DOCSLIB.ORG

Poland: Phase 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Poland: Phase 2 Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs POLAND: PHASE 2 REPORT ON THE APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON COMBATING BRIBERY OF FOREIGN PUBLIC OFFICIALS IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS AND THE 1997 REVISED RECOMMENDATION ON COMBATING BRIBERY IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS This report was approved and adopted by the Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions on 18 January 2007. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 5 A. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 6 1. On-Site Visit ..................................................................................................................................... 6 2. General Observations........................................................................................................................ 7 a. Economic system .............................................................................................................................. 7 b. Political and legal framework ........................................................................................................... 8 c. Implementation of the Convention and Revised Recommendation.................................................. 8 d. Cases involving the bribery of foreign public officials..................................................................... 9 (i) Investigations, prosecutions and convictions.......................................................................... 9 (ii) Independent Inquiry Committee into the UN Oil-For-Food Programme ............................. 10 3. Outline of Report ............................................................................................................................ 10 B. PREVENTION, DETECTION AND AWARENESS OF FOREIGN BRIBERY............................. 11 1. General Efforts to Raise Awareness ............................................................................................... 11 a. Government initiatives to raise awareness...................................................................................... 11 (i) The Anti-Corruption Strategy ............................................................................................... 11 (ii) Awareness raising and training for public officials .............................................................. 11 (iii) Awareness raising and training for the business sector ........................................................ 12 b. Private sector initiatives to raise awareness.................................................................................... 13 2. Reporting Foreign Bribery Offences and Whistleblower Protection.............................................. 13 a. Duty to report crimes to law enforcement authorities..................................................................... 13 b. Whistleblowing and whistleblower protection ............................................................................... 14 3. Officially Supported Export Credits ............................................................................................... 15 a. Awareness-raising efforts ............................................................................................................... 15 b. Detection of foreign bribery............................................................................................................ 16 c. Duty to report bribery of foreign public officials ........................................................................... 16 4. Official Development Assistance.................................................................................................... 16 a. Awareness-raising efforts ............................................................................................................... 17 b. Detection of foreign bribery and the duty to report foreign bribery ............................................... 17 5. Foreign Diplomatic Representations............................................................................................... 18 a. Awareness-raising efforts ............................................................................................................... 18 b. Detection of foreign bribery and the duty to report foreign bribery ............................................... 18 6. The Tax Authorities ........................................................................................................................ 19 a. Tax treatment of bribes ................................................................................................................... 19 b. Awareness, Training and Detection................................................................................................ 21 c. Duty to Report Bribery of Foreign Public Officials and Sharing of Information........................... 22 7. Accounting and Auditing................................................................................................................ 23 a. Accounting and auditing standards................................................................................................. 23 b. Awareness and Training ................................................................................................................. 24 c. Duty to Report Bribery of Foreign Public Officials........................................................................ 25 8. Money Laundering.......................................................................................................................... 25 a. Suspicious transaction reporting ..................................................................................................... 25 2 b. Sanctions......................................................................................................................................... 27 c. Typologies and Guidelines ............................................................................................................. 28 C. INVESTIGATION, PROSECUTION, AND SANCTIONING OF FOREIGN BRIBERY.............. 29 1. Institutional Framework.................................................................................................................. 29 a. The Police ....................................................................................................................................... 29 b. The Prosecution Authority................................................................................................................ 30 c. The Central Anti-Corruption Bureau ..............................................................................................31 d. The courts........................................................................................................................................ 33 2. Investigations .................................................................................................................................. 33 a. Conduct of Investigations ............................................................................................................... 33 (i) Commencement and Termination of Investigative Proceedings........................................... 33 (ii) Ongoing investigations ......................................................................................................... 34 (iii) Sources of information used for launching investigations.................................................... 36 (iv) Investigative techniques........................................................................................................37 (v) Bank Secrecy ........................................................................................................................ 37 (vi) Witness Protection Measures................................................................................................ 38 (vii) Co-ordination and information sharing between investigative authorities ........................... 38 (viii) Period for investigations .......................................................................................................39 b. Mutual legal assistance and extradition .......................................................................................... 40 (i) Mutual legal assistance .........................................................................................................40 (ii) Extradition............................................................................................................................. 42 3. Prosecution...................................................................................................................................... 42 a. Mandatory Prosecution ................................................................................................................... 42 b. The role of the Minister of Justice as Prosecutor General .............................................................. 43 c. Grounds for precluding or terminating proceedings ....................................................................... 44 (i) Immunities ............................................................................................................................ 44 (ii) Impunity Provision in Article 229.6 of the Penal Code (“effective regret”)......................... 46 d. Jurisdiction.....................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Political Corruption in Poland Surdej, Aleksander; Gadowska, Kaja
    www.ssoar.info Political corruption in Poland Surdej, Aleksander; Gadowska, Kaja Arbeitspapier / working paper Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Surdej, A., & Gadowska, K. (2005). Political corruption in Poland. (Arbeitspapiere und Materialien / Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universität Bremen, 65). Bremen: Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universität Bremen. https:// nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-436042 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use. anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Forschungsstelle Osteuropa Bremen Arbeitspapiere und Materialien No.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Bribery and Corruption Review June 2018
    ANTI-BRIBERY AND CORRUPTION REVIEW JUNE 2018 CONTENTS Global contacts 3 World Map 4 Foreword 6 Europe, the Middle East and Africa 7 Belgium 8 Czech Republic 11 France 13 Germany 15 Italy 20 Luxembourg 22 Poland 23 Romania 25 Russia 28 Slovak Republic 31 Spain 32 The Netherlands 34 Turkey 36 Ukraine 38 United Arab Emirates 40 United Kingdom 41 The Americas 44 Brazil 45 United States of America 47 Asia Pacific 50 Australia 51 Hong Kong 53 Japan 56 People’s Republic of China 57 Singapore 58 Thailand 62 ANTI-BRIBERY AND CORRUPTION REVIEW GLOBAL CONTACTS EUROPE, THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA Ukraine3 Belgium Sergiy Gryshko +380 44 390 22 19 Sébastien Ryelandt +32 2533 5988 United Arab Emirates Dorothée Vermeiren +32 2533 5063 James Abbott +971 4503 2608 Yana Paulovich +32 2533 5038 Jack Hardman +971 4503 2712 Czech Republic Connor Partos +971 4503 2664 Jan Dobrý +420 22255 5252 United Kingdom France Roger Best +44 20 7006 1640 Thomas Baudesson +33 14405 5443 Luke Tolaini +44 20 7006 4666 Charles-Henri Boeringer +33 14405 2464 Patricia Barratt +44 20 7006 8853 Marc Bailly +33 14405 5312 Zoe Osborne +44 20 7006 8293 Germany Heiner Hugger +49 697199 1283 THE AMERICAS David Pasewaldt +49 697199 1453 Brazil Gerson Raiser +49 697199 1450 Patrick Jackson +55 11 3019 6017 Italy Fernando Zanzarini +55 11 3019 6098 Antonio Golino +39 028063 4509 United States of America Jean-Paule Castagno +39 028063 4317 David DiBari +1 202912 5098 Pasquale Grella +39 028063 4289 Megan Gordon +1 202912 5021 Luxembourg Catherine Ennis +1 202912 5009 Albert Moro +352 485050
    [Show full text]
  • Here a Causal Relationship? Contemporary Economics, 9(1), 45–60
    Bibliography on Corruption and Anticorruption Professor Matthew C. Stephenson Harvard Law School http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/mstephenson/ March 2021 Aaken, A., & Voigt, S. (2011). Do individual disclosure rules for parliamentarians improve government effectiveness? Economics of Governance, 12(4), 301–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-011-0100-8 Aaronson, S. A. (2011a). Does the WTO Help Member States Clean Up? Available at SSRN 1922190. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1922190 Aaronson, S. A. (2011b). Limited partnership: Business, government, civil society, and the public in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). Public Administration and Development, 31(1), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.588 Aaronson, S. A., & Abouharb, M. R. (2014). Corruption, Conflicts of Interest and the WTO. In J.-B. Auby, E. Breen, & T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative law approach (pp. 183–197). Edward Elgar PubLtd. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR01620140507 Abbas Drebee, H., & Azam Abdul-Razak, N. (2020). The Impact of Corruption on Agriculture Sector in Iraq: Econometrics Approach. IOP Conference Series. Earth and Environmental Science, 553(1), 12019-. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/553/1/012019 Abbink, K., Dasgupta, U., Gangadharan, L., & Jain, T. (2014). Letting the briber go free: An experiment on mitigating harassment bribes. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS, 111(Journal Article), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.12.012 Abbink, Klaus. (2004). Staff rotation as an anti-corruption policy: An experimental study. European Journal of Political Economy, 20(4), 887–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2003.10.008 Abbink, Klaus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Economy of Corruption
    The Political Economy of Corruption ‘Grand’ corruption, generally used to define corruption amongst the top polit- ical elite, has drawn increasing attention from academics and policy-makers during recent years. Current understanding of the causes and mechanisms of this type of corruption, however, falls short of a full awareness of its importance and consequences. In this volume, leading academics and practitioners analyse the economic and political conditions that allow ‘grand’ corruption to survive. Contributions include: • Case studies of countries that have witnessed flagrant misuse of political powers. • Theoretical papers which present models of corruption and project their possible effects. • Empirical studies which raise research questions and test the theoretical models using insightful methodologies. The studies in this work not only indicate the importance of the economic implications of ‘grand’ corruption, but also provide a framework for under- standing its processes. Academics and policy-makers working in the fields of economics, political science and sociology will find this an illuminating and valuable work. Arvind K. Jain is Associate Professor at Concordia University, Montreal. His current research focuses on corruption and on international financial crises. His past research papers have dealt with corruption, agency theory and the debt crisis, capital flight, international lending decisions of banks, oligopolistic behaviour in banking, foreign debt and foreign trade in devel- oping countries, impact of culture on saving behaviour and commodity futures markets. He has previously written two books and edited a volume entitled Economics of Corruption. Routledge Contemporary Economic Policy Issues Series editor: Kanhaya Gupta This series is dedicated to new works that focus directly on contemporary economic policy issues.
    [Show full text]
  • September 2000 Public Disclosure Authorized
    20925 September 2000 Public Disclosure Authorized ANTICORRUPTION IN Public Disclosure Authorized RANSITION A Contribution to the Policy Debate Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized A W 0 R L D F R EE 0 F P 0 V E R T Y I Anticorruption in Transition A Contribution to the Policy Debate The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright © 2000 THE WORLDBANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, USA All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing September 2000 1 2 3 4 03 02 01 00 The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank or its member governments. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions for classroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., Suite 910, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, USA. ISBN 0-8213-4802-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data hasbeen appliedfor. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword........................................................................ vii Acknowledgments ........................................................................ ix Abbreviations ........................................................................ xi Executive Summary ........................................................................ xiii Chapter 1 The Level and Pattern of Corruption in the Transition Countries...............................
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling Elections in Post(Communist Regimes: Voter
    Modelling Elections in Post-Communist Regimes: Voter Perceptions, Political Leaders and Activists. Norman Scho…eldy, Maria Gallegoz, JeeSeon Jeonx; Marina Muskhelishvili{, Ugur Ozdemirk, and Margit Tavits Center in Political Economy, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130. August 25, 2011 Abstract This paper applies a stochastic electoral model to modeling elections in Poland in 1997, 2001 and 2005, in Georgia in 2008, and in Azerbaijan in 2010. We …nd that in Poland the valence di¤erences are su¢ ciently large to force low valence parties or candidates to adopt divergent positions. We argue that this implies a fundamental di¤erence between an elec- toral system based on plurality rule in contrast to one based on propor- tional representation. In addition, in “anocracies”such as Georgia and Aizerbaijan, the lim- ited access to the media by the parties in opposition to the president means that their support groups …nd it di¢ cult to coalesce. As a conse- quence, they are unable to press successfully for greater democratization. In these countries, the presidential electoral system is highly majoritar- ian, and the President’s party dominates the political arena, controlling political resources and the media. We conclude by giving an overview of the empirical results that have been obtained so far for the three plurality democracies of the USA, The authors thank Merab Pachulia, Director of GORBI, Tbilisi, Georgia for making the survey data for the 2008 election in Georgia available, and thank Rauf Garagozov, Leading Research Fellow, International Center for Social Research, Institute of Strategic Studies of the Caucasus, Baku, Azerbaijan.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Corruption Specialisation of Prosecutors in Selected European Countries
    Anti-Corruption Division Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs ACN Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Anti-Corruption Network 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France for Eastern Europe and Central Asia Phone: +33(0)1 45241319, Fax: +33(0)1 44306307, E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.oecd.org/corruption/acn ANTI-CORRUPTION SPECIALISATION OF PROSECUTORS IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Working Paper September 2011 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ANTI-CORRUPTION NETWORK FOR EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA The Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ACN) was established in 1998 to support its members in their fight against corruption by providing a regional forum for promotion of anti- corruption activities, exchange of information, elaboration of best practices and donor coordination. ACN is open for countries in Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia. The OECD and EU members, international organisations, multilateral development banks, civil society and business associations also participate in its activities. The ACN Secretariat is based at the OECD Anti-Corruption Division. The Secretariat is guided by the ACN Steering Group and reports to the OECD Working Group on Bribery. © OECD 2011 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Political Communication in Germany and Poland
    Political Communication in Germany and Poland Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden vorgelegt von Ewa Anna Musiałowska geb. am 27.01.1980 in Wrocław Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Donsbach, Technische Universität Dresden Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Donsbach, Technische Universität Dresden 2. Prof. Dr. Lutz M. Hagen, Technische Universität Dresden 3. Prof. Dr. Beata Ociepka, Uniwersytet Wrocławski/Polen 1 Political Communication in Germany and Poland Termin der Verteidigung: 16.07.2008 2 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER 1 | TRENDS IN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION 13 1.1. CHANGING PATTERNS OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION 13 1.1.1. HOMOGENIZATION : AMERICANIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION 16 1.1.2. MODERNIZATION AND SECULARIZATION 17 1.1.3. MEDIATIZATION OF POLITICS AND ITS INDICATORS 19 1.2. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ON POLITICAL COMMUNICATION 23 1.3. UNEXPLORED FIELD OF COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ON POLITICAL COMMUNICATION 27 CHAPTER 2 | COMPARING POLITICAL SYSTEMS 33 2.1. COMPARING PARTY SYSTEMS 33 2.1.1. PARTY SYSTEM IN POLAND 33 2.1.2. PARTY SYSTEM IN GERMANY 46 2.1.3. CONCLUSIONS 52 2.2. COMPARING ELECTORAL SYSTEMS 54 2.2.1. ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN POLAND 55 2.2.2. ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN GERMANY 59 2.2.3. CONCLUSIONS 62 2.3. COMPARING POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 63 2.3.1. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN POLAND 64 2.3.2. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN GERMANY 66 2.3.3. CONCLUSIONS 68 CHAPTER 3 | COMPARING MEDIA SYSTEMS 70 3.1. THREE MODELS OF MEDIA AND POLITICS 70 3.2. MEDIA SYSTEM IN POLAND 75 3.2.1. NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY IN POLAND 76 3.2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • North America Prepared By
    August 2017 Keeping ahead of global anti-corruption trends is critical in today’s business markets. The Dorsey Anti-Corruption Digest, which puts global trends at your fingertips, puts you ahead. The deep experience of the Dorsey Anti-Corruption team, drawn from the DOJ, the SEC and years in private practice, will keep you ahead. NORTH AMERICA PREPARED BY: THE UNITED STATES Tom Gorman DOJ Ends Probe into Net1 Partner The Department of Justice (DOJ) ended its probe of Net1 UEPS Technologies, according Zach Davison to SEC filings from the South African-based Associate payment processing company. The company received a declination from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 2015 Kim Frumkin regarding the same matter, but the DOJ Associate investigation continued until now. The probe started after an African Barclays Chad Richards unit lost a bid and approached the DOJ about possible corruption related to the tender. In Associate December 2012, Net1 disclosed that the SEC, DOJ, and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were investigating payments to South African government officials to win a contract with that country’s Social Security Agency. The investigation, considered unusual when it was announced as it related to a local issue, involved a South African company, allegedly 1 of 17 bribing South African government officials to undertaken by the Polish Central Anti- win a South African contract. The probe was Corruption Bureau. That probe related to initiated after a South African court agreed the alleged illegal activity by a former IBM Poland tender process was irregular and corrupt, but employee regarding sales to the Polish refused to set aside the tender.
    [Show full text]
  • National Strategic Plan
    THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development National Strategic Plan for 2007-2013 Rural Development WARSAW, July 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction _____________________________________________________________ 3 Chapter 1. Analysis of the economic, social and environmental situation in agriculture and setting the fundamental base indicators__________________ 4 Chapter 2. General strategy, transposition of Community priorities and establishment of national priorities _____________________________________ 31 Chapter 3 Strategy as divided into axes, including quantity objectives, intentions and indicators applied. _______________________________________ 35 Chapter 4 Financial resources of Operational Programme Rural Development (indicative allocations), including amounts earmarked for Convergence Objective. _________________________________________________ 40 Chapter 5 Internal and external coherence of NSP_______________________ 40 Chapter 6. National Network of Rural Areas _____________________________ 50 2 Introduction The National Strategic Plan for Poland was prepared on the basis of the Council Regulation (EC) no 1698/2005 of 20 September 2005 on supporting rural development under European Agriculture Rural Development Fund (EAFRD). The provisions of National Strategic Plan take the Community Strategic Guidelines referring to rural areas into account. The National Strategic Plan covers the 2007-2013 programming period. Based on the analysis of the social, economic and environmental situation conducted on the grounds of available statistical data it specifies the priorities and directions of rural development in conjunction with the Community priorities. National Strategic Plan is the basis for the implementation of the Operational Programme Rural Areas Development for 2007–2013. The support for rural development under EAFRD in Poland is referred to the national level in cooperation with the regional and local organisations at the stage of development of strategy and assumptions for individual measures.
    [Show full text]
  • Charting a New Path for Poland Or Turning Its Back on More Than a Quarter Century of Progress? Archives of Business Research, 5(2), 20-30
    Archives of Business Research – Vol.5, No.2 Publication Date: February. 25, 2017 DOI: 10.14738/abr.52.2699. Hunter, R. J. (2017). Charting a New Path for Poland or Turning Its Back On More Than a Quarter Century of Progress? Archives of Business Research, 5(2), 20-30 Charting a New Path for Poland or Turning Its Back On More Than a Quarter Century of Progress? Richard J. Hunter, Jr. Professor of Legal Studies Seton Hall University ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the Morawiecki Plan for the Polish economy in light of its emphasis on encouraging domestic, rather than foreign, development in Poland. It discusses the critique of the current government relating to foreign ownership of assets in Poland and what the government intends to do about reversing this trend from both historical and practical perspectives. The paper includes both positive and negative assessments of these proposed changes in policy and emphasis. KEYWORDS: Balcerowicz Plan; Foreign Direct Investment; Incentives; Morawiecki Plan INTRODUCTION From the perspective of nearly twenty-eight years, it is now possible to state with certainty that despite a “propaganda of success” trumpeted by adherents to the former system of central planning (also called the command-rationing method or CRM), the economy of Poland had literally imploded by 1988-1989 because of a combination of four interrelated factors, which Hunter and Ryan (2006) have termed the “Grand Failures” of the communist system as it existed in Poland. These factors included: • Failure to create economic value or to improve
    [Show full text]
  • Read the Full Survey
    Jones Day Table of Contents GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................................................................................... iii Africa ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Kenya ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 Mozambique ........................................................................................................................................... 9 South Africa .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Asia Pacific .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 Australia ................................................................................................................................................ 17 China ..................................................................................................................................................... 21 Hong Kong ............................................................................................................................................ 26 India .....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]