94406_Canon Law Monograph 6_vw.qxp:Layout 1 28-03-2011 14:14 Pagina vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword . V Table of Contents. VI List of Abbreviations . XI Bibliography. XII Introduction . 1 Part I – The Historical Context Chapter One - The Presumption of Innocence 1.1 The presumption of innocence and “paedophile priests”. 3 1.2 The presumption of innocence in secular law systems . 4 1.3 The origin of the presumption of innocence in the canonical tradition 15 1.4 The presumption of innocence and the inquisitorial system . 20 1.5 The inquisitorial procedure for heresy . 23 1.6 The change in the standard of proof. 25 1.7 The degeneration of the inquisitorial procedure. 26 1.8 Conclusion . 30 Chapter Two – Defining the Crime 2.1 What is the crime of clerical child sexual abuse? . 31 2.2 What is a cleric? . 32 2.3 What is a child? . 33 2.4 What is child sexual abuse? . 35 2.5 What is a crime against the sixth commandment of the Decalogue? 37 2.6 The sixth commandment in the canonical tradition . 38 2.7 The sources of CIC/17 canon 2359 . 39 2.8 Crimen sollicitationis . 47 2.9 The limits of an offence against the sixth commandment . 51 2.10 Pushing the boundaries ever further. 51 2.11 The canonical crime of clerical child sexual abuse . 54 94406_Canon Law Monograph 6_vw.qxp:Layout 1 28-03-2011 14:14 Pagina vii TABLE OF CONTENTS VII Chapter Three – The Inquisitorial Procedure 3.1 The procedures . 56 3.2 The history of the legislation . 56 3.3 The competent forum . 59 3.4 The inquisitorial procedure . 63 3.5 The standard of proof . 64 3.6 The gathering of evidence . 69 3.7 The questions to be asked of the witnesses . 74 3.8 The citation of the accused to appear in court . 78 3.9 The sentence. 80 3.10 Confidentiality . 84 3.11 Exceptional circumstances . 85 3.12 On the eve of the 1917 Code . 87 Chapter Four – The Mixed Public Accusatorial Procedure 4.1 The advent of the 1917 Code . 88 4.2 The origins of the promoter of justice . 89 4.3 Criminal cases according to the 1917 Code . 92 4.4 The mixed procedure . 94 4.5 The public accusatorial procedure . 96 4.6 Introducing the case into court . 97 4.7 The citation of the defendant and the joinder of the issue . 99 4.8 Presentation of proof . 101 4.9 Judicial confessions . 102 4.10 Disclosing the wintesses’ identity to the accused. 103 4.11 The questioning of witnesses . 106 4.12 The publication and the conclusion of the case . 108 4.13 The summation of the parties – discussio causae . 108 4.14 The sentence and the standard of proof . 109 4.15 Appealing the sentence. 110 4.16 The non-appearance of the respondent. 111 4.17 The ending of the right to pursue a criminal action . 113 4.18 Conclusion . 115 Chapter Five – Crimen sollicitationis 5.1 The instruction Crimen sollicitationis . 117 5.2 The legislative status of an instruction. 117 5.3 The juridic value of instructions according to the 1917 Code . 119 5.4 The juridic value of Crimen sollicitationis. 123 5.5 The structure of Crimen sollicitationis. 124 94406_Canon Law Monograph 6_vw.qxp:Layout 1 28-03-2011 14:14 Pagina viii VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.6 Jurisdiction and the constitution of a court (§§ 1-14) . 125 5.7 On the discovery of a crime (§§ 15-28) . 131 5.8 The procedure of the inquisitio (§§ 29-41) . 133 5.9 Concluding the inquisitio and admonishing the accused (§§ 42-46) 135 5.10 The constitutio rei and the contestatio litis (§§ 47-54) . 137 5.11 The discussio causae and the definitive sentence (§§ 55-60) . 144 5.12 Appeals (§§ 56-61). 146 5.13 Punishments (§§ 61-65) . 146 5.14 Official communications (§§ 66-70) . 148 5.15 Addendum to the 1962 version . 148 5.16 Conclusion . 150 Part II – The Current Law Chapter Six – The Right of Defence 6.1 A fundamental task of the Church . 153 6.2 The demise of Crimen sollicitationis . 154 6.3 Lex Ecclesiae fundamentalis . 156 6.4 Novus habitus mentis . 159 6.5 The rights and obligations of the Christian faithful . 161 6.6 The right of defence . 166 6.7 The right of defence and the publication of the acts . 168 6.8 The right of defence and the publication of the sentence. 170 6.9 The obligations and rights of clerics . 174 6.10 The obligation to clerical continence and celibacy . 175 6.11 The public promise of clerical continence and celibacy . 175 6.12 The obligation to preserve clerical continence. 178 6.13 The right of defence and the obligation of clerical continence . 179 6.14 Speculum Iustitiae . 180 6.15 Time bomb . 180 Chapter Seven – The Current Universal Legislation 7.1 From 1983 to the present . 185 7.2 Inquisitio specialis . 185 7.3 Deciding to initiate a trial. 187 7.4 Introducing the case into court . 190 7.5 The citation of the defendant and the joinder of issue . 192 7.6 Presentation of proof . 194 7.7 Judicial confession . 194 7.8 Questioning the witnesses . 195 7.9 The publication of the acts and the conclusion of the case . 197 94406_Canon Law Monograph 6_vw.qxp:Layout 1 28-03-2011 14:14 Pagina ix TABLE OF CONTENTS IX 7.10 Discussio causae . 198 7.11 Reaching a decision . 198 7.12 Imputability . 199 7.13 Appealing the sentence . 204 7.14 The non-appearance of the accused . 205 7.15 The cessation of the right to pursue a criminal action . 206 7.16 Developments since the publication of the 1983 Code . 208 7.17 Normae de gravioribus delictis: substantial norms . 211 7.18 Normae de gravioribus delictis: procedural norms . 214 7.19 Conclusion . 221 Chapter Eight – The Law in Action 8.1 From theory to practice . 223 8.2 Case W-1 . 223 8.3 Case W-2 . 231 8.4 Case X-1. 236 8.5 Case X-2. ..