1 Recreational Mountain Biking

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

1 Recreational Mountain Biking Recreational mountain biking: A case study of sustainable trail development at Boggs Demonstration State Forest, Cobb, California. by Lauren N. Claussen A CAPSTONE PAPER submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Natural Resources Presented March 23, 2021 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, a sincere thank you to my graduate advisor, Dr. Michael Harte, for mentoring me through the MNR program, providing guidance and constructive comments as I developed my project, and for your encouraging feedback and wisdom over the past few years. It has been a pleasure to work with my committee members, and I am so grateful for the time and knowledge they have shared with me through this process. Dr. Ashley D’Antonio, thank you for opening my eyes to the field of recreation ecology and providing your expertise on my mapping and analysis questions, and Lynette de Silva who provided assistance with feedback and final edits on my project. I could not have done this without support from my family, who have always been my biggest cheerleaders. Thank you to my husband, Nicholas, who first introduced me to the sport of mountain biking, and always encourages me to find comfort and growth in the uncomfortable – whether on a trail or in life. Your assistance in data collection at Boggs was invaluable, and there’s nobody I’d rather do field work in the freezing rain with! All the professors and faculty I have learned from and interacted with during my time at Oregon State have helped further my research, writing, and analysis skills, and I am so grateful for this opportunity and experience. 2 Table of Contents I. Introduction…………………………………………………………….……………5 1. Types of mountain biking……………………………………….…………..6 2. User motivations and preferences…………………………..…….…………8 3. Conflict ………………………………………………………….…………..9 II. Recreation ecology……………………………………………………….…………10 1. Outdoor Recreation Impacts…………………………………….……..……12 III. Mountain Bike: Ecology…………………………………………………….……....15 1. Soils impacts……………………………………………………….………..16 2. Vegetation, wildlife, and water impacts…………………………….………18 3. Formal vs. informal trails………………………………………….………..19 4. Future research……………………………………………………….……..20 IV. Mountain Bike: Trail Management…………………………………………………21 1. Trail design……………………………………………………………….…22 2. Social sustainability…………………………………………………………25 V. GIS and Recreation Management…………………………..……………………….26 VI. Boggs Mountain Demonstration State Forest………………………………….……30 1. Site information………………………………………………………….….30 2. 2015 Valley Fire and Restoration……………………………………….…..34 VII. Methods……………………………………………………………………………..36 VIII. Results……………………………………………………………………………...39 IX. Discussion and Management Implications………………………………..………..44 X. References………………………………………………………………………….49 Table of Figures Figure 1: Sustainability parameters for mountain bike trails……………………………….23 3 Figure 2: Trail slope alignment……………………………………………………………..24 Figure 3: BMDSF Trail Overview………………………………………………………….39 Figure 4: Trail sustainability inventory……………………………………………………..40 Figure 5: ANOVA statistical analysis………………………………………………………41 Figure 6: Paired t-test analysis……………………………………………………………...41 Figure 7: GIS trail slope analysis…………………………………………………………...43 Table of Maps Map 1: BMDSF overview map……………………………………………….…………….31 Map 2: Trail system slope map……………………………………………………………..42 Map 3: Trail suitability analysis…………………………………………………………….44 Table of Photos Photo 1: Berm mountain bike feature………………………………………..……………..45 Photo 2: View of site on Mac’s trail……………………………………………….……….45 Photo 3: Rock armoring on Jethro’s trail…………………………….………………..……47 Photo 4: Rock armoring on Jethro’s trail………………………….………..……………....47 Abstract This study identifies contemporary research in the field of recreation ecology focusing on ecological impacts of mountain biking and establishing best management practices for sustainable trail development and management. A site analysis at Boggs Mountain Demonstration State Forest (BMDSF) takes existing knowledge and research on sustainable trail development and applies those lessons through geographic information systems (GIS) analysis and on-site trail observations. This research is timely as trails are being planned and re-built after a catastrophic fire in 2015. GIS analysis can help identify limitations of the site and guide management recommendations. 4 I. Introduction Recreational mountain biking began in the mid-twentieth century and its popularity has increased exponentially over the past decades. The origins of the sport are believed to come from Marin, California in the 1970’s, where innovators used and adapted bike frames to ride off-trail on what became known as “clunkers” (Buenstorf, 2003). Early mountain bike development was distinguished by the situation where the producers were also the consumers; they often modified or developed their own bicycles without sophisticated equipment to race and ride downhill and off-trail (Buenstorf, 2003). When the Specialized brand developed the first off-the-rack mountain bike in 1981, the modern mountain bike industry was born, and by 1999 mountain bikes accounted for 50% of retail bicycle sales in the United States. Mountain biking has remained one of the fastest growing recreation activities in the world for the past 20 years (Hill et al., 2017). By 2003, there were an estimated 10 million mountain bike users in the US, and currently the International Mountain Biking Association (IMBA) has membership in 17 countries, with the sport becoming increasingly popular in Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland (Hardiman & Burgin, 2014). In 2019, an estimated 48.9 million (16.1% of the population) people rode bicycles recreationally in the United States, with 8.6 million riding mountain bikes on unpaved trails (Outdoor Foundation, 2020). Users of recreational mountain bikes are primarily found in affluent countries where users enjoy leisure time and are motivated to exercise as a means to maintain or improve their health (Hardiman & Burgin, 2014). The sport has historically been dominated by young males, comprising 86% of riders in the United States, 97% in the United Kingdom, and 85% in Australia (Hardiman & Burgin, 2014). In recent surveys, the ratio of men to women participating 5 in recreational cycling is estimated 2:1, indicating an increase in female participation and fueling economic growth and development in the bicycle industry (Outdoor Foundation 2020). In the United States, a majority of users are between 35-55 years of age, with most mountain bikers in their 30s (Hill & Gomez, 2020). 1a. Types of mountain biking There are multiple sub-disciplines of mountain biking that attract a variety of users. This includes riding styles of cross country, endurance, all-mountain, free riding, downhill, and dirt jumping. Each of these disciplines utilize different terrain, obstacles and environments, and attract different athletes with varying cultural attitudes (Hagen & Boyes, 2016). A range of bikes are used depending on the style of riding. These include full-suspension for downhill or all- mountain, hardtail, or even no suspension for endurance or gravel riding. While some cross-over may occur between disciplines depending on the style of bike and terrain, a majority of users pursue cross-country riding, which includes uphill and downhill segments, and usually occurs on multi-use trails or trails originally developed for a different activity such as hiking or equestrian use (Quinn & Chernoff, 2010). An analysis of rider styles shows that cross country riding has a low risk of impact on formed surfaces, likely due to slower speeds and less desire for technical difficulty than other styles of riding (Newsome & Davies, 2009). More technical trails and intense riding is known as “trail” or “all-mountain” riding. Much of the published literature on ecological impacts of mountain biking are referring to cross- country or all-mountain styles, as these are the most common types of recreational riding. Free ride, downhill, and dirt jumping attract users looking for speed, adrenaline, and technical trail features like logs, jumps, berms, and steep slopes. These styles of riding have a 6 high impact potential if trails are not sustainably planned and designed, as impacts are likely to be greater if a person is riding faster, less controlled, and on steeper slopes. Downhill mountain biking takes place on steep, uneven terrain and has obstacles like jumps, drops, or rocks for a rider to navigate. Analyzing the links between rider affects, or biological sensation, in the body, and elements of mountain bike trails suggest that experienced riders have little interest in smooth tracks, seeking instead mud ridges, steep shoots, jumps, drops, and speed (Hagen & Boyes 2016). Hazardous and more exposed trails require more concentration, which increases the quality of the experience a rider has on these trails. These users tend to be younger and identify risk and thrill as motivating factors for biking (Roberts et al., 2019). Over the past decade, technological advances have led to the creation of “pedal-assist” electric mountain bikes (eMTB), where the user still pedals the bike but with the electric capabilities they can attain up to 20 miles/hour increase in speed (Hall et al., 2019). Pedal-assist allows for a larger segment of the population to experience the health benefits of mountain biking; a study done with experienced mountain bikers illustrated the eMTB users experienced an average heart rate
Recommended publications
  • MTB/ASPHALT BIKES FALL 2009 2 I N T R O D U C T I O N
    MTB/ASPHALT BIKES FALL 2009 2 I n t r o d u c t i o n History. It has shaped the world we’re living national, and world championships that have Over the years, we’ve learned a thing or two in today. Just about every aspect of our life been won on our bikes. about building bikes. Our bikes are designed is based on what happened in the past. by riders, for riders…they always have been Think a company who’s better known for its Bicycles really aren’t any different. Each and always will be. We wouldn’t dream of BMX bikes can’t make other types of bikes? brand has its own unique niche that has putting you on a bike we wouldn’t ride our- Think again. BMX races are brutally short been shaped over time much like a river selves. We demand quality, performance, and the courses are punishing. Same goes carves a canyon through the Earth’s outer and durability out of each bicycle we pro- for BMX freestyle parks and dirt jumps. A crust of dirt. duce. winning BMX bike needs to maximize trac- Here at Haro Bicycles, we’ve done our fair tion, harness every ounce of pedaling effort, So whether you live for sweet singletrack or share of carving paths through dirt over the and be strong enough to survive the big hits simply cruising your local bike path, Haro has years. Our roots are solid in the stuff; we got but light enough not to be a drag.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of Gulf States Litter Control Policy and Programs
    EPA 842-R-16-004 December 2016 ATLAS OF GULF STATES LITTER CONTROL POLICY AND PROGRAMS A TRASH FREE WATERS PROGRAM RESOURCE TRASH FREE WATERS PROGRAM U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Atlas of Gulf States - Litter Control Policy and Programs Trash Free Waters Program TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 3 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 THE GULF REGIONAL STRATEGY AND PROJECTS .......................................................................................................... 5 RATIONALE FOR THE GULF ATLAS .......................................................................................................................................... 6 ATLAS INFRASTRUCTURE .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 SEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 STATE-LEVEL PROGRAMS ....................................................................................................... 9 ALABAMA ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Manuel D'utilisateur
    Manuel d‘utilisateur Manuel d’utilisateur AVERTISSEMENT 131515/FR (01/19) CE MANUEL CONTIENT DES INFORMATIONS IMPORTANTES RELATIVES À LA SÉCURITÉ, A LA PERFORMANCE ET À LA MAINTENANCE. Lisez-le et conservez-le précieusement avant la première utilisation de votre vélo. Contacter GT GT USA Cycling Sports Group, Inc. 1 Cannondale Way, Wilton CT, 06897, USA 1-800-726-BIKE (2453) www.gtbikes.com GT EUROPE Cycling Sports Group Europe B.V Mail: Postbus 5100 Visits: Hanzepoort 27 7575 DB, Oldenzaal, Netherlands GT UK Cycling Sports Group Vantage Way, The Fulcrum, Poole, Dorset, BH12 4NU +44 (0)1202732288 [email protected] This manual meets: 16 CFR 1512 and EN Standards 14764, 14766, and 14781. Vélo certifié conforme aux exigences du décret N 95-937 du 24 août 1995 norme NFR030 UTILISATION DE CE MANUEL Autres manuels et instructions Beaucoup de composants de votre vélo n’ont pas été fabriqués par GT bicycles. S’ils sont disponibles auprès des fabricants, GT bicycles joindra ces manuels et/ou Manuel du propriétaire d’un vélo GT instructions à votre vélo. Nous vous recommandons bicycles vivement de lire et de suivre toutes les instructions spécifiques aux fabricants fournies avec votre vélo. Ce manuel contient des informations importantes relatives à votre sécurité et à l’utilisation correcte des Revendeurs GT bicycles agréés vélos. Ce manuel est très important pour tous les vélos Votre revendeur GT bicycles agréé est votre premier que nous fabriquons. Il se compose de deux parties : contact pour l’entretien et le réglage de votre vélo, pour PARTIE I vous explique le fonctionnement et pour toute question concernant la garantie.
    [Show full text]
  • Lifestyle, Identity and Young People's Experiences of Mountain Biking
    Freeride area at Bedgebury Forest Research Note Lifestyle, identity and young people’s experiences of mountain biking Katherine King December 2010 It has been widely recognised that, for young people, experiencing the natural environment may hold multiple benefits for well-being and the future development of healthy lifestyles. The Active England programme awarded funding aimed at increasing participation in sport and physical activity at Bedgebury Forest in Kent, with a particular emphasis on young people as a key target group. Mountain biking, as a popular youth sport that often occurs in woodlands, was promoted under the scheme and provides the case study upon which this Note is based. The research employed ethnographic techniques to capture youth experiences and understandings of mountain biking and to investigate the resulting relation- ships young people developed with countryside spaces. Methods included semi-structured interviews that allowed for flexibility, ‘mobile’ methods such as accompanied and unaccompanied recorded rides and participant observation. The research reveals the different riding philosophies, lifestyle values and relationships with the landscape that are formed as part of youth mountain biking lifestyles. The research shows that certain countryside spaces, especially woodlands are important for youth leisure. They afford a space away from the gaze of adults and from the conflicts associated with other (urban) leisure space, and provide opportunities to feel ownership. Bedgebury Forest offered a range of ‘ready made’ mountain biking spaces for both beginner and more experienced youth mountain bikers that participants could access without fear of reprimand. This was in sharp contrast to their experiences of other privately owned spaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Direct Protection Areas
    Thorn Junction Benbow Knob, The 6486 ' EEL Panther Peak R, S FK Windy Mountain Shasta-Trinity 1862 ' 7081 ' Thorn E Vinegar Peak Schofield Peak Six Rivers E L 6549 ' 1992 ' R FK , Little Butte , M M N R Booth Knoll EEL A F B K 5632 ' E T 2427 ' A T Shelter Cove R O C L HUMBOLDT R E Walker Butte K Hopkins Peak , E S R K F 2404 ' A 6749 ' K Reed Mountain W Round Mountain E Sugarloaf Mountain Chamisal Mountain Whitethorn Beall Place 3101 ' R A E L Pilot Peak K 5000 ' L 7367 ' Harvey Peak E A Big Butte R 2598 ' E C Brush Mountain , 4092 ' R 5922 ' M 7361 ' 4200 ' F Island Mountain K D CR Linn, Mount Linn Mount Lake Mountain , N EA IL Moose Peak F F G 8092 ' 2467 ' 3851 ' K O TRINITY 1787 ' LM Oven Lid BA South Yolla Bolly South Yolla Bolly Mountains 6662 ' E Island Mountain L Solomon Peak 2460 ' D 3286 ' 8092 ' E Cooks Valley 7581 ' R C Horse Ranch Peak R, N Twin Peaks FK K 4156 ' F Nielson Place S 7403 ' , R EEL R, L N FK E E Hammerhorn Mountain 7563 ' Noble Butte Andersonia 2435 ' EE L R, Little Butte S FK, E Wildhorse Peak BR 1800 ' R 3564 ' C Piercy Table Rock IS H R F AN C Ramsey 3360 ' DI Island Mountain Delmonico Place IN 3847 ' Bald Mountain Bell Springs Mountain 3938 ' 3861 ' Mina EE L R, M FK Bell Springs R Ball Rock C S Griffin Place 6663 ' Camel Rock E Castle Peak M 3837 ' O 6216 ' Steuben Place High Tip E H E T L R 372 ' , S Mitchell Place F R K L Cold Springs Workcenter Kenny E E Red Rock 6050 ' TEHAMA Red Mountain Little Baldy Beaver Glade Fire Station 4095 ' 3646 ' Pratt Place Buck Mountain Leech Lake Mountain Ball Mountain
    [Show full text]
  • Sonoma-Lake-Napa Unit 2020 Strategic Fire Plan
    Figure: 1 Capell Incident Sonoma-Lake-Napa Unit 2020 Strategic Fire Plan Unit Strategic Fire Plan Amendments Description of Updated Date Section Updated Page Numbers Updated Update By 5/26/2020 ALL ALL Annual Update S.Cardwell 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE ........................................................................................................ 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 5 SECTION I: UNIT OVERVIEW ....................................................................................... 6 SECTION II: UNIT PREPAREDNESS AND FIREFIGHTING CAPABILITIES ............... 9 SECTION III: VALUES .................................................................................................. 12 History of Large Fires ................................................................................................. 12 Values at Risk ............................................................................................................ 12 Section IV: PRE-FIRE MANAGEMENT STRATAGIES & TACTICS ........................... 13 Communication and Collaboration ............................................................................. 13 Pre-Fire Planning ....................................................................................................... 14 Section V: MONITORING PROGRAMS EFFECTIVNESS .......................................... 16 Emergency Command Center ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Prime Brochure
    The Prime difference Transforming patient care with advanced mobility and electric functionality The standard of care for hospital stretchers worldwide ® BackSmart Lift Assist BackSmart technology uses The demands on caregivers have never been greater — heavier the patient’s weight to raise patients, longer transports, ever-growing time constraints, the head of the stretcher patient falls, and an expectation to perform with fewer hands on while the drop seat design deck. At Stryker, we are driven to help healthcare professionals helps reduce boosting. Also achieve their goals by providing the Prime solution to address available as a fully electric their needs. option. Through advanced mobility, electric functionality and pressure redistribution surfaces; Prime Series® Stretchers are designed to help ensure caregiver safety and efficiency while enhancing the patient experience. Prime Big Wheel® Electric Stretcher Advanced mobility options Prime Series Stretchers are the solution to various flooring and inclines, heavy patients and long transports. With various mobility options, you will find the solution Electric-powered lift pedal that best meets your needs. Electric lift eliminates manual pumping, allowing for quick patient access. Simply step on the hydraulic pedal to raise the litter. Prime with Fifth Wheel Prime with Big Wheel® Advanced Mobility Big Wheel Advanced Mobility Big Wheel technology allows caregivers to push and steer the stretcher easier when compared to a manual fifth wheel Prime with Zoom® Motorized stretcher. Drive Glideaway siderails with patient controls Glideaway Siderails offer patient security when raised, yet are completely out of the way when lowered for zero-gap transfers. Staggered patient controls allow patients to adjust their position to help enhance comfort.
    [Show full text]
  • Q1 How Do You Use Trails?
    CRAMBA 2020 Trail User Survey Q1 How do you use trails? Answered: 566 Skipped: 0 Biking (All 9999...2299%% Types) 9999..2299%% Walking / 4466...4477%% Hiking 4466..4477%% Trail Running 22111...99111%% Cross-Country 11155...11199%% Skiing 1155..1199%% Snowshoeing 11122...11199%% Other (please 22...3300%% specify) 22..3300%% Horseback Riding 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% ANSWER CHOICES RESPONSES Biking (All Types) 99.29% 562 Walking / Hiking 46.47% 263 Trail Running 21.91% 124 Cross-Country Skiing 15.19% 86 Snowshoeing 12.19% 69 Other (please specify) 2.30% 13 Horseback Riding 0.00% 0 Total Respondents: 566 1 / 83 CRAMBA 2020 Trail User Survey # OTHER (PLEASE SPECIFY) DATE 1 Dog walking 2/7/2020 7:47 AM 2 would love to be able to ride my specialized levo on the trails! 2/3/2020 2:33 PM 3 E bikes should be allowed on all local MTN trails. There are no negative impacts to the trail. 2/3/2020 2:21 PM Data has shown this. 4 Bird watching 2/2/2020 8:51 PM 5 Cycling 2/2/2020 4:35 PM 6 Mountain biking 1/31/2020 3:02 PM 7 Mushroom hunting, hunting 1/31/2020 10:36 AM 8 Inline Skating 1/30/2020 7:58 PM 9 Shredding the gnar 1/30/2020 6:30 PM 10 bmx jumps ( radius to radius ) jumps for dirt jjumpers slope bikes and down hill bikes , big drops 1/30/2020 3:48 PM , boner logs and such 11 Hunting and snowmobiling 1/30/2020 12:58 PM 12 Birdwatching 1/30/2020 12:35 PM 13 Snowmobiling 1/30/2020 12:31 PM 2 / 83 CRAMBA 2020 Trail User Survey Q2 What kinds of trails do you use? Answered: 566 Skipped: 0 Single Track 9955...9944%% Two Track / 7744...99111%% Double Track..
    [Show full text]
  • OWNERS MANUAL Bicycle Owner’S Manual
    OWNERS MANUAL Bicycle Owner’s Manual 11th Edition This manual meets ISO-4210, 16 CFR 1512 and EN 14764, 14766 and 14781 Standards IMPORTANT: This manual contains important safety, performance and service information. Read it before you take the first ride on your new bicycle, and keep it for reference. Additional safety, performance and service information for specific components such as suspension or pedals on your bicycle, or for accessories such as helmets or lights that you purchase, may also be available. Make sure that your dealer has given you all the manufacturers’ literature that was included with your bicycle or accessories. In case of a conflict between the instructions in this manual and information provided by a component manufacturer, always follow the component manufacturer’s instructions. If you have any questions or do not understand something, take responsibility for your safety and consult with your dealer or the bicycle’s manufacturer. WARRANTY INFORMATION: Norco warrants that Norco frames will be free from manufacturer defects in materials and workmanship. This warranty applies to the original owner only, and is non-transferable. The original owner must register their new bicycle with Norco Bicycles within 90 days from the date of purchase. To register your bike please visit: www.norco.com/bike-registration/ To view detailed information regarding your bicycle's warranty please visit: www.norco.com/warranty/ NOTE: This manual is not intended as a comprehensive use, service, repair or maintenance manual. Please see your dealer for all service, repairs or maintenance. Your dealer may also be able to refer you to classes, clinics or books on bicycle use, service, repair or maintenance.
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 Catalog
    3URLY 4RAVELERS#HECK Like a lot of our stuff, the motivation for producing a frame suited for travel sprung from our own experiences and desires. We’ve traveled with our bikes plenty and have wanted something easier to haul around in planes, trains, and automobiles. We dig the folders but wanted a normal bike, something ready for whatever terrain is beneath the wheels. We chose our Cross Check frame for this platform because of its proven versatility. Already well-known as an excellent do-all frame, friendly with skinny tires or fat, derailleurs or Singlespeed drive trains, the Cross Check takes just about anything you throw at it and handles it like a champ, on-road or off the beaten path. If you’ve owned one you know. We changed the name and color to distinguish it from a normal Cross Check, but the Travelers Check is otherwise the same animal. Mostly. Brazed into the top- and downtubes of the Travelers Check, S&S Machine Company’s BTCs (bicycle torque couplings) are machined stainless steel pieces that allow the bike to be broken into two halves for transport or storage. S&S calls them BTCs but they’re more commonly known as S&S Couplers. Other companies have designed bikes that split in half, but S&S couplers work so well we didn’t feel the need to design anything else. With the couplers installed, each tube end fits to the other via precision-machined teeth covered by a threaded sleeve. Properly lubed and tightened, the teeth resist torque forces while the threaded sleeve holds it together securely.
    [Show full text]
  • Best Practices for Paddlers and Paddlesport Programs
    Canoe-Kayak-SUP-Raft-Rescue BE SAFE ON THE WATER: The American Canoe Association (ACA) is a BASIC SAFETY PRACTICES member-based nonprofit organization 501(c)(3) that promotes fun and responsible canoeing, kayaking, Best Practices stand up paddleboarding and rafting. Founded Being safe on the water always starts with in 1880, the ACA actively advocates recreational wearing your lifejacket (PFD). In addition, please access and stewardship of America’s water trails. For for Paddlers consider the following advice: more information and to become a member, visit Recognize that federal regulations restrict www.americancanoe.org. and paddling near military vessels and installations, Contact the ACA: and that there may be restrictions near bridge Phone: (540) 907-4460 Paddlesport pilings and other areas. Fax: (888) 229-3792 Never boat under the influence of alcohol. [email protected] Programs Do not stand up in a canoe or kayak and avoid www.americancanoe.org weight shifts that may cause capsize. Whenever Making the world a better place to paddle! Since 1880. possible, keep points of contact with the boat when moving. PADDLE RESPONSIBLY Avoid paddling alone. Beyond safety, paddlers should act responsibly on and off the water. Poor behavior by some paddlers Know your skill level and avoid weather or water can adversely impact others through increased regu- conditions that exceed your skill. lation and fees, limitations on access, conflicts with Constantly scan for potential hazards and other user groups, and damage to the environment. changing weather conditions. • Know and obey all rules and regulations. Pay attention to signs and safety warnings. • Never use private property without permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Ryan Mcginness 100 Drawings for the Taipei Dangdai Paintings Drawing 1: Face Tattoo
    Ryan McGinness 100 Drawings for the Taipei Dangdai Paintings Drawing 1: Face Tattoo. Drawing 11: Handle of a Ritual Knife. The Atayal tribe is known for using facial tattooing and teeth filing in coming-of-age initiation rituals. The facial Bronze knives were a treasure of the Paiwan tribe. They were a sacred item and were representative of posi- tattoo, in Squliq Tayal, is called ptasan. Only those with tattoos could marry, and, after death, only those with tion and status and only to be displayed during the once-every-five-year ceremony. tattoos could cross the hongu utux, or spirit bridge (the rainbow) to the hereafter. For the female, tattooing is done on the cheek, typically from the ears across both cheeks to the lips forming a V shape. Drawing 12: Paiwan Comb. Flattish and decorative treatment in woodcarving allows an art style in which void spaces are filled in with Drawing 2: The Taiwan Grand Shrine. various designs. It was the highest ranking Japanese Shinto shrine in Taiwan during Japanese colonial rule. Among the 66 official- ly sanctioned Shinto shrines in Taiwan, the Taiwan Grand Shrine was one of the most important, and its eleva- Drawing 13: Heavenly Red Tangerine. tion was also the highest of the shrines. A sphere, about the size of a tennis ball with protruding spikes, that is thrown upward and caught with the body to inflict cuts in the skin. The object was used in bloody rituals in Taiwanese temples. Self-mutilation to Drawing 3: Spin Top. please the gods is considered an honor and a duty.
    [Show full text]