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Word of Life, Word of God: an Examination of the Use of the Term Logos in the Johannine Literature

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Word of Life, Word of God: an Examination of the Use of the Term Logos in the Johannine Literature Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2013 Word of Life, Word of God: An Examination of the Use of the Term Logos in the Johannine Literature Joseph Michael Latham Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Biblical Studies Commons Recommended Citation Latham, Joseph Michael, "Word of Life, Word of God: An Examination of the Use of the Term Logos in the Johannine Literature" (2013). Dissertations. 528. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/528 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2013 Joseph Michael Latham LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO WORD OF LIFE, WORD OF GOD: AN EXAMINATION OF THE USE OF THE TERM “LOGOS” IN THE JOHANNINE LITERATURE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN THEOLOGY BY JOSEPH M. LATHAM CHICAGO, IL MAY 2013 Copyright by Joseph M. Latham, 2013 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this dissertation would not have been possible without the encouragement and support of very many people. I wish to thank the faculty and staff of the Theology Department, including Ms. Catherine Wolf and Ms. Marianne Wolfe, for their constant help. Thanks to Ryan Cumming, Ph.D. for invaluable help with the formatting. I especially wish to thank the readers on my dissertation committee, Dr. Robert A. DiVito, Ph.D., and Rev. Thomas H. Tobin, S. J., Ph.D., whose feedback during the course of the writing enabled me to continue. I wish to thank in a most profound way my dissertation director, Dr. Urban C. von Wahlde, Ph.D., for his boundless patience and for going beyond the call of duty when things were difficult. I am proud to have him as my Doktorvater. Finally, the list of family members and friends who gave me various types of support, moral and otherwise, and without whom I could not have brought this project to completion is so long that I cannot name everyone for fear of leaving someone out. They are a blessing from God and I cannot adequately thank them. I can only hope they realize how grateful I am. However, I do wish to thank especially my mother Sally and my father John, whose love and support were often my prime motivation. iii To my mother and to the memory of my father With gratitude TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii DEDICATION iv GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE: A REVIEW OF MODERN SCHOLARSHIP ON THE RELATION OF THE GOSPEL OF JOHN TO THE FIRST EPISTLE OF JOHN 10 CHAPTER TWO: THE THEORY OF URBAN C. VON WAHLDE ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE GOSPEL OF JOHN AND OF THE FIRST EPISTLE OF JOHN 91 EDITIONS OF THE GOSPEL OF JOHN 131 CHAPTER THREE: A STUDY OF ΛΟΓΟΣ IN THE FIRST AND SECOND CHAPTER FOUR: A STUDY 186 EXCURSUS: THE THEORY OFOF URBAN ΛΟΓΟΣ C.IN VON THE WAHLDE FIRST LETTER CONCERNING OF JOHN THE JOHANNINE COMMANDMENT TRADITION 265 GOSPEL OF JOHN 307 CHAPTER FIVE: A STUDY OF ΛΟΓΟΣ IN THE THIRD EDITION OF THE CHAPTER SIX: A STUDY OF GOSPEL OF JOHN 352 ΛΟΓΟΣ IN THE PROLOGUE OF THE IN THE GOSPEL AND LETTERS OF JOHN 398 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION TO THE STUDY OF THE TERM ΛΟΓΟΣ BIBLIOGRAPHY 421 VITA 426 v GENERAL INTRODUCTION The term λόγος is employed in various ways in the Gospel of John and in the First Epistle of John. Most notably, in the Prologue of the beGospel of John, the λόγος is said to have been with God “in the beginning,” indeed to God (1:1), and to have become flesh and dwelt among us(1:14), the latter verse thus being a clear reference to Jesus— Christ. The first— verse of the First Epistle of John speaks of the λόγος τη̃ ς ζωη̃ ς the word of life a phrase which is commonly held by scholars to be less christologically explicit than the use of λόγος in the Gospel Prologue. Commentators have offered various explanations for the literary- and theological provenance of the λόγος of the Prologue of the Gospel of John (1:1 18). Some have seen the origin of the Johannine λόγος in Hellenistic Jewish speculation, the Hebrew Wisdom tradition, or early Gnosticism. The majority of these scholars take the view that the Gospel is a unity, composed mainly by one author, and that the Epistles of John were composed later. Yet these same scholars acknowledge that the First Epistle of John is written in a style inferior to that of the Johannine Gospel, that its theology is less advanced, and that the use of the term λόγος in the opening verses of the First Epistle (I John 1:1) is more ambiguous as a reference to Jesus himself than it is in the Gospel Prologue. 1 2 In a 1993 article, Ed. L. Miller defended the view that the First Epistle of John was written1 after the main body of the Gospel of John but prior to the Prologue of the Gospel. Like many of his scholarly predecessors, Miller points to the inferior grammatical style (“incoherence”) and the less explicit nature of the Christological use of λόγος in the Prologue of 1 John in comparison to that in the Prologue of the Gospel of John, but in opposition to these scholars, he draws the conclusion that the Epistle Prologue served as “a kind of rough draft or outline for, or at least an anticipation of , some of the later2 lines that now, included in the Gospel Prologue, introduce the Fourth Gospel.” Miller sought to demonstrate from this assertion that one can trace a development in the use of λόγος as a Christological title from the body of the Gospel through the ambiguity of the Prologue of the First Epistle to the clear identification of the λόγος with Jesus Christ in the Gospel Prologue. According to this proposed trajectory, λόγος and (perhaps) ῥῆμα are already used “in a theologically and christologically suggestive manner” in the body of the 3 Gospel, where the two terms refer to the preaching and teaching of Jesus; next, λόγος appears in the Prologue of the First Epistle of John as part of the phrase “λόγος of life” which may refer in a “confused” way to Christ himself; finally, the 1 Journal of Biblical Literature, - Ed. L. Miller, “The Johannine Origins of the Johannine Logos,” 112/3 (1993)2 445 457. Ibid., 453. 3 Ibid., 450. 4 3 term λόγος becomes an explicit Christological title in the Prologue of the Gospel. Thus we move from Jesus who speaks the word to Jesus who is the Word. Miller finds “the origin- of the Johannine Logos” in the body of the Gospel of John itself, in the theologically laden employment of the term to refer to the “word” or “words” of Christ. In fact, Miller goes so far as to criticizeprimarily, those whoessentially, “stop short of exclusivelythe possibility that it is [in the Fourth Gospel proper] and that we encounter the origin of the Logos concept, any other associations attaching themselves only along the way and only in a more or less accidental 5 manner.” Urban C. von Wahlde, whose views will be discussed more fully in chapter two of this dissertation, asserts that the Gospel of John as it has come down to us went through three editions to reach its final form. It is his position that the First Epistle of John was written before the composition of the third6 edition of the Gospel, when the completed Prologue was prefixed to the Gospel. My objective in this dissertation is to explore whether or— not the position of Ed. L. Miller can be seen as complementary to that of von Wahlde that is, can we trace the development of an increasing Christological significance for the term λόγος in the Johannine tradition, starting with what von Wahlde has identified as the first 4 Ibid., 455. 5 6 Ibid., 450. The Gospel and Letters of John 6- Urban C. von Wahlde, (The Eerdmans Critical Commentary, ed. David N. Freedman; Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2010). See I:37 385 for arguments that I John predates the third edition of the Gospel of John. For the view that the Prologue was most likely prefixed to the Gospel by the author of the third edition see, for example, I:424. 4 edition of the Gospel, then proceeding through the second edition, I John, the third edition of the Gospel and finally the Prologue, where this development seems to culminate in the explicit identification of the λόγος with Jesus Christ? In order to conduct this investigation, we shall begin in chapter 1 with a survey of the history of scholarship on the relationship of the Gospel of John to the First Epistle of John. In chapter 2 we shall look in detail at von Wahlde’s arguments for asserting that the Gospel was composed in three stages and that 1 John was written before the composition of the third edition. In chapter 3, we shall consider the significance of the term λόγος in the first and second editions of the Gospel, according to von Wahlde’s demarcation of that material. Chapter 4 will be an examination of the use of λόγος in I John, including that of the opening verse.
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