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Hop-Derived Prenylflavonoid Isoxanthohumol Suppresses Insulin

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Hop-Derived Prenylflavonoid Isoxanthohumol Suppresses Insulin European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2020; 24: 1537-1547 Hop-derived prenylflavonoid isoxanthohumol suppresses insulin resistance by changing the intestinal microbiota and suppressing chronic inflammation in high fat diet-fed mice M. YAMASHITA, S. FUKIZAWA, Y. NONAKA Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Limited, Kyoto, Japan Abstract. – OBJECTIVE: To assess whether Introduction the hop-derived polyphenol isoxanthohumol sup- presses insulin resistance by changing the intes- Diabetes mellitus is a major problem global- tinal microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ly, and it is estimated that by 2030, diabetes will Male C57BL/6J 1 mice (7 weeks of age) were divided into five affect 522 million people worldwide . Including groups (n = 9-10): Normal Diet (ND), High Fat Diet patients with pre-diabetes, a substantial propor- (HFD), HFD + low dose isoxanthohumol (0.01%IX), tion of the world population is at risk. Diabetes HFD + medium dose isoxanthohumol (0.03% IX), is divided into type 1 and type 2. A characteris- and HFD + high dose isoxanthohumol (0.1% IX). tic of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is insulin resistance, Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were per- in which the body responds poorly to insulin and formed at 4 and 8 weeks, and insulin tolerance tests (ITTs) were performed at 13 weeks. 16S rR- glucose is poorly metabolized, resulting in chron- NA gene sequencing analyses revealed the fecal ic hyperglycemia. Impaired glucose tolerance microbiota profiles, and the relative abundance of (IGT) patients showing insulin resistance gen- Akkermansia muciniphila and Clostridium cluster erally develop T2D within several years2. Insu- XI was calculated by qRT-PCR. Plasma lipopoly- lin resistance typically leads to various diseases, saccharide (LPS) levels were measured by ELISA, such as hyperglycemia, obesity, hypertension, and mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis and hyperlipidemia3-6; thus, addressing insulin factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β in epididy- mal adipose tissues were measured by qRT-PCR. resistance before disease onset is very important RESULTS: Isoxanthohumol showed antibac- for maintaining health. Insulin resistance is likely terial activity towards several bacterial species caused by lifestyle and can be prevented or mit- and mitigated impaired glucose tolerance and igated by improving lifestyle habits, such as diet insulin resistance induced by the HFD in a and exercise. In addition, we believe that the in- dose-dependent manner, as shown by OGTTs take of functional food ingredients can help over- and ITTs. The concentration of phylum Verru- comicrobia bacteria dramatically increased in come insulin resistance. the 0.1% IX group, the relative abundance of A. Insulin resistance is mainly caused by chronic 7 muciniphila increased, and that of Clostridium inflammation . Chronic inflammation is triggered cluster XI decreased. Moreover, the intake of by inflammatory cytokines produced from adipo- isoxanthohumol decreased the levels of plasma cytes and hepatocytes in obese patients and from LPS and mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β immune cells generated as a response to foreign in epididymal adipose tissues. materials. The relationship between chronic in- CONCLUSIONS: We found that isoxanthohu- mol can suppress HFD-induced insulin resis- flammation and the intestinal microbiota has tance by changing the intestinal microbiota and recently been the focus of much researches. For reducing the expression of inflammation fac- example, high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity tors. causes insulin resistance8 and is accompanied by changes in the gut microbiota, with Bacteroi- Key Words: des predominating over Firmicutes through an Isoxanthohumol, Anti-hyperglycemia effect, Insulin 9 resistance, Intestinal microbiota, Inflammation. as-yet poorly understood mechanism . However, experiments with germ-free mice have shown Corresponding Author: Mai Yamashita; e-mail: [email protected] 1537 M. Yamashita, S. Fukizawa, Y. Nonaka that the presence of intestinal microbiota affects plasma concentration of LPS, which causes inflam- the onset of obesity10 and the induction of insulin mation, and the mRNA expression levels of the resistance11. Several reports show that glycome- inflammation markers tumor necrosis factor (TN- tabolism is improved in HFD-fed mouse models F)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. Given the involve- following a reduction in the number of intestinal ment of intestinal microbiota, we also measured microbiota cells. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and the relative abundance of Clostridium cluster XI as branched-chain amino acids produced by intes- a representative of changes in the phylum Firmic- tinal microbiota cause insulin resistance, accom- utes, and of A. muciniphila, an intestinal microor- panied by changes in the intestinal microbiota12. ganism that likely improves insulin resistance. In addition, short-chain fatty acids metabolized by intestinal microbiota are reported to suppress insulin resistance13. Furthermore, some studies14,15 Materials and Methods have shown that Akkermansia muciniphila sup- presses insulin resistance and improves glucose Preparation of Isoxanthohumol metabolism both in in vivo experiments and in an Isoxanthohumol for the antibacterial activity exploratory human trial, clearly demonstrating test was purified from commercial hop extract that the gut microbiota is involved in the induction purchased from Asama Chemical Co., Ltd. (To- of insulin resistance. The intestinal microbiota is kyo, Japan) using normal and reversed phase significantly influenced by food factors. Prebiot- column chromatography. The purity was con- ics, such as oligosaccharides, and polyphenols, firmed by UV absorbance at 280 nm using high such as resveratrol16 and curcumin17, alter the in- performance liquid chromatography. The purified testinal microbiota, reduce insulin resistance, and product with an isoxanthohumol peak area of over help prevent obesity. Various investigations into 95% of the overall absorbance was used for the the mechanisms underlying these effects have yet antibacterial activity test. We used Isoxanthoflav to identify the predominant factor(s) (e.g., chang- (Hopsteiner, Mainburg, Germany) containing ing the intestinal microbiota, polyphenol metab- 95% isoxanthohumol for the animal tests. olites generated by intestinal microbiota, other metabolites, or specific bacteria). Antibacterial Activity Test Hops (Humulus lupulus) are agricultural prod- The experiment was carried out on five strains: ucts used since antiquity as raw materials for Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris (ATCC49025, brewing beer. Hops are used both for flavor and American Type Culture Collection, ATCC, bitterness and also to control microbial growth Manassas, VA, USA), Bacillus cereus (IFO13494), in beer. Several polyphenols in hops are reported Clostridium perfringens (JCM129, JCM, Ibara- to have antibacterial activity18,19. Physiologically ki, Japan), Clostridium difficile (ATCC9689, active ingredients in hops, such as α-acids, isohu- ATCC), and Staphylococcus aureus subsp. Au- mulone, and xanthohumol, are reported to have reus (NBRC12732, NBRC, Chiba, Japan). We de- anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemia, and anti-Alzhei- termined the minimum inhibitory concentration mer activities20-22, and xanthohumol has antibacte- (MIC) for these strains by dissolving isoxantho- rial activity23. Isoxanthohumol is a component of humol in ethanol at 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and hops and is derived from xanthohumol, but little is 100 mg/mL. The agar medium and incubation known regarding its physiological action compared temperature and time for each strain are shown to other components in hops. Isoxanthohumol is a in Table I. The MIC endpoint was indicated as the major component in hops, and as it is more stable lowest concentration at which no bacterial growth in beer than xanthohumol, we anticipated that isox- was observed. anthohumol has various physiological activities. If isoxanthohumol has antimicrobial activity, it may Animal Experiments reduce the number of intestinal bacteria or the lev- Male C57BL/6J mice (7 weeks of age) were els of metabolites that cause insulin resistance. purchased from Japan SLC, Inc. (Shizuoka, Ja- In this study, we first determined the antibacte- pan). Throughout the experiment, the mice had rial activity of isoxanthohumol. Next, we studied free access to food and water and were housed its anti-insulin resistance activity in HFD-fed mice at 25 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% humidity under a 12-h using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and light-dark cycle. The mice were fed a normal diet an insulin tolerance test (ITT). We investigated the (ND) (D12450JN, Research Diets, New Bruns- underlying mechanism of action by measuring the wick, NJ, USA) for 1 week, and then, were ran- 1538 Improvement effect of isoxanthohumol on insulin resistance domly divided into seven groups (n=9-10/group) injection of glucose (1 g/kg body weight). The plas- based on body weight and 4-h fasting blood glu- ma insulin levels in OGTT samples were measured cose. The groups were: ND Group, mice given using an Ultra-Sensitive Mouse Insulin ELISA ND; HFD Group, 60% kcal high fat diet (HFD; kit (Morinaga Institute of Biological Science Inc., D12492NM, Research Diets); 0.01% IX Group, Kanagawa, Japan). ITTs were performed after 4 h HFD containing 0.01% Isoxanthoflav; 0.03% IX of fasting. After an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Group, HFD containing 0.03% Isoxanthoflav; and insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight), blood
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