida.
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Hann, John and Bonnie G. McEwan 1998 The Apalachee Indians and Mission San Luis. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Hudson, Charles 1990 The Juan Pardo Expeditions: Explorations of the Carolinas and Tennessee. 1566-1568. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
Lamme, Vernon 1935 Untitled field communication. Florida Archaeological Survey, April 25, 1935. Copy on file, Fountain of Youth Park, St. Augustine.
Laudonniere, Rene 2001 Three Voyages. Charles Bennett (editor) University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
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Lyon, Eugene (editor) 1995 Pedro Menéndez de Aviles.Volume 24 of Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks, D.H. Thomas, General Editor. New York, Garland Publishing
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Menéndez de Aviles, Pedro 1995 Pedro Menéndez’s letter to a Jesuit friend in Cádiz. 1566. Translated by Eugene Lyon. In Pedro Menéndez de Aviles. Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks # 24. pp.323-325. Edited by Eugene Lyon. New York, Garland Press.
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Ware, Henry 1894 Letters of Pedro Menéndez de Aviles. Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings VIII: 419-425.
Waters, Gifford J. 1998 1997 excavations at the 8SJ34/Nombre de Dios site: Florida's First Spanish Fort. Project report on file, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville
Waters, Gifford 2005 Maintenance and change in 18th century mission Indian identity: a multi-ethnic contact situation. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Florida, Gainesville.
White, Cheryl 2001 Report on the 2000 Excavations at The Fountain of Youth Park, St. Augustine (8SJ 31).@ Manuscript on file at the Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville.
Young, Timothy 1988 Using age class of fishes to determine seasonal occupation at the Fountain of Youth archaeological site (8-SJ-31). Unpublished paper presented at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference 50th Anniversary Meeting. Manuscript on file, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville
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APPENDIX 1
Excavation and Recording Protocols
Field methods, designations, controls and other protocols followed those used in previous years at the site. Although the granularity of such sampling factors as screen size and excavation increments has been refined over the years, the basic recovery and recording methods at the site have remained quite consistent since 1976. Some changes in recording over the years have been in response to disciplinary technologies, including the transition to computer-based mapping that began after ca. 1987, GIS construction and analyses, the introduction of total stations, refinements in remote sensing and the transitions from film to digital recording. The same modified Chicago grid (Cartesian Northing and Easting) system has been used since 1976 to maintain horizontal control at the site. The system was reestablished each year using the iron rebars originally placed in 1976 at grid locations 500N 500E and 500N 530E in the main east to west path in order to establish the grid east-west meridian. The 500E rebar is located 11 meters due east (magnetic east) from the base of the south-east corner of the lowermost flagstone of the Ponce de Leon statue, and the 530E rebar is 41 meters due east from the same point on the Ponce de Leon statue. A third rebar was placed at 450N 500E, establishing the north-south baseline gridline. Each year’s excavation grids were established in reference to these points. Field Designations Excavation units are designated by the coordinates of the southwest corner of the unit. The basic unit of recording, recovery and analysis was the “field provenience”, defined as “a deposit in the ground resulting from a single behavioral event or process” (Deagan 1983:91). This could be level within a sheet deposit process or a level within an event such as a trash pit or postmold event. Each provenience was assigned its own unique field specimen number (FS#), with each year’s excavation continuing the sequence used during the previous season (that is, F # 1 was the first assigned in 1976, and FS# 4306 was the last one assigned in 2015). Proveniences were designated as one of the following categories, established through the archaeological work conducted in St. Augustine by the University of Florida since 1972. These designations and their field abbreviations are: 1) Zone (Z): a naturally occurring deposit or non-intrusive sheet midden that covers the entire site or large portions of it.
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2) Level (L): an arbitrary 5-centimeters or 10-centimeters increment of soil within a naturally occurring deposit. 3) Area (A): an amorphous soil discoloration or intrusion into the soil matrix of a unit. These areas could not be confidently identified as cultural in origin, and were given consecutive numbers within each unit. 4) Feature (F): a deposit that was known or suspected to be the result of human activity and possessing an identifiable function. Feature numbers were carried over from the previous field seasons and new features that were discovered were given the next consecutive site-wide feature number. The last Feature of the 2007 season was designated as Feature 235. 5) Postmold (PM): a stain resulting from the deterioration of a post, often expressed in plan view as a circular stain. Postmolds were numbered consecutively within each unit. Postmolds were pedestaled and then vertically sectioned and drawn in cross section and the soil associated with the postmold was retained for screening and analysis. 6) Possible Postmold (PPM): a deposit that could not be confidently identified as a post mold, but retaining the outline of a circular stain in plan view. Possible postmolds were generally treated like postmolds in terms of pedestaling and vertical sections. “Possible postmold” and “Postmold” designations were often used interchangeably. 7) Posthole (PH): the area surrounding a postmold of the hole into which a post was placed. Postholes were also numbered consecutively within each unit. Postholes were excavated in the same manner as postmolds. Data Ordering and Periodicity Once analysis was completed, each provenience was assessed to determine its probable date of deposit. This was done using using a Harris matrix-like process that integrates stratigraphic association (as the principal ordering factor) with artifact content, artifact terminus post quem (TPQ), radiometric dates and terminus post quem for deposits. Each soil deposit was assigned to one of six general chronological categories. These categories are a function both of established cultural-historical periodicity, as well as of the limitations and granularity of archaeological chronology and artifact dating. As such, they are approximate and somewhat arbitrary, and serve principally as the best-available framework for temporal ordering and analysis. It should also be noted that, as at any active multi-component site, each occupation period undoubtedly incorporates
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Deagan-FOY-2016 at least a small amount of material deposited during previous occupations. 1. Orange period (ca. 1000 -500 B.C.). These are contexts at the lowest stratigraphic levels, containing Orange Fiber-Tempered pottery, and only a few, if any, plain chalky ware sherds. 2. St. Johns I period (ca. 500B.C.–A.D. 1000). Contexts deposited at the lowest stratigraphic levels, containing predominantly St. Johns Plain pottery (that is, no St. Johns Check Stamped pottery). 3. St. Johns II period (ca. A.D. 1000–A.D. 1565). The St. Johns II period (SJ2) is defined by contexts with a terminus post quem provided by St. Johns Check Stamped pottery, but containing no European materials. Radiometric dates and documentary data suggest that this occupation occurred between roughly A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1565. 4. Menéndez period (c. A.D. 1565-1575). This period corresponds roughly to the years just before, during and shortly after the Menéndez occupation of 1565-66. It undoubtedly includes some St. Johns II contexts that were disturbed or altered by Spanish activity. Contexts were assigned to this period if they had a terminus post quem provided by European artifacts that predated 1580, such as Morisco tradition ceramics from Spain, Ligurian ceramics, Early Style Olive Jar, etc. These contexts are absent any Mexican or Hispanic-Mexican materials, or any acknowledged mission-period Native American ceramics (e.g., Leon-Jefferson wares, Miller Plain). Although majolicas were being produced and sold in Mexico City by 1550, Mexican majolicas are thought to have not entered Florida until after ca. 1590 (Deagan 2002:74). 5. Sixteenth century period (ca. 1565-1600). Contexts assigned to this period contain small amounts of European material that could not be distinguished as pre- or post- 1580 by either their contents or by stratigraphic associations. 6. Late sixteenth century period (ca 1580-1600). This period corresponds roughly to the time between the end of the Menéndez period and the establishment of the Nombre de Dios mission in 1587. The contexts assigned to this period have terminus post quems that post- date 1580, and generally pre-date ca. 1600, such as majolica made in Mexico City 7. Early seventeenth century Mission period (ca. 1600-1650). The early mission period designation overlaps to some extent with the previous late sixteenth century designation. Contexts assigned to this period are marked by the presence of early Mexico City majolicas, as well as other ceramic types, post-dating 1600 swell as Ichtucknee Blue on White
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Majolica (post 1600 TPQ), Gudalajara Polychrome and acknowledged mission-period Native American ceramics from the Florida interior (e.g., Leon-Jefferson wares, Miller Plain). 8. This Late Mission period (ca. A.D. 1650-1700) period represents the later years of Nombre de Dios mission occupation at the Fountain of Youth Park. It includes stratigraphically- associated contexts with artifacts providing a terminus post quem of after 1650, but before 1700, such as majolica produced in Puebla, Mexico, and Guadalajara wares. 8. Eighteenth century first Spanish period (ca. A.D. 1700-1750). These contexts were deposited during the final years of the Nombre de Dios mission and the first Spanish occupation of St. Augustine. The context include those with terminus post quems provided by artifacts dating to after A.D. 1700 (such as certain Mexican and English ceramics), and absent those dating to after ca. 1750 (such as Guanajuato majolicas or English refined earthenwares). 9. British/ Second Spanish Period (ca. A.D. 1760-A.D.1820). This period is sparsely represented at 8SJ31, and includes those contexts that stratigraphically overlay those of the Spanish colonial periods, and whose terminus post quem is provided by creamware and pearlware. 10. Nineteenth century post-colonial (ca. 1820-1900). These contexts are almost all plowzone deposits containing Whiteware or Ironstone pottery, or other nineteenth century artifacts, but are absent such twentieth century materials as tin cans, soda bottles, plastic, aluminum foil, lightbulbs, etc. 11. Twentieth century and mixed. This period is also represented predominantly by plowzone and Zone 1 deposits, and includes identifiably modern twentieth century artifacts (tin cans, tab tops, soda bottles, plastic, aluminum foil, lightbulbs, etc.) mixed with items from all previous periods of occupation.
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APPENDIX 2 8SJ31. Materials Excavated During the 1951-2 Project.
18- PERCENT Level below surface: 0-6” 6-12" 12-18" 24" >24" TOTAL OF TOTAL Menéndez-Era Ceramics (TPQ Pre-1580) Columbia Green 1 1 Columbia Plain 6 2 8 Santo Domingo Blue on White 3 2 5 Cologne Stoneware 1 1 Orange Micaceous 8 1 9 Subtotal Menéndez-Era Ceramics (TPQ Pre-1580) 19 3 2 0 0 24 0.26%
Olive Jar (TPQ 1550) Olive Jar 262 26 36 2 3 329 Olive Jar Glazed 132 17 22 1 2 174 394 43 58 3 5 503 5.55% Post 1580 TPQ Ceramics Ichtucknee Blue on White 9 9 Aucilla Polychrome 2 2 Fig Springs Polychrome 10 3 4 1 18 Mt. Royal Polychrome 1 1 UID White Majolica 5 5 San Luis Blue on White 2 1 3 Oriental Porcelain 1 1 San Luis Polychrome 5 3 8 Mexican Red Painted 4 2 6 Subtotal Post 1580 TPQ Ceramics 38 9 5 1 53 0.58%
Post 1650 TPQ Ceramics Puebla Blue on White 6 1 1 8 Puebla Polychrome 5 5 San Augustin Blue on White 8 3 11 Huejotzingo Blue on White 1 1 Tallahassee Blue on White 1 1 Subtotal Post 1650 TPQ Ceramics 20 1 4 1 26 0.29%
Post Ca. 1700 TPQ Ceramics White Salt Glazed Stoneware 2 2 4 Brown Salt Glazed Stoneware 1 1 Delftware 2 2 Staffordshire Slipware 5 5 Elers Ware 1 1 Red Slipware 4 2 6 SUBTOTAL Post Ca. 1700 TPQ Ceramics 15 4 19 0.21%
Post 1750 TPQ Ceramics Late Style Olive Jar 2 2 Creamware 8 1 1 10 Feather Edged Pearlware 14 1 15 109
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8SJ31. Materials Excavated During the 1951-2 Project.
18- PERCENT Level below surface: 0-6” 6-12" 12-18" 24" >24" TOTAL OF TOTAL Flow Blue Pearlware 2 1 3 Hand Painted Pearlware 1 1 2 Hand Painted Polychrome Pearlware 1 1 Mono Transfer Printed Pearlware 19 2 1 3 25 Subtotal Post 1750 TPQ Ceramics 45 7 2 4 58 0.64%
Post 1800 Ceramics Ginger Beer Bottle 1 1 Decorated Whiteware 9 1 1 11 Hand Painted Polychrome Whiteware 1 1 Ironstone 1 1 Whiteware 74 9 1 1 85 Yellow Ware 2 2 Subtotal Post 1800 Ceramics 88 10 2 1 101 1.11%
Indeterminate TPQ Ceramics UID Salt Glazed Stoneware 3 3 UID Porcelain 6 6 UID Refined Earthenware 1 1 UID Slipware 26 3 4 33 UID Blue on White Majolica 3 3 UID Majolica 3 3 2 8 UID Glazed Coarse Earthenware 28 1 29 Lead Glazed Coarse Earthenware 16 6 2 1 1 26 UID Coarse Earthenware 5 5 Subtotal Indeterminate TPQ Ceramics 91 13 8 1 1 114 1.26% Subtotal All European Origin Ceramics 710 86 85 5 12 898 9.91%
Native America Ceramics Orange Fiber Tempered Orange Fiber Tempered Incised 21 8 1 30 Fiber Tempered Plain 1 1 Orange Fiber Tempered Plain 40 67 3 5 115 Subtotal Orange Ceramics 61 1 75 3 6 146 1.61%
Deptford Deptford Plain 1 1 2 Deptford Stamped 38 10 23 71 Swift Creek Stamped 9 9 Subtotal Deptford Ceramics 48 10 24 82 0.90%
St. JOHNS SERIES St. Johns Plain 1331 352 389 25 19 2116 St. Johns Stamped 1471 397 526 75 17 2486 St. Johns Cob Marked 1 2 3 St. Johns Red Painted 1 1 2 110
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8SJ31. Materials Excavated During the 1951-2 Project.
18- PERCENT Level below surface: 0-6” 6-12" 12-18" 24" >24" TOTAL OF TOTAL St. Johns Incised 20 16 36 St. Johns Punctated 2 1 3 St. Johns Decorated 85 39 41 21 1 187 Subtotal St. Johns Series 2909 791 975 121 37 4833 53.32%
San Pedro Ceramics San Pedro Plain 246 34 65 3 2 350 San Pedro Cob Marked 6 1 1 8 San Pedro Decorated 10 7 41 58 San Pedro Stamped 90 8 22 1 121 Subtotal San Pedro Ceramics 352 49 129 3 4 537 5.92%
Irene/Altamaha/San Marcos Altamaha Incised 1 1 San Marcos Stamped 486 206 325 88 21 1126 San Marcos Plain 398 108 96 12 4 618 San Marcos Punctated 6 2 8 San Marcos Red Filmed 10 2 4 16 San Marcos Redfilmed Stamped 2 2 San Marcos Incised 1 2 1 1 5 Subtotal Altamaha/San Marcos 903 318 427 102 26 1776 19.59%
Other Wares Mission Red Filmed 3 9 3 1 16 Mission Red Filmed Stamped 2 2 Subtotal Other Wares 11 3 1 15 0.17%
Unclassified Native American Wares Grit Decorated Tempered Decorated 3 3 4 10 Grit Tempered Incised 2 1 1 4 Grit Tempered Plain 33 19 24 3 8 87 Grit Tempered Punctated 1 2 3 Grit Tempered Stamped 6 2 1 1 2 12 Grit/Shell Tempered Plain 1 1 Grog/Grit Tempered Decorated 6 6 Grog/Grit Tempered Plain 7 3 3 13 Sand Tempered Decorated 3 1 4 Sand Tempered Incised 2 2 Sand Tempered Plain 53 17 13 83 Sand Tempered Punctated 1 1 2 Sand Tempered Stamped 12 12 Sand/Grit Tempered Plain 15 15 UID Decorated 7 3 10 UID Incised 1 1 1 3 UID Plain 1 1 2 UID Punctated 10 1 11
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8SJ31. Materials Excavated During the 1951-2 Project.
18- PERCENT Level below surface: 0-6” 6-12" 12-18" 24" >24" TOTAL OF TOTAL UID Stamped 3 3 UID Chalky Plain 1 1 2 Subtotal Unclassified Native American Ceramics 163 50 53 8 11 285 3.14% Subtotal All Native American Ceramics 4437 1220 1672 261 85 7677 84.70% Subtotal European Origin Ceramics 710 86 85 5 12 898 9.91% All Ceramics 5147 1306 1757 266 97 8575 94.61%
Glass Fragments Amber Glass 3 1 4 Brown Glass 5 5 Clear Glass 40 1 41 Dark Green Glass 39 7 10 56 Green Glass 16 1 2 1 1 21 Olive Green Glass 1 1 White Glass 1 1 UID Glass 18 6 2 1 1 28 UID Glass Object 1 1 Subtotal Glass Fragments 124 15 15 2 2 158 1.74%
Domestic Items Iron Pot/Kettle Fragment 4 1 1 6 Spoon, Pewter 1 1 Basalt Metate Fragment 1 1 2 Steatite Bowl 1 1 Subtotal Domestic Items 6 2 1 1 10 0.11%
Construction Fasteners And Elements Bolt 2 2 Hinge 1 1 Hook 1 1 Staple 1 1 UID Square Nail 92 27 20 1 140 UID Square Spike 11 1 5 17 UID Nail 34 4 1 39 UID Spike 6 1 1 8 Wire 2 2 Clasp, Iron 1 1 Tack 2 2 Subtotal Construction Fasteners and Elements 150 33 27 1 211 2.33%
Weaponry Gun Flint 2 1 3 Projectile Point 2 2 Subtotal Weaponry 2 3 5 0.06%
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8SJ31. Materials Excavated During the 1951-2 Project.
18- PERCENT Level below surface: 0-6” 6-12" 12-18" 24" >24" TOTAL OF TOTAL Tools and Implements Iron Chain Fragment 2 2 Honing Stone 1 1 Shell Hammer 1 1 Shell Tool 4 1 1 1 7 Stone Tool 1 1 Chert Debitage 10 3 1 14 Subtotal Tools And Implements 16 2 5 1 2 26 0.29%
Beads Amber Bead 1 1 Bone Bead 1 1 Subtotal Beads 2 2 0.02%
Miscellaneous Pipe Bowl with Stem 1 1 Pipe Stem Fragment 9 9 Strap Iron 12 12 Alloy Object 1 1 Copper Object 3 3 Iron Object 44 2 4 50 Lead Object 1 1 Subtotal Miscellaneous 69 2 5 1 77 0.85%
Total All Items 5516 1360 1813 270 103 9064 Row % 60.9% 15.0% 20.0% 3.0% 1.1% 100.0% Metal Flakes Pewter Fragments 6 Lead Fragments 1 Copper Fragment 2 1 UID Metal Fragment 3 Iron Flakes 104 21 7 7
Weighed Substances (In Grams) Slag 6 Pumice 5 Quartz 2 2 Rock 7 1 1 Sandstone 2 Slate 4 Ochre 1 2 Hematite 1 1 1
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APPENDIX 3 8SJ31 Locations of 1953 Northern "wall tests" (From Hahn field cards) NOTE: Wall tests dug in various places north of central path. None placed on map. Locations estimated and coordinates questionable.
Test unit ID Dimensions Depth Location description on field Features comment Possible card recorded Coords NORTH TEST 3X5 EW =L23 "85'N OF STATUE; 45'E OF None Location very 524N471E STATUE NE CORNER" questionable WALL TEST 1 2.5'X10'. 0-26 PARALLELS TR VII. 12.5' N None (TR VII was 494.4N512.5E OF TRENCH VII ON 60'- formerly TR 70'LINE OF TR VII VIII) WALL TEST 2 30"X 12.5' 0-16 "SE CORNER TOUCHES N vague 494.8N518.7E SIDE OF WALK" trace of wall trench WALL TEST 3 5'N-S, 8'E- 0-13 "NORTH OF WALK" Corner 507N 531.2E W WALL TEST 4 5'N-S 3'E-W 0-16 SE corner located about N-S wall iron spike 496N525E 10.5'north of Trench IX 75'stake WALL TEST 5 6'x6' 0-20 "RUNS NE ACROSS WALK WI Shown as 497N531E NE END ABOUT 45'-50'FROM curved MONUMENT WALL SW-NE wall WALL TEST 6 7.5x2.5 0-20 NO INFO Pit, no ? wall WALL TEST 7 3'x 5' 0-17 "20' NORTH OF WALK AND 5' Wall, SW- 505.5N528.5E WEST OF TEST 3" NE WALL TEST8 7'x 2' 0-14 NO INFO E-W wall, ? in line wi WSW wall in WT 3 & 7 WALL TEST 9 7.5'x2.5' 0-24 North of Trench (6.5') right N-S wall 496N524.5E beside walk on south side segment WALL TEST 7'by 2.5' 0-20 N OF WALK, ACROSS PATH N-S wall 500.5N523E 10 FROM WALL TR 9 in line wi wall in W.T, 6 &9 WALL TEST 7x3 0-20 SE CORNER ABOUT N-S wall 507.5N494E 11 14.5'NORTHEAST OF WALL segment AROUND STATUE WALL TEST 8X8 0-20 IN LINE OF TREES AND 2 corner 2014 515N490E 12 BRUSH RUNNING N FROM walls excavation STATUE. ABOUT 40'NORTH shows the OF WALLL AROUND STATUE unit was 28"deep) WALL TEST ? 0-24 NO INFO E-W wall ? 13 segment WALL TEST 8X5 0-18 NO INFO None ? 14 WALL TEST 5X2' 0-14 EAST OF WALL TR 12 None 516N494.5E 15 WALL TEST 6.5'X 2.5' 0-12 WEST EXTENSION OF E-W- 514.5N489E 16 WALL IN WALL TR 12
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WALL TEST 5'X5' 0-16 ON N. SIDE OF WALK ABOUT E-W wall 500N533.5E 17 40' FROM MONUMENT segment WALL wi a narrow extension to the south WALL TEST 7.5X2' 0-14 DIRECTLY WEST OF WALL TR Wall 514N5488.5E 18 16. feature WALL TEST 2'X 8'N-S. 0-18 IN FOUNTAIN SQUARE N. OF Vague ? 19 WALK, 30'- 40'SOUTH OF stains FOUNTAIN WALL WALL TEST 2'X 6.5'N-S. 0-16 None small wall ? 20 segment
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APPENDIX 4
Report of Ground Penetrating Radar Survey Performed at the Northeastern Limit of the Fountain of Youth Archaeological Park in St. Augustine, Florida
John J. Schultz, Ph.D. & Kevin Gidusko, BA
Department of Anthropology University of
Central Florida
May 23, 2014
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In early 2014 Dr. John Schultz was contacted by Dr. Kathleen Deagan to conduct a GPR survey of a section of the Fountain of Youth (FOY) Archaeological Park in St. Augustine, Florida. This survey was to aid in on-going site investigations by Dr. Deagan at the park, the site of a Timucuan village and the location of Pedro Menéndez de Aviles’ first fortified structure in the area dating to 1565. Among the earliest investigations at this site included several trenches in 1952 by Dr. John Goggin. Unfortunately, the location of these trenches is not known. Recent rediscovery of his field notes prompted a re-examination of the northeastern limits of the park in an attempt to 1) locate evidence of Dr. Goggin’s excavation units to more precisely map them into the site plan and 2) locate evidence of the first colonial fortification for this area.
Image 1: Research area facing east along Transect 1, the southwest corner or datum for the Phase 1 GPR survey. To the right is a mature tree line outside the southern limit of the grid.
The purpose of the GPR survey was to attempt to locate any evidence of previous Goggin trenches in order to provide Dr. Deagan with possible locations for excavations during the 2014 and subsequent field seasons at FOY. During January 21, 2014 Dr. Schultz and Mr. Gidusko performed preliminary GPR testing at FOY with Dr. Deagan to discern the efficacy of a GPR survey in the northeastern area of the park. Preliminary testing indicated discernable GPR anomalies in this area and the 250 MHz GPR antenna provided optimal imaging. Unfortunately, the complete GPR survey of this area of the park was delayed due to a series of rainstorms and flooding. On April 13, 2014 we meet Dr. Deagan at FOY to conduct the survey.
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Dr. Deagan had previously marked corners of a large grid (Phase I) measuring 13 x 29 meters in the northern section of the site that was the main focus of the GPR survey (Fig 1: Appendix A). Though the area is largely open, a tree line consisting mainly of mature oaks is present at the southern limit of the grid and several stands of smaller trees are present outside the grid at other locations (Image 1). A smaller grid (Phase II) was collected closer to the shoreline (Fig. 1; Appendix A). Overall while data were collected with the 250 MHz and the 500 MHz antennae, only data for the 250 MHz will be discussed because this antenna provided optimal imaging for the site conditions. In addition, the main focus of this report will be Phase I due to the limitations of data collection for the Phase II grid.
A preliminary assessment of the prominent anomalies noted in the field was provided to Dr. Deagan on April 13th, 2014 for test unit placement. The raw GPR data was then processed utilizing REFLEXW v5.6 at the University of Central Florida by Mr. Gidusko and anomalies not apparent during field collection were also noted. This information was then utilized to create a map detailing the location of all the anomalies for Phase I that may be utilized for further archaeological investigations.
Limitations of the Site
There were a number of limitations that could potentially decrease the efficacy of the GPR survey at FOY to locate older test units or excavations. First, many trees were present outside the Phase I grid. In particular, along the southern border of the grid was a line of primarily mature oaks with extensive root networks that would have extended into the grid producing numerous false anomalies, or clutter, on the GPR profiles. There is the potential for the clutter to mask potential features in this area of the grid. Though the park has not been developed to the extent of the surrounding community, the area near the sea wall may consist of fill to extend and level the available space within northeastern limits. Depending on the extent of the fill, there is the potential to mask features in this area. The combination of fill and a tree within the Phase II grid posed significant issues. In addition, it can prove difficult to detect older test units or excavations if there is no significant chemical, compaction, or physical differences with that of the surrounding soil matrix. In order for older units to be detected, they must exhibit contrasting properties with the surrounding undisturbed soil.
The GPR Survey and Data Processing Methodology
The grid for the Phase I GPR survey Phase I (Fig. 1; Appendix A) encompassed a large rectangular area beginning at the 514N, 496E datum. Data was collected for each
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transect moving from west to east for a length of 29 meters while GPR transects were collected while moving from south to north along the grid for 13 meters. The initial transect began on the 514N, 496E line. Each additional transect was at a 0.5 meter interval and ended on 527N for a total of 27 transects completed for Phase I of the survey. Phase II began at 513.5N, 525E and ended at 519N, 525E with data collected from west to east along transects of 17 meters at 0.5 meter intervals for a total of 12 transects.
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The survey was conducted with a MALÅ Geoscience Inc. GPR unit and a 250 MHz antenna. Calibration was conducted by burying a piece of rebar at 50 centimeters below ground surface in an older test unit that was located a few meters west of the of the datum for Phase I (Image 2). This allowed for depth calibration to be performed in a soil matrix most similar to that of the survey areas.
Image 2: Calibration of GPR unit was conducted by burying a piece of rebar at 50 centimeters below ground surface in a previously backfilled unit a few meters west of the datum for Phase I.
Results of GPR Survey
Phase I
For purposes of describing concentrations of anomalies, Phase I (Table 1; Appendix B) groupings appeared in six semi-discreet sections (Table 2; Appendix B):
Section 1) Transects 1-4 display a high number of anomalies on a west to east direction at 13 to 20.5 meters that are the result of proximity to a tree line outside the southern limit of the grid (Fig. 2 and 3; Appendix C).
Section 2) A small cluster of minimal anomalies running on a south to north direction on transects 5 to 12 at 3 to 3.5 meters became more apparent during processing and were not noted during field collection (Fig. 3; Appendix C).
Section 3) A row of prominent anomalies were noted along transects 6 to 28 and oriented roughly south to northeast from around 10.5 to 14 meters (Fig. 4; Appendix C). 120
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Section 4) A row of anomalies were noted along transects 9 to 14 from 18 to 23 meters in a west to east orientation (Fig. 5 and 6; Appendix C).
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Section 5) A row of prominent anomalies were noted along transects 16 to 27 and oriented in a south to north axis from 5 to 6 meters (Fig. 7 and 8; Appendix C).
Section 6) A row of prominent anomalies were noted along transects 16 to 27 and oriented on a south to north axis from 20 to 21 meters (Fig 7 and 8; Appendix C).
Phase II
No prominent anomalies were encountered during field collection for the Phase II grid. Although a few small and shallow anomalies were noted that were consistent with a tree within the grid. Processing of the data seems to show a buried horizon that appears to become deeper towards the eastern terminus of the profile. This may indicate previous efforts by the park to extend and level the available space within the sea wall by adding fill towards the eastern edge of the site.
Transects 2 to 5 (514N to 515.5N) showed very small anomalies of no scientific value at approximately 9 to 9.5 meters with the buried horizon at the transect limit. Transects 9 to 12 (517.5N to 519N) contained some small anomalies associated with a palm tree at around 11 meters along each grid line. As in previous transects, the possible buried ground surface appeared at the transect limit.
Conclusions
Phase I of the survey appears to offer the greatest opportunity to locate archaeological features or previous test pits that were detected by the GPR survey. Five out of six sections of semi-discrete anomalies identified by the GPR survey may merit further archaeological investigation. Section 1 is most likely a conglomeration of root systems from mainly mature Oak trees that line the southern extent of this area of the grid. The two areas exhibiting the most prominent anomalies appear to be Sections 5 and 6 that are located along the northern extent of the grid. Sections 3 and 4 also produced anomalies that may merit investigation though they are not as prominent as those present in sections 5 and 6. In addition, Section 2 only became apparent in processing and represents less pronounced anomalies.
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Appendix A
Site Plan Provided by Dr. Deagan
Phase I
Phase II
Fig. 1 GIS site plan provided of FOY provided by Dr. Deagan with outlines of the Phase I and II grids for the GPR surveys
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Secti
Secti
o
o
n 6 n
5 n
Secti Se ection 4
o 2 n
Section 1
Table 2. Groupings of anomalies are presented as six semi-discrete sections.
Appendix C
Examples of GPR Reflection Profiles Phase I
Fig. 2 Reflection profile of transect 2, in Section 1, showing significant clutter due to tree roots.
Fig. 3 Reflection profile of transect 7, just north of Section 1, showing the significant clutter from tree roots. Also note less prominent anomalies associated with Section 2 at around 3 to 3.5 meters.
Fig. 4 Reflection profile of transect 14 showing less prominent anomalies in Section 3.
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Fig. 5 Reflection profile of transect 13 showing concentrations of anomalies in Section 4.
Fig. 6 Reflection profile of transect 14 showing minimal anomalies associated with Section 4.
Fig. 7 Reflection profile of transect 19 showing southern portion of prominent anomalies associated with Sections 5 and 6.
Fig. 8 Reflection profile of transect 26 showing continuation of prominent anomalies associated with Sections 5 and 6.
Phase II
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Fig. 10 Reflection profile of transect 1 showing buried horizon that becomes deeper towards the sea wall.
Fig. 11 Reflection profile of transect 11 showing buried horizon that becomes deeper towards the sea wall and a slight anomaly at around 9 meters due to the palm tree roots.
Deagan-FOY-2016
APPENDIX 5 RADIOMETRIC DATES FROM 8SJ31
Sample ID Field Material Uncalibra- Cal A.D. Yrs. Cal A.D. Yrs. Intercept d13Cl* provenience ted 14C years +/- 2σ +/- 1σ σ B.P. Beta 8SJ31-318 Marine 670+/50 BP Cal A.D. 1280 Cal A.D. 1300- Cal A.D. 1330 -2.7 o/oo 212875 SJ trash pit shell to 1430 1400
Beta 8SJ31-1811 Charcoal 2620+/-60 Cal A.D. 620 to Cal B.C. 820 to Cal B.C. 800 25.8:lab. 212876 Z3 midden 590 (Cal BP 790 (Cal BP 2770 mult=1) deposit 2560 to 2540) to 2740)
Beta 8SJ31-2561 Charcoal 2470±40 BP2 Cal B.C. 780 to Cal B.C. 770 to Cal B.C. 750 25.8:lab. 212877 North 410 (Cal BP 500 (Cal BP 2720 (Cal BP 2700) mult=1) midden level 2730 to 2360) to 2450) Cal B.C. 700 4 base and (Cal BP 2650) Cal B.C. 460 to and 430 (Cal BP 2410 Cal B.C. 540 to 2380) (Cal BP 2490) Beta 8SJ31-F42 Bone 1140±40 BP2 Cal A.D. 790 to Cal A.D. 880 to Cal A.D. 900 -14:lab. 212878 Dog collagen 990 (Cal BP 970 (Cal BP 1070 (Cal BP 1060) mult=1) (AMS) 1160 to 960) to 980)
Beta 8SJ31 F127 Bone 980±40 BP2 Cal A.D. 990 to Cal A.D. 1010 to Cal A.D. 1030 -2.6:lab. 218357 Dog collagen 1160 (Cal BP 1040 (Cal BP 940 (Cal BP 920) mult=1)
(AMS) 960 to 790) to 910)
Beta FOY 3374 Wood 3980±40 BP2 Cal B.C. 2580 Cal B.C. 2560 to Cal B.C. 2480 24.1:lab. 232546 F153 Charcoal to 2450(Cal BP 2520 (Cal BP 4510 (Cal BP 4430) mult=1) (AMS) Postmold 4530 to 4400) to 4470) and Cal B.C. 2500 to 2470 (Cal BP 4450 to 4420) Beta FOY 3411 Marine 2940±50 BP Cal B.C. 840 to Cal B.C. 800 to Cal B.C. 770 -1.6: Delta- 232547 Area 2 Sub- Shell 710 (Cal BP 740 (Cal BP 2750 (Cal BP 2720) R= 0±0: midden shell 2790 to 2660) to 2690) Glob res=- pit 200 to 500:lab. mult=1) Beta FOY3667 Wood 780 +/- 40 BP Cal A.D. Cal AD 1240-1280 Cal AD 1280 -26.5:lab. 302871 Fea. 180 charcoal 1280-1290 (Cal (Cal BP 700-670) (Cal BP 680) mult=1) Burial pit B.P. 1270- o/oo 1050) Beta FOY3664 Wood 920 +/- 40 Cal A.D. 1020- Cal AD 1040 – Cal AD -25.5:lab. 302870 Fea. 179 charcoal B.P. 1210 (Cal B.P. 1170 (Cal BP 920- 1060(Cal BP mult=1) Feast pit 930-740) 780) 900) and o/oo Cal AD 1080 (Cal BP 870) and Cal AD 1150 (Cal BP 800)
Deagan-FOY-2016
Sample ID Field Material Uncalibra- Cal A.D. Yrs. Cal A.D. Yrs. Intercept d13Cl* provenience ted 14C years +/- 2σ +/- 1σ σ B.P. Beta FOY3662 Wood 2560 +/- 50 Cal BC 810 to Cal BC 800-760 Cal BC 780 -25.8:lab. 302869 PM13 Post charcoal BP 720 (Cal BP (Cal BP 2750- (Cal BP 2730) mult=1) 2760 to 2670) 2710) and o/oo and Cal BC 680-760 Cal BC 700 to (Cal BP 2630- 540 (Cal BP 2620) 2650 to 2490)
302868 FOY3631 Wood 1210 +/- 50 Cal AD 680 to Cal AD 720-740 AD 780 (Cal -26.2:lab. A12 Post charcoal BP 900 (Cal BP (Cal BP 1230- BP 1160) mult=1) 1270 to 1210) and o/oo 1050)/ and Cal AD 770-890 Cal AD 920 to (Cal BP 1180- 960 (Cal BP 1060) 1040 to 990)
APPENDIX 6
-
on
1620 1650 1700 1760 1820 1900
------
c.
Total
1570)
Orange
St. JohnsSt. 1 Menéndez
Proporti
era(ca.1560 General17th
20thc. mixed
ca.1580 ca.1600 ca.1650 ca.1700 ca.1760 ca.1850 General16th c.
Menéndez-Era Ceramics (TPQ Pre-1580) Bisque 2 3 1 1 2 6 15 Bizcocho 1 1 Blue On White Majolica 1 1 Caparra Blue 1 1 Columbia Gunmetal 4 4 8 Columbia Plain 23 3 2 3 22 39 92 Columbia Plain Green 4 1 5 Isabela Polychrome 1 1 Santa Elena Mottled 16 1 2 15 34 Santo Domingo Blue On 1 4 5 White Yayal Blue On White 1 2 3 Seville Blue On Blue 1 11 12 Ligurian Blue On Blue 1 1 Indeterminate Morisco 21 2 1 2 11 37 Majolica Indeterm. Morisco White 2 1 1 2 9 18 33 Majolica. Indeterminate Italianate 2 1 1 1 5 Majolica
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Ming Porcelain 5 2 4 11 Cologne Stoneware 1 1 2 Melado 1 1 2 Morisco Green 1 1 Orange Micaceous 10 1 11 Green Bacin 1 1 Green Lebrillo 3 3 Early Olive Jar Glazed 3 3 Early Style Olive Jar 5 2 7 Middle Style Olive Jar 589 45 37 27 19 5 8 9 469 649 1857 Middle Style Olive Jar 602 30 15 6 12 14 2 2 224 442 1349 Glazed Spanish Storage Jar 3 3 6 Spanish Storage Jar 1 1 Glazed El Morro 12 4 1 1 1 9 54 82 Lead Glazed Coarse 22 3 7 2 1 20 52 107 Earthenware Subtotal Menéndez-Era 133 93 64 40 36 19 16 11 761 1323 3697 0.07 Ceramics (TPQ Pre-1580) 4
Post 1580 TPQ Ceramics Aucilla Polychrome 1 1 2 Fig Springs Polychrome 2 3 8 13 Mexico City Blue on 1 1 Cream Mexico City Green on 2 2 Cream Mexico City White 2 7 1 2 20 32 San Luis Blue on White 5 1 2 12 20 Ichtucknee Blue on 1 3 1 6 4 15 White Indeterminate B/W 3 1 1 1 5 26 37 Mexican Maj Indeterminate Mexico 1 1 3 1 16 22 City Maj Mexican Red Painted 2 1 2 7 12 Earthenware Chinese Porcelain 1 1 1 1 2 6 Subtotal Post 1580 TPQ 7 19 2 5 8 4 20 97 162 0.00 Ceramics
Post 1650 TPQ Ceramics Abo Polychrome 1 1 Puebla Blue on White 8 3 3 32 46 Puebla Polychrome 1 2 1 1 6 11 San Augustin Blue On 2 12 3 14 31 White Guadalajara Polychrome 1 1 2 Overglaze Chinese 1 3 4 Porcelain Subtotal Post 1650 TPQ 1 13 16 8 57 95 0.00 Ceramics
Post Ca. 1700 TPQ Ceramics
Deagan-FOY-2016
Huejotzingo Blue On 1 1 White Aranama Polychrome 1 1 2 Blue-Green Bacin 4 4 Black Lead Glazed Coarse 1 3 5 9 Earthenware Rey Ware 1 1 6 8 Grey Salt Glazed 1 2 3 Stoneware Rhenish Stoneware 1 1 Brown Salt Glazed 2 4 16 22 Stoneware Indeterm. Salt Glazed 1 1 Stoneware Indeterm. Stoneware 1 5 3 9 Indeterminate 5 5 Stoneware Salt Glazed Stoneware 1 1 2 White Salt Glazed 2 1 5 8 16 Stoneware English Porcelain 1 1 Jackfield Ware 2 3 5 Nottingham 2 2 Agate Ware 1 1 Astbury Ware 1 2 3 Wheildon Ware 2 2 Delftware, Plain 1 1 1 2 4 9 Delftware, Blue and 2 12 14 White Faience, Plain 1 1 Faience, Blue and White 2 2 Faience, Brown 1 1 Slipware Metropolitan 1 1 2 Slipware Staffordshire 4 1 5 22 32 Unidentified Slipware 1 4 6 11 SUBTOTAL Post Ca. 1700 13 3 1 6 1 33 112 169 0.00 TPQ Ceramics
Post 1750 TPQ Ceramics Late Style Olive Jar 3 2 3 58 66 Late Style Olive Jar 1 3 1 40 45 Glazed Elers Stoneware 1 1 Lead Glazed Stoneware 1 1 Scratch Blue Stoneware 1 1 Slipware American 1 5 6 Creamware 6 4 1 6 1 40 120 178 Creamware Feather 6 6 Edged Creamware Shell Edged 1 1 Creamware Transfer 1 1 Printed Hand Painted 1 5 6 Creamware Pearlware 1 1 2 1 1 33 57 96 Pearlware Hand Painted 1 1 1 5 23 31
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Pearlware Polychrome 1 1 5 2 9 Painted Pearlware Shell Edged 2 1 5 13 21 Pearlware Sponged 1 1 Pearlware Transfer 3 3 1 1 1 18 33 60 Printed Edged Pearlware 1 2 3 Annular Ware 2 1 5 8 Subtotal Post 1750 TPQ 21 3 13 1 7 8 7 112 369 541 0.01 Ceramics
19th Century TPQ Ceramics Gaudy Dutch Pearlware 1 5 12 18 Flow Blue Pearlware 1 1 Whiteware 6 2 4 2 2 68 97 181 Whiteware Hand painted 1 1 2 11 15 Whiteware Polychrome 1 1 Hand painted Whiteware Polychrome 1 1 Transfer Printed Whiteware Shell Edged 1 1 Whiteware Transfer 1 1 8 37 47 Printed Ironstone 5 2 1 1 2 1 30 93 135 Ironstone, Hand Painted 8 8 Yellow Ware 1 2 3 Yellow Ware Banded 1 1 19th Century Crock 1 1 10 12 Ginger Beer Bottle 5 5 Canton Porcelain 3 3 SUBTOTAL 19th Century 13 3 6 1 4 6 1 115 283 432 0.01 TPQ Ceramics
Indeterminate TPQ Ceramics Redware 1 1 3 23 28 Unglazed Coarse 92 4 21 1 5 4 14 122 264 Earthenware Indeterminate Green 1 2 3 Majolica Indeterminate 1 2 1 4 Green/White Majolica Indeterminate Majolica 2 2 Indeterminate 4 1 2 5 12 Polychrome Majolica Indeterminate Tin 3 1 1 1 6 12 Enameled Unidentified Porcelain 1 1 2 5 13 22 Subtotal Indeterminate 101 10 21 1 7 7 25 174 347 0.01 TPQ Ceramics
Native American Ceramics Orange Fiber Tempered Orange Fiber Tempered 102 7 23 2 8 1 8 151 Incised
Deagan-FOY-2016
Orange Fiber Tempered 104 20 335 52 172 2 4 2 3 57 162 920 Plain Subtotal Orange Fiber 206 27 358 54 180 2 5 2 3 57 170 1071 0.02 Tempered
St Johns Wares St. Johns Plain 1 20 542 492 1071 331 472 12 442 130 3654 7386 19866 4 8 St. Johns Sandy Plain 1 1 2 St. Johns Grog Tempered 2 1 7 Plain St.Johns Check Stamped 195 124 524 82 126 17 85 40 553 1526 5335 7 St. Johns Sandy Check 0 Stamped St. Johns Simple Stamped 1 1 St. Johns Impressed 1 1 2 St. Johns Incised 1 19 2 2 1 3 10 1 6 47 St. Johns Incised Red 1 1 Filmed St. Johns Red Filmed 2 1 3 St. Johns Punctate 2 1 5 1 7 16 St. Johns Cord Marked 1 1 2 St. Johns Decorated 1 10 1 10 24 Subtotal St Johns Wares 1 20 741 619 1608 413 599 34 542 170 4212 8936 25306 0.47 5 5
San Pedro Ceramics San Pedro Plain 1 1 399 38 185 32 50 1 17 13 213 663 1622 San Pedro Stamped 5 2 1 2 9 19 San Pedro Brushed 1 1 San Pedro Cob Marked 2 2 San Pedro Cord Marked 17 1 1 19 San Pedro Impressed 2 2 San Pedro Incised 1 1 2 4 San Pedro Indeterminate 1 1 2 Decorated Subtotal San Pedro 1 1 425 42 186 33 51 1 17 13 215 677 1671 0.03
Altamaha/Irene/San Marcos Altamaha 5 1 6 6 21 39 Irene Incised 1 1 San Marcos Stamped 2 743 107 95 140 207 14 357 21 1729 3239 6657 San Marcos Complicated 14 11 1 3 28 57 Stamped San Marcos Cord Marked 2 1 3 San Marcos Punctate 4 6 1 5 5 22 San Marcos Red Filmed 1 2 4 1 1 9 San Marcos Stamped Red 1 2 3 Filmed Subtotal Altamaha/ 2 768 109 97 157 214 19 362 21 1741 3297 6791 0.13 Irene/San Marcos
Other Non-Local Wares Swift Creek Complicated 1 1 2 Stamped
Deagan-FOY-2016
Swift Creek Incised 1 1 Deptford Stamped 1 1 Savannah Fine Cord 7 1 8 Marked Weeden Island Punctate 1 1 Jefferson Ware Incised 1 1 Jefferson Ware Stamped 1 1 11 13 Lamar-Like Bold Incised 1 1 3 5 Miller Plain 1 1 Mission Red Filmed 8 3 2 1 1 1 1 10 10 37 Colono Ware 2 2 Mississippian (Shell 2 1 1 6 10 Tempered) Plain Mississippian (Shell 3 2 5 Tempered) Stamped Subtotal Other Non-Local 22 4 3 5 3 1 1 1 16 31 87 0.00 Wares
Unclassified Native American Wares Sand Tempered Plain 2 28 838 77 200 52 78 4 74 22 621 1549 3571 0.07 Sand Tempered Check 6 21 8 1 8 4 25 69 142 Stamped Sand Tempered Comp 1 3 4 14 22 Stamped Sand Tempered Simple 1 1 Stamped Sand Tempered Cord 2 3 5 Marked Sand Tempered 2 2 Impressed Sand Tempered Incised 6 2 5 13 26 Sand Tempered Red 8 1 1 10 20 Filmed Sand Tempered Incised 1 1 Red Filmed Sand Tempered Brushed 2 2 Sand Tempered 1 1 2 7 11 Punctate Sand Tempered Cob 3 3 Marked Sand Tempered 1 25 11 53 1 6 2 11 22 144 Indeterm Decorated Sand/Shell Tempered 1 1 Brushed Sand/Shell Tempered 59 1 2 1 8 50 121 Plain Sand/Shell Tempered 1 1 Punctate Sand/Shell Tempered 1 1 Red Fllm. Sand/Shell Tempered 8 1 9 18 Stamped Grit Tempered Plain 1 5 367 56 67 40 39 1 31 370 910 1897 Grit Tempered Check 1 1 Stamped Grit Tempered 2 2 1 12 17 Complicated Stamped Grit Tempered Stamped 45 8 24 1 25 85 188 Grit Tempered Incised 5 1 2 4 19 32 Grit Tempered Punctate 2 5 7
Deagan-FOY-2016
Grit Tempered Red 4 4 4 12 Filmed Grit Tempered Indeterm 33 10 2 9 1 6 1 54 117 Décor. Grit Tempered Cob 3 3 Marked Grit Tempered Cord 1 1 Marked Grit/Sand Tempered 3 3 Brushed Grit/Limestone 1 1 Tempered Plain Grit/Shell Tempered 8 8 4 20 Plain Grit/Shell Tempered 3 1 4 Stamped
Grog Tempered Plain 5 2 3 3 1 14 Grog Tempered Check 15 1 9 25 Stamped Grog Tempered 28 1 1 2 1 33 Stamped Grog/Sand Tempered 13 1 8 2 1 5 30 Plain Grog/Sand Tempered 1 1 2 Stamped Quartz Tempered Plain 13 3 2 12 30 Quartz Tempered 4 2 4 10 Stamped Indeterminate Decorated 1 1 2 Indeterminate 2 2 Subtotal Indeterminate 3 40 152 186 349 130 135 13 127 24 1081 2876 6543 0.12 Native American 9 Ceramics
Nonceramic Domestic Items Brass Furniture Tack 3 1 3 7 Ornamental Clavo 1 1 2 Furniture Hardware 1 1 2 Basalt Mano Fragment 3 1 2 6 Medicine Bottle 1 1 2 Shell Dipper 3 1 4 Spoon 1 1 Bail 1 1 Subtotal Nonceramic 10 2 1 4 8 25 Domestic Items
Glass Fragments Glass 17 6 16 5 5 79 128 Glass Aqua 3 1 16 27 47 Glass Amber 3 1 1 3 5 25 38 Glass Black 2 3 5 Glass Blue 3 1 3 17 24 Glass Brown 3 1 1 5 14 49 73 Glass Clear 25 6 14 2 10 15 1 150 568 792 Glass Enameled 1 1 Glass Frosted 1 1 2
Deagan-FOY-2016
Glass Green 8 1 1 1 4 17 84 116 Glass Indeterminate 1 1 6 2 1 22 13 46 Glass Light Blue 1 1 1 1 14 18 Glass Light Green 12 2 5 63 82 Glass Manganese 4 9 13 Glass Medium Green 12 12 Glass Milk 1 4 3 8 Glass Olive Green 7 5 6 2 5 1 16 200 242 Glass Opaque 1 1 Glass Patinated 2 2 Glass Pink 1 3 7 11 Glass Purple 1 2 3 Glass Red 1 1 Glass Red Opaque 1 1 2 Glass Uid 1 1 Glass White 2 3 7 12 Glass Yellow 1 1 4 2 8 Glass, Aqua 1 1 Glass, Dark Green 3 3 Glass. Brown 1 1 Flat Clear Glass 14 4 6 3 2 4 1 167 146 347 Fragments Subtotal Glass 108 25 47 13 33 35 2 452 1324 2040 0.04
Building Construction Items Iron Eye Fastner 1 1 Nail, Wrought 1 1 Wrought Nail 19 2 1 1 79 102 Wire Nail 3 9 32 44 Indeterminate Nail 277 69 75 13 101 2 75 8 770 1911 3303 Fragment Indeterminate Square 34 11 8 3 39 198 293 Nail Wrought Spike 6 2 2 10 Cut Spike 1 1 Spike 38 2 1 1 5 22 69 Hinge 1 1 Metal Screw 1 2 3 6 Staple 1 1 2 Wire 4 1 19 24 Subtotal Building 383 82 85 13 104 3 76 11 829 2269 3857 0.07 Construction Items
Weaponry/Military Items Brigandine plate? 2 1 3 Gunflint 2 2 Lead Fragment 26 6 2 3 7 8 52 Lead Shot 138 26 8 1 2 1 1 15 87 31 310 Musket Ball 1 1 6 8 Lead Fragment 12 1 6 3 22 Lead Sprue 7 26 2 1 1 40
Deagan-FOY-2016
Minie Ball 1 2 2 5 Projectile Point 7 1 1 1 1 9 20 Subtotal 193 60 9 2 8 1 2 18 104 62 462 0.01 Weaponry/Military Items
Clothing-Related Items Aglet 5 4 1 10 Bordado 1 1 Brass Straight Pin 5 1 3 9 Button 1 1 1 3 Button Back 1 5 6 Button Brass 3 4 7 Button Glass 1 2 3 Buckle 1 1 1 1 4 Cufflink 1 1 Strap Tip 1 1 Hook Fastener 1 1 Grommet 2 1 3 Subtotal Clothing- 15 1 6 2 1 10 14 49 0.00 Related Items
Beads Bead Bone 6 1 7 Bead Chevron 2 2 Bead Seed 2 2 Bead 1 1 2 4 Bead Bone 1 5 6 Bead Cane 2 1 6 8 17 Bead Ceramic 1 1 2 Bead Chevron 10 2 5 1 2 3 23 Bead Cornaline Da'lleppo 5 2 7 Bead Glass 15 1 3 1 7 27 Bead Indeterminate 1 1 2 Bead Jet 1 1 1 3 Bead Nueva Cadiz 1 1 Bead Raspberry 1 1 2 Bead Seed 30 1 2 1 1 3 12 1 51 Bead Silver 2 2 Bead Stone 1 1 Bead Shell 12 3 4 1 1 21 Bead Wire Wound 1 2 1 1 3 8 Subtotal Beads 1 96 9 14 3 1 6 5 3 23 27 188 0.00
Other Personal Ornaments Pendant 1 1 2 Earring 2 2 Brass Ring 1 1 Hawk Bell 1 1 Figa 1 1 Crucifix 1 1 Bone Pin 1 1 2
Deagan-FOY-2016
Drilled Shark Tooth 1 1 Stone Gorget 0 Subtotal Personal 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 11 0.00 Ornaments
Personal Possessions Silver Plaquette 1 1 Pipe Bowl 1 1 7 22 31 Pipestem 2 2 2 2 2 1 14 27 52 Pipe Indigenous 2 6 8 Cloth Seal 1 1 Coin, Spanish 1 1 Comb 1 1 2 Figurine 2 2 Copper Lid Perforated 1 1 Subtotal Personal 10 2 2 2 3 1 22 57 99 0.00 Possessions
Tools/Crafts/Production Tool Iron 1 1 File 1 1 Iron Handle Fragment 1 1 Wood Tool 3 3 Ballast Rock 1 1 Barrel Stave 5 5 Hoop, Iron 1 1 Iron Strap 3 3 Iron Ring 5 5 Copper Alloy Ring/Loop 6 1 7 Copper Disk Fragment 1 1 Fishing Weight 1 1 Hook, Lead 1 1 2 Lead Strap 3 3 Pulley 1 1 Rivet 1 1 Spring 1 1 2 Chert Core 2 2 Shell Drill 1 1 2 Stone Drill 1 1 Worked Bone 2 1 3 Awlbone 2 1 2 1 6 Shell Tool Awl 1 1 2 1 1 2 8 Stone Tool 1 1 Scraper Shell 6 6 Shell Dipper 1 1 Shell Hammer 1 1 Shell Toolls 2 23 3 9 15 5 5 22 90 Subtotal 1 11 42 4 14 2 17 5 11 47 160 0.00 Tools/Crafts/Production
Indeterminate Objects 1 1 Brass Object 1 1
Deagan-FOY-2016
Iron Object 34 1 3 65 103 Iron Object, Flat 16 3 5 2 1 1 25 53 Copper Alloy Object 1 6 7 Lead Object 18 1 2 1 11 33 Tin Object 3 3 Unidentified Metal 3 1 4 Object Subtotal Indeterminate 72 5 6 3 1 1 2 5 110 205 0.00 Objects
Production By-Products Copper Alloy Fragment 1 1 2 Copper Sheet Fragment 2 7 1 10 Iron Sheet Fragment 1 1 Lead Sheet Fragment 1 1 2 Silver Fragment 1 1 2 Brass Fragment 2 1 2 5 Copper Alloy Fragment 4 2 2 6 6 20 Pewter Fragment 1 1 Whitemetal Frag 4 4 Chert Debitage 14 10 66 7 1 8 4 1 35 90 238 Mica 2 2 Subtotal Production By- 14 10 78 3 8 1 10 4 1 48 108 287 0.01 Products
TOTAL Pre-20th 226 297 1301 1340 2721 831 1262 100 1245 287 9906 22428 54135 5 Century Artifacts Proportion of Total 0.004 0.0 0.240 0.025 0.050 0.01 0.02 0.002 0.023 0.005 0.183 0.414 Artifacts 05 5 3
20th Century Objects Aluminum Foil 8 8 Asbestos 2 19 21 Barbed Wire 4 4 Battery 3 3 Bottle Cap 24 24 Watch Part 1 1 Button 5 2 7 Button Plastic 1 1 Button Bone 3 3 Button Brass 2 2 3 7 Button Glass 1 1 4 6 Button Iron 1 1 Button Metal 1 1 2 Button Plastic 3 3 Button Steel 1 1 Button Whitemetal 1 1 Cement 2 12 14 Coin, Us 2 2 Drill Bit 1 1 Fiberboard
Deagan-FOY-2016
Floor Tile 5 5 Glass 1 1 7 39 48 Glass Brown 3 57 60 Glass Clear 15 4 8 4 1 47 199 278 Glass Green 17 6 2 7 1 1 89 166 289 Gun Cartridge 9 9 Hose Fitting 1 1 Indeterminate 8 8 Construction Material Indeterminate Refined 6 6 Earthenware Insulation 1 1 Iron Concretion 1 1 8 10 Light Bulb 1 62 63 Modern Porcelain 4 29 33 Marble 1 1 2 Paper Clip 1 1 2 Pencil 1 1 Pencil Lead 1 1 Plaster 18 18 Poptop 1 1 Red Brick 6 1 4 1 11 1 1 26 158 209 Rope 1 1 Safety Pin 2 2 Sewer Pipe 1 3 4 Shell Casing 1 1 Shingle 40 40 Shotgun Shell 3 3 Spike, Wire 2 2 Shoe Part 1 1 Tack 2 1 1 2 16 22 Tack Copper 1 1 Tar 2 2 Tarpaper 33 33 Tin Fragment 2 2 Tin Can 1 1 Toy Cup 1 1 Water Pipe 1 1 Window Glass 2 3 1 3 18 68 95
Weighed Substances (In Grams) Indigenous Sherds < 1 58.5 99 3042 386 521.1 265 408.3 12.1 105.7 54.4 2470 5675 1329 Cm. Iron Flakes 186 35 161 5 55 58 117 875 1492
Deagan-FOY-2016
APPENDIX 7
8SJ31 Distribution of Artifacts from Excavations North of Grid Northing 490
th
17
1750
c.
-
dez dez
1781 1821 1900
- - -
1700
St. Johns 1 Johns St. 2 Johns St. Menen era General century ca. 1764 1781 1850 Modern TOTAL Proportion. Deposit Period: ORANGE
Menéndez-Era Ceramics (TPQ Pre-1580) Columbia Plain 1 1 Olive Jar 3 2 4 14 23 Olive Jar Glazed 1 1 1 9 12 Olive Jar, Early 1 1 El Morro 1 1 3 5 Subtotal Menéndez-Era Ceramics (TPQ Pre-1580) 4 4 1 6 27 42 2.0%
Post 1580 TPQ Ceramics Chinese Porcelain 1 1 Indeterminate Mexico City Majolica 3 1 4 Subtotal Post 1580 TPQ Ceramics 3 2 5 0.2%
Post 1650 TPQ Ceramics Indeterminate Puebla Majolica 1 1 Puebla B/W Majolica 1 2 3 Subtotal Post 1650 TPQ Ceramics 1 3 4 0.2%
Post Ca. 1700 TPQ Ceramics Black Lead Glazed Coarse Earthenware 1 1 Rey Ware 2 2 Staffordshire Slipware 1 1 1 4 7 Red Paste Slipware 1 1 2 Faience 1 1 White Salt Glazed Stoneware 1 1 Indeterminate Salt Glazed Stoneware 1 1 Astbury Ware 1 1 2 SUBTOTAL Post Ca. 1700 TPQ Ceramics 1 1 2 3 10 17 0.8%
Post 1750 TPQ Ceramics Creamware 1 2 3 6
Deagan-FOY-2016
8SJ31 Distribution of Artifacts from Excavations North of Grid Northing 490
th
17
1750
c.
-
dez dez
1781 1821 1900
- - -
1700
St. Johns 1 Johns St. 2 Johns St. Menen era General century ca. 1764 1781 1850 Modern TOTAL Proportion. Deposit Period: ORANGE Creamware Hand Painted 1 1 Annular Ware 1 1 2 Pearlware 1 1 2 4 Pearlware, Edged 2 1 3 Pearlware,Hand Painted 1 2 3 Pearlware, Shell Edged 1 1 Pearlware, Transfer Printed 4 4 Ironstone 2 6 8 Indeterminate Refined Earthenware 1 1 Whiteware 4 2 6 Yellow Ware 2 2 Subtotal Post 1750 TPQ Ceramics 4 3 2 12 20 41 1.9%
Indeterminate TPQ Ceramics Indeterminate Polychrome Majolica 1 1 Indeterminate White Majolica 2 2 Indeterminate Blue/White Majolica 1 1 Indeterminate Tin Enameled Earthenware 1 1 Unclassified Coarse Earthenware 1 6 2 9 Indeterminate Slipware 1 1 Lead Glazed Coarse Earthenware 1 1 1 18 21 Redware 1 1 Subtotal Indeterminate TPQ Ceramics 1 2 2 1 6 25 37 1.7% All European Tradition Ceramics 2 6 10 2 4 5 33 84 146 6.8%
Native American Ceramics Orange Fiber Tempered Orange Fiber Tempered Incised 1 2 1 3 7 Orange Fiber Tempered Plain 30 15 144 3 48 3 1 13 257 Subtotal Orange Ceramics 30 16 144 3 50 4 4 13 264 12.4%
Deptford Deptford Check Stamp 1 1 Deptford Linear Stamped 2 2 Deptford Stamped 1 2 7 10
Deagan-FOY-2016
8SJ31 Distribution of Artifacts from Excavations North of Grid Northing 490
th
17
1750
c.
-
dez dez
1781 1821 1900
- - -
1700
St. Johns 1 Johns St. 2 Johns St. Menen era General century ca. 1764 1781 1850 Modern TOTAL Proportion. Deposit Period: ORANGE Subtotal Deptford Ceramics 1 5 7 13 0.6%
St. Johns Series St Johns Plain 2 18 78 71 55 10 6 17 50 309 616 St Johns Check Stamp 124 18 39 32 5 10 42 61 331 St Johns Incised 1 2 1 4 St. Johns Punctate 1 1 1 1 1 5 St Johns Zone Punctate 1 1 2 St Johns Simple Stamped 6 6 St Johns Grog Tempered 1 11 12 Sandy St Johns Plain 5 21 2 28 Sandy St Johns Stamp 1 1 Subtotal St. Johns Series 2 26 243 91 96 44 11 28 93 371 1005 47.1%
San Pedro Plain 6 15 6 23 1 16 11 3 81 3.8%
Irene/Altamaha/San Marcos Altamaha 2 2 San Marcos Stamped 2 2 7 1 1 14 13 40 San Marcos Plain 13 1 1 51 66 San Marcos Check Stamped 1 1 1 3 San Marcos Red Filmed 1 1 Subtotal Altamaha/San Marcos 2 18 9 1 1 15 66 112 2.0%
West Florida Wares Ft. Walton Incised 1 1 Aucilla Incised 1 1 Subtotal West Florida Wares 1 1 2 0.1%
Unclassified Native American Ceramics Sand Tempered Plain 4 36 4 11 9 3 13 34 114 Sand Tempered Stamped 1 12 1 3 6 1 1 7 1 33 Sand Tempered Complicated Stamped 3 3 Sand Tempered Incised 1 1 2 Sand Tempered Punctate 10 10 Grit Tempered Plain 2 1 3 Grog Tempered Check Stamped 1 1 1 3 Grog/Grit Tempered Stamped 1 3 4
Deagan-FOY-2016
8SJ31 Distribution of Artifacts from Excavations North of Grid Northing 490
th
17
1750
c.
-
dez dez
1781 1821 1900
- - -
1700
St. Johns 1 Johns St. 2 Johns St. Menen era General century ca. 1764 1781 1850 Modern TOTAL Proportion. Deposit Period: ORANGE Grog/Grit Tempered Plain 5 3 4 12 Grit/Sand Tempered Stamped 1 1 Grit/Sand Tempered Plain 4 2 1 1 7 15 Grog/Sand Tempered Stamped 1 1 Grog/Sand Tempered Plain 3 6 1 1 11 Subtotal Unclassified Native American Ceramics 9 75 9 22 16 1 4 24 52 212 9.9%
Subtotal All Native American Ceramics 32 52 475 137 191 88 13 49 147 505 1689 79.1% All European Tradition Ceramics 2 6 10 2 4 5 33 84 146 6.8% All Ceramics 32 52 477 143 201 90 17 54 180 589 1835 85.9%
Glass Fragments Indeterminate Glass 1 3 3 7 Glass, Aqua 6 6 Glass, Brown 2 1 3 Glass Clear 5 3 1 1 2 8 12 32 Glass, Clear 2 1 3 6 Glass, Olive Green 1 2 2 5 Glass, Dark Green 3 3 Glass, Green 1 1 2 4 Glass, Light Green 4 4 Glass, Yellow 2 2 Glass, Clear Flat 2 1 4 13 20 Milk Glass 1 1 2 Subtotal Glass Fragments 7 6 3 3 4 19 52 94 4.4%
Construction Fasteners Nail, Cut 13 3 16 Nail, Square 1 1 Nail, Wrought 1 4 5 Spike, Wrought 1 1 Nail, Wire 1 32 33 Nail Fragment, UID 8 7 8 1 1 21 39 85 Subtotal Construction Fasteners 8 9 8 1 1 35 79 141 6.6%
Weaponry Gunflint 1 1
Deagan-FOY-2016
8SJ31 Distribution of Artifacts from Excavations North of Grid Northing 490
th
17
1750
c.
-
dez dez
1781 1821 1900
- - -
1700
St. Johns 1 Johns St. 2 Johns St. Menen era General century ca. 1764 1781 1850 Modern TOTAL Proportion. Deposit Period: ORANGE Lead Shot 1 1 Lead Sprue 1 1 Projectile Point 1 1 Subtotal Weaponry 1 3 4 0.2%
Tools and Implements Stone Tool 1 1 2 Shell Tool 3 9 1 3 2 1 2 5 2 28 Subtotal Tools and Implements 4 9 1 3 2 1 2 5 3 30 1.4%
Miscellaneous Pipestem 1 1 UID Iron Object 5 5 Subtotal Miscellaneous 1 5 6 0.3%
Production By-Products Worked Shell 4 3 1 8 Chert Debitage 5 2 10 17 SUBTOTAL Production By- Products 4 3 6 2 10 25 1.2%
Total All Non-Ceramic Items 8 12 22 20 13 5 7 61 152 301 14.1% All Ceramic Items 32 52 477 143 201 90 17 54 180 589 1835 85.9% TOTAL Pre-20th Century Artifacts 32 60 489 165 221 103 22 61 241 741 2136 100.0%
20th Century Items + Coin, USA 1 1 Comb 1 1 Concrete 2 2 Doll 1 1 Glass, clear 23 23 Glass, green 1 3 5 9
Lightbulb 2 2 Plastic 1 1 Poptop 1 1 Rubber Shingle 1 1
Deagan-FOY-2016
8SJ31 Distribution of Artifacts from Excavations North of Grid Northing 490
th
17
1750
c.
-
dez dez
1781 1821 1900
- - -
1700
St. Johns 1 Johns St. 2 Johns St. Menen era General century ca. 1764 1781 1850 Modern TOTAL Proportion. Deposit Period: ORANGE Tack 1 1 Subtotal 1 3 38 42
Deagan-FOY-2016