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WRA Species Report Family: Rosaceae Taxon: Heteromeles arbutifolia Synonym: Heteromeles salicifolia (C. Presl) Abrams Common Name: toyon Photinia arbutifolia Lindl. (basionym) Christmas berry Photinia salicifolia C. Presl California holly Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Patti Clifford Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Patti Clifford WRA Score 9 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 y 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 7/1/2012 Heteromeles arbutifolia (Rosaceae) Page 1 of 8 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 y 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 9 Print Date: 7/1/2012 Heteromeles arbutifolia (Rosaceae) Page 2 of 8 Supporting Data: 101 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence of domestication that reduces invasive traits. 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Has the species become naturalized where grown? NA] 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Does the species have weedy races? NA] 201 2012. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet Program. Germplasm Resources Information habitat, then substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical"? 2 - high] Native Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- distribution: United States - California; Mexico - Baja Norte, Baja Sur. bin/npgs/html/index.pl 202 1990. McMurray, N.E.. Heteromeles arbutifolia. [Quality of climate match data?] Fresh seeds do not need stratification. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/he tarb/all.html 202 2012. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources [Quality of climate match data? 2 - high] Native distribution: United States - Program. Germplasm Resources Information California; Mexico - Baja Norte, Baja Sur. Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- bin/npgs/html/index.pl 203 1999. McClellan, J.E./McClellan, G.. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] Elevation between 0 Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindley) Roemer and 4000 ft. (Rosaceae). California Academy of Sciences, http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/pdf/Heteromeles %20arbutifolia.pdf 203 2012 (v. 1.0). Phipps, J.B.. Jepson eFlora - [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] Chaparral, oak Heteromeles arbutifolia. Jepson Flora Project woodland, mixed-evergreen forest; < 1300 m. [accessed 6/29/2012], http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi- bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=28072 204 2012. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Khan, N./Flynn, [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] T.. Hawaiian Vascular Plant Updates: A Naturalized on the island of Hawaii. Supplement to the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`i & Hawai`i's Ferns & Fern Allies. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawai ianflora/supplement.htm 205 2012. Dave's Garden. PlantFiles: toyoun, [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural California holly, Christmasberry Heteromeles range? Yes] Member's of Dave's Garden have Heteromeles arbutifolia for sale or arbutifolia. trade. http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/58417/ 205 2012. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Khan, N./Flynn, [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural T.. Hawaiian Vascular Plant Updates: A range? Yes] Naturalized in Hawaii. Supplement to the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`i & Hawai`i's Ferns & Fern Allies. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawai ianflora/supplement.htm 301 2012. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Khan, N./Flynn, [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] Naturalized on the island of Hawaii. T.. Hawaiian Vascular Plant Updates: A Supplement to the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`i & Hawai`i's Ferns & Fern Allies. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawai ianflora/supplement.htm 302 2007. Randall, R.. Global Compendium of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? No] The Global Compendium of Weeds lists Weeds - Heteromeles arbutifolia (Roseaceae). Heteromeles arbutifolia as and environmental weed, however there is not http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/heteromeles_arb indication of control efforts or negative impacts. utifolia/ 303 2007. Randall, R.. Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No] No evidence. Weeds - Heteromeles arbutifolia (Roseaceae). http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/heteromeles_arb utifolia/ Print Date: 7/1/2012 Heteromeles arbutifolia (Rosaceae) Page 3 of 8 304 2007. Randall, R.. Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No]The Global Compendium of Weeds lists Heteromeles Weeds - Heteromeles arbutifolia (Roseaceae). arbutifolia as and environmental weed, however there is not indication of control http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/heteromeles_arb efforts or negative impacts. utifolia/ 305 1948. Meyer, S.E.. Heteromeles arbutifolia [Congeneric weed? No] The genus Heteromeles only has one species, (Lindl.) M. Roemer Christmasberry in: The woody Heteromeles arbutifolia. plant seed manual. Agric. Handbook No. 727: .U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington DC http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/wo_AgricHand book727/wo 305 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Congeneric weed? No] No evidence. Weeds - Index. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 401 1990. McMurray, N.E.. Heteromeles arbutifolia. [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] Plants are unarmed. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/he tarb/all.html 401 2012 (v. 1.0). Phipps, J.B.. Jepson eFlora - [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] Plants are unarmed. Heteromeles arbutifolia. Jepson Flora Project [accessed 6/29/2012], http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi- bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=28072 402 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Allelopathic? Unknown] 403 2012 (v. 1.0). Phipps, J.B.. Jepson eFlora - [Parasitic? No] Rosaceae; Heteromeles. Heteromeles arbutifolia. Jepson Flora Project [accessed 6/29/2012], http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi- bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=28072 404 1990. McMurray, N.E.. Heteromeles arbutifolia. [Unpalatable to grazing animals? No] Heteromeles is grazed in the late summer In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. or fall when more palatable herbaceous plants are cured. The current year's Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences growth is heavily utilized by domestic goats on forested sites. It is of localized Laboratory, importance to deer. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/he tarb/all.html 405 2011. Forero, L./Nader, G./Craigmill, [Toxic to animals? Yes] Goats have died after eating Heteromeles clippings. A./DiTomaso, J.M./Puschner, B./Mass, J.
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