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USGS Water Resources Investigation #91-4134, Development of Thermal

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USGS Water Resources Investigation #91-4134, Development of Thermal DEVELOPMENT OF THERMAL MODELS FOR HUNGRY HORSE RESERVOIR AND LAKE KOOCANUSA, NORTHWESTERN MONTANA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA by Rodger F. Ferreira, D. Briane Adams, and Robert E. Davis U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4134 Prepared in cooperation with the MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF FISH, WILDLIFE AND PARKS Helena, Montana February 1992 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THEI INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Se retary U.S. GEOLOGICAL VEY Dallas L. Peck, Dir ctor For additional information :Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief lu.s. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey !Books and Open-File Reports Section 428 Federal Building Federal Center, Bldg. 810 301 S. Park, Drawer 10076 Box 25425 Helena, MT 59626-0076 Denver, co 80225-0425 CONTENTS Page Abstract ...... 1 Introduction ... 1 Purpose and scope ..... 3 Physical setting. 3 Modeling computer program. 5 Applicability .... 5 Program description .. 5 Input variables. .. 9 Output . .. 9 Program changes. .. 9 Development of input data sets ............. 9 Physical characteristics of dam and reservoir setting .. 9 Hydrologic characteristics. ...... 11 Hungry Horse Reservoir ...................... 11 Lake Koocanusa. ... 14 Climate. 15 Air temperature. ... 15 Relative humidity. 16 Radiation. 16 Wind speed and cloud cover ............. 18 Calibration and verification of the thermal models 18 Hungry Horse Reservoir ....... 19 Lake Koocanusa ........... 22 Analysis of simulation results ... 23 Improvements in temperature prediction 23 Summary and conclusions. ............ 27 References cited. .. 28 Supplemental information. .. 30 ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1-3. Maps showing: 1. Location of Hungry Horse Reservoir, Lake Koocanusa, and drainage of the Columbia River. 2 2. Drainage to Hungry Horse Reservoir and nearby areas. 4 3. Drainage to Lake Koocanusa and nearby areas. 6 4. Schematic diagrams showing concept for a mathematical model of an idealized reservoir. 7 5. Map showing continuous-streamflow and water-temperature stations for Hungry Horse Reservoir during 1965. 12 6-14. Graphs showing: 6. Change in width of Hungry Horse Reservoir with change in water-surface elevation. 13 7. Change in width of Lake Koocanusa with change in water- surface elevation. 15 8. Example of penetration of radiation into a reservoir. 17 9. Simulated and measured temperature profiles for Hungry Horse Reservoir, monthly from May to November 1984 . 20 10. Simulated and measured temperature profiles for Hungry Horse Reservoir, monthly from May to November 1985. 21 11. Simulated and measured outflow temperatures for Hungry Horse Reservoir, 1984 and 1985. 22 12. Simulated and measured temperature profiles for Lake Koocanusa, monthly from May to October 1984. 24 13. Simulated and measured temperature profiles for Lake Koocanusa, monthly from May to November 1985 . 25 14. Simulated and measured outflow temperatures for Lake Koocanusa, 1984 and 1985 . 26 III TABLES Page Table 1. Changes made to the FORTRAN modeling lrograrn to accommodate the multiple-release system of Lake Koo¢anusa. 10 2. Listing of FORTRAN modeling program. ~ ........ 31 3. Input variables for the modeling program ....... 59 4. Input data for Hungry Horse Reservoir, April 18-December 31, 4 64 5. In~~: d~t~ fo~ Hu~g~y·H~r;e·R~s~r;oirl Ap~ii 26:D~c~mber 31, 19 8 5 . 69 6. Input data for Lake Koocanusa, April -December 31, 1984 ..... 74 7. Input data for Lake Koocanusa, April 8-December 31, 1985 .. 81 CONVERSION FACTORS AND vlRTICAL DATUM Multiply ~ To obtain calorie per square centimeter 0.0256 British thermal unit (BTU) per per minute (cal/cm2/min) square inch per minute 0 0 Celsius degree (C ) 1. 8 Fahrenheit degree (F ) centimeter per minute per minute 0.3937 inch per minute per minute cubic kilometer (km3) 0.2399 cubic mile cubic meter per day 35.31 cubic foot per day kilocalorie 3.968 British thermal unit (BTU) kilocalorie per kilogram per 1.0 British therma~ unit (BTU) per Celsius degree pound per Fahrenheit degree kilocalorie per square meter 0.3688 British thermal unit (BTU) per per day square foot per day kilogram per cubic meter 0.0624 pound per cubic foot kilogram per cubic meter per day 0.0624 pound per cubic foot per day kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile meter (m) 3.281 I foot meter per day 0.00002589 mile per hour meter per day per day 3.281 foot per day per day millimeter (mm) 0.0394 inch square kilometer (km2) 0.3891 square mile square meter 10.76 square foot ·square meter per day 10.76 square foot per day Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) can be con~,erted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) by the equation : I °F = 9/5 (°C) + 32 Sea level: In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929--A geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first­ order level nets of the United States and Canadr, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. IV DEVELOPMENT OF THERMAL MODELS FOR HUNGRY HORSE RESERVOIR AND LAKE KOOCANUSA, NORTHWESTERN MONTANA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA By Rodger F. Ferreira, D. Briane Adams, and Robert E. Davis ABSTRACT Thermal models were developed to simulate temperature profiles in Hungry Horse Reservoir and Lake Koocanusa in northwestern Montana. The results of the modeling effort will be useful to the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks in evaluating the effects of alternative seasonal reservoir-drawdown schedules on fish production. The thermal models for Hungry Horse Reservoir and Lake Koocanusa were calibrated using 1984 data and verified using 1985 data. Initial values for unmeasured variables were based on 1965 data. Using data sets for 1984 and 1985, the thermal models simulated temperature profiles that differed from measured temperature profiles by less than about 2 Celsius degrees in the epilimnion and hypolimnion of both reservoirs. Differences between simulated and measured temperatures in the thermocline generally were less than 5 Celsius degrees. Simulated outflow temperatures for both reservoirs followed trends that were similar to measured temperatures. Differences between simulated and measured temperatures in outflow from both reservoirs range from O to 5 Celsius degrees. Comparisons of simulated temperature to measured temperature in Hungry Horse Reservoir and Lake Koocanusa indicate that the models were successfully calibrated and verified. Therefore, development and·use of similar models for similar reservoirs of northwestern Montana probably is valid. However, simulation results might be improved by changes in data collection and in the model routines. INTRODUCTION The Federal Columbia River Power System, which includes streams in the States of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, was completed in 1975. The system has 28 dams and a total storage capacity of 24.7 km3 of water. Habitat for anadromous and nonmigratory fish in the Columbia River basin has been affected. adversely by the construction of these dams. In addition, logging, grazing, and farming practices have contributed to habitat degradation. These factors, coupled with fish harvesting, have resulted in a depleted fishery (Northwest Power Planning Council, 1982). The Northwest Power Planning Council has been directed to develop a program to protect, mitigate detrimental effects upon, and enhance fish and wildlife on the Columbia River and its tributaries. Through the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservatiorr Act of 1980, the Bonneville Power Administration has the authority and responsibility to conduct programs adopted by the council to address fish and wildlife issues related to the development and operation of hydroelectric facilities in the Columbia River drainage. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks has contracted with the Bonneville Power Administration to quantify seasonal water levels needed to maintain or enhance principal gamefish species in Hungry Horse Reservoir and Lake Koocanusa (fig. 1). These reservoirs, which are in northwestern Montana, are part of the Federal Columbia River Power System. Present (1987) reservoir-drawdown schedules for Hungry Horse Reservoir and Lake Koocanusa may not be optimum for the production of fish. Increasing the water levels of the reservoirs during specified periods, while maintaining levels 1 120° 110° BRITISH COLUMBIA ALBERTA 49° CANADA UNITED STATES MONTANA 45° IDAHO OREGON CALIFORNIA NEVADA 0 100 200 300 KILOMETERS 0 50 100 150 ILES I Figure 1.--Location of Hungry Horse R~servoir, Lake Koocanusa, and drainage of the Columbia River. 2 protective against flooding and allowing flows needed for hydroelectric power, could provide additional areas favorable to spawning and growth of fish. Other interests, such as recreational development of the shoreline, could create addi­ tional demands for various water levels during the yearly operation of the res­ ervoirs. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks is collecting and evaluating limnological data from Hungry Horse Reservoir and Lake Koocanusa to determine the effects of alternative seasonal reservoir-drawdown schedules on fish production. Part of the evaluation consists of determining how changes in water temperature with depth might affect fish. In 1986-87, the U.S. Geological Survey, in coopera­ tion with the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, evaluated a thermal modeling computer program for the two reservoirs. The results of the modeling effort will be useful to that State agency in the development of a comprehensive management plan for the two reservoirs. Purpose and Scope This report describes the use of the modeling computer program of Adams (1974) to develop models to simulate temperature profiles and outflow temperatures for Hungry Horse Reservoir and Lake Koocanusa. Specific objectives were to describe operation of the modeling program, to develop input data sets for the modeling program, to calibrate and verify models of the two reservoirs, to analyze the simulation results, and to evaluate methods that might improve the simulation results. The modeling computer program described herein contains both thermal and water­ quality aspects. In this report only the temperature aspect is evaluated. Input data for both reservoir models are for the periods April through December of 1984 and 1985.
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