Nurseries East Studdal

NGR TR 32600 49780

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

Trust for Thanet Archaeology

Trust for Thanet Archaeology

East Studdal Nurseries East Studdal Kent

NGR TR 32600 49780

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

E. J. Boast

February 2018

Issue 1

Checked by G. A. Moody CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Scope of the Report 1.4 Structure of the Report

2 Planning Context 2.1 National Planning Policy Relating to Heritage 2.2 Local Planning Framework 2.3 District Council Heritage Strategy 2.4 Statutory Legislation

3 Designated Heritage Assets in the Study Area 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Conservation Areas 3.3 Listed Buildings 3.4 Scheduled Ancient Monuments 3.5 Summary

4 Historical Resources 4.1 Historical Background of the Study Area

5 Archaeological Resources and Potential 5.1 Geology and Topography 5.2 Archaeological Introduction 5.3 Non Designated Heritage Assets within the Study Area 5.4 General Summary of the Archaeology in its Landscape Context

6 Land Development 6.1 Cartographic Evidence for the Development of the Site 6.2 Cartographic Summary

7. The Site Inspection 7.1 The Site Inspection 7.2 Summary

8 Impact Assessment 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Definitions of Level of Impact 8.3 Impacts Defined by the Study 8.4 Potential Impact of the Development of the Site 8.5 Potential Effects of Construction on the Archaeological Resource

9. Summary and Discussion

10 Acknowledgements

11 Sources Consulted

Appendices

1 Listed Buildings within the Study Area 2 Gazetteer of Archaeological Sites Figures

1. Site Location Map. Scale 1:25,000 2. Designated Heritage Assets within the Study Area. Scale 1:12500 3. Non Designated Heritage Assets within the Study Area. Scale 1:12500 4. Extract from Ordnance Survey Surveyors field drawing of Canterbury 1797. Not to Scale. 5. Extract from Tithe Map 1840. Not to Scale. 6. Extract from First Edition Ordnance Survey County Series 1:10560 map 1877. Not to Scale. 7. Extract from Ordnance Survey County Series Third Edition 1:2,500 map 1906. Not to Scale. 8. Extract from OS 1938 1:2500 map Sheets LVIII.10 & LVIII.6. Not to Scale. 9. Extract from OS 1957 1:2500 map. Not to Scale. 10. Extract from OS 1977 1:2500 map. Not to Scale. 11. Existing Site Plan based on Ordnance Survey Data. Scale as Shown. 12. Proposed Development Plan. Not to Scale. 13. Indicative plan showing location of proposed development overlaid with existing. Scale 1:1250.

Plates

1. View into site from Downs Road. View facing north west. 2. Parking/driveway and existing dwelling. View facing west. 3. Remains of double garage. Western bay has been demolished. Glasshouses at front of the site visible in background. View facing north. 4. Block of glasshouses on southern part of site. View facing north east. 5. Internal arrangement within a glasshouse showing concrete paths. View facing north east. 6. Prefabricated concrete shed and adjoining modern barn also showing sunken concrete and brick bay. View facing north west. 7. Sunken bays on western side of glasshouses, oil tanks and disused boiler room with brick chimney. View facing east. 8. The water tank complex. View facing north east. 9. Demolished glasshouse in north east corner of site. View facing north. 10. Exposed geology on north east corner of site. View facing west. 11. Glasshouse showing slope of the site. View facing north. 12. Glasshouse located in the north west corner of the site. View facing north west. 13. Inside glasshouse showing sloping surface. View facing south west. 14. Storage area in north west part of site. View facing east toward disused chimney. 15. Storage area and glasshouses in north west part of site. View facing north west. 16. Stripped area on western side of glasshouses. View facing south. 17. Stockpiled soil and bonfire in north west part of site. View facing north west. 18. View from north west corner of site facing east along northern boundary.

1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 The Trust for Thanet Archaeology (TfTA) has been commissioned by Mr Steve Davies of Hobbs Parker Property Consultants LLP, on behalf of Mr and Mrs Burr, the owners of the site, to carry out an Archaeological Desk Based Assessment (DBA) on land at East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent (Figure 1, NGR TR 32600 49780). This DBA is to be used to support an outline planning application for a residential development of 10 homes on the site. 1.1.2 The site of the proposed development is approximately ‘L’ shaped in plan and measures approximately 0.95 hectares in area. The eastern side of the site is bordered by the boundary of New House, a residential property and gardens. The western side of the site is bordered by fields and the gardens of The White House. To the south, the site fronts on to Downs Road and to the north are agricultural fields. 1.1.3 To place the site in a wider archaeological context, the DBA considers the archaeological data available for a Study Area within a radius of approximately 1km from the centre of the site, although the wider landscape is also considered (Figure 2 & 3). 1.1.4 The site is located within the modern of Sutton-by-Dover administered by Sutton-by-Dover Parish Council and Council. 1.1.5 All maps within this report have been produced from the Ordnance Survey with permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, Crown Copyright. Licence number AL100031917 unless otherwise stated. 1.2 Methodology 1.2.1 The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), which came into force in March 2012 requires that 'where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation' (NPPF Paragraph 128). 1.2.2 In accordance with the NPPF, and other relevant local planning policies detailed in Section 2, the aim of this present section of the Desk Based Assessment is to characterise the historic landscape setting of the site and to identify any potential for Heritage Assets in the form of buried archaeological deposits to be located within the site, which could be affected by any development proposal. 1.2.3 The DBA deals in general with the data that is available for the Designated and Non Designated Heritage Assets that have been identified in the Study Area and presents a chronology of Heritage Assets to provide direct information on the archaeological potential of the site. 1.3 Scope of the Report 1.3.1 The aims of the Archaeological Desk Based Assessment will be achieved by examining the following themes:  The setting of the site in its historic landscape  Map regression analysis to characterise the development of the site.  A search of the relevant HER and other sources for archaeological data within the area of the site  The setting of the site in relation to any statutory heritage designations  A site visit supported by supplementary photographic images

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018  A summary of the archaeological potential of the site  A summary of the implications of the archaeological potential for the development of the site 1.4 Structure of the Report 1.4.1 Section 1 (this section) defines the scope, the aims and the structure of the report. 1.4.2 Section 2 summarises the planning policies and statutory legislation relevant to Heritage Assets in the Study Area. 1.4.3 Section 3 identifies and describes any formal Designated Heritage Assets within the Study Area and the site. 1.4.4 Section 4 summarises the historical background of the Study Area and the site. 1.4.5 Section 5 examines the non designated Heritage Assets recorded in the Study Area and on the site to determine its archaeological potential. This section also provides a general summary of the archaeology in its landscape context. 1.4.6 Section 6 describes the sequence of changes in land use within the Study Area and on the site using cartographic sources. 1.4.7 Section 7 describes the layout and condition of the site as result of a site inspection. 1.4.8 Section 8 assesses the impacts that previous land use has had on the site and discusses the potential effects that the development of the site may have on the archaeological resource in general terms. 1.4.9 Section 9 is a general summary and discussion of the results of the Desk Based Assessment.

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 2 Planning Context 2.1 National Planning Policy Relating to Heritage 2.1.1 In March 2012 a new National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) was adopted. Section 12 of the NPPF, Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment, replaces previous proscriptive planning policies on archaeology and the historic built environment (PPG 15 and PPG 16 and PPS5) with a more general principle of evaluating any Heritage Assets that may be present on a proposed development site and developing an appropriate response. 2.1.2 Heritage assets are given a broad definition in the NPPF and include both the physical remains and the historic character of a site. The NPPF requires an evaluation of Heritage Assets present on a development site and the development of strategies for mitigation of any impacts on those assets as part of the development process. The mitigation should enhance, preserve or record the Heritage Assets and make the results available to the public. 2.2 Local Planning Framework Local planning policies relating to heritage 2.2.1 The current policies for the protection and enhancement of the historic environment are contained within the Dover District Adopted Core Strategy (24th February 2010). Paragraphs 2.28-2.30 give an overview of the Core strategy relating to Heritage Assets in the Dover District:

Historic Assets 2.28 The District has a very large and particularly rich stock of historic assets, which is reflected in the number of formal designations. There are 50 scheduled ancient monuments covering the prehistoric to modern periods with numerically the medieval period accounting for over half. Archaeological remains also span these periods and although they can be found across the District there are exceptional concentrations at the centres of Dover and Sandwich. 2.29 There are, as at 2008, also about 2,800 listed buildings, and 57 conservation areas which cover 669 hectares. These are concentrated at Dover, Deal and Sandwich (which has an exceptional concentration) but also cover many of the District's villages and hamlets which have a long history of human settlement. There are also nine Historic Parks and Gardens covering 820 hectares. 2.30 These assets play a large part in defining the character of the District and the individuality of settlements. In many cases they reflect the District's strategic coastal location and particularly in Dover's case, its military importance as the closest crossing point to continental Europe. This has given rise to a series of fortifications, most notably the Roman Classis Britannica, Dover Castle, Fort Burgoyne, the Western Heights and First and Second World War fortifications. Although Dover Castle is the District's top attraction, collectively these assets are not used in a way that exploits their full potential.

2.2.2 Paragraph 1.85 of the Adopted Core strategy goes on to say:

1.85 The following issues are dealt with by national and regional policy (Regional Spatial Strategy or National Policy). Conservation areas: BE6, PPG15 Listed buildings: BE6, PPG16 Archaeological remains: BE6, PPG16

2.2.3 Since the publication of the Adopted Core Strategy both the South East Plan, (Regional Spatial strategy, policy BE6) and the South East Development Plan (revoked in March

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 2013) referred to in the document have been superseded by the National Planning Policy Framework. 2.2.4 The policies of the Dover District Adopted Core Strategy also make reference to the heritage policies defined in National Planning Policy Guidance Note 16 (PPG 16 and 15). The heritage policies contained in the NPPF have also superseded all other heritage planning policies. 2.3 Dover District Council Heritage Strategy

2.3.1 In recognition of the importance of Dover’s historic sites and assets in shaping the District’s development and identity, in collaboration with English Heritage, Dover District Council commissioned Kent County Council’s Heritage Conservation Team to prepare a Dover District Heritage Strategy, which was approved by Cabinet on the 8th July 2013. The strategy is one of the first in the country to be created since the NPPF was published and is intended to help to shape the future of the area. 2.3.2 The Heritage Strategy ‘seeks to identify and understand the many historic assets in Dover District, and how their special character could contribute to the future of the area, and key objectives in the District Local Plan… provid[ing] advice and guidance for the management of historic assets’. 2.3.3 The Heritage Strategy consists of a main document that sets out thirteen ‘Heritage Themes’ and identifies the ‘vulnerabilities and opportunities’ in relation to the themes, with recommendations for the Strategy. Four appendices consider the application of the Heritage Strategy and the effect of the themes on development opportunities. 2.3.4 Appendix 3 of the Heritage Strategy, ‘Site Allocations and Specific Vulnerabilities Worksheet’ assesses each of the development sites that were considered for the Dover District Land Allocations Local Plan against the Heritage Themes identified in the Heritage Assessment. Each site is considered in relation to 31 heritage criteria with an evaluation of the significance of each site to each category given on a scale of 1-5 (1- High, 5 low). East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdall is included in this appendix (K241/LDF41) with Archaeology (11) given a ranking of 3, moderately vulnerable. All the other categories were ranked at 5; no issue identified. 2.3.5 The appendix indicates the general heritage criteria which have been identified as relevant to the site in the Heritage Strategy and the level of significance assigned by the KCC study with that pertaining to archaeology with a ranking of 3 described below:  Archaeology (3) Archaeological Mitigation can be accommodated through planning conditions (greater). These indicators have been taken into consideration in the assessments produced in this DBA.

2.4 Statutory Legislation Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979

2.4.1 The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as amended affords protection to sites considered to be of national importance, and are included on a schedule compiled by the Secretary of State for the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

2.4.2 These sites are known as Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs). The Secretary of State is responsible for maintaining a schedule of sites and monuments of national importance, and ensuring that their management and maintenance is compatible with their preservation.

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 2.4.3 Scheduled Monument Consent must be obtained from the Secretary of State by anyone wishing to undertake works which would have an effect on a Scheduled Ancient Monument. It is an offence to carry out or cause such works to be carried out that would damage or affect a SAM unless consent has first been obtained.

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 3 Designated Heritage Assets in the Study Area 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Designated Heritage Assets have a material consideration in the planning process, meaning that planning authorities must consider the impact of any proposed development on the Designated Heritage Asset’s special character. 3.1.2 There are 10 Designated Heritage Assets located within the Study Area, a Conservation Area, 8 Listed Buildings and a Scheduled Ancient Monument. There are no Registered Park and Gardens or Protected Military Remains located within the Study Area. None of the Designated Heritage Assets are located on the site (Figure 2). 3.2 Conservation Areas 3.2.1 Sutton Conservation Area (CA) is located approximately 650 metres south east of the site boundary. The CA was designated in June 1976 and takes in the area covering Church Hill including Upper Farm and Sutton Court Farm, Parsonage Farm and Church House. It extends to the east and west along Forge Lane to include Ale Farm and Hall Cottage. The CA is of medieval and post medieval character. 3.3 Listed Buildings 3.3.1 There are eight Listed Buildings within the Study Area; all of these are located within the Sutton Conservation Area and are located between 760 and 890 metres south east of the site boundary (Appendix 1). 3.3.2 All of Listed Designations are Grade II with the exception of the Church of St Peter and St Paul (KHER TR34 NW 272) which is Grade II* and was constructed in the 12th century. Two gravestones (KHER TR 34 NW 255 and NW 254) located within the churchyard are also listed and date from the late 17th and early 18th century respectively. There is also a late 18th century tomb listed within the church yard (KHER TR 34 NW 274). 3.3.3 The remaining Listed Buildings include two medieval timber framed houses dating from around 1500 AD (KHER TR 34 NW 252 and 256), a mid 17th century Inn, now a house (KHER TR 34 NW 261) and an early 19th century farmhouse (KHER TR 34 NW 271). 3.3.4 None of the structures of the Listed Designations will be materially affected by the proposed development as they are not located on the site and their settings will remain unaffected by the proposed development. 3.4 Scheduled Ancient Monuments 3.4.1 There is one Scheduled Ancient Monument (SAM) located within the Study Area; Four ring ditches on the ridge of Sutton Hill (HE List no.1004204, KHER TR 34 NW 16) which is located 560 metres north east of the site boundary. 3.4.2 The Scheduled Ancient Monument Description states: The monument includes ring ditches surviving as buried remains. It is situated on the summit of Sutton Hill and overlooks Sutton to the south. The features have been recorded as crop and soil marks on aerial photographs. Two single ring ditches measure approximately 12m and 18m in diameter. The larger one includes possible internal features. There are also two double ring ditches both 33.5m in diameter. One has a single entrance in the outer ring and the other includes a possible causeway in the buried ditch. The ring ditches are thought to be the buried remains of prehistoric round barrows. The Kent Mapping Project carried out in 1986-7 by the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of (RCHME) also indicated the probable existence of an ovoid ditched enclosure on the site.

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 3.4.3 The SAM will remain unaffected by the proposed development as it is not located on the site and its setting will remain unaffected due to its distance and separation from it. 3.5 Summary 3.5.1 There are 10 Designated Heritage Assets in the Study Area, Sutton Conservation Area, eight Listed Building Designations and a Scheduled Ancient Monument. There are no Registered Park and Gardens or Protected Military Remains in the Study Area. 3.5.2 The Conservation Area of Sutton is located approximately 650 metres south east of the Site Boundary. The proposed development is unlikely to have an impact on the setting of the Conservation Area due to its distance and separation from it. 3.5.3 The Listed Buildings range in date from the medieval to Post Medieval period and include the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, two gravestones and a chest tomb, two medieval timber framed houses, an inn, a farmhouse. They are all located within the Sutton Conservation Area approximately 760 and 890 metres from the site boundary. They will all remain unaffected by the proposed development due to their distance and separation from it. 3.5.4 The Scheduled Ancient Monument; Four ring ditches on the ridge of Sutton Hill located 560 metres north east of the site boundary will remain unaffected by the proposed development due to its distance and separation from it.

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 4 Historical Resources.  Historical Background of the Study Area 4.1.1 The following historical background is largely summarised from Hasted 1800. Specific references are noted in the text. 4.1.2 The Site is located in the historic parish of Little Mongeham with the south eastern part of the Study Area; also extending into the parish of Sutton. Both parishes are contained within the Hundred of Corniloe, which also included the parishes of , Ripple, , Northbourne and and was contained within the Lathe of St Augustine (Hasted 1800). The Lathes of Kent were ancient administrative divisions, probably originating during the early Saxon colonisation of the county in the 6th century. The administrative, judicial and taxation uses of Lathes and Hundreds fell out of use in the late 19th century in favour of other administrative divisions. 4.1.3 The names of the parishes of both Great and Little Mongeham mean settlement of Mundel’s people derived from the Old English Mundelingahām. It is recorded as Mundelingeham in 761, Mundlingham in 833 and Mundingeham in 1086 before becoming Mongham in 1610 (Glover 1982, 130). 4.1.4 The Manor of Little Mongeham was given in 760AD to the abbot of St Augustine’s Monastery, for the use of his order, by Aldric, son of Wildred King of Kent. The manor consisted of six ploughlands called Parva Mongeham. Little Mongeham is mentioned in the Domesday survey as lands belonging to the Church of St Augustine. The Manor continued in the possessions of St Augustine’s until the act of dissolution in the early 16th century when the lands were retained by the Crown before being given to the Archbishop. The Archbishop leased the lands and, according to Hasted, much of the estate was leased to the owners of Knowlton Manor, who in 1800 was Sir Narborough D’Aeth. 4.1.5 The parish of Little Mongeham was very sparsely occupied, mainly consisting of agricultural land and a few houses. Apart from the parish and settlement of Little Mongeham the other settlements within the Study Area seem to be medieval in origin. Very little is mentioned about East Studdal although it appears to have its origins around the 13th century. The place name Studdal means Stud Forest; forest where a stud or herd of stallions is kept. It is derived from the Old English Stōd weald and was recorded as Stodwalde in 1240 and Stodwolde in 1338. An Eststodwolde and a Weststodwolde are recorded in the 13th century indicating that two distinct separate settlements existed (Glover 1982, 183). 4.1.6 Hasted (1800, 579-583) describes the parish of Little Mongeham as ‘about sixteen houses within it, and about 1000 acres of land. It reaches a long way southward till it joins parish, comprehending all East Studdal, the estates in which belong to Mr. Barrett, of Lee, and the heirs of Mr. Michael Russell, of Dover, as far as the road leading from Betshanger to Maidensole, which is likewise in this parish. It is rather more hilly, and the soil more inclined to chalk, than Great Mongeham… and the fields are more open and uninclosed. There is not any fair.’ 4.1.7 To the northwest of the site is Stoneheap Farm which also has its origins in the 13th century, the Study Area covers the south eastern edge of it but not the farmstead itself. The name Stoneheap Farm is derived from the Old English stān œrn meaning Stone House. It was recorded as Stonrene in 1247 and Stonerenne in 1278. The present name is probably derived from the farm being constructed close to the ruins of the old stone house (Glover 1982, 182). 4.1.8 The western edge of the Parish and village of Sutton is contained within the south eastern part of the Study Area. Sutton appears to have earlier origins that East Studdal and Stoneheap Farm being recorded as early as the mid 12th century. The place name

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 Sutton means South Farmstead derived from the Old English sūð tūn and is recorded as Suttone in 1154 and Sutton’ in 1226 (Glover 1982, 184). 4.1.9 The parish and village of Sutton is described in a similar, perhaps more dimissive fashion to Little Mongeham by Hasted: ‘[the] parish which is but small, lies on high ground, among the open and uninclosed hills, and contains upwards of nine hundred acres of land, the soil is very thin, and rather stony, being a clay upon a chalk, but with a diversity of soil, in a smaller proportion, like the other neighbouring parishes. The village, which contains about 24 houses, having the church close to it, is situated nearly in the middle of the parish. There is no fair, nor any thing further worth mention in it. (1800, 558-564).

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 5 Archaeological Resources and Potential 5.1 Geology and Topography 5.1.1 The site is located on land on the north side of Downs Road at an elevation of between 55 and 60 metres above Ordnance Datum, sloping down from the west to east. The site is located on the western side of the head of a north east south west orientated dry valley, which drops from the high plateau of the Old Downs to the south west of the site down toward Little Mongeham to the north east. 5.1.2 According to 1:50,000 maps of the British Geological Survey (BGS), the bedrock geology of the site is Chalk of the Seaford Formation. This sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 84 to 90 million years ago in the Cretaceous Period in a local environment previously dominated by warm chalk seas. 5.1.3 A finger of Head – Silt and Gravel overlies the chalk and extends across the south east part of the site in a north east south west orientation. This superficial deposit was formed up to 3 million years ago in the Quaternary Period in a local environment then dominated by subaerial slopes. 5.2 Archaeological Introduction 5.2.1 Very little field archaeology has been carried out in the Study Area, reflecting the predominantly rural nature of the area. A few Watching Briefs with negative results have been carried out on small scale domestic redevelopment nearby. The majority of archaeological sites within the Study Area have been identified as cropmarks from aerial photography. The large open fields within the Study Area with predominantly chalk geology is highly responsive to the identification of sites as cropmark or soilmarks revealing a number of complex and probably multi-period sites within the landscape. 5.2.2 The remainder of archaeological sites located within the Study Area are predominantly artefacts found by chance or metal detecting, only one area on the edge of the Study Area to the south west at Broome Bungalows has been subject to systematic controlled metal detecting survey as part of a small scale research excavation, with the remainder of finds recorded on an ad hoc basis and recorded in the Kent HER as part of the Portable Antiquities Scheme. 5.2.3 No archaeological investigations are recorded as having taken place on the site. 5.3 Non Designated Heritage Assets within the Study Area (Figure 3). The numbers in bold below refer to their location on Figure 3. Cropmarks of Bronze Age Date 5.3.1 Four ring ditches identifiable as cropmarks from Aerial photographs have been identified approximately 560 metres north east of the site (1). The ring ditches are likely to represent Bronze Age barrow mounds and contain internal features. There is also an ovoid enclosure which may be associated with the ring ditches. The site is also a Scheduled Monument (See section 3 above). Iron Age Finds 5.3.2 A Copper alloy Potin coin was found 840 metres south west of the site during metal detecting (2). 5.3.3 A Copper Alloy Potin was found 890 metres south west during metal detecting (3). 5.3.4 A Copper Alloy Potin was found 290 metres north west of the site during metal detecting (4).

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 5.3.5 Four copper alloy coins; three Potins and a Unit, were found approximately 400 metres north east of the site (5). 5.3.6 An uninscribed gold quarter stater was found on the ploughed surface of a field at Stoneheap Farm in the mid 19th century (6). 5.3.7 Two Copper Alloy Coins, both Potins were found during metal detecting 800 metres south east of the site (7). 5.3.8 A Potin was found approximately 790 metres south east during metal detecting (8). 5.3.9 An Iron Age gold Quarter Stater, a copper alloy stater and four Copper Alloy Potin coins were found approximately 915 metres south west of the site during a controlled metal detecting survey at Broom Bungalows (9). 5.3.10 An Iron Age Copper Alloy Unit and a copper alloy coin of uncertain denomination were found approximately 920 metres south west of the site (10). Prehistoric 5.3.11 A single prehistoric struck flint was found in topsoil during a Watching Brief carried out in 2009 at The Follies, East Studdal 290 metres south west of the site (KHER TR 34 NW 299). The flint was not recorded or retained in the archive. Cropmarks of Prehistoric and/or Roman Date 5.3.12 Cropmarks of five ring ditches and four rectilinear enclosures and a square enclosure as well as two linear features are located in fields approximately 483 metres north east of the site (12). These may be or Prehistoric and/or Roman date. 5.3.13 A rectangular enclosure of Prehistoric or Roman date is located approximately 760 metres north east of the site (13). 5.3.14 The cropmark of a three sided rectilinear enclosure of prehistoric or Roman date is visible 880 metres northeast of the site (14). 5.3.15 The cropmark of a field system consisting of two or more sub rectangular fields as well as pits and other linear features are located 570 metres south of the site (15). 5.3.16 The cropmark of a clearly defined concentric ring ditch is located approximately 630 metres south of the site (16). The ring ditch may be or prehistoric or Roman date. 5.3.17 A trackway of prehistoric or Roman date is located approximately 820 metres south of the site (17). 5.3.18 A Trackway with a complex of enclosures attached to it is located approximately 380 metres south east of the site (18). Pits and splodges are also visible and the whole complex may be of prehistoric or Roman date. 5.3.19 A ring ditch of prehistoric or Roman date has been identified approximately 420 metres south east of the site (19). A discrepancy in plotting on the NMR has placed it 80 metres further to the south east. 5.3.20 Two ring ditches identified as cropmarks are located approximately 480 metres south east of the site boundary (20). A discrepancy in plotting by the NMR however places it 80 metres further to the south east. 5.3.21 Approximately 360 metres south west of the site boundary is a curvilinear enclosure which may be of prehistoric or Roman date (21). 5.3.22 Two large ring ditches of prehistoric or Roman date are recorded in fields 510 metres south west of the site (22).

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 5.3.23 A Field system consisting of fragments of trackways with rectilinear fields or enclosures between them and three ring ditches, possibly drainage gullies for huts is located approximately 770 metres south west of the site (23). 5.3.24 A complex cropmark consisting of ditched enclosures attached to tracks; pits and splodges and other linear features has been identified approximately 870 metres south west of the site (24). This concentration of features may represent an Iron Age-Roman Market Settlement with a possible road, field system and ring ditches. 5.3.25 The cropmark of a settlement is located approximately 520 metres east of the site (25). The settlement consists of rectilinear enclosures and may be of Prehistoric or Roman date. 5.3.26 An irregular rectilinear enclosure attached to a trackway as well as pits and other features is located approximately 450 metres east of the site (26). The enclosure may be of prehistoric or Roman date. 5.3.27 A linear feature, identified on the 2007 Google Earth image and possibly representing a trackway is located 420 metres west of the site boundary between the Old Downs and East Studdal (27). 5.3.28 A possible enclosure and other features of prehistoric or Roman date is located approximately 780 metres west of the site (28). 5.3.29 An extensive area of ring ditches and enclosures of prehistoric or Roman date and covering many acres is recorded in the KHER to the west of the site (29). Roman Metal Detecting Finds 5.3.30 A Roman copper alloy Nummus of 4th century date and a 1st century silver Denarius were found approximately 790 metres south east of the site during Metal detecting (30). 5.3.31 A copper alloy brooch of Roman date was found during metal detecting approximately 770 metres south west of the site (31). Anglo Saxon Finds 5.3.32 Four silver Early Denarial pennies or Sceats dating to the 7th to 8th centuries were found approximately 400 metres north east at Little Mongeham. At the same spot two Anglo Saxon silver pennies of 11th century date as well as two Anglo Norman (late 11th century) silver pennies and a half penny were also found (32). No further details of their discovery is given. 5.3.33 An 8th century silver Sceat was found at Sutton Court Farm and a 9th century silver penny at Sutton approximately 790 metres south east of the site (33). 5.3.34 An 11th century copper alloy open work stirrup mount was found approximately 700 metres south east of the site during metal detecting (34). Post Medieval 5.3.35 The site of a Post Medieval manor house of 16th or 17th century date identified as earthworks and by a geophysical survey carried out in 2004 is located approximately 850 metres south east of the site (35). Post Medieval Farmsteads 5.3.36 In 2012 The Kent Farmsteads and Landscapes project was undertaken to map the historic character of farmsteads. This was achieved by comparing the Ordnance Survey 2nd edition maps which were published between 1890 and 1900 with modern maps and determining the degree of survival of the farmsteads shown. The 1890-1900 date was chosen because it marked the end of the period of traditional farmstead development. The results of the survey determined that the highest level of survival of farmsteads occurred within the Weald; and the North Kent Plain, Romney Marsh and the Thames

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 Estuary had the highest level of alteration to farmstead layouts and their associated landscapes (Kent Downs 2012). Two farmsteads are recorded in the Study Area as part of this survey both established c. 1800 AD. 5.3.37 Upper Farm is located approximately 720 metres south east of the site within the village of Sutton (36). It is a regular multiyard farmstead with a detached centrally located farmhouse that appears to have not suffered any alteration from its original layout. 5.3.38 Sutton Court Farm is located approximately 830 metres south east also within the village of Sutton (37). The farmstead was originally of regular courtyard plan with an L shaped element and centrally located detached farmhouse. The farmstead has suffered partial loss of its original form with modern sheds being built alongside the historic farmstead. Cropmarks of Unknown Date 5.3.39 The cropmark of a ring ditch of unknown date is located 375 metres north east of the site (38). The cropmark of the 8m diameter ditch was identified on the Google Earth image of 2013. 5.3.40 Two conjoined oblong cropmarks, possibly representing a single feature were identified on aerial photographs taken of Kent in 2012 approximately 375 metres north east of the site (39). 5.3.41 A ring ditch is visible as a cropmark on the Google Earth 2007 image approximately 850 metres north east of the site (40). 5.3.42 Trackways and other features of unknown date are located 790 metres north west of the site near Fairlight Bungalow (41). 5.3.43 Square and rectilinear features including an enclosure, a possible pit and other feature identified as cropmarks on the 2007 Google Earth image are located approximately 840 metres north west of the site (42). 5.3.44 Two areas of dark soil show as cropmarks approximately 210 metres south of the site (43). 5.3.45 An indistinct linear feature of unknown date, possibly a trackway has been identified 370 metres south of the site (44). 5.3.46 A scatter of ‘splodges’ possibly representing pits are located approximately 220 metres south west of the site (45). These features are located south of Oak Cottages and may be associated with a possible Iron Age/Roman settlement located nearby (Site 24). 5.3.47 The cropmark of a circular enclosure of unknown date is located 760 metres east of the site (46). 5.3.48 Further ‘splodges’ have been identified 380 metres south west of the site and may represent further pits of unknown date (47). Metal detecting Finds of Unknown date 5.3.49 A short section of round sectioned gold rod was found approximately 300 metres north east of the site during metal detecting (48). 5.4 General Summary of the Archaeology in its Landscape Context 5.4.1 The Study Area is almost entirely located within an area of agricultural land interspersed with limited areas of settlement. Our understanding of the distribution of past settlement in the Study Area is almost entirely restricted to the identification of sites and their interpretation from aerial photography. The identification of sites by aerial photography is not a fail-safe method of identifying sites, experience shows that cropmark distribution can underestimate the number and complexity of the features actually represented (Moody 2008, 94). Although it is equally true that the absence of

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 cropmarks can be a reasonable indicator of the relative sparsity of features. In many cases the sparse features such as individual ring ditches can be very significant archaeologically. The success of aerial photography is also dependent on the underlying geology of the area, cropmarks tend to be more identifiable on areas where there is chalk bedrock rather than deep Head deposits for example. 5.4.2 Other sites have also been identified as artefacts found during metal detecting. While some of these artefacts have been found as part of controlled archaeological excavation; site 9 for example, the majority of finds have been made as a result of ad hoc detecting and does not reflect a true picture of the distribution of sites in the landscape, being dependent on accurate volunteer reporting and permission from landowners to detect. Finds made by ad hoc metal detecting when gathered together can however provide a general background indicator of activity in the landscape. 5.4.3 Site 1; cropmarks of ring ditches possibly representing Bronze Age burials mounds as well as an ovoid enclosure, is located 560 metres to the north east of the site on Sutton Hill on a downward facing slope. Another ring ditch, site 40, which has not been assigned a period in the KHER occupies the north western side of Sutton Hill. Other ring ditches, occupying a similar topographic position within the surrounding landscape such as sites 12 and 38, located on the downward sloping ground toward Little Mongeham; sites 16, 19 and 20 and 23 on the western side of the valley between Old Downs and Sutton Downs; site 22 on the eastern side of the valley which dips down toward Wentways Farm and site 29 which occupies the western side of the same valley, may also represent similar Bronze Age ring ditches or burial mounds. These features would have been prominent markers in the landscape before their mounds were lost to erosion and agricultural activity. Based on their topographic position and distribution in the Study Area there is a high potential for similar features of Bronze Age date to be present on the site. 5.4.4 Sites interpreted as being of Prehistoric or Roman date are well represented in the landscape. An extensive cropmark complex, site 24, is located to the south east of the site and includes a possible road which extends for at least 400 metres in a north west south east direction traversing the 75 to 70 metres contour then bending to follow the 65 metre contour toward the north east for at least 200 metres before disappearing approximately 300 metres to the south west of the site. The complex also includes, field systems, trackways, rings ditches and other features and has been interpreted as an Iron Age- Roman Market settlement. Iron Age coinage (sites 2, 3, 9 and 10) and a Roman brooch (site 31) have also been found during metal detecting; as part of controlled archaeological excavation and ad hoc detecting, supporting an Iron Age to Roman date for the complex. 5.4.5 Other cropmarks to the south west of the site may be associated with this settlement, a curvilinear enclosure, site 21 is located to the south west as well as other pits and splodges which extend toward Downs Road around 120 metres south west of the site. Further features also probably associated with this settlement are located to the south east of the site and include field systems and/or enclosures as well as ring ditches that could also represent possible huts (site 23). 5.4.6 Another trackway, dropping down the southern side of Old Downs may continue the pattern of prehistoric or Roman rectilinear fields to the south east of the site (sites 17 and 15) and an undated possible trackway, site 44, may be part of this tradition. Further similarly orientated trackways, enclosures, pits and others features; sites 18, 25, 26 and 14, have been identified to the east of the site either side of the junction of Northbourne and Downs Road. A similar complex including trackways, field systems, enclosures and other features is located to the west of the site on the side of the valley opposite Old Downs (Sites 28, 29 and possibly 42). A further trackway may be located near Stoneheap Road (site 27). In the landscape to the north east there are also enclosures

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 and the remains of field systems of prehistoric to Roman date on the falling ground to the north east of the site (sites 12 and 13). Based on the distribution of sites interpreted as Prehistoric and/or Roman there is a high potential for archaeology of this date to be present on the site. 5.4.7 Anglo Saxon archaeology is restricted the discovery of artefacts through chance finds or metal detecting. All the discoveries of this date, sites 32, 33 and 34, are of coins dating between the 7th to 11th centuries and an 11th century copper alloy stirrup mount. Based on the sparse distribution of sites interpreted as of this date within the Study Area there is a low potential for archaeology of this date to be present on the site. 5.4.8 Post Medieval archaeology is represented by the site of a 16th or 17th century manor house and two farmsteads established around 1800 to the south east at Sutton. Based on this distribution there is a low potential for features of Post Medieval date to be present on the site. 5.4.9 In summary the site lies within an area of high archaeological potential. There is a high potential for ring ditches or barrows of Bronze Age date and features of prehistoric and/or Roman date to be present on the site. There is a low potential for features of Anglo Saxon and Post Medieval date to be present on the site and archaeology of medieval date is not represented in the Study Area at all. The undated cropmarks identified in the Study Area may belong to any of the phases and it is however, possible that archaeological features of any of the periods represented in the Study Area may be located on the site.

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 6 Land Development 6.1 Cartographic Evidence for the Development of the Site 6.1.1 Examination of available maps of the site and the Study Area has provided an indication of the development of the landscape around and on the site and the changes that have taken place predominantly between the late 18th and the 21st centuries. 6.1.2 Ordnance Survey Field Surveyors Drawing of Canterbury. 1797. Scale 3’ to 1 mile. (Figure 4). This map shows the location around the site and Study Area in accurate cartographic detail. The main roads and trackways are shown clearly on this map with Sutton shown to the south east, West Studdall (sic) to the west and Stone---- (Stoneheap) to the north west and Little Monegham to the north east. Patches of pasture and grasslands are shown dotted around the Study Area although the majority of the Study Area is shown as open arable fields coloured buff. The site itself is located within a large triangular field bordered by trackways on all three sides. The field is open and appears to be in use for arable. No features are shown in the field or on the site. 6.1.3 Little Mongeham, Kent Tithe Map. Surveyed by F. R. Davey 1840. (Figure 5). The Site is located on the eastern edge of the parish of Little Mongeham adjacent to the parish of Sutton. The layout of the landscape around the site is similar to that shown on the Ordnance Survey Field Surveyors drawing 43 years earlier. Little Mongeham Farm is shown to the north east of the site and West Studdell (sic) to the west. Jack’s Bush is labelled to the east at the junction of Northbourne Road with Down’s Road. The fields surrounding the site are all large and in use for arable (Appts.79, 75, 76) and with the largest field named for their topographic location- Downs. The site itself covers two apportionments Lodge Field and Harvey’s Downs (Appt. 77 and 78). Lodge Field shows a small agricultural building on its north east edge along the trackway between Sutton and Stoneheap. The site is clear and there are no features shown on it. Apportionment Owner Occupier Name Use Size (A.R.P) 75 William Dilnott Isaac Sladden Downs Arable 71.2.25 76 Rev. William Harvey Himself Further Field Arable 15.3.5 77 Rev. William Harvey Himself Lodge Field Arable 15.2.35 78 William Dilnott Isaac Sladden Harveys Downs Arable 59.3.15 79 Archbishop of Canterbury Benjamin K. Downs Arable 217.1.23 (Lessor) E. R. Rice Esq. Coleman. (Lessee)

Table 1. Detail of Tithe Apportionments covering the site (bold). Little Mongeham Parish.

6.1.4 Ordnance Survey County Series First Edition 1:2500 & 1:10560 Sheet LVIII.10, LVIII.6 and LVIII 1877 (Figure 6). Very little has changed from the previous map. Additional footpaths cross the landscape leading from Sutton to Stoneheap and East Studdal and Studdal; one of which crosses the triangular field in which the site is located although it does not cross the site itself. The two fields covering the site have been amalgamated to form one large triangular field. No features are shown on the Site.

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 6.1.5 Ordnance Survey County Series Second Edition 1898 1:2500 and 1:10560 Sheets LVIII.10, LVIII.6 and LVIII (Not illustrated). There are no changes to the area around and on the site from the previous map. 6.1.6 Ordnance Survey County Series Third Edition 1906 1:2500 and 1:10560 Sheets LVIII.10, LVIII.6 and LVIII (Figure 7). The landscape around the site has undergone some significant subdivision to the west at East Studdal on the western side of Stoneheap Road. The large fields here have been subdivided into individual plots and some housing has been erected there. The large triangular field in which the site is located has been subdivided in a similar way with long narrow plots visible to the south west, with the remainder of the field divided into larger plots towards the eastern side of the field. With the exception of a plot on the western side of the field, all the plots are orientated approximately north east south west. Presumably these larger plots are still in agricultural use. A single building is shown on the southern side of the field to the west of the site set back from Downs Road. The site itself now covers two fields (land parcels 59d and 59e). Apart from the field boundaries there are no features shown on the site. 6.1.7 Ordnance Survey County Series 1938 Revision 1:2500 and 1:10560 Sheets LVIII.10, LVIII.6 and LVIII (Figure 8) Major changes have taken place to the area immediately surrounding the site and also on the site itself. Houses have been constructed within the subdivided triangular field mainly along Downs Road although Brighton Bungalows is shown at the northern apex of the field and further development around the junction of Downs Road and Northbourne Road to the east. The site itself is shown covering three separate land parcels (140, 127 and 128). The eastern, northern and parts of the western and southern boundaries of the site have been established. The site covers part of land parcel 127 which contains a single detached dwelling set back from Downs Road. The site covers the northern half of the parcel which is shown as open garden with no features. The site also covers land parcel 128 which is also shown as open ground with no additional features. Land Parcel 140 contains an L shaped building subdivided into two on its south western corner and a small rectangular building in its south eastern corner. In the centre and northern part of the plot is a long rectangular building divided into four linear sections probably representing a glasshouse(s). A driveway or turning circle is shown at the front of the plot accessed from Downs Road. 6.1.8 Ordnance Survey National Grid 1957 1:2500 (Figure 9). The site is now shown covering two separate land parcels; no. 5677 and 6176. Land parcel 5677 shown as land parcel 127 on the previous map is unchanged and still forms part of the garden to the property fronting Downs Road. Land parcel 6176, now labelled East Studdal Nurseries combines parcels 128 and 140. The area formerly covered by 128 is still shown as open ground with no features. The area formerly covering land parcel 140 shows a number of new buildings. The L shaped building in the south west corner of the site has been extended as has the adjoining rectangular building. A smaller rectangular structure is shown adjacent to this group. On the western side of the northern part of this land four rectangular bays or structures are also shown, possibly bays or sheds with clear access to the land behind shown by a gap in the former boundary between the two land parcels. The rectangular building in the central part of the site is now shown as a glass house with additional

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 glasshouse structures constructed on its eastern and western sides. The small rectangular building in the south eastern corner has been doubled in size and may now represent a double garage or shed. The driveway/access arrangement is largely unchanged from the previous map. 6.1.9 Ordnance Survey National Grid 1977 1:2500 (Figure 10). The boundaries of the site are now established. The western side of the site, formerly gardens, has been separated from the property fronting Downs Road; now named The White House. This part of the site is labelled East Studdal Nurseries and is occupied by three linear glasshouses. Three glasshouse now occupy the open area to the rear of the glasshouses shown on the previous map and consist of two large long rectangular glasshouses and a shorter glass house. The glasshouses shown on the previous map have been extended on the east and western sides and a new small rectangular glasshouse added on its northern side. The L shaped building on the western side of the site has been extended toward the north. The demarcation of the access/driveway into the site is no longer shown perhaps suggesting that it is now an open yard. 6.1.10 Existing Promap Ordnance Survey Site Plan 2018 1: 1250. (Figure 11) The site has undergone further changes from the publication of the previous map. The series of three glasshouses located within the north west corner of the site appear to have been demolished and replaced with three larger structures on a slightly different orientation and adjoining the existing greenhouse to the east. An open yard and footpath is also marked on this part of the site. The two adjoining glasshouses shown on the north east part of the site have been extended to form a large rectangular block of five bays almost covering the entire part of this area of the site. A small circular feature is shown to the south east of this block along the edge of the eastern boundary. In the southern part of the site the north south aligned glasshouses shown on the previous map still exist although the smaller structures to the north and west have been removed to allow access to the yard and glasshouses in the north west part of the site. A trapezoidal feature, possibly a plant bed, is shown at the front of the site. The existing dwelling remains at the front of the site although the adjoining L shaped structure has been partially rebuilt or demolished to incorporate a new larger rectangular structure on its northern end. 6.2 Cartographic Summary 6.2.1 The network of trackways connecting the settlements at Studdal, East Studdal, Sutton, Stoneheap and Little Mongeham that later developed into the present road system were well established by at least the late 18th century. Where these roads converged; Stoneheap Road, Northbourne Road and Downs Road, they created a large triangular field in which the site was situated known as Lodge Field and Harvey’s Downs on the Tithe map of 1840. 6.2.2 The majority of the land surrounding the site consisted of large open fields in use as arable with smaller fields, orchards and areas of pasture and woodland developing around the immediate periphery of the nearby villages and hamlets. 6.2.3 The large triangular field in which the site was situated remained largely unchanged until the period between the publication of the 1898 and 1906 Ordnance Survey maps when the field was subdivided into much smaller plots and housing began to be constructed along Downs Road slowly expanding the settlement at East Studdal. 6.2.4 The boundaries of the site began to be established in the period between 1906 and 1938 where it originally consisted of a single plot containing glasshouses and a dwelling and the rear garden of the adjacent property to the west. Between 1938 and 1957 additional glasshouses were constructed on the site although the western part of the site remained as gardens for The White House. By 1977, the gardens of the White House appear to

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 have been sold and taken into the ownership and use of East Studdal Nurseries and glass houses and other structures are shown within all sections of the site. Some of these structures have been demolished and or rebuilt more than once. By the publication of the 2018 Ordnance Survey map most of the site is either yard or covered by glasshouses and other structures.

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 7 The Site Inspection 7.1 The Site Inspection 7.1.1 A site inspection was carried out by Trust staff on 29th January 2018 to examine the present condition of the site. The weather conditions during the inspection were bright and sunny. General illustrative photographs were taken around the site. 7.1.2 The site is located within a roughly ‘L’ shaped plot of land that fronts on to Downs Road to the south and is bordered by agricultural fields and The White House to the west, agricultural fields to the north and New House and its Gardens to the east. The plot is situated on a relatively steeply sloping site that falls down from the west at approximately 60 metres to the south east to an elevation of around 55 metres. The site also slopes down to the north east from the higher ground to the south. The site is occupied by an existing residential dwelling, glasshouses, sheds, a garage and other structures associated with a plant nursery. 7.1.3 The existing dwelling is located in the south western corner of the site and is bordered by a mature hedge and wooden fence panels which separate the private gardens from the working nursery. The northern side of the house fronts directly into the nursery yard. Access into the site is from Downs Road via a concrete and tarmaced driveway which leads into a car parking area on the eastern side of the existing dwelling and the nursery yard beyond (Plates 1&2). 7.1.4 A garage, visible on the Ordnance Survey maps of 1938 onwards and constructed of preformed concrete blocks on a raised concrete platform is located in the south east corner of the site. A second bay, now demolished is visible on its western side and was shown on Ordnance Survey maps from 1958 onwards (Plate 3). 7.1.5 To the rear of the garage is a group of glasshouses shown as three individual buildings on the Ordnance Survey map of 1977. The glasshouses have been constructed on a platform that broadly follows the sloping topography of the site. Although the construction platform appears to have partially terraced the natural slope at least along its western and southern side to accommodate the construction. The glasshouses have been constructed on brick and concrete strip foundations with the internal areas left as earth with concrete paths laid on the surface (Plate 4&5). 7.1.6 On the western side of the site adjacent to the northern eastern side of the existing dwelling is a prefabricated concrete shed which may be the same structure shown on the 1938 OS map and which adjoins a relatively modern prefabricated sheet metal barn shown on the existing map of the site. Both structures appear to be constructed on concrete platforms. On the eastern side of the modern barn is a narrow concrete and brick bay that is partially sunk into the ground surface and used for hardening off plants (Plate 6). Similar bays are located along the western side of the greenhouses on the other side of the concrete yard surface. 7.1.7 On the northern side of the glasshouses there are also concrete structures supporting large oil tanks that were once used to heat the glasshouses, a small glasshouse and brick chimney that formed a boiler room and now disused. Along the eastern border of the site is a circular metal water tank adjacent to a second metal water tank supported on concrete blocks. The ground adjacent to the circular water tank has recently been disturbed, exposing the head and chalk geology not far beneath the surface (Plate 7 &8). 7.1.8 To the rear of the first group of greenhouses is a second block of larger glasshouses shown on the existing Ordnance Survey map of the site. Sunken channels along the southern side of this block carry water and other service pipes and ducts to the greenhouses. This group has also been constructed on strip foundations. The block at the eastern side of the site has been demolished leaving the bare earth surface and water

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 pipe. Exposed earth along the edge of the standing glasshouse to the west indicates that this part of the site has been terraced into the natural geology to accommodate the glasshouse platforms (Plate 9-11). 7.1.9 A third block of glasshouses is located in the north east corner of the site on the rising ground. This block has been constructed in a similar fashion to the others on the site using strip foundations and internal posts supported on concrete pads. The internal surface of the glasshouses follows the natural slope of the site (Plates 12&13). An area stripped of grass is located to the south of this block and is currently in use for storage. A second area along the western side of this block of glasshouses has been stripped of topsoil (Plates 14-16). 7.1.10 The western side of the site is largely undisturbed and laid to grass with the north western corner used to stockpile soil, for burning rubbish and to site a beehive (Plates 17 and 18). 7.2 Summary 7.2.1 The site slopes significantly from the west down to the south and south east. It is mainly occupied by the existing dwelling, blocks of glasshouses, sheds, a barn and other ancillary structures. 7.2.2 The glasshouses have been constructed using strip foundations of brick and/or concrete with the internal surfaces remaining as bare earth. The ground surface of the glasshouses broadly follows the slope of the existing ground level although it has been necessary to terrace the site in places to build the structures and create a workable surface. 7.2.3 Concrete paths and access which is bordered and crossed with channels for water, heating and other services for the nursery infill most areas in between the glasshouses. 7.2.4 The area along the western side of the site remains undeveloped as does a strip along the length of the northern boundary. 7.2.5 No Heritage Assets were identified above ground during the site inspection although Head deposits were visible in exposed areas on the eastern side of the site confirming its presence on this part of the site.

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 8 Impact Assessment 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Evidence of the previous and present use of the Site has been gathered through analysis of historic mapping and topographical data. The impact of previous land use on potential archaeological remains has been assessed using two analytical categories: definitions of level of impact and impacts defined by the Study Area. 8.2 Definitions of Level of Impact 8.2.1 Areas of a site where any surviving archaeological remains can be assumed to have been destroyed through deep excavations such as for a building’s basement or through aggregate extraction are assessed to have had a total impact on the archaeological resource. 8.2.2 Areas of a site where the reduction of ground levels into or below the surface of geological deposits by previous construction of buildings with foundations are assessed to have had a high impact on the archaeological resource. 8.2.3 Areas of a site where there have been irregular patterns of disturbance from previous land use, for example from the excavation of services, the location of temporary structures or use of a site as an orchard, allotments or long term agricultural use of a site where undisturbed archaeological deposits may survive in places, are assessed as having had a medium impact on the archaeological resource. 8.2.4 Areas of a site that appear to have been untouched by construction or where minimal landscaping, or agricultural cultivation such as use for pasture has taken place are deemed to have had a low impact on the archaeological resource. 8.3 Impacts Defined by the Study 8.3.1 The topographic location of the site is on the western side of a north east – south west orientated valley. The site slopes down steeply from the west at approximately 60 metres to the east and south east at around 55 metres above Ordnance Datum. The underlying geology of the site is mostly chalk, with a finger of Head deposit extending into the site in the east and south east corner filling the bottom of the valley. Cartographic sources indicate the site was an exposed open field in use for arable cultivation from at least the mid-19th century, probably earlier, until it became a nursery and gardens sometime between 1906 and 1938. This historic use suggests that the site will have undergone a degree of erosion through natural processes and also from general agricultural use, which is considered to have had a generally low to medium impact on the archaeological potential of the site. 8.3.2 Cartographic sources indicate the site became used as a nursery and gardens between 1906 and 1938. Glasshouses were first constructed on the site by 1938 and gradually additional structures were constructed on the northern and western parts of the site from 1938 to the present day. The maps suggest that at least two iterations were constructed in the north east part of the site between 1977 and the present day. The construction of the greenhouses appear to have been mainly strip foundations around the edges with internal concrete pads as the bases for individual internal supports. The construction of the foundations and support pads is considered to have had a high impact on the archaeological resource. 8.3.3 Although the internal areas of the glasshouses have been left as bare earth, broadly following the slope of the site and with superficial concrete paths, there has been some degree of truncation and terracing to facilitate their construction and a workable surface. Some parts of the earth surface have been dug over and used as planting beds and are also crossed by irrigation and other service pipes. These factors are considered to have had a cumulative medium impact on the archaeological potential in these

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 areas. 8.3.4 The areas between and immediately surrounding the glasshouses are mainly laid to concrete with other ancillary structures such as the water tanks and a brick chimney on concrete bases and foundations. The creation of driveways and access at the front of the site will have necessitated a degree of truncation of the existing ground surface to accommodate them. It is considered that this is likely to have had a general medium to high impact on the archaeological potential in these areas. 8.3.5 The construction of the existing dwelling, along with its extensions and services is considered to have had a high impact on the archaeological potential of this area of the site. 8.3.6 In general the site has suffered a cumulative medium to high impact on its archaeological potential through previous use of the site. 8.4 Potential Impact of the Development of the Site 8.4.1 A residential development comprising a total of 10 units (units 1-10), parking and access from Downs Road is proposed on the site. A drainage field is also proposed on the north east side (Figure 12 and 13). 8.4.2 The existing dwelling will remain on the site with a new access passing adjacent to the eastern side of the house from Downs Road. 8.4.3 All existing structures, including the sheds, barn and glasshouses will be removed and/or demolished. 8.4.4 Units 1 will be constructed within the area of the former garage in the south east corner of the site. Unit 2 will be constructed on the northern edge of the footprint of the barn. Unit 3 will be constructed in an area of previously largely undisturbed ground in the western part of the site. Units 4-7 will be constructed within the footprint of the westernmost glasshouse. The gardens for units 3-7 are located in an area that has remained largely undisturbed along the western boundary of the site. 8.4.5 Units 8, 9 and 10 are to be located within the footprint of the block of greenhouses within the northern part of the site. 8.4.6 The Drainage field is located in the north eastern corner of the site within the footprint of the existing and demolished glasshouses. 8.4.7 In general, the redevelopment of a site for residential development will have a high impact in areas where construction and the installation of services is to take place, through the excavation of foundations, service trenches, access routes, landscaping and the general movement of plant over exposed surfaces. 8.5 Potential Effects of Construction on the Archaeological Resource. 8.5.1 Taking the previous considerations into account, the potential effects of construction on the areas of development can be generally predicted. The highest potential for disturbance or loss of archaeological material would be during any reduction of the ground levels required in the development area either through demolition of the existing building or through construction. Damaging effects of the development are likely to involve:  Demolition of existing structures and surfaces: will have a high impact on archaeological remains that may exist either within or in the vicinity of the footprint of these structures through the grubbing out of foundations and other parts of the structure and surfaces.  General: The most likely impact is predicted to come from manoeuvring plant on exposed subsoil or archaeologically sensitive surfaces following any ground reduction

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 that is carried out. Continual tracking over exposed surfaces could cause extensive damage to underlying archaeological deposits particularly in damp or wet conditions and have a high impact on the archaeological resource.

 Removal of deposits to create construction terraces or platforms will have a high/total impact on archaeological remains that may exist in these areas unless the deposits are removed under archaeological control.  Excavation of foundations for new buildings will have a high impact on archaeological remains that may survive in these areas.

 Excavation of new roads, access, services and drainage across the site will have a high impact on archaeological remains that may survive in these areas through operations such as reduction of ground surfaces to the level of archaeology and manoeuvring of plant across exposed subsoil or archaeological surfaces.  General landscaping may involve reduction of ground levels. The most likely impact is predicted to come from the manoeuvring of plant on exposed subsoil or archaeological surfaces. Continual tracking over exposed surfaces could cause extensive damage to vulnerable underlying archaeological deposits particularly in damp or wet conditions.

 Long term attrition of the site through gardening, tree planting and localised improvements to residential properties will have a medium impact on any surviving archaeological remains on the site.

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 9 Summary and Discussion 9.1 The Desk Based Assessment has established that the site is located in the village of East Studdal on the western side of the head of a north east south west orientated dry valley which drops down from Old Downs to Little Mongeham to the north east. The site slopes steeply from the west at an elevation of approximately 60 metres down to the east to an elevation of around 55 metres. The bedrock geology of the site is Chalk of the Seaford formation with a finger of Head deposit filling the lower reaches of the dry valley in the south eastern part of the site. 9.2 The DBA has identified 10 Designated Heritage Assets within the Study Area comprising Sutton Conservation Area, 8 Listed Buildings and a Scheduled Ancient Monument; none are located on the site. The Listed Buildings are all located within the Sutton Conservation area approximately 650 metres south east of the site and range in date from the medieval to the Post Medieval Period and include a church, two gravestones and a chest tomb two timber framed houses, an inn and a farmhouse. None of the Listed Buildings or the Conservation Area will be affected by the proposed development. The Scheduled Ancient Monument, Four ring ditches on the ridge of Sutton Hill, is located 560 metres north east of the site boundary and will remain unaffected by the proposed development due to its distance and separation from it. 9.3 The Site lies within an area of high archaeological potential and most sites have been identified as cropmarks through aerial photography or as artefacts found by chance or through metal detecting with the addition of the site of a post medieval manor house and two farmsteads located within Sutton. There are extensive complexes of cropmarks including ring ditches, enclosures, trackways, pits and other features throughout the Study Area which are interpreted as being of Bronze Age, prehistoric and/or Roman date. 9.4 None of the Non Designated or Designated Heritage Assets have been identified on the site although features associated with the cropmark complex to the south east could extend into the site. Based on the distribution and date of sites in the landscape there is a high potential for Bronze Age ring ditches or Barrows and for features of prehistoric and/or Roman date to be present on the site. There is a low potential for Anglo Saxon and Post Medieval archaeology and no potential for medieval archaeology to be present on the site. It is, however, possible that archaeological features of any of the periods represented in the Study Area may be present. 9.5 Cartographic analysis has established that the network of trackways that developed into the present road system within the Study Area was well established by the late 18th century and has changed very little. The convergence of the roads created a large triangular field in which the site was situated known as Lodge Field and Harvey’s Downs on the Tithe map of 1840. The majority of the surrounding land was large open agricultural fields mainly in use for arable cultivation. 9.6 The settlement at East Studdal grew slowly and the site remained part of a much larger triangular open field until it was divided up and smaller parcels of land began to be marked on the maps from 1906. By 1938 the site began to be established, first as a rectangular block of land with a dwelling and glasshouses at the front of the site then as an ‘L’ shaped block of land when the rear gardens of The White House were taken into the ownership of the nursery. Between 1938 and the present day glasshouses and other structures were built covering most of the site by the present day. The results of the site inspection support the details of the cartographic analysis. No Heritage Assets were identified above ground during the site visit. 9.7 Previous use of the site established by the map regression and site inspection has indicated that the site is likely to have suffered a cumulative medium to high impact on the archaeological potential of the proposed development.

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 9.8 The results of the DBA indicate that a survey of archaeological records and archives is sufficient to give a general assessment of the archaeological potential of the proposed development site. Further research in the form of targeted field evaluation as part of a planning condition as indicated by the assessment of the site in the Dover District Council Heritage Strategy may be required to establish a base line assessment of the degree of impact previous land use has had on the archaeological potential of the site. The design of any field evaluation would take into account the potential direct impacts of the proposed residential development and the results used to formulate any further mitigation measures that may be necessary.

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 10 Acknowledgements The Trust would like to thank Steve Davies for commissioning the Trust for Thanet Archaeology to produce the Desk Based Assessment on behalf of the land owners, Mr and Mrs Burr. The Trust would like to thank the Burr family for their kind assistance on site. The Trust would also like to thank Rose Broadley of Kent County Council for her assistance in retrieving material from the Kent HER and also the staff at Kent History and Library Centre for their assistance with access to the archives. The research and illustrations for the DBA were carried out by Emma Boast. 11 Sources Consulted Databases Consulted BGS - British Geological Survey https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/viewer.html KHER- Kent Historic and Environment Resource, Kent County Council. Documents Glover, J. 1982. The Place Names of Kent. 2nd Edition. Meresborough Books: Rainham. Hasted, E. 1800. The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent Volume 9. pp. 579-583. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol9/pp579-583 last accessed 16th January 2018. Heritage Conservation Group Kent County Council, 2013. Dover District Heritage Strategy. Dover District Council: Dover. Moody, G. 2008. The Isle of Thanet from Prehistory to the Norman Conquest. The History Press: Gloucester.

Maps Ordnance Survey Field Surveyors Drawing of Canterbury, Kent. 1797. Scale 3’ to 1 Mile (1:31680). http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/ordsurvdraw/c/002osd000000017u00367000.html Last accessed 26th January 2018.

Davey, F. R. 1840. No. 2. Little Mongeham, Kent. Canterbury. Ordnance Survey First Edition County Series 1877 1:2500 Sheet LVIII.10 and LVIII.6 and 1:10560 LVIII Ordnance Survey Second Edition County Series 1898 1:2500 Sheet LVIII.10 and LVIII.6 and 1:10560 LVIII Ordnance Survey Third Edition County Series 1906 1:2500 Sheet LVIII.10 and LVIII.6 and 1:10560 LVIII Ordnance Survey County Series 1938 Revision 1:2500 Sheet LVIII.10 and LVIII.6 and 1:10560 LVIII Ordnance Survey National Grid Edition of 1957 1:2500. Ordnance Survey National Grid Edition of 1977 1:2500. Existing Promap Ordnace Survey Plan dated 2018.

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 Appendix 1

Listed Buildings within the Study Area

KHER Ref: Name Grade Date Description TR 34 NW 252 Flintstone Cottage II 1500 AD to 1999 AD Site, Timber Framed House, House, House TR 34 NW 256 Sutton Court II 1500 AD to 1999 AD Site, Timber Framed House, Timber Framed House, House TR 34 NW 255 Headstone To John II 1672 AD to 1700 AD Site, Gravestone and joyce Dilnot About 4 Metres East Of Church Of St Peter And St Paul TR 34 NW 254 Headstone To John II 1723 AD Site, Gravestone Garnett About 2 Metres North Of Church Of St Peter And St Paul TR 34 NW 261 The Boot II 1666 AD to 1699 AD Site, Inn, House TR 34 NW 271 Upper Farm II 1810 AD to 1850 AD Site, Farmhouse TR 34 NW 274 Tomb Chest And II 1772 AD to 1810 AD Site, Chest Tomb, Gravestone Headstone To Marsh Family About 1 Metre North Of Church Of St Peter And St Paul TR 34 NW 272 Church Of St Peter II* 1100 AD to 1861 AD Site, Parish Church, Parish Church, Parish Church And St Paul

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 Appendix 2 Gazetteer of Archaeological Sites

Site No. KHER and other Period Description references

1 KHER TR 34 NW 16 Cropmarks: Bronze Four ring ditches identifiable as cropmarks from Aerial photographs have Age been identified north east of the site. The ring ditches are likely to represent Bronze Age barrow mounds and contain internal features. There is also an ovoid enclosure which may be associated with the ring ditches. The site is also a Scheduled Monument. 2 KHER MKE 65699 Iron Age Finds A Copper alloy potin coin was found south west of the site during metal detecting.

3 KHER MKE65794 Iron Age Finds A Copper Alloy Potin was found south west during metal detecting.

4 KHER MKE66222 Iron Age Finds A Copper Alloy Potin was found north west of the site during metal detecting.

5 KHER MKE66211, 66218, Iron Age Finds Four copper alloy coins; three Potins and a Unit, were found north east of 66213 and 66226 the site.

6 KHER TR 35 SW 10 and Iron Age Finds An uninscribed gold quarter stater was found on the ploughed surface of a KHER MKE66160 field at Stoneheap Farm in the mid 19th century.

7 KHER MKE 63614 and Iron Age Finds Two Copper Alloy Coins, both Potin’s were found during metal detecting 66308 south east of the site.

8 KHER MKE66278 Iron Age Finds A Potin was found to the south east during metal detecting.

9 KHER MKE65486, 65789, Iron Age Finds An Iron Age gold Quarter Stater, a copper alloy stater and four Copper 65792, 64123, 64124, 64137 Alloy Potin coins were found south west of the site during a controlled metal detecting survey at Broom Bungalows. 10 KHER MKE65716 and Iron Age Finds An Iron Age Copper Alloy Unit and a copper alloy coin of uncertain 64243 denomination were found south west of the site.

11 KHER TR 34 NW 299 Prehistoric Finds A single prehistoric struck flint was found in topsoil during a Watching Brief carried out in 2009 at The Follies, East Studdal south west of the site. The flint was not recorded or retained in the archive. 12 KHER 35 SW 103 Prehistoric/Roman Cropmarks of five ring ditches and four rectilinear enclosures and a square Cropmarks enclosure as well as two linear features are located in fields north east of the site. 13 KHER TR 35 SW 108 Prehistoric/Roman A rectangular enclosure is located north east of the site. Cropmarks

14 KHER TR 34 NW 46 Prehistoric/Roman The cropmark of a three sided rectilinear enclosure of prehistoric or Cropmarks Roman date is visible northeast of the site.

15 KHER TR 34 NW 72 Prehistoric/Roman The cropmark of a field system consisting of two or more sub rectangular Cropmarks fields as well as pits and other linear features are located south of the site.

16 KHER TR 34 NW 179 Prehistoric/Roman The cropmark of a clearly defined concentric ring ditch is located south of Cropmarks the site.

17 KHER TR 34 NW 71 Prehistoric/Roman A trackway of prehistoric or Roman date is located south of the site. Cropmarks

18 KHER TR 34 NW 43 Prehistoric/Roman A Trackway with a complex of enclosures attached to it is located south Cropmarks east of the site. Pits and splodges are also visible.

19 KHER TR 34 NW 314 Prehistoric/Roman A ring ditch of prehistoric or Roman date has been identified south east of Cropmarks the site. A discrepancy in plotting on the NMR has placed it 80 metres further to the south east. 20 KHER TR 34 NW 69 Prehistoric/Roman Two ring ditches identified as cropmarks are located south east of the site Cropmarks boundary. A discrepancy in plotting by the NMR however places it 80 metres further to the south east. 21 KHER TR 34 NW 36 Prehistoric/Roman South west of the site boundary is a curvilinear enclosure. Cropmarks

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 22 KHER TR 34 NW 184 Prehistoric/Roman Two large ring ditches of prehistoric or Roman date are recorded in fields Cropmarks south west of the site.

23 KHER TR 34 NW 67 Prehistoric/Roman A Field system consisting of fragments of trackways with rectilinear fields Cropmarks or enclosures between them and three ring ditches, possibly drainage gullies for huts is located south west of the site. 24 KHER TR 34 NW 38 Prehistoric/Roman A complex cropmark consisting of ditched enclosures attached to tracks; Cropmarks pits and splodges and other linear features has been identified south west of the site. This concentration of features may represent an Iron Age- Roman Market Settlement with a possible road, field system and ring ditches. 25 KHER TR 34 NW 44 Prehistoric/Roman The cropmark of a settlement is located east of the site. The settlement Cropmarks consists of rectilinear enclosures and may be of Prehistoric or Roman date.

26 KHER TR 34 NW 45 Prehistoric/Roman An irregular rectilinear enclosure attached to a trackway as well as pits and Cropmarks other features is located east of the site. The enclosure may be of prehistoric or Roman date. 27 KHER TR 34 NW 37 Prehistoric/Roman A linear feature, identified on the 2007 Google Earth image and possibly Cropmarks representing a trackway is located west of the site boundary between the Old Downs and East Studdal. 28 KHER TR 34 NW 182 Prehistoric/Roman A possible enclosure and other features of prehistoric or Roman date is Cropmarks located west of the site.

29 KHER TR 34 NW 183 Prehistoric/Roman An extensive area of ring ditches and enclosures of prehistoric or Roman Cropmarks date and covering many acres is recorded in the KHER to the west of the site. 30 KHER MKE95114 & 95115 Roman Metal A Roman copper alloy Nummus of 4th century date and a 1st century silver Detecting Finds Denarius were found south east of the site during Metal detecting.

31 KHER MKE63679 Roman Metal A copper alloy brooch of Roman date was found during metal detecting Detecting Finds south west of the site.

32 KHER TR 35 SW 430, 431, Anglo Saxon Finds Four silver Early Denarial pennies or Sceats dating to the 7th to 8th 432 and 433, KHER TR 35 centuries were found to the north east at Little Mongeham. At the same SW 434, 435, 436, 437 and spot two Anglo Saxon silver pennies of 11th century date as well as two 438 Anglo Norman (late 11th century) silver pennies and a half penny were also found. No further details of their discovery is given. 33 KHER TR 34 NW 317 and Anglo Saxon Finds An 8th century silver Sceat was found at Sutton Court Farm and a 9th 318 century silver penny at Sutton south east of the site.

34 KHER MKE64466 Anglo Saxon Finds An 11th century copper alloy open work stirrup mount was found south east of the site during metal detecting.

35 KHER TR 34 NW 328 Post Medieval The site of a Post Medieval manor house of 16th or 17th century date identified as earthworks and by a geophysical survey carried out in 2004 is located south east of the site. 36 KHER MKE88019 Post Medieval Upper Farm c. 1800 Farmsteads

37 KHER MKE88021 Post Medieval Sutton Court Farm c.1800 Farmsteads

38 KHER TR 35 SW 449 Cropmarks of The cropmark of a ring ditch of unknown date is located north east of the unknown date site. The cropmark of the 8m diameter ditch was identified on the Google Earth image of 2013. 39 KHER TR 35 SW 461 Cropmarks of Two conjoined oblong cropmarks, possibly representing a single feature unknown date were identified on aerial photographs taken of Kent in 2012 north east of the site. 40 KHER TR 35 SW 387 Cropmarks of A ring ditch is visible as a cropmark on the Google Earth 2007 image north unknown date east of the site.

41 KHER TR 35 SW 127 Cropmarks of Trackways and other features of unknown date are located north west of unknown date the site near Fairlight Bungalow.

42 KHER TR 35 SW 380 Cropmarks of Square and rectilinear features including an enclosure, a possible pit and unknown date other feature identified as cropmarks on the 2007 Google Earth image are located north west of the site. 43 KHER TR 34 NW 40 Cropmarks of Two areas of dark soil show as cropmarks south of the site. unknown date

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018 44 KHER TR 34 NW 68 Cropmarks of An indistinct linear feature of unknown date, possibly a trackway has been unknown date identified south of the site.

45 KHER TR 34 NW 35 Cropmarks of A scatter of ‘splodges’ possibly representing pits are located south west of unknown date the site. These features are located south of Oak Cottages and may be associated with a possible Iron Age/Roman settlement located nearby. 46 KHER TR 34 NW 191 Cropmarks of The cropmark of a circular enclosure of unknown date is located east of unknown date the site.

47 KHER TR 34 NW 39 Cropmarks of Further ‘splodges’ have been identified south west of the site and may unknown date represent further pits of unknown date.

48 KHER MKE 64775 Metal detecting A short section of round sectioned gold rod was found north east of the finds of unknown site during metal detecting. date

East Studdal Nurseries, East Studdal, Kent. Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. Trust for Thanet Archaeology 2018