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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword ...... V

Table of Contents...... VI

List of Abbreviations ...... XI

Bibliography...... XII

Introduction ...... 1

Part I – The Historical Context

Chapter One - The Presumption of Innocence

1.1 The presumption of innocence and “paedophile priests”...... 3 1.2 The presumption of innocence in secular law systems ...... 4 1.3 The origin of the presumption of innocence in the canonical tradition 15 1.4 The presumption of innocence and the inquisitorial system . . . . . 20 1.5 The inquisitorial procedure for heresy ...... 23 1.6 The change in the standard of proof...... 25 1.7 The degeneration of the inquisitorial procedure...... 26 1.8 Conclusion ...... 30

Chapter Two – Defining the Crime

2.1 What is the crime of clerical child ? ...... 31 2.2 What is a cleric? ...... 32 2.3 What is a child? ...... 33 2.4 What is child sexual abuse? ...... 35 2.5 What is a crime against the sixth commandment of the Decalogue? 37 2.6 The sixth commandment in the canonical tradition ...... 38 2.7 The sources of CIC/17 2359 ...... 39 2.8 Crimen sollicitationis ...... 47 2.9 The limits of an offence against the sixth commandment ...... 51 2.10 Pushing the boundaries ever further...... 51 2.11 The canonical crime of clerical child sexual abuse ...... 54 94406_Canon Law Monograph 6_vw.qxp:Layout 1 28-03-2011 14:14 Pagina vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS VII

Chapter Three – The Inquisitorial Procedure

3.1 The procedures ...... 56 3.2 The history of the legislation ...... 56 3.3 The competent forum ...... 59 3.4 The inquisitorial procedure ...... 63 3.5 The standard of proof ...... 64 3.6 The gathering of evidence ...... 69 3.7 The questions to be asked of the witnesses ...... 74 3.8 The citation of the accused to appear in court ...... 78 3.9 The sentence...... 80 3.10 Confidentiality ...... 84 3.11 Exceptional circumstances ...... 85 3.12 On the eve of the 1917 Code ...... 87

Chapter Four – The Mixed Public Accusatorial Procedure

4.1 The advent of the 1917 Code ...... 88 4.2 The origins of the promoter of justice ...... 89 4.3 Criminal cases according to the 1917 Code ...... 92 4.4 The mixed procedure ...... 94 4.5 The public accusatorial procedure ...... 96 4.6 Introducing the case into court ...... 97 4.7 The citation of the defendant and the joinder of the issue ...... 99 4.8 Presentation of proof ...... 101 4.9 Judicial confessions ...... 102 4.10 Disclosing the wintesses’ identity to the accused...... 103 4.11 The questioning of witnesses ...... 106 4.12 The publication and the conclusion of the case ...... 108 4.13 The summation of the parties – discussio causae ...... 108 4.14 The sentence and the standard of proof ...... 109 4.15 Appealing the sentence...... 110 4.16 The non-appearance of the respondent...... 111 4.17 The ending of the right to pursue a criminal action ...... 113 4.18 Conclusion ...... 115

Chapter Five – Crimen sollicitationis

5.1 The instruction Crimen sollicitationis ...... 117 5.2 The legislative status of an instruction...... 117 5.3 The juridic value of instructions according to the 1917 Code . . . . 119 5.4 The juridic value of Crimen sollicitationis...... 123 5.5 The structure of Crimen sollicitationis...... 124 94406_Canon Law Monograph 6_vw.qxp:Layout 1 28-03-2011 14:14 Pagina viii

VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS

5.6 Jurisdiction and the constitution of a court (§§ 1-14) ...... 125 5.7 On the discovery of a crime (§§ 15-28) ...... 131 5.8 The procedure of the inquisitio (§§ 29-41) ...... 133 5.9 Concluding the inquisitio and admonishing the accused (§§ 42-46) 135 5.10 The constitutio rei and the contestatio litis (§§ 47-54) ...... 137 5.11 The discussio causae and the definitive sentence (§§ 55-60) . . . . 144 5.12 Appeals (§§ 56-61)...... 146 5.13 Punishments (§§ 61-65) ...... 146 5.14 communications (§§ 66-70) ...... 148 5.15 Addendum to the 1962 version ...... 148 5.16 Conclusion ...... 150

Part II – The Current Law

Chapter Six – The Right of Defence

6.1 A fundamental task of the Church ...... 153 6.2 The demise of Crimen sollicitationis ...... 154 6.3 Lex Ecclesiae fundamentalis ...... 156 6.4 Novus habitus mentis ...... 159 6.5 The rights and obligations of the Christian faithful ...... 161 6.6 The right of defence ...... 166 6.7 The right of defence and the publication of the acts ...... 168 6.8 The right of defence and the publication of the sentence...... 170 6.9 The obligations and rights of clerics ...... 174 6.10 The obligation to clerical continence and celibacy ...... 175 6.11 The public promise of clerical continence and celibacy ...... 175 6.12 The obligation to preserve clerical continence...... 178 6.13 The right of defence and the obligation of clerical continence . . . 179 6.14 Speculum Iustitiae ...... 180 6.15 Time bomb ...... 180

Chapter Seven – The Current Universal Legislation

7.1 From 1983 to the present ...... 185 7.2 Inquisitio specialis ...... 185 7.3 Deciding to initiate a trial...... 187 7.4 Introducing the case into court ...... 190 7.5 The citation of the defendant and the joinder of issue ...... 192 7.6 Presentation of proof ...... 194 7.7 Judicial ...... 194 7.8 Questioning the witnesses ...... 195 7.9 The publication of the acts and the conclusion of the case ...... 197 94406_Canon Law Monograph 6_vw.qxp:Layout 1 28-03-2011 14:14 Pagina ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS IX

7.10 Discussio causae ...... 198 7.11 Reaching a decision ...... 198 7.12 Imputability ...... 199 7.13 Appealing the sentence ...... 204 7.14 The non-appearance of the accused ...... 205 7.15 The cessation of the right to pursue a criminal action ...... 206 7.16 Developments since the publication of the 1983 Code ...... 208 7.17 Normae de gravioribus delictis: substantial norms ...... 211 7.18 Normae de gravioribus delictis: procedural norms ...... 214 7.19 Conclusion ...... 221

Chapter Eight – The Law in Action

8.1 From theory to practice ...... 223 8.2 Case W-1 ...... 223 8.3 Case W-2 ...... 231 8.4 Case X-1...... 236 8.5 Case X-2...... 240 8.6 Case Y ...... 243 8.7 Jurisprudence of the ...... 245 8.8 Looking at the wider context ...... 247 8.9 The Ledwith Case...... 248 8.10 The Dublin Report ...... 252 8.11 The American experience...... 262 8.12 The roots of the malaise ...... 263 8.13 Conclusion ...... 272

Chapter Nine – Local Legislation

9.1 From the universal to the particular ...... 273 9.2 The legislative competence of bishops’ conferences ...... 273 9.3 The protocols of the Irish bishops’ conference ...... 276 9.4 The paramount principle ...... 277 9.5 The fundamental injustice of the paramount principle...... 280 9.6 An arbitrary process ...... 284 9.7 The protocols of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 291 9.8 Essential Norms: general or general executory decree? . . . 292 9.9 Defining sexual abuse ...... 294 9.10 Obligations imposed by the Essential Norms...... 295 9.11 On the reception of an allegation ...... 296 9.12 The use of executive power ...... 300 9.13 Conclusion ...... 303 94406_Canon Law Monograph 6_vw.qxp:Layout 1 28-03-2011 14:14 Pagina x

X TABLE OF CONTENTS

Conclusion ...... 304

Appendix I Crimen sollicitationis (1962 version) ...... 306

Appendix II Formula P: Modus peragendi constituta (1962 version) ...... 319

Appendix III Formula P: Modus peragendi constituta (1922 version) ...... 322