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Répartition En France Des Formes Actuelle Et Fossile De Pisidium Conventus Clessin, 1887 (Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae), Une Espèce En Déclin J

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Répartition En France Des Formes Actuelle Et Fossile De Pisidium Conventus Clessin, 1887 (Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae), Une Espèce En Déclin J Répartition en France des formes actuelle et fossile de Pisidium conventus Clessin, 1887 (Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae), une espèce en déclin J. Mouthon To cite this version: J. Mouthon. Répartition en France des formes actuelle et fossile de Pisidium conventus Clessin, 1887 (Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae), une espèce en déclin. Folia Conchyliologica, Cédric Audibert, 2017, 42, pp.3-9. hal-01765874 HAL Id: hal-01765874 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01765874 Submitted on 13 Apr 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Folia conchyliologica, n°42, octobre 2017 Répartition en France des formes actuelle et fossile de Pisidium conventus Clessin, 1887 (Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae), une espèce en déclin Jacques MOUTHON1 1 Irstea, UR MALY, 5 rue de La Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne, France E-mail : [email protected] Résumé – L'aire de répartition de Pisidium conventus en France se limite à la zone péri-alpine (lacs Léman et d'Annecy), au massif du Jura (lacs de Châlain, du Grand Maclu, de Remoray et du Val), et au massif des Vosges (lacs de Gérardmer et Longemer). Des fossiles de cette espèce apparaissent dans les dépôts lacustres au cours du réchauffement qui suit la période glaciaire du Dryas ancien, à partir de 12.760 BP. Lors des dernières prospections, P. conventus n'a pas été retrouvé dans les lacs du Bourget, de Saint Point et de Clairvaux, et une diminution de son amplitude bathymétrique a été observée à Annecy et dans le Léman. En favorisant la chute des concentrations en O2 dissous de la zone profonde où vit cette espèce, le réchauffement climatique constitue une sérieuse menace pour ses populations déjà en déclin. Mots clés - Pisidium conventus, répartition, France, lacs, Tardiglaciaire, Holocène Distribution in France of the current and fossil forms of Pisidium conventus Clessin, 1887 (Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae), a species in decline Abstract – The area of distribution of Pisidium conventus in France is reduced to the peri-Alpine zone (lakes Geneva and Annecy), to the Jura Mountains (lakes Châlain, Grand Maclu, Remoray and Val) and to the Vosges Mountains (lakes Gérardmer and Longemer). Fossils of this species appear in the lacustrine deposits during the warming which follows the glacial period of Old Dryas, from 12.760 BP. During the last samplings, P. conventus was not found in Lakes Bourget, Saint Point and Clairvaux, and a decrease of its bathymetric amplitude was observed in lakes Annecy and Geneva. The global warming which favors the progressive fall of the concentrations in O2 dissolved of the deep zone where lives this species represents a serious threat for its populations already in decline. Key words - Pisidium conventus, distribution, France, lakes, Late Glacial, Holocene Introduction Pisidium conventus (Fig. 1) occupe une place à part parmi les espèces de pisidies. C'est la seule qui, dans les pays alpins, vit essentiellement dans la zone profonde des lacs, généralement associée à Euglesa personata Malm, 1855, jusqu'à 300 m dans le Léman (ZSCHOKKE, 1911) et 350 m dans le lac Majeur, en Italie (LENTZ, 1954). Absente des assemblages fossiles des dépôts littoraux du Léman, elle aurait directement colonisé la zone profonde des lacs, probablement par l'intermédiaire des oiseaux aquatiques (FAVRE, 1935). En revanche, dans la zone arctique, P. conventus est abondant dans la zone littorale des plans d'eau (ODHNER, 1923 ; KUIPER et al., 1989 ; BESPALAYA, 2017). Cette espèce vit à des altitudes variant de quelques mètres au dessus du niveau de la mer, en Norvège et Nouvelle Zemble (KUIPER et al., 1989 ; BESPALAYA, 2017), à 2003m dans le Tauernmoosee, Alpes autrichiennes (KUIPER, 1974a, b). Sténotherme d'eau froide (ODHNER, 1940 ; KUIPER, 1974b ; HOLOPAINEN & RANTA, 1977), P. conventus est peu exigeant vis-à-vis de la teneur des eaux en calcium (MEIER- BROOK, 1975). Avec de tels traits de vie, l'appellation vernaculaire de "pisidie des collines" attribuée à cette espèce par FONTAINE et al. (2010) laisse quelque peu perplexe ! Fig. 1. Pisidium conventus, lac de Clairvaux, Jura. Photographie © G. Le Goff (Irstea) 3 Folia conchyliologica, n°42, octobre 2017 Présent en Amérique du nord et en Eurasie de l'Irlande à l'ouest, à la Nouvelle Zemble au nord et au Kamchatka à l'est (KUIPER, 1974a ; VINARSKI & KANTOR, 2016), P. conventus est une espèce holarctique- circumpolaire (KUIPER, 1966). Couramment qualifiée de "relique glaciaire" depuis ODHNER (1923), ce statut a été remis en question par l'observation de plusieurs cas de migration post-glaciaire, probablement liés au comportement de pêche des oiseaux aquatiques, et donc susceptibles d'expliquer sa répartition discontinue dans la région alpine (KUIPER, 1974a). Des études génétiques permettront sans doute d'éclaircir ce point. Le but de cet article est de dresser un état des connaissances de la répartition actuelle (XXe et XXIe siècles) de P. conventus depuis les deux inventaires précédents (KUIPER, 1966 ; MOUTHON & KUIPER, 1987) et la carte de répartition proposée par le site de l'Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel qui contient des informations erronées, et de présenter les sites où des fossiles de cette espèce ont été observés. Répartition en France L'aire de répartition actuelle de P. conventus est limitée à la zone péri-alpine et aux massifs du Jura et des Vosges où il a été recensé dans 11 lacs situés à des altitudes compris entre 232 m (lac du Bourget) et 850 m (lacs de Remoray et Saint Point) (Fig. 2, Tabl. 1). A ce jour, cette espèce n'a été rencontrée ni dans les Pyrénées, ni dans le massif Central. Fig. 2. Répartition de Pisidium conventus en France 4 Folia conchyliologica, n°42, octobre 2017 Des fossiles de P. conventus ont été trouvés dans les dépôts carbonatés des lacs d'Annecy (MOUTHON & MAGNY, 2004), de Genève (partie occidentale suisse du Léman) (FAVRE, 1927 ; 1935), de Chaillexon, de Nantua et de la Thuile (Tabl. 1). C'est après la période glaciaire du Dryas ancien, au Bølling (soit à partir de 12.760 BP), durant lequel se produit un réchauffement du climat que cette espèce apparaît dans les sédiments lacustres. Parmi les lacs dans lesquels des fossiles de P. conventus ont été observés, seuls les lacs de Genève (Léman) et d'Annecy hébergent toujours cette espèce. En revanche, elle a disparu de ceux de Nantua et de la Thuile, la profondeur de ce dernier n'étant plus aujourd'hui que de 8 m. Le lac actuel de Chaillexon, qui s'est progressivement comblé et a perdu près des 9/10e de sa superficie depuis le Tardiglaciaire, i.e. au cours des 12.000 dernières années (CAMPY et al., 1985) n'a pas fait l'objet d'échantillonnage de ses malacocénoses. Le nombre de lacs dans lesquels la présence de fossiles de P. conventus a été observée est modeste (n= 5, Tabl. 1), mais vraisemblablement très sous-estimé car seuls les dépôts tardiglaciaires et holocènes (généralement constitués de craies lacustres) de quelques lacs ont fait l'objet d'une étude détaillée de leurs assemblages de mollusques. Au cours de la première moitié du XXe siècle, P. conventus était abondant dans les trois grands lacs péri-alpins du Léman, du Bourget et d'Annecy et vivait même jusque dans la partie la plus profonde des deux premiers plans d'eau, atteignant respectivement les profondeurs de 300 et 145 m. (FAVRE, 1927 ; 1940). Cependant, les dernières prospections malacologiques ont mis en évidence une réduction notable de l'amplitude bathymétrique de cette espèce dans le Léman et à Annecy et son absence au Bourget. Dans le Léman, P. conventus vivait encore à 300 m de profondeur dans les années 1959-60 ; des prospections réalisées quelques années plus tard ont montré qu'il avait déserté la zone la plus profonde du lac mais était toujours présent à 200 m (MOUTHON, 1987). Dans le lac du Bourget, l'abondance de P. conventus était maximale entre 30 et 70 m de profondeur et il était encore présent dans la zone la plus profonde du lac à 145 m (FAVRE, 1940). Cependant, lors de prospections réalisées à la fin de l'été 1988, aux profondeurs de 20, 30, 50 et 75 m, en amont et en aval du lac, ainsi qu'à celles de 100 et 144 m, aucun spécimen de P. conventus n'a été observé (CEMAGREF, 1989). On ne trouve pas dans la bibliographie d'indication fiable sur la profondeur atteinte par P. conventus dans le lac d'Annecy. Toutefois, il est raisonnable de penser qu'avant que sa pollution par les apports d'eaux usés devienne préoccupante (HUBAULT, 1947), cette espèce vivait dans la zone la plus profonde du lac comme dans le Léman et au Bourget. Malheureusement, les dernières prospections réalisées dans sa partie centrale, à la profondeur de 60 m, ont montré que ce n'était plus le cas (CTGREF, 1987). Dans les années 1929-1939, P. conventus était abondant dans la Baie d'Albigny-Talabor, à l'aval du lac, entre 20 et 40 m de profondeur, les derniers relevés n'ont cependant pas permis de le trouver au-delà de 30 m et c'est son congénère E. personata qui est devenu l'espèce dominante (MOUTHON, 2002). Pisidium conventus n'a également pas été retrouvé dans les lacs de Saint Point et de Clairvaux lors de leur dernière prospection, respectivement en 2000 et 2006 (Tabl.
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