DOCSLIB.ORG

The Synergistic Effects of Environmental Change on the Population Dynamics of Localized Endemic Species, a Case Study in Hawai‘I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Synergistic Effects of Environmental Change on the Population Dynamics of Localized Endemic Species, a Case Study in Hawai‘I THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LOCALIZED ENDEMIC SPECIES, A CASE STUDY IN HAWAI‘I A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DEVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MA̅NOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY April 2017 By Lala Bialic-Murphy Dissertation Committee: Orou Gaoue: Chairperson Kasey Barton Tom Ranker Tamara Ticktin Qi Chen i ii Acknowledgements There are many people who have helped in the development and completion of this work that I would like to recognize. In particular, I would like to thank my PhD advisor, Orou Gaoue, for his mentorship and unwavering encouragement. Dr. Gaoue’s insight and thoughtfully feedback have been an invaluable source of direction over the course of my PhD. He has provided me with support and guidance on how to prepare manuscripts for publication, write grants, and effectively communicate the results of my research at large international conferences and the broader scientific community. I would also like to recognize Kapua Kawelo, who has been an amazing mentor and friend to me for over a decade. Kapua has taught me valuable lessons on how to manage endangered species and promote ecosystem recovery. Kapua’s passion for field ecology has had a profound impact on my life and her inspiration is among one of the main reasons why I have became an ecologist with a keen interest in applied research and for this, I am extremely grateful. I would like to thank Tiffany Knight for her mentorship and thoughtful feedback, which has greatly improved my dissertation. I am also thankful to Kasey Barton for her mentorship, guidance, and encouragement. Dr. Barton has provided me with extremely thoughtful feedback on my research and has helped me deepen my understanding of plant physiology. I would also like to thank Tom Ranker, Tamara Ticktin, and Qi Chen for their comments and discussions on my work, which has greatly improved my research. I would recognize and thank O‘ahu Army Natural Resources Program staff for their help with data collection and keen insight regarding rare plant conservation, particularly Joby Rohrer, Dan Sailer, Michelle Akamine, Lauren Weisenberger, Tyler Bogardus, Stephanie Joe, Katie Franklin, Matt Kier, and Jessica iii Hawkins. I am also extremely thankful to Robert McElderry for his continual support and help with data collection and demographic modeling. I am grateful to thank Michael Coe and Mathew Bond for their support and encouragement over the course of my PhD. I am also thankful to Kari Bogner for her friendship and never-ending help in the greenhouse. Lastly, I want to recognize the United States Army Corps of Engineers (Cooperative Agreement grant ID W91269-11-2-0066) for funding this research. iv Abstract The spatial distribution and abundance of organisms are shaped by interactions with the environment. Human-induced changes in the environment can have varying effects on plant vital rates across ontogeny, sometimes in opposite directions. It is commonly thought that plant endangerment is the result of the combined effects of multiple environmental stressors. The influences of environmental stressors on components of plant fitness have been well examined. Few studies, however, have explicitly evaluated the synergistic effects of environmental stressors on the geospatial distribution of endangered species. In this dissertation I examined the population dynamics of three Hawaii endangered plants, Schiedea obovata, Cyrtandra dentata, and Delissea waianaeensis. Furthermore, I used a combination of size and stage structured demographic models to quantify the individual and combined impacts of dominant non- native pests and changing abiotic conditions on plant dynamics. I also compared the economic costs of various restoration strategies, including the suppression of non-native frugivores and seedling herbivores. I found that for S. obovata and C. dentata, fine-scale changes in microhabitat heterogeneity and inter-annual precipitation patterns had a greater effect on plant dynamics than top-down stressors. Furthermore, I found that the endangered plant populations were not always at, or close to, their equilibrium state (i.e., stable stage distribution SSD). There are many factors that contributed to the populations moving away from equilibrium, including population augmentation and the suppression of non-native pests. For the D. waianaeensis and C. dentata populations, there was a greater proportion of individuals in later life stages than would be expected if the populations were at a stable equilibrium. High reproductive value of these populations v caused them to grow faster in the near-term transient phase (i.e., 10 years) than over the long-term as the population reached equilibrium (i.e., transient amplification). Furthermore, I found that there were numerous combinations of restoration actions that would likely shift the growth rate of endangered species from declining to growing. However, the yearly economic costs of targeted restoration actions were highly variable. From a global perspective, this study illustrates that changing precipitation patterns and alterations in microhabitat can have a greater negative impact on plant dynamics than non-native frugivores and seedling herbivores and thus should be considered when developing rare plant restoration strategies. This research also emphasizes how important it is to evaluate both the near term transient and asymptotic dynamics of endangered species in order to fully capture the likely outcome of restoration effort vi Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................iii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ v List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ...........................................................................................................................................xii Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Declaration ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 2 Microhabitat heterogeneity and a non-native avian frugivore drive the population dynamics of an island endemic shrub, Cyrtandra dentata ...................................... 7 Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 10 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................................. 13 Results.............................................................................................................................................................. 20 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 Supporting information ............................................................................................................................ 28 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 3 Low inter-annual precipitation has a greater negative effect than seedling herbivory on the population dynamics of a short-lived herb, Schiedea obovata (Caryophyllaceae) .................................................................................................................................. 46 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................... 47 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 49 Material and methods................................................................................................................................ 53 Results.............................................................................................................................................................. 61 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................................... 63 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 67 Chapter 4 Evaluating both the transient and asymptotic dynamics is critical for assessing the efficacy of species reintroductions ......................................................................... 77 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................... 78 vii Introduction
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Loss of Pathogens in Threatened Plant Species
    Oikos 119: 1919–1928, 2010 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18616.x © 2010 Th e Authors. Oikos © 2010 Nordic Society Oikos Subject Editor: Hamish McCallum. Accepted 7 May 2010 Loss of pathogens in threatened plant species Amanda K. Gibson, Jorge I. Mena-Ali and Michael E. Hood A. K. Gibson, J. I. Mena-Ali and M. E. Hood ([email protected]), Dept of Biology, McGuire Life Sciences Building, Amherst College, Rts 9 and 116, Amherst, MA 01002-5000, USA. Global declines in biodiversity create an urgent need to address the impact of infectious disease in the small and fragmented populations that characterize threatened species. However, the paucity of empirical data provides little ability to pre- dict whether disease generally accelerates threatened species towards extinction or becomes less important as populations decline. Th is study tests whether plant species threatened with extinction exhibit lower disease frequencies and lower over- all parasite species richness while also experimentally testing for the eff ect of physiological disease resistance. Herbarium surveys of the genus Silene revealed that anther-smut disease was signifi cantly less frequent in threatened species than non-threatened species, and this eff ect was not constrained by the host phylogeny or by physiological resistance. Moreover, analysis across a much broader range of plants (using US Federal designations) revealed that species with endangered status had signifi cantly lower species richness of fungal pathogens than closely-related, non-endangered species. Th ese results support the role of host ecology, rather than physiological resistance or phylogeny, in determining overall lower incidences and diversity of diseases in plant species threatened by extinction.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Ecology Iii
    SEED ECOLOGY III The Third International Society for Seed Science Meeting on Seeds and the Environment “Seeds and Change” Conference Proceedings June 20 to June 24, 2010 Salt Lake City, Utah, USA Editors: R. Pendleton, S. Meyer, B. Schultz Proceedings of the Seed Ecology III Conference Preface Extended abstracts included in this proceedings will be made available online. Enquiries and requests for hardcopies of this volume should be sent to: Dr. Rosemary Pendleton USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station Albuquerque Forestry Sciences Laboratory 333 Broadway SE Suite 115 Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA 87102-3497 The extended abstracts in this proceedings were edited for clarity. Seed Ecology III logo designed by Bitsy Schultz. i June 2010, Salt Lake City, Utah Proceedings of the Seed Ecology III Conference Table of Contents Germination Ecology of Dry Sandy Grassland Species along a pH-Gradient Simulated by Different Aluminium Concentrations.....................................................................................................................1 M Abedi, M Bartelheimer, Ralph Krall and Peter Poschlod Induction and Release of Secondary Dormancy under Field Conditions in Bromus tectorum.......................2 PS Allen, SE Meyer, and K Foote Seedling Production for Purposes of Biodiversity Restoration in the Brazilian Cerrado Region Can Be Greatly Enhanced by Seed Pretreatments Derived from Seed Technology......................................................4 S Anese, GCM Soares, ACB Matos, DAB Pinto, EAA da Silva, and HWM Hilhorst
    [Show full text]
  • Using Transfer Function Analysis to Develop Biologically and Economically Efficient Restoration Strategies
    Supporting information for Using Transfer Function Analysis to develop biologically and economically efficient restoration strategies Authors: Lalasia Bialic-Murphy1,2*, Orou G. Gaoue1,2,3,4, and Tiffany Knight 5,6,7 1 Department of Botany, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i , USA. 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. 3Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin. 4 Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, APK Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa 5 Department of Community Ecology, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany. 6 Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle- Wittenberg. 7 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. *Correspondence author: +1 808 443 7484, e-mail: [email protected] 1 Appendix S1 A: Background information for Rattus rattus and non-native molluscs Rattus rattus (black ship rat) is one of the most disruptive vertebrates to invade oceanic islands and often listed as a primary driver of population decline and extinction of native plants 1,2. The estimated home range of R. rattus is 4 ha 3. When foraging, R. rattus are the most active in areas with thick understory vegetation cover 10–30 cm in height 3. Rattus rattus dens are often below ground in soil and fractured rock substrate, under logs, in thick understory vegetation, and inside partially dead trees 3. Thought R. rattus are omnivores, seeds and fruits are the dominant portion of their diet 2. Following consumption and digestion by R.
    [Show full text]
  • (Rattus Spp. and Mus Musculus) in The
    CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS Aaron B. Shiels Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, HI. 96822 173 Along with humans, introduced rats (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, and R. exulans) and mice (Mus musculus) are among the most invasive and widely distributed mammals on the planet; they occur on more than 80% of the world‘s islands groups (Atkinson 1985; Towns 2009). By incorporating modern technology, such as aerial broadcast of rodenticides, the number of islands where invasive rodents can be successfully removed has recently increased (Howald et al. 2007). However, successful rat and mouse eradication on relatively large (> 5000 ha) or human-inhabited islands such as the main Hawaiian Islands rarely occurs (Howald et al. 2007) despite large sums of money and research efforts annually to combat invasive rodent problems (see Chapter 1 section ―Rat history in Hawaii‖; Tobin et al. 1990). Therefore, it is highly unlikely that invasive rats and mice will be eradicated from relatively large, human-occupied islands such as Oahu in the near or distant future (Howald et al. 2007); and accepting this may be a first step towards increasing the likelihood of native species conservation in archipelagos like Hawaii where introduced rodents have established. Determining which invasive rodent species are present at a given site is important because the risks that some rodent species pose to particular (prey) species and/or habitats differ from those posed by other rodent species. Two sympatric species cannot occupy the same niche indefinitely, in a stable environment (Gause 1934), which may partly explain why some rodent species may not occur where others are present (Harper 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Botanischer Garten Der Universität Tübingen
    Botanischer Garten der Universität Tübingen 1974 – 2008 2 System FRANZ OBERWINKLER Emeritus für Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie Ehemaliger Direktor des Botanischen Gartens 2016 2016 zur Erinnerung an LEONHART FUCHS (1501-1566), 450. Todesjahr 40 Jahre Alpenpflanzen-Lehrpfad am Iseler, Oberjoch, ab 1976 20 Jahre Förderkreis Botanischer Garten der Universität Tübingen, ab 1996 für alle, die im Garten gearbeitet und nachgedacht haben 2 Inhalt Vorwort ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Baupläne und Funktionen der Blüten ......................................................................................... 9 Hierarchie der Taxa .................................................................................................................. 13 Systeme der Bedecktsamer, Magnoliophytina ......................................................................... 15 Das System von ANTOINE-LAURENT DE JUSSIEU ................................................................. 16 Das System von AUGUST EICHLER ....................................................................................... 17 Das System von ADOLF ENGLER .......................................................................................... 19 Das System von ARMEN TAKHTAJAN ................................................................................... 21 Das System nach molekularen Phylogenien ........................................................................ 22
    [Show full text]
  • United States of America
    anran Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT COUNTRY REPORTS NITED TATES OF MERICA U S A FRA2005/040 Rome, 2005 FRA 2005 – Country Report 040 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA The Forest Resources Assessment Programme Sustainably managed forests have multiple environmental and socio-economic functions important at the global, national and local scales, and play a vital part in sustainable development. Reliable and up- to-date information on the state of forest resources - not only on area and area change, but also on such variables as growing stock, wood and non-wood products, carbon, protected areas, use of forests for recreation and other services, biological diversity and forests’ contribution to national economies - is crucial to support decision-making for policies and programmes in forestry and sustainable development at all levels. FAO, at the request of its member countries, regularly monitors the world’s forests and their management and uses through the Forest Resources Assessment Programme. This country report forms part of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 (FRA 2005), which is the most comprehensive assessment to date. More than 800 people have been involved, including 172 national correspondents and their colleagues, an Advisory Group, international experts, FAO staff, consultants and volunteers. Information has been collated from 229 countries and territories for three points in time: 1990, 2000 and 2005. The reporting framework for FRA 2005 is based on the thematic elements of sustainable forest management acknowledged in intergovernmental forest-related fora and includes more than 40 variables related to the extent, condition, uses and values of forest resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Liatris Ohlingerae)
    Scrub Blazingstar (Liatris ohlingerae) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation Photo: David Bender / USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region South Florida Ecological Services Field Office Vero Beach, Florida 5-YEAR REVIEW Scrub blazingstar / Liatris ohlingerae I. GENERAL INFORMATION A. Methodology used to complete the review: This review is based on monitoring reports, surveys, and other scientific information, augmented by conversations and comments from biologists familiar with scrub blazingstar. The review was conducted by the lead recovery biologist for the species in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), South Florida Ecological Services Field Office. Literature and documents used for this review are on file at the South Florida Ecological Services Field Office. All recommendations resulting from this review are a result of thoroughly analyzing the best available scientific information on the scrub blazingstar. Public notice of this review was given in the Federal Register on April 9, 2009, with a 60-day public comment period (74 FR 16230). No part of the review was contracted to an outside party. Comments received and suggestions from peer reviewers were evaluated and incorporated as appropriate (see Appendix A). B. Reviewers Lead Region: Southeast Region, Kelly Bibb, 404-679-7132 Lead Field Office: South Florida Ecological Services Field Office, David Bender, 772-562- 3909 C. Background 1. Federal Register Notice citation announcing initiation of this review: April 9, 2009. 74 FR 16230. 2. Species status: (2009 Recovery Data Call). Florida Natural Areas Inventory has 91 extant occurrence records, 62 of which are protected on 23 managed areas. Fire suppression and habitat loss continue to be threats to occurrences on private land, except those owned by Archbold Biological Station and The Nature Conservancy.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation of Hawaiian Lobelioids — in Vitro and Molecular Studies
    CONSERVATION OF HAWAIIAN LOBELIOIDS — IN VITRO AND MOLECULAR STUDIES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAW ATI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HORTICULTURE MAY 1996 By Gregory A. Koob Dissertation Committee: Yoneo Sagawa, Co-Chairperson Sterling Keeley, Co-Chairperson Adelheid Kuehnle Fred Rauch Clifford Smith We certify that we have read this dissertation and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticulture. DISSERTATION COMMITTEE I (^Chairperson^ !^-Chairperson AkjJU^jA ■ UilU 11 © Copyright 1996 by Gregory A. Koob All Rights Reserved 111 Acknowledgments I would like to thank the staff and volunteers at the Harold L. Lyon Arboretum and the Lyon Arboretum Association for their support of the in vitro research. The staff of the National Tropical Botanical Garden, the State of Hawai'i Division of Forestry and Wildlife, the Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, John Obata, and Rick Palmer are appreciated for supplying plant material. Partial funding was supplied by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the State of Hawai'i Division of Forestry and Wildlife, the Center for Plant Conservation, the University of Hawai'i Foundation, and Sigma Xi Grants-in-Aid of Research. Thank you to Dave Lorence, Kay Lynch, Loyal Mehrhoff, Carol Nakamura, John Obata, Rick Palmer, Joshlyn Sands, and Alvin Yoshinaga for information used in this report. Special thanks to Sterling Keeley for the use of her lab and supplies and support for the RAPDs work and to Yoneo Sagawa for his knowledgeable support of the in vitro research.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Recovery Outline For
    ______________________________________________________________________ U.S.Is Fish & Wildlife Service Recovery Outline for the Island of Oʻahu July 2018 Scientific Name/ Common Name PLANTS ANIMALS Bidens amplectens/ Ko‘oko‘olau Hylaeus kuakea/ Hawaiian yellow-faced bee Cyanea calycina/ Hāhā Hylaeus mana/ Hawaiian yellow-faced bee Cyanea lanceolata/ Hāhā Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum/ Cyanea purpurellifolia/ Hāhā Blackline Hawaiian damselfly Cyrtandra gracilis/ Ha‘iwale Megalagrion leptodemas/ Crimson Hawaiian Cyrtandra kaulantha/ Ha‘iwale damselfly Cyrtandra sessilis/ Ha‘iwale Megalagrion oceanicum/ Oceanic Hawaiian Cyrtandra waiolani/ Ha‘iwale damselfly Doryopteris takeuchii/ No common name Korthalsella degeneri/ Hulumoa Melicope christophersenii/ Alani Melicope hiiakae/ Alani Melicope makahae/ Alani Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta/ No common name Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens/ No common name Pleomele forbesii/ Hala pepe Polyscias lydgatei/ No common name Pritchardia bakeri/ Baker’s Loulu Psychotria hexandra subsp. oahuensis/ Kōpiko Pteralyxia macrocarpa/ Kaulu Stenogyne kaalae subsp. sherffii/ No common name Zanthoxylum oahuense/ Mānele Recovery Outline for the Island of Oʻahu • 2018 Listing Status and Date Endangered; September 18, 2012 (77 FR 57648) and September 30, 2015 (80 FR 58820) Lead Agency/Region U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1 Lead Field Office Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3-122, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi 96850, (808) 792–9400 Purpose of the Recovery Outline: This document lays out a preliminary course of action for the survival and recovery of 20 plants and 3 damselflies endemic to the island of Oʻahu, all of which were listed endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 2012; and 2 plants and 2 Hawaiian yellow-faced bees also endemic to the island of Oʻahu, listed as endangered under the ESA in 2016 (USFWS 2012b, 2016b).
    [Show full text]
  • PALM 31 3 Working.Indd
    Volume 31: Number 3 > 2014 The Quarterly Journal of the Florida Native Plant Society Palmetto Rare Plant Conservation at Bok Tower Gardens ● Yaupon Redeemed ● The Origin of Florida Scrub Plant Diversity Donna Bollenbach and Juliet Rynear A Collaboration of Passion, Purpose and Science Bok Tower Gardens Rare Plant Conservation Program “Today nearly 30 percent of the native fl ora in the United States is considered to be 1 of conservation concern. Without human intervention, many of these plants may be gone within our lifetime. Eighty percent of the at-risk species are closely related to plants with economic value somewhere in the world, and more than 50 percent are related to crop species...but it can be saved.” – Center for Plant Conservation Ask the average Florida citizen to name at least one endangered native animal in the state and they will likely mention the Florida manatee or the Florida panther. Ask the same person to name one endangered native plant and they give you a blank stare. Those of us working to conserve Florida’s unique plant species know this all 2 too well, and if the job isn’t diffi cult enough, a lack of funding and support for the conservation of land supporting imperiled plant communities makes it harder. Bok Tower Gardens Rare Plant Conservation Program is one of 39 botanical institutions throughout the United States that collaborate with the Center for Plant Conservation (CPC) to prevent the extinction of native plants in the United States. Created in 1984, CPC institutions house over 750 living specimens of the nation’s most endangered native plants, the largest living collection of rare plants in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • *Wagner Et Al. --Intro
    NUMBER 60, 58 pages 15 September 1999 BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS HAWAIIAN VASCULAR PLANTS AT RISK: 1999 WARREN L. WAGNER, MARIE M. BRUEGMANN, DERRAL M. HERBST, AND JOEL Q.C. LAU BISHOP MUSEUM PRESS HONOLULU Printed on recycled paper Cover illustration: Lobelia gloria-montis Rock, an endemic lobeliad from Maui. [From Wagner et al., 1990, Manual of flowering plants of Hawai‘i, pl. 57.] A SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE RECORDS OF THE HAWAII BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1998 Research publications of Bishop Museum are issued irregularly in the RESEARCH following active series: • Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. A series of short papers PUBLICATIONS OF describing original research in the natural and cultural sciences. Publications containing larger, monographic works are issued in BISHOP MUSEUM four areas: • Bishop Museum Bulletins in Anthropology • Bishop Museum Bulletins in Botany • Bishop Museum Bulletins in Entomology • Bishop Museum Bulletins in Zoology Numbering by volume of Occasional Papers ceased with volume 31. Each Occasional Paper now has its own individual number starting with Number 32. Each paper is separately paginated. The Museum also publishes Bishop Museum Technical Reports, a series containing information relative to scholarly research and collections activities. Issue is authorized by the Museum’s Scientific Publications Committee, but manuscripts do not necessarily receive peer review and are not intended as formal publications. Institutions and individuals may subscribe to any of the above or pur- chase separate publications from Bishop Museum Press, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-0916, USA. Phone: (808) 848-4135; fax: (808) 841-8968; email: [email protected]. Institutional libraries interested in exchanging publications should write to: Library Exchange Program, Bishop Museum Library, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-0916, USA; fax: (808) 848-4133; email: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • BIOLOGICAL OPINION of the U.S. FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE for ROUTINE MILITARY TRAINING and TRANSFORMATION of the 2Nd BRIGADE 25Th INFANTRY DIVISION (Light)
    BIOLOGICAL OPINION of the U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE for ROUTINE MILITARY TRAINING and TRANSFORMATION of the 2nd BRIGADE 25th INFANTRY DIVISION (Light) U.S. ARMY INSTALLATIONS ISLAND of OAHU October 23, 2003 (1-2-2003-F-04) TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................... 1 CONSULTATION HISTORY .................................................. 2 BIOLOGICAL OPINION Description of the Proposed Action ............................................ 6 Dillingham Military Reservation ............................................... 11 Kahuku Training Area ..................................................... 15 Kawailoa Training Area .................................................... 20 Makua Military Reservation ................................................. 24 Schofield Barracks East Range ............................................... 25 Schofield Barracks Military Reservation ........................................ 29 South Range Acquisition Area ............................................... 35 Other Proposed SBCT Training Action Locations ................................. 36 Wildland Fire Management Plan Overview ...................................... 37 Stabilization Overview ..................................................... 38 Conservation Measures .................................................... 42 STATUS OF THE SPECIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE - PLANTS Abutilon sandwicense ..................................................... 52 Alectryon macrococcus ..................................................
    [Show full text]