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Socio-Ecological Impacts of the TAZAMA Pipeline in Protected and in Non-Protected Areas in Tanzania

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Socio-Ecological Impacts of the TAZAMA Pipeline in Protected and in Non-Protected Areas in Tanzania Master’s Thesis 2019 60 ECTS Faculty of Landscape and Society Socio-Ecological Impacts of the TAZAMA Pipeline in Protected and in Non-Protected Areas in Tanzania. Aziza Athumani Master’s degree in International Environmental Studies Socio-Ecological Impacts of the TAZAMA Pipeline in Protected and in Non-protected Areas in Tanzania. By Aziza Athumani i The Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Eight departments, associated research institutions and the Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine in Oslo. Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes) and assignments. The Noragric Master Thesis are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Noragric Master programme “International Environmental Studies”, “International Development Studies” and “International Relations”. The findings in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, contact Noragric. © Aziza Athumani [email protected] Noragric Department of International Environment and Development Studies P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway Tel.: +47 67 23 00 00 Internet: http://www.nmbu.no/om/fakulteter/samvit/institutter/noragric ii DECLARATION I, Aziza Athumani, declare that this thesis is the result of my research conducted along TAZAMA pipeline route and the relevant sources of information included other than my own findings have been acknowledged. This work has not been either partially or full submitted to any other university than the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) for award of any type of academic degree. Date: 15Th August 2019 Signature: Aziza Athumani iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The successfully completion of this thesis was due to the supportive effort done by different participant involved in all the stages. I am therefore very grateful to my supervisor, Professor Pål Olav Vedeld for his valuable inputs to ensure this thesis become very successfully. His valuable comments on the early stage of proposal writing, guidance in the field sites being visited together and involvement in each stage of report writing made this study effectively completed. I wish to appreciate the EnPe- PELIGIBO project for financing my master’s degree program at NMBU and the fieldwork. I wish also to extend my deepest gratitude to all people collaborated with me at different stages of this thesis as follows; First, I wish to pass my sincere gratitude to Professor Julius Nyahongo of University of Dodoma (UDOM) for his guidance and knowledge that assist in completion of this study. Secondly, the staff of TAZAMA pipeline headquarter especially Engineer Patrick Mzava for his assistance in getting permit to work along TAZAMA pipeline. Moreover, I would like to extend my special regards to TAWIRI and TANAPA authority for accepting my proposal and allow me to proceed with my research in protected areas. I also acknowledge and thank so much the village leaders for their assistance during the fieldwork. I would like to express my sincere and heartfelt thanks to my parents Mr & Mrs Athumani Konyo, my husband Godbless Samuel Shao and my lovely sons Baraka and Brian for their prayer and emotional support all the time when I was far away from them for the sake of this study. Lastly, I would like to thank everyone who’s in one way or another made this thesis successfully. May God bless you all. iv ABSTRACT This study conducted along TAZAMA pipeline route covering sampling areas on protected and non-protected in Tanzania. The use of mixed research method involving a household survey, focused group discussion, interview, participant observation and secondary data enables to grasp important information which give a better understanding of social and ecological impacts created by the TAZAMA pipeline. The study focuses on impacts of the TAZAMA pipeline on household’s livelihoods and on conservation areas including National Parks located along TAZAMA pipeline route. The Sustainable Livelihood Approach was on effective theoretical approach in examining the vulnerability context including risks that affects households’ assets, activities and give outcomes to the individual livelihoods. Also, The Environmental Governance System Framework was used to assess the technology, involvement of different actors, their interactions and the outcomes created which led to changes in the states of the environmental resource along the pipeline route. The study findings showed that the household’s assets have been affected by oil spills from TAZAMA pipeline. Households agricultural land was polluted by oil spills led to low crop production which results into lower incomes. The studied area that is higher affected is Malolo located in Kilosa district in Morogoro. Focusing on the ecological impacts, the change of technology such as cathodic stations and pigging technology to detect and reduce leakage has been observed to avoid the negative impacts especially in the protected areas. The good interaction among different actors related to TAZAMA pipeline influence security of the pipeline as well as beneficiaries to the local community including construction of road, health center and other support when the community requested for it. This strengthen the relationship among them regardless the risk being created by TAZAMA pipeline. v KEY TERMS Oil Spills, Protected Areas, Non- Protected Areas, Social and Ecological Impacts, TAZAMA Pipeline, Sustainable Livelihoods and Environmental Governance Systems. vi Contents DECLARATION........................................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. v KEY TERMS .............................................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................xiii 1.2: Background .......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3: Method and field study ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.3.1: Population.......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.2: Agriculture ........................................................................................................................................ 6 1.3.3: Livestock keeping ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.3.4: Ruaha National Parks ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.5: Mikumi National Park ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.4: Justification of thesis ........................................................................................................................... 8 1.5: Flow of thesis by chapters ................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO – PROBLEM FORMULATION .............................................................................. 11 2.1 Problem statement .............................................................................................................................. 11 2.2: Objectives ........................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.1: Objective 1- To assess the history and context of the TAZAMA pipeline. ................................ 11 2.2.2: Objective 2- To study how the oil spills affect the livelihood. ..................................................... 12 2.2.3: Objective 3- To assess the Environment Governance Management of oil pipelines ................ 12 2.2.4: Objective 4- Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Areas for tentative recommendations ............................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER THREE - THEORIES AND LITERATURES ................................................................... 13 3.1 Empirical literature ...........................................................................................................................
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