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THE 19th CENTURY BRASS BAND IN NORTHERN ENGLAND: MUSICAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MAJOR AMATEUR MUSICAL MEDIUM ROY NEWSOME PhD Thesis University of Salford Institute for Social Research Music, Media and Performing Arts Research 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents List of tables VII Appendices ix Abstract Xi Acknowledgements XII Preface Xiv Part I i) The amateur wind band in Britain circa 1800-1854 ii) The development of the all-brass band, particularly in the industrial north, 1855-1874 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 1.1 Band instruments, the military band, Sax and the Distins 8 1. 1.1 Early instruments 8 1.1.2 Lowbrasses 13 1.1.3 Themilitaryband 14 1.1.4 Adolphe Sax (18 14-1894) and the Distins 17 1.2 Brass and reed bands 19 1.2.1 Volunteer and militia bands to the end of the Napoleonic wars 19 1.2.2 Church bands 23 1.2.3 Civilian wind bands 26 1.2.4 Early bands in Scotland, Wales and Ireland 34 1.2.5 Stalybridge, Clegg's and Wharton's reed bands 37 1.2.6 Early works bands 44 1.2.7 Leaders 47 1.2.8 Bands in early Victorian times 48 1.2.9 Enderby Jackson (1827-1903) 52 1.3 The all-brass band 55 1.3.1 The earliest all-brass bands 55 1.3.2 The advent of the brass band movement 56 1.3.3 Burton Constable bands 57 1.4 Conclusion 59 1 Chapter 2 BANDS TO 1874 Contests and their effect on the development of the northern 2.1 brass band 71 2.1.1 Introduction 71 2.1.2 Contests to 1837 72 2.1.3 Burton Constable, 1845 74 2.1.4 Early Belle Vue contests 77 2.1.5 Incentives, disqualifications and other incidents 88 2.1.6 Enderby Jackson's contests 91 2. 1.7 The local contest 95 2.1.8 Crystal Palace, 1860-1863 97 2.1.9 The distribution of bands to 1874 - some statistics 98 2.2 The consolidation of the brass band movement between 1850 and 1874 102 2.2.1 Introduction 102 2.2.2 Bands in the Leeds area in the 1850s 105 2.2.3 The textile industries and brass bands: 107 (i) Salt and Saltaire 107 (ii) Foster and Black Dike 110 (iii) Marriner of Keighley 113 (iv) Meltham Mills and Jonas Brook and Brothers 116 (v) Kingston Mills, Hyde 119 2.2.4 Comparisons between the five textile-based bands 121 2.2.5 The volunteers from 1859 123 2.2.6 Temperance bands and Friendly Societies 133 2.2.7 Conductors and bands 137 2.2.8 Developments in Scotland and Wales 143 2.3 Conclusion 146 2.3.1 More contest statistics - the 1850s 146 2.3.2 Increased travelling by contesting bands 147 2.3.3 Struggling bands and the impact of the volunteers 148 2.3.4 The impact of the volunteers at Belle Vue from 1860 149 2.3.5 Achievements of different types of band to 1874 152 (i) Works bands 152 (ii) Volunteer bands 153 (iii) Temperance bands 154 (iv) Independent bands: (a) General 154 (b) Besses 0' th' Barn 155 11 Chapter 3 INSTRUMENTATION AND REPERTOIRE TO 1874 3.1 Brass band music in the 1850s 169 3.1.1 Introduction - early published brass band music 169 3.1.2 Developments in instrumentation 170 3.1.3 Repertoire at Belle Vue 173 3.1.4 Collections 175 (i) Goose Eye band books 176 (ii) Black Dyke part books 176 (iii) The Cyfarthfa collection 177 (iv) 4th L. R. V. band books 178 3.2 Developments in the 1860s and early 1870s 180 3.2.1 Into the 1860s 180 3.2.2 Crystal Palace band music 181 3.2.3 Repertoire at Belle Vue 184 3.2.4 Instrumentation 185 3.3 Conclusion 191 'II Part II i) Repertoire from 1875-1900 ii) Personalities involved in the building of the brass band movement iii) The emergence of leading brass bands in Northern England and their influence on bands in other parts of Britain Chapter 4 BRASS BAND MUSIC IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 4.1 Principal influences 196 4.2 Wright and Round 198 4.2.1 Introduction 198 201 4.2.2 Publications, 1875-1881 4.2.3 Publications, 1882-1889 207 4.2.4 Instrumentation 215 4.2.5 Further trends in the 1880s 217 4.2.6 Publications, 1890-1899 and a review of a cross- section of publications from the whole period 219 4.3 Charles Godfrey (junior) 228 4.3.1 The selections of Charles Godfrey 228 4.3.2 Godfrey's style - as exemplified in three selections 234 4.4 Other sources 240 4.4.1 Miscellaneous scores 240 4.4.2 More publishers and the prospect of progress as a new century dawned 242 4.5 Conclusion 245 lv Chapter 5 PERSONALITIES WHO HELPED FORM THE MODERN BRASS BAND MOVEMENT 5.1 Introduction 252 5.2 Professional brass band conductors 254 5.2.1 The pioneers 254 5.2.2 The next generation of conductors, tutors and leaders 255 5.2.3 The 'Great Triumvirate' 259 (i) John Gladney (1839-1911) 259 (ii) Edwin Swift (1843-1904) 262 (iii) Alexander Owen (1851-1920) 263 5.2.4 A later group of influential personalities 267 (i) George Frederick Birkinshaw (1852-1896) 267 (ii) Fenton Renshaw (1852-1909) 268 (iii) William Rimmer (1861-1936) 268 5.2.5 Other nineteenth century conductors in Lancashire and Yorkshire 270 5.3 The spreading of the all-brass band 272 5.3.1 The 'exportation' of the Lancashire and Yorkshire 272 traditions 272 (i) Scotland (ii) Cumberland 275 (iii) The West Midlands 276 277 (iv) Wales (v) The North-East 278 278 (vi) The East Midlands (vii) London and the South 279 5.4 Conclusion 281 V Chapter 6 THE GREAT NORTHERN BANDS 6.1 Introduction 287 6.2 The pace-makers 289 6.2.1 Meltham Mills band 289 6.2.2 Besses o' th' Barn 290 6.2.3 Honorary members 295 6.2.4 Black Dike 296 6.3 Other leading bands 301 6.3.1 Kingston Mills and Leeds Forge bands 301 6.3.2 Wyke Temperance and Stalybridge Old 308 6.3.3 Oldham rifle volunteers band 311 6.4 Extended engagements 316 6.4.1 Introduction 316 6.4.2 The peak years 316 6.5 Conclusion 318 Chapter 7 CONCLUSION 325 Appendices 330 Bibliography 373 vi LIST OF TABLES (Fart 1) Table 1 The Royal Artillery Bandfrom 1762 to 1839 16 Table 2 Instrumentations of volunteer and militia bands, 1770-1804 20 Table 3 Bands of Musick, 1804 to late 1830s 27 Table 4 Northern civilian wind bands 1818-1842 28 Table 5 Instrumentation at Burton Constable 57 Table 6 Contest results region by region 1845-18 74 99 Table 7 Winning bands region by region 1845-1874 100 Table 8 Bands from the Leeds area at Belle Vue in the 1850s 106 Table 9 Occupations of members of Black Dike and Saltaire bands 123 Table 10 The five most successful bands at Belle Vue, 1860-1869 126 Table 11 The record of Dewsbury band at Belle Vue from 1860 127 Table 12 Counties from which Belle Vue contestants came, 1853-1859 146 Table 13 Types of band competing at Belle Vue, 1860-18 74 150 Table 14 Prizes won by the 10 most successful bands at Belle Vue, 1860-1874 151 Table 15 Bands competing at Belle Vue, 1860-18 74, by county or region 151 Table 16 Instrumentation of early published band music 170 Table 17 Instrumentation offour bands in 1853 172 Table 18 Intrumentation in the mid-1850s 174 Table 19 Instrumentation offour bands - 1860-1861 180 Table 20 Instruments used in the 1860 Crystal Palace massed band 182 Table 21 Belle Vue test pieces, with arrangers - 1873-1874 185 Table 22 Instrumentation in the later 1860s 186 vi' LIST OF TABLES (Fart II) Table 23 Class?/lcation of Wright & Round publications, 18 75-1881 202 Table 24 Wright & Round art music, 18 75-1881 203 Table 25 Classification of Wright & Round publications, 1882-1889 209 Table 26 Classfication of Wright & Round publications, 1890-1899 220 Table 27 Principal prize-winners at Belle Vue, 1875-1899, shown in five-year periods 256 Table 28 Comparison between the instrumentation of Meltham Mills band in 1878 and the post-1945 contesting band 260 Table 29 Comets and fiugel horns in the 1878 and post-1945 bands 260 Table 30 First prizes won at Belle Vue by Gladney and his bands, 1875-1899 261 Table 31 William Rimmer's Belle Vue results, 1896-1899 269 Table 32 Principal prize-winners at Belle Vue, 1875-1899, showing prizes won and over-all order of merit 287 viii TABLE OF APPENDICES (Part I) Appendix I Members of Bolton Old reed band, 1828 330 Appendix 2 Church bands 1660-1860 - locations and instruments 331 Appendix 3 Samples of Enderby Jackson's publicity 332 Appendix 4 Crystal Palace contest results 1860-1863 333 Appendix 5 Contest details 1845-1874 334 Appendix 6 1861 Crystal Palace entry form - Saltaire band 339 Appendix 7 Poem about Kingston Mills band, 1855 340 Appendix 8 Numbers and percentages of volunteer bands in Belle Vue contests to 1874 342 Appendix 9 Prizes won by 4th Lancashire rifle volunteers/Bacup Old band 1862-1871 343 Appendix 10 Prizes won by Black Dike 1856-1875 344 Appendix 11 Prizes won by Stalybridge Old band 1859-1874 345 Appendix 12 Prizes won by Meitham Mills band 1858-1874 346 Appendix 13 'Local' contest results - Dewsbury, Saltaire and Marriner's 347 Appendix 14 4th L.
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