Lds Women's Temple Rituals and the Politics of Religious
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ABSTRACT Title of Document: ―PRIESTESSES UNTO THE MOST HIGH GOD‖: LDS WOMEN‘S TEMPLE RITUALS AND THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS IDENTITY Nazneen Kane, Ph.D., 2011 Directed By: Professor Patricia Hill Collins, Ph.D., Sociology This study enters into broader debates surrounding the study of women in traditional religions by examining the ways in which LDS women utilize temple ritual in the ongoing construction of religious identity. In-depth interviews with eighteen LDS women are explored to highlight themes in LDS women‘s perspectives regarding temple rituals. I demonstrate that LDS women‘s perspectives on these ceremonies reveal that LDS women draw from an amalgam of competing dominant, alternative, and oppositional discourses to define their religious experiences and identities. These self-definitions revealed that the women in this study drew from ritual symbols, gestures, images, and dialogue to shift normative definitions of LDS women as mothers who bear and raise children to more expansive identities of LDS women as ―priestesses unto the most high God.‖ I argue that examining the practices of women in traditional religions reveals hidden layers of their experiences, identities, and ways of knowing. ―PRIESTESSES UNTO THE MOST HIGH GOD‖: LDS WOMEN‘S TEMPLE RITUALS AND THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS IDENTITY By Nazneen Kane Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2011 Advisory Committee: Professor Patricia Hill Collins, Chair Associate Professor Jeffrey Lucas Professor Deborah Rosenfelt Professor Bonnie Thornton Dill Associate Professor Katie King © Copyright by Nazneen Kane 2011 Dedication Lovingly dedicated to Imani Bea and to my father, who rooted in me a sociological imagination. ii Acknowledgements Many individuals have contributed to this dissertation in a variety of ways. I express gratitude to the eighteen LDS women who made this study possible by willingly sharing their personal life stories and intimate portraits of their ritual experiences. I also gratefully acknowledge the warm mentorship and ongoing support of Patricia Hill Collins. I am grateful for her invaluable insights, countless revisions, and critical commentary. Her mentorship has stretched and compelled me to improve my skills as a researcher and teacher. I admire and hope to exemplify the ways in which she embodies social justice in her everyday teaching, research, and mentoring. I also thank the committee of stellar scholars who provided feedback along the way. Jeff Lucas, Katie King, Bonnie Thornton Dill, Deborah Rosenfelt and Melissa Milkie all contributed constructive insights that have helped me to develop and improve my scholarship. I feel fortunate and so grateful to have had such a remarkable committee and positive dissertation experience. I also wish to acknowledge several othermothers who cared for my daughter Imani as I carried out this study. Thanks to Marya Myslinski, Tina Lindsey, and my DC home school momma friends—Mary Porter, Molly Langer, and Elizabeth Hulet. I owe an ocean of thanks to Debby Kane for providing uncountable hours of loving care for Imani. I also wish to acknowledge the encouragement of my parents, who sacrificed in many ways to help me accomplish this goal. I am forever grateful to my partner Jeff for his many unsung acts of love and for his encouragement throughout every moment of a very long academic journey. iii Table of Contents DEDICATION ......................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. VI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 Statement of Research Questions ........................................................................... 3 The Latter-day Saint Context ................................................................................. 4 Demographic Profile of U.S. Mormons .............................................................. 5 A Brief Histor(ies) of the Mormon Church ......................................................... 5 Church Government ........................................................................................... 7 LDS Priesthood.................................................................................................. 9 LDS Women‟s Institutional Roles ..................................................................... 10 Motherhood ..................................................................................................... 11 The LDS Temple Ritual System........................................................................... 14 Purpose ........................................................................................................... 15 Temple Ceremonies .......................................................................................... 16 Gender ............................................................................................................. 18 Sacred/Secret Rituals ....................................................................................... 20 Organization of the Study .................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 2: RETHINKING WOMEN IN TRADITIONAL RELIGIONS............. 28 Part I: Theorizing Women in Traditional Religions .............................................. 29 Structure: The Dominant Approach to Women in Traditional Religions ........... 30 Agency: Alternative Approaches to Women in Traditional Religions ................ 32 “Lived Religion”: An Integrated Approach to Women in Traditional Religions 37 Part II: Mormon Women and The Politics of Identity ........................................... 40 Mormon “Correlation”: Centralizing Priesthood Power and Authority ........... 40 Priestesses: Mormon Women‟s Enactments of Spiritual Power ........................ 43 The Suppression of Mormon Women‟s Self-Definitions .................................... 46 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................ 54 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN ...................................................................... 56 Description of Methodology ................................................................................ 56 Feminist Standpoint Methodology .................................................................... 57 Methods and Data Sources ................................................................................... 59 Reflexive Ethnography ..................................................................................... 60 Managing Researcher Subjectivity ................................................................... 62 Fieldwork and Participant Observations .......................................................... 67 In-depth Interviews, Interview Questionnaire and Procedures ......................... 69 Sampling and Recruitment Procedures............................................................. 69 Interview Procedures and Questionnaire ......................................................... 70 Data Analysis................................................................................................... 72 Introduction To The Interview Participants .......................................................... 73 A Profile of Eighteen LDS Women ................................................................... 74 Pathways to Mormonism .................................................................................. 77 iv Pathways to the LDS Temple ............................................................................ 77 Ongoing Participation and Affiliation with the LDS Church and Temples ........ 79 Chapter Conclusion ............................................................................................. 81 CHAPTER 4: THE TEMPLE INITIATORY ........................................................... 84 Ritual Setting: Description of the Initiatory Ceremony ......................................... 85 Ritual Change .................................................................................................. 88 LDS Women‘s Perspectives on the Initiatory Ceremony ...................................... 89 Experiencing Women in Ritual Roles and Practices ......................................... 92 Initiatory Ritual and Self-Concept .................................................................... 95 Initiatory Ritual as a Mechanism for Negotiating Religious Authority ............ 100 ―Priestesses Unto the Most High God‖: Rethinking Mormon Women ................ 108 CHAPTER 5: THE TEMPLE ENDOWMENT ..................................................... 110 Ritual Setting: Description of the Endowment Ceremony................................... 112 Ritual Change ................................................................................................ 117 LDS Women‘s Perspectives on the Temple Endowment Ceremony ................... 118 Eve‟s Role in the Creation: Imagining Goddesses .......................................... 120 Eve and the Covenant of Obedience: