DOCSLIB.ORG

The Accumulation of Trace Metals in Rodent Tissues Along the TAZAMA Pipeline and TANZAM Highway in MINAPA, Tanzania

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Accumulation of Trace Metals in Rodent Tissues Along the TAZAMA Pipeline and TANZAM Highway in MINAPA, Tanzania The Accumulation of Trace Metals in Rodent Tissues along the TAZAMA Pipeline and TANZAM Highway in MINAPA, Tanzania. Wambura Mashauri Natural Resources Management Submission date: July 2018 Supervisor: Eivin Røskaft, IBI Co-supervisor: Augustine Arukwe, IBI Julius Nyahongo, School of Biology, UDOM-Tanzania Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Biology The Accumulation of Trace Metals in Rodent Tissues along the TAZAMA Pipeline and TANZAM Highway in MINAPA, Tanzania. Wambura Mashauri Mtemi Natural Resources Management Submission date: July 2018 Supervisor: Professor Eivin Røskaft Co-supervisor: Professor Augustine Arukwe Professor Julius William Nyahongo Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU Faculty of Natural Science Department of Biology Table of Contents Declaration ............................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgment .................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... x Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Background Information ...................................................................................................... 1 Problem Statement and Justification ................................................................................ 3 Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................................... 5 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................................... 5 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................... 7 Description of the Study Site .............................................................................................. 7 Reconnaissance Survey ..................................................................................................... 9 Animal Sampling .................................................................................................................. 9 Small Mammals Aging ...................................................................................................... 11 Animal Sexing ..................................................................................................................... 11 Tissue Collection and Preservation ................................................................................ 11 Metals Analysis in Tissues ............................................................................................... 12 Soil Sampling and Preparation ........................................................................................ 14 Metals Analysis in Soils .................................................................................................... 14 Statistical Analysis of Species Richness, Abundance, and Trace Metals ................ 15 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Abundance and Richness of Small Mammal’s Species along a Gradient of Distance and among all four Study Sites. ....................................................................................... 16 ii Trace Metal Concentrations (mg/kg) in Soils ................................................................ 17 Trace Metal Concentrations (mg/kg) in the Liver of Mastomys natalensis ............... 20 Trace Metal Concentrations (mg/kg) in Kidneys of Mastomys natalensis ................ 22 Comparison of the Mean Concentrations (mg/kg) of Trace Metals in Soils and Mastomys natalensis Tissues .......................................................................................... 24 Discussion............................................................................................................................... 26 Abundance and Richness of Small Mammal’s Species .............................................. 26 Trace Metal Concentrations (mg/kg) in Soils ................................................................ 31 Trace Metal Concentrations (mg/kg) in Livers and Kidneys of Mastomys natalensis and their Correlation in Soils ............................................................................................ 34 Conclusion and Recommendations .................................................................................... 38 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 38 Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 38 References ............................................................................................................................. 40 Appendices ............................................................................................................................. 45 Appendix 1; Trace metals mean (SD) concentrations (in mg/kg) and their maximum permissible limits (mg/kg), in soils along a gradient of distance from all four study sites. 45 Appendix 2; Trace metals mean (SD) concentrations (in mg/kg) in the livers and kidneys of Mastomys natalensis with their reference material (bovine liver-1577b) along a gradient of distance from all four study sites. ......................................................................................... 47 iii Declaration I hereby declare to the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) that, with exception to the references from other people’s work that were appropriately cited within texts, the rest part is my own work which has never been presented elsewhere or being published. -------------------------------- Wambura Mashauri Mtemi iv Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my beloved father (Mashauri Wambura Mtemi) and mother (Agnes Mashauri) for their supports, prays and encouragement during my entire academic journey. May almighty God bless you all. v List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Mikumi National Park showing Public infrastructures traversing the Park 8 Figure 2: Arrangement of transects and plots from all four study sites in which small mammal’s individuals were trapped in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. ............................................... 10 Figure 3: Milestone UltraClave temperature profile during the digestion of tissue samples. 13 Figure 4: Crocidura spp. with abnormality behind the femur in the Mikumi National Park, Tanzania (Photo: W. Mashauri). .............................................................................................. 28 vi List of Tables Table 1: Milestone Microwave temperature (MWT) profile during the digestion of tissue samples. .................................................................................................................................... 13 Table 2: Species abundance of rodents and shrews captured in Mikumi National Park, from four sites such as; TAZAMA pipeline, TANZAM highway, TAZAMA pipeline-TANZAM highway intersection, and Control. ......................................................................................................... 16 Table 3: Species abundance and richness along a gradient of distance and among the four study sites such as TAZAMA pipeline, TANZAM highway, TAZAMA pipeline-TANZAM highway intersection, and Control. ......................................................................................................... 18 Table 4: Trace metals mean (SD) concentrations (in mg/kg) and their maximum permissible limits (mg/kg), in soils along a gradient of distance from all four study sites. ........................ 19 Table 5: Trace metals mean (SD) concentrations (in mg/kg) in the liver of Mastomys natalensis with their reference material (bovine liver-1577b) along a gradient of distance from all four study sites. ................................................................................................................................ 21 Table 6: Trace metals mean (SD) concentrations (in mg/kg) in kidneys of Mastomys natalensis with their reference material (bovine liver-1577b) along a gradient of distance from all four study sites. ................................................................................................................................ 23 Table 7: Pearson correlation coefficients (r) for trace metals in soils and Mastomys natalensis tissues such as livers and kidneys along a gradient of distance from all study sites. .............. 24 vii List of Abbreviations Ag Silver element Cd Cadmium element Cr Chromium element Cu Copper element DW Distilled water
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fon Omcm, Use ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Repert No
    Docwumt of The World Bank Fon oMcm, usE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Repert No. P4118-ZA REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE Public Disclosure Authorized INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT OF SDR 3.0 MILLION Public Disclosure Authorized TO THE REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA FOR A TAZAMA PIPELINE REHABILITATION ENGINEERING PROJECT August 30, 1985 Public Disclosure Authorized This de.a Ia a SdS disriblem ad may be usd by rediulems ely la the performace of their edlal ale. Its cmt may et thrwis be disdue=e withou Wedd Bak atherwlino. CURREW EqUI S Currency Unit Zambian Kwacha (K) US$ 1.00 - K 2.34 K 1.00 - US$ 0.43 The Zambian Kwacha is officially valued in terms of a basket of currencies, for which the US dollar is the intervention currency. Since July 1983, the Government has followed a flexible exchange rate policy, making periodic adjustments in the official value of the Kwacha. The rates expressed above are as of March 31, 1985. The following are average annual exchange rates for recent years. 1980 US$ 1.00 = K 0.7885 1981 US$ 1.00 = K 0.8684 1982 US$ 1.00 = K 0.9282 1983 US$ 1.00 = K 1.2506 1984 US$ 1.00 = K 1.7943 WEICBTS AND MKASURES I kilometer (km) = 0.62 miles 1 sq kilometer (km2 ) = 0.386 sq miles 1 metric ton (tonne) = 1,000 kg - 2,204.6 pounds ABBREVIATIONS DOE - Department of Energy (of the Ministry of Power, Transport and Comunications) EIB - European Investment Bank MPTC - Ministry of Power, Transport and Communications NEC - National Energy Council NOSCO - Ndola Oil Storage Company TOE - Tons of Oil Equivalent ZCCM - Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines ZESCO - Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation ZIMCO - Zambia Industrial and Mining Corporation, Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • TANZANIA OIL and GAS ALMANAC TANZANIA OIL and GAS ALMANAC Print Edition June 2015
    TANZANIA OIL AND GAS ALMANAC TANZANIA TANZANIA OIL AND GAS ALMANAC Print edition June 2015 A Reference Guide published by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Tanzania and OpenOil Tanzania Oil and Gas Almanac A Reference Guide published by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Tanzania and OpenOil EDITORIAL Abdallah Katunzi – Chief Editor Marius Siebert – Deputy Editor PUBLISHED BY Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung P.O Box 4472 Mwai Kibaki Road Plot No. 397 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Telephone: 255-22-2668575/2668786 Email: [email protected] PRINTED BY FGD Tanzania Ltd P.O. Box 40331 Dar es Salaam Disclaimer While all efforts have been made to ensure that the information contained in this book has been obtained from reliable sources, FES (Tanzania) bears no responsibility for oversights or omissions. ©Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2015 ISBN: 978-9987-483-36-5 A commercial resale of this publication is strictly prohibited unless the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung gives explicit and written approval beforehand. PREFACE With an estimated gas reserve of more than 55 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), Tanzania readies itself to join the gas economy. Large multinational oil companies are currently exploring natural gas and oil in various parts of Tanzania – both offshore and onshore. Despite these huge discoveries, there is little publicly available information on natural gas on a wide range of issues. Consequently, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Tanzania, with the technical support of OpenOil– a Berlin based organisation – created the Tanzania Oil and Gas Almanac as a living database for publicly available information around the country’s Oil and Gas sector. It has been created to significantly increase the stock of information available in local contexts among extractive stakeholders including civil society organizations, government, journalists and companies.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 12607-Zh STAFF APPRAISALREPORT ZAMIABT Public Disclosure Authorized PETROLEUM SECTOR REHABILITATIONPROJECT NAY 6, 1994 Public Disclosure Authorized Industry and Energy Operations Southern Africa Department Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a resticted distribution and may be used by redpient only in the performance of their officall duties. Its contents may not otrwisebe disclosed without World Bank autho0izaion CurrencyEquivalents (AnnualAverage ExchangeRates) Currencv ZambianKwacha (K) US$1.00 = K 600 K 1.00 - US$ 0.002 1980 US$1.00 = K .79 1983 US$1.00 K 1.26 1984 US$1.00 = K 1.81 1985 US$1.00 = K 3.14 1986 US$1.00 = K 7.79 1987 US$1.00 = K 8.89 1988 USS1.00 = K 8.82 1989 US$1.00 = K 12.90 1990 US$1.00 = K 28.90 1991 US$1.00 = K 61.70 1992 US$1.00 = K171.00 1993 US$1.00 = K460.00 Currency TanzanianShilline (TSh) US$1.00 = TSh.499 (exchangerate) TSh.1.00 = US$ 0.002 Weightsand Measures 1 Metric Ton (MT) = 1,000 kilograms(kg) 1 Barrel (Bbl) = 0.159 cubic meters I Metric Ton of Oil (API 30) = 7.19 barrels 1 Ton of Oil Equivalent = 10 million kilocalories(39.7 million Btu) 1 Kilocalorie = 3.97 BritishThermal Units (BTU) 1 Gallon = 3.785 Liters 1 Hectare(ha) = 0.01 squarekilometer (2.47 acres) 1 Liter = 0.26 Gallon FOR OFFICiL USE ONLY Abbreviations ADB AfricanDevelopment Bank AGIP AgipPetroli API AmecicanPetroleum Insdute BP BP (Zaumbia)Limited bpsd barmlper streamday BZ Bankof Zambia CAPC CentmalAfica Power Corporation BIB EuropeanInvestment
    [Show full text]
  • The Petroleum Industry in Zambia
    UNCTAD/DITC/CLP/2011/1 THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IN ZAMBIA: A study on market structure and competition United Nations Table of Contents 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 1 2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 9 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT ......................................................................................................... 10 4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONTEXT AND STRUCTURE OF THE PETROLEUM SECTOR ................... 11 4.1 MACROECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONTEXT........................................................................... 11 4.1.1 GLOBAL ENERGY PERSPECTIVE........................................................................................ 11 4.1.2 IMPORTANCE OF THE PETROLEUM SECTOR ................................................................... 12 4.1.3 THE CASE OF ZAMBIA ...................................................................................................... 13 4.2 PETROLEUM SECTOR ............................................................................................................. 15 4.2.1 UPSTREAM (Exploration and Production) ....................................................................... 17 4.2.2 MIDSTREAM (Transportation and Storage) .................................................................... 19 4.2.2.1 PROCUREMENT AND WHOLESALING OF REFINED PRODUCTS .............................
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Ecological Impacts of the TAZAMA Pipeline in Protected and in Non-Protected Areas in Tanzania
    Master’s Thesis 2019 60 ECTS Faculty of Landscape and Society Socio-Ecological Impacts of the TAZAMA Pipeline in Protected and in Non-Protected Areas in Tanzania. Aziza Athumani Master’s degree in International Environmental Studies Socio-Ecological Impacts of the TAZAMA Pipeline in Protected and in Non-protected Areas in Tanzania. By Aziza Athumani i The Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Eight departments, associated research institutions and the Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine in Oslo. Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes) and assignments. The Noragric Master Thesis are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Noragric Master programme “International Environmental Studies”, “International Development Studies” and “International Relations”. The findings in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, contact Noragric. © Aziza Athumani [email protected] Noragric Department of International Environment and Development Studies P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway Tel.: +47 67 23 00 00 Internet: http://www.nmbu.no/om/fakulteter/samvit/institutter/noragric ii DECLARATION I, Aziza Athumani, declare that this thesis is the result of my research conducted along TAZAMA pipeline route and the relevant sources of information included other than my own findings have been acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on the Supply of Petroleum Products Into Zambia
    Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water Development Study on the Supply of Petroleum Products into Zambia FINAL REPORT November 2014 STUDY ON THE SUPPLY OF PRODUCTS INTO ZAMBIA – FINAL REPORT Importance Notice Important message to any person not authorised to have access to this report. Any person who is not an addressee of this report or who has not signed and returned to a member of the Channoil Consortium (comprising Channoil Consulting Ltd, PricewaterhouseCoopers Associates Africa Limited and Corpus Legal Practitioners) a Release Letter is not authorised to have access to this report. Should any unauthorised person obtain access to and read this report, by reading this report such person accepts and agrees to the following terms: 1. The reader of this report understands that the work performed by the Channoil Consortium was performed in accordance with the approach agreed in our Technical Proposal submitted to the Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water Development and was performed exclusively in relation to the study on the supply of petroleum products into Zambia. 2. The reader of this report acknowledges that this report was prepared for the direction of Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water Development and may not include all procedures deemed necessary for the purposes of the reader. The reader agrees that the Channoil Consortium, its partners, principals, employees and agents neither owe nor accept any duty or responsibility to it, whether in contract or in tort (including without limitation, negligence and breach of statutory duty), and shall not be liable in respect of any loss, damage or expense of whatsoever nature which is caused by any use the reader may choose to make of this report, or which is otherwise consequent upon the gaining of access to the report by the reader.
    [Show full text]
  • Downstream Petroleum Sub Sector Performance Review Report
    DOWNSTREAM PETROLEUM SUB SECTOR PERFORMANCE REVIEW REPORT May, 2015 Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority 6th Floor, Harbour View Towers, Samora Avenue / Mission Street, P.O. Box 72175, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: +255 (0) 22 212 3850/3/4, Fax: +255 (0)22 212 3180, E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ewura.go.tz Downstream Petroleum Subsector Performance Review Report 2013/14 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..............................................................................................................................................................vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................................................................ix 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Downstream Petroleum Industry ......................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Briefing Notes on Tazama Operations]
    November 1, 2016 [BRIEFING NOTES ON TAZAMA OPERATIONS] BRIEFING NOTES ON TAZAMA OPERATIONS Page 1 November 1, 2016 [BRIEFING NOTES ON TAZAMA OPERATIONS] 1.0 BACKGROUND TAZAMA Pipelines was incorporated in 1968 and is owned by the government of the Republic of Zambia, with two thirds of the share capital and the government of the United Republic of Tanzania which holds one third of the share capital. The two owner governments formed TAZAMA Pipelines Limited as a private company for the purpose of transporting crude oil or its petroleum products cheaply from the port of Dar-es-salaam into land locked Zambia. The main purpose of forming the company was to ensure that the people of Zambia and their economy did not endure high fuel prices as a consequence of Zambia being land locked. To this effect the two governments negotiated between them a pipeline convention which to this day still regulates on operations of the pipeline including such matters as tax status, way leave easements and ownership, shareholding, market share and many other rights and privileges. 2.0 PROFILE ON COMPANY OPERATIONS TAZAMA Pipelines Limited owns and operates a Petroleum Crude Oil Pipeline, that runs from Dar-es-salaam in Tanzania to the INDENI Refinery at Ndola in Zambia. The pipeline runs for a distance of 1710 kilometers and comprises 954 kilometers of 8 inch diameter pipelines and 798 kilometers of 12 inch diameter pipelines and has an installed annual transportation capacity of 1.1 million metric tons. From the port of Dar-es-Salaam the pipeline follows the highway to Zambia and passes through the Mikumi National Park, then up the escarpments of Iringa and Mbeya before crossing into Zambia at Nakonde.
    [Show full text]
  • Finscope Tanzania 2017
    20 IRINGA REPORT FinScope Tanzania 2017 FinScope Tanzania 2017: Iringa Regional Report171 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was made possible in partnership with the Bank of Tanzania, Ministry of Finance and Planning, National Bureau of Statistics, Office of Chief Government Statistician-Zanzibar as well as representatives of financial service providers and other regulators. Special recognition is given to Professor Mohammed Warsame, chair of the FinScope Tanzania 2017 Steering Committee and his vice-chair, Dr. Blandina Kilama, as well as the chair of the Technical Committee Dr. Deogratius Macha. Data collection was carried out by Ipsos Tanzania and the Technical Advisory was under Yakini Development Consulting. The complementary qualitative research in Iringa was carried out by Cyril Chimilila, Felic Chengula and Gervas Kahemela. The report was written by Cyril Chimilila, Dr. Amos Ibrahim, Felix Chengula, Elvis Table of Contents Mushi, Julia Seifert and Sosthenes Kewe, edited by Lou Simpson, Neema Mosha and published by the Financial Sector Deepening Trust (FSDT). 1. INTRODUCTION 2. METHODOLOGY 2A: SAMPLING DESIGN 2B: KEY SAMPLING STATISTICS 3. FINDINGS 3A: DEMOGRAPHICS 3B. ADDRESSABILITY 3C: FINANCIAL BEHAVIOUR: 3D: FINANCIAL INCLUSION 3E: USAGE CONCLUSION 3 2 FinScope Tanzania 2017: Iringa Regional Report FinScope Tanzania 2017: Iringa Regional Report S B 9,459 ACHIEVED SAMPLE 1 Introduction In 2014, the National Financial Inclusion Framework (NFIF) set the stage for a national The survey has five main objectives: financial inclusion vision with goals for concrete improvements in the lives of all Tanzanians through improved access and use of financial services. The framework galvanized all • To understand the behaviour (cash flow management, investing, saving relevant stakeholders in financial services under one common vision of success and etc.) and define the financial service needs of consumers (individuals, provided strategic direction for all initiatives for financial inclusion in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Profile for Tanzania Mainland 2014 Thematic Volume I Including Threats Prioritisation
    Coastal Profile for Tanzania Mainland 2014 Thematic Volume I Including Threats Prioritisation Investment Prioritisation for Resilient Livelihoods and Ecosystems in Coastal Zones of Tanzania List of Contents List of Contents ........................................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ xi List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... xiii Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................. xvii Table of Units ......................................................................................................................................... xxi 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 Coastal Areas ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Vulnerable Areas under Pressure ....................................................................................................................... 1 Tanzania.............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Committee on Energy, Water Development and Tourism for the Third Session of the Twelfth National Assembly
    REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY, WATER DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM FOR THE FOURTH SESSION OF THE TWELFTH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY Printed by the National Assembly of Zambia REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY, WATER DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM FOR THE FOURTH SESSION OF THE TWELFTH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY Table of Contents 2.0 Functions of the Committee ........................................................................ 1 3.0 Meetings of the Committee .......................................................................... 2 4.0 Arrangement of the Report .......................................................................... 2 5.0 Procedure Adopted by the Committee .......................................................... 2 6.0 List of Witnesses ......................................................................................... 2 PART I ................................................................................................................. 2 THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES .................... 2 7.0 Background ................................................................................................ 2 7.1 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................ 4 8.0 SUMMARY OF SUBMISSIONS FROM STAKEHOLDERS ............................... 4 8.1 Legal and Policy Framework Governing the Petroleum Industry in Zambia 4 8.1.1 Legal Framework................................................................................ 4 8.1.2 Adequacy of the Legal Framework .....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • TANZANIA Transport Sector Review Acknowledgement
    TANZANIA Transport Sector Review Acknowledgement This Review was undertaken by the African Development Bank (AfDB) as part of its economic and sector work program in Tan- zania. The country’s needs for transport infrastructure and ser- vices are immense and well beyond the financing limitations of the Government, multilateral institutions, bilateral donors and the private sector combined. It is, therefore, important to identify priorities to ensure that investments are properly integrated and generate the maximum economic and social benefits to the eco- nomy. This Transport Sector Review was based on discussions with a wide range of transport and infrastructure institutions and individuals in the country including the donor community together with a review of the large number of sector reports and studies that have been completed over the past several years. The recommendations of this Review are based on the priority requirements in the various modes and their inter-linkages but ta- king into account projects that have been committed to by other donors and the Government and the level of resources that are expected to be available to AfDB during the next African Deve- lopment Fund program cycle. The Review was spearheaded by the AfDB’s Transport and ICT Department, Transport Division 2, under its Manager Amadou Oumarou. Project coordination was undertaken by Lawrence Kiggundu, Chief Infrastructure Engineer, Tanza- nia Field Office and supported by Girma Bezabeh, Transport Engineer, OITC2. The analysis and report was prepared by Charles M. Melhuish, Transport Economist (Staff Consultant) over the period January 2012–May 2012. The author would like to thank those individuals and organisations that provided information and contributed towards the analysis and results of the review and, in particular, the staff of the Ministry of Transport, Policy and Planning Division under the office of Ac- ting Director Gabriel Migire.
    [Show full text]