DOCSLIB.ORG

In Member States of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In Member States of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation THE PROCESS OF ABOLISHING THE DEATH PENALTY IN MEMBER STATES OF THE ORGANISATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION THE PROCESS “No value can ever justify putting the value of human life into perspective so far as to eliminate it legally” – Abdou Diouf, former President of the Republic of Senegal, former General Secretary of the International Organisation of OF ABOLISHING La Francophonie. “Even though the death penalty has been applied throughout the world and throughout the ages, murders continue to occur. The death penalty has not THE DEATH PENALTY acted as a deterrent” – Liew Vui Keong, former Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department for Law of Malaysia. IN MEMBER STATES “Imposing the death penalty is of no benefit to justice” – Thomas Boni Yayi, former President of the Republic of Benin and former President of the African Union. OF THE ORGANISATION 149 States worldwide have now abolished the death penalty in law or in practice. The issue of the death penalty in the OIC member States clashes OF ISLAMIC with the belief that it would be impossible for an Islamic State to abolish this punishment. However, certain religious leaders agree that there is no consensus in schools of Quranic interpretation on the absolute necessity of enforcing COOPERATION the death penalty, and several Muslim-majority states have already abolished capital punishment in law. IN MEMBER STATES OF THE ORGANISATION ISLAMIC COOPERATION Of the 57 OIC member States, 19 have abolished the death penalty for all crimes or ordinary crimes, 14 have a moratorium on it and 24 are retentionist States. Most of the Islamic world has abolished the death penalty in law or in practice. Abolition is possible and this study proves it with detailed examples of States that have achieved it. It provides a better understanding of the NAEL GEORGES processes leading to abolition. This publication is based on interviews and research conducted by ECPM and Nael Georges. It is a valuable tool to help all OIC member States to work towards abolishing the death penalty and discrediting popular misconceptions. Co-funded ECPM by the European Union 62 bis, avenue Parmentier 75011 Paris www.ecpm.org THE PROCESS OF ABOLISHING DEATH PENALTY © ECPM, 2020 Price: 20 euros ISBN: 978-2-491354-14-5 This document was produced with the financial support of the EU Delegation to Morocco, the AFD, the Government of Switzerland and the Government of Norway. The content of this document is the sole responsibility of the authors and should in no way be considered to reflect the position of the EU, the AFD, nor the above-mentioned Governments. THE PROCESS OF ABOLISHING THE DEATH PENALTY IN MEMBER STATES OF THE ORGANISATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION THE PROCESS Publication director: OF ABOLISHING Raphaël Chenuil-Hazan Coordinator: Julia Bourbon Fernandez THE DEATH PENALTY Author: Nael Georges IN MEMBER STATES Copy editors: Emmanuel Maistre, Alain Morvan, Nicolas Perron, Mathilde Millier Sub-editor: OF THE ORGANISATION Caroline Izoret-About Translation: Atenao OF ISLAMIC Layout: Olivier Déchaud COOPERATION Printed by: Imprim’ad hoc Co-funded NAEL GEORGES by the European Union ECPM 62 bis, avenue Parmentier 75011 Paris www.ecpm.org © ECPM, 2020 ISBN: 978-2-491354-14-5 List of abbreviations Glossary ACAT Action by Christians for the Abolition of Torture Apostasy • Renunciation of a religion AU African Union Caliph • Religious and civil leader in a Muslim country CAT Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman Sharia • Islamic law or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Quran • Allah’s word for Muslims and the main source of Islamic law CI-HRC Côte d’Ivoire Human Rights Commission Quranism • Islamic belief that Sharia should only be based on the Quran CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child Corruption on Earth • Accusation of violating the most fundamental principles DHRL Djiboutian Human Rights League of Islam ECHR European Convention on Human Rights Dar-al-Harb • Territories outside Dar al-Islam where “infidels” rule ECPM Together against the Death Penalty Dar-al-Islam • Islamic country with an Islamic Government and where Sharia EU European Union prevails FIACAT International Federation of Action by Christians for the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Abolition of Torture Rights (OP2) • The only international treaty aiming to abolish the death FIDH International Federation for Human Rights penalty by ending executions and providing the means to maintain the ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights abolition IHR Iran Human Rights Dhimmi communities • Legal status of Christians and Jews in Dar al-Islam IOF International Organisation of La Francophonie living under Islamic rule IOP International Observatory of Prisons Dhimmi • A non-Muslim in a Dhimmi community NGO Non-Governmental Organisation Diya • Compensation paid to the family of a murder victim by the guilty party NHRC National Human Rights Commission Fatwa • Legal opinion or religious decision given by an expert or religious body NHRI National Human Rights Institution to answer a specific question that the Quran does not explicitly answer OIC Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Hadith • Word or action by Islamic prophets OPCAT Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Hirabah • Crime related to “corruption on Earth” Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Hudud • Legal punishments under Islamic law OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe Ijmā • Consensus of Islamic scholars of the same generation on a point of OP2 Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant Islamic law on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition Ijtihad • Exertion in interpreting Islamic law of the death penalty Qiyas • The deduction of legal prescriptions from Sharia to apply to a new SHRC Senegal Human Rights Committee case UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights Abolitionist countries for all crimes • States or territories whose laws do not UN United Nations impose the death penalty for any crime UNGA United Nations General Assembly Abolitionist countries for ordinary crimes • States or territories that only UPR Universal Periodic Review impose the death penalty in exceptional circumstances USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Abolitionist countries in practice • States or territories which retain the death penalty but have not executed anyone in the past 10 years and do not oppose the most recent United Nations resolution in favour of a moratorium on executions and/or have ratified the OP2 Retentionist countries • States or territories which retain the death penalty Qisas • Law of retaliation Sunna • Body of sayings, traditions and practices of the Prophet Muhammad and sometimes his companions Ummah • Community of Islamic believers, in other words, the nation as a religious community THE PROCESS OF ABOLISHING THE DEATH PENALTY ECPM 4 IN MEMBER STATES OF THE ORGANISATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION 2020 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS • Foreword 9 Part II - Case studies: abolitionist OIC member states 53 • Preface 11 • Mozambique 56 • Guinea-Bissau 57 Methodology 19 • Djibouti 58 • Azerbaijan 60 Introduction 21 • Turkmenistan 61 • Côte d’Ivoire 64 • Turkey 67 Part I - The OIC and the death penalty 25 • Senegal 71 • Albania 75 • The OIC and the death penalty 27 • Kyrgyzstan 78 • Presentation of the OIC 27 • Uzbekistan 79 • Kazakhstan 80 • International and regional commitments by OIC member States 33 • Togo 8 1 • OIC states and the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) 36 • Gabon 85 • Position of abolitionist OIC member States with regard • Benin 86 to the vote of the moratorium resolution 37 • Suriname 89 • OIC documents pertaining to human rights 38 • Guinea 90 • Burkina Faso 91 • The definition of an Islamic State 40 • Chad 96 • Criteria according to the OIC 41 • Criteria put forward by Islamic law specialists 42 Conclusion 101 • Sources of Islamic law and the death penalty 44 • Bibliography 105 • Sources of Islamic law 44 • Appendix 111 • The death penalty in Sharia sources 45 • List of people/institutions questioned 111 • Map of OIC member States and their status 112 • Modern interpretation of Islam and abolition • Provisions of applicable international law 114 of the death penalty 48 • Humanist reading of Islamic law sources 48 • Islam and secularism 50 THE PROCESS OF ABOLISHING THE DEATH PENALTY ECPM 6 IN MEMBER STATES OF THE ORGANISATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION 2020 7 FOREWORD Most monotheistic religions, primarily Judaism then Christianity (excluding some evangelical churches), have a very clear stance against the death penalty. That certainly hasn’t always been the case in the past. But opinions change. Nowadays, there’s no denying that the idea of capital punishment as an instrument for justice has been very firmly rejected as “Neither divine, nor human”, particularly by the Catholic Church (since the “Vatican II” reform then with Popes John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis). Pope Francis made the cause a key part of his vision for the Church’s doctrine on social justice and set several countries on the path towards abolition. The Islamic world is in a slightly different, yet contradictory, situation on this issue. When we talk about the death penalty worldwide, we automatically think of countries such as Saudi Arabia (a country famous for execution methods that are often said to be “medieval”: public beheading with a sword, crucifix- ion, flagellation). Other countries that come to mind are Iran (the most reported executions per inhabitant), Egypt (countless political prisoners sentenced to death), Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan (where executions were reinstated in 2016 to combat terrorism yet the death penalty is actually mainly imposed for other crimes or accusations of blasphemy). The reality we’re all aware of stops us seeing another equally meaningful and illustrative reality of the Islamic world that many don’t want to see: most of the Islamic world has abolished the death penalty in law or fact! In other words, countries with Muslim cultures are on the path to universal abolition just like the rest of the world.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Islamic Economic Thinking in the 12Th AH/18Th CE Century with Special Reference to Shah Wali-Allah Al-Dihlawi
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Islamic economic thinking in the 12th AH/18th CE century with special reference to Shah Wali-Allah al-Dihlawi Islahi, Abdul Azim Islamic Economics Institute, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA 2009 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/75432/ MPRA Paper No. 75432, posted 06 Dec 2016 02:58 UTC Abdul Azim Islahi Islamic Economics Research Center King Abdulaziz University Scientific Publising Center King Abdulaziz University http://spc.kau.edu.sa FOREWORD The Islamic Economics Research Center has great pleasure in presenting th Islamic Economic Thinking in the 12th AH (corresponding 18 CE) Century with Special Reference to Shah Wali-Allah al-Dihlawi). The author, Professor Abdul Azim Islahi, is a well-known specialist in the history of Islamic economic thought. In this respect, we have already published his following works: Contributions of Muslim Scholars to th Economic Thought and Analysis up to the 15 Century; Muslim th Economic Thinking and Institutions in the 16 Century, and A Study on th Muslim Economic Thinking in the 17 Century. The present work and the previous series have filled, to an extent, the gap currently existing in the study of the history of Islamic economic thought. In this study, Dr. Islahi has explored the economic ideas of Shehu Uthman dan Fodio of West Africa, a region generally neglected by researchers. He has also investigated the economic ideas of Shaykh Muhammad b. Abd al-Wahhab, who is commonly known as a religious renovator. Perhaps it would be a revelation for many to know that his economic ideas too had a role in his reformative endeavours.
    [Show full text]
  • The Theory of Punishment in Islamic Law a Comparative
    THE THEORY OF PUNISHMENT IN ISLAMIC LAW A COMPARATIVE STUDY by MOHAMED 'ABDALLA SELIM EL-AWA Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies, Department of Law March 1972 ProQuest Number: 11010612 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010612 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 , ABSTRACT This thesis deals with the theory of Punishment in Islamic law. It is divided into four ch pters. In the first chapter I deal with the fixed punishments or Mal hududrl; four punishments are discussed: the punishments for theft, armed robbery, adultery and slanderous allegations of unchastity. The other two punishments which are usually classified as "hudud11, i.e. the punishments for wine-drinking and apostasy are dealt with in the second chapter. The idea that they are not punishments of "hudud11 is fully ex- plained. Neither of these two punishments was fixed in definite terms in the Qurfan or the Sunna? therefore the traditional classification of both of then cannot be accepted.
    [Show full text]
  • Blasphemy, Charlie Hebdo, and the Freedom of Belief and Expression
    Blasphemy, Charlie Hebdo, and the Freedom of Belief and Expression The Paris attacks and the reactions rashad ali The horrific events in Paris, with the killing of a group of Other reactions highlight and emphasise the fact journalists, a Police officer, and members of the Jewish that Muslims are also victims of terrorism – often the community in France have shocked and horrified most main victims – a point which Charlie Hebdo made in commentators. These atrocities, which the Yemen branch an editorial of the first issue of the magazine published of the global terrorist group al-Qaeda have claimed the following the attack on its staff. Still others highlight responsibility for,1 have led to condemnations from that Jews were targeted merely because they were Jews.2 across the political spectrum and across religious divides. This was even more relevant given how a BBC journalist Some ubiquitous slogans that have arisen, whether appeared to suggest that there was a connection between Je suis Charlie, Ahmed, or Juif, have been used to show how “Jews” treated Palestinians in Israel and the killing of empathy with various victims of these horrid events. Jews in France in a kosher shop.3 These different responses illustrate some of the divides in The most notorious response arguably has not come public reaction, with solidarity shown to various camps. from Islamist circles but from the French neo-fascist For example, some have wished to show support and comedian Dieudonne for stating on his Facebook solidarity with the victims but have not wished to imply account “je me sens Charlie Coulibaly” (“I feel like Charlie or show support to Charlie Hebdo as a publication, Coulibaly”).
    [Show full text]
  • Parolin V9 1..190
    Citizenship in the Arab World IMISCOE International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion in Europe The IMISCOE Network of Excellence unites over 500 researchers from European institutes specialising in studies of international migration, integration and social cohesion. The Network is funded by the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission on Research, Citizens and Governance in a Knowledge-Based Society. Since its foundation in 2004, IMISCOE has developed an integrated, multidisciplinary and globally comparative research project led by scholars from all branches of the economic and social sciences, the humanities and law. The Network both furthers existing studies and pioneers new research in migration as a discipline. Priority is also given to promoting innovative lines of inquiry key to European policymaking and governance. The IMISCOE-Amsterdam University Press Series was created to make the Network’s findings and results available to researchers, policymakers and practitioners, the media and other interested stakeholders. High-quality manuscripts authored by IMISCOE members and cooperating partners are published in one of four distinct series. IMISCOE Research advances sound empirical and theoretical scholarship addressing themes within IMISCOE’s mandated fields of study. IMISCOE Reports disseminates Network papers and presentations of a time-sensitive nature in book form. IMISCOE Dissertations presents select PhD monographs written by IMISCOE doctoral candidates. IMISCOE Textbooks produces manuals, handbooks and other didactic tools for instructors and students of migration studies. IMISCOE Policy Briefs and more information on the Network can be found at www.imiscoe.org. Citizenship in the Arab World Kin, Religion and Nation-State Gianluca P. Parolin IMISCOE Research This work builds on five years of onsite research into citizenship in the Arab world.
    [Show full text]
  • Blasphemy Laws in Pakistan
    Blasphemy Laws in Pakistan A Historical Overview Center for Research and Security Studies (CRSS), Islamabad House#36-B, Street#30, F-8/1 Tel: 051-8314801-03, Fax: 051-8314801 www.crss.pk 0 Acknowledgements CRSS owes its gratitude to Mohammad Nafees, Senior Research Fellow (CRSS) for writing this report. Thanks also to Zeeshan Haider (CRSS Media Consultant) and to Imdad Ullah, Senior Research Fellow, CRSS for useful editing contributions to this valuable report. CRSS also thanks Peace Education and Development (PEAD) Foundation for helping out with the publication of this report. 1 Contents Executive Summary 4 Introduction 6 Chapter 1: British India and blasphemy laws History of blasphemy laws 295, 296, & 298 8 Chapter 2: Political background of Pre-partition India Two nation theory in its inception 10 Hindu-Muslim unity and disunity 12 Introduction to blasphemy law 295A 13 Causes for introduction of blasphemy law 295A 14 Chapter 3: Blasphemy laws before Zia-ul-Haq era 19 Chapter 4: Blasphemy laws after Zia-ul-Haq era: 21 Introduction of new blasphemy laws 21 Chapter 5: Historical background of communal riots in Pakistan 24 Political challenges of the new country 24 Communal riots in Punjab and East Pakistan 25 Communal hatred – a breeding ground for dictatorship in Pakistan 29 Chapter 6: Controversies of new blasphemy laws 34 Ambiguity of blasphemy laws 35 A study of blasphemy law 295C 36 Punishment of blasphemy laws in Pakistan and other Muslim countries 39 Chapter 7: Use and Misuse of the blasphemy laws 42 Unprecedented rise of blasphemy
    [Show full text]
  • Meaning and Structure of Law in Islam
    Vanderbilt Law Review Volume 16 Issue 1 Issue 1 - December 1962 Article 5 12-1962 Meaning and Structure of Law in Islam Salah-Eldin Abdel-Wahab Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr Part of the Jurisprudence Commons Recommended Citation Salah-Eldin Abdel-Wahab, Meaning and Structure of Law in Islam, 16 Vanderbilt Law Review 115 (1962) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr/vol16/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Meaning and Structure of Law in Islam* Salah-EldinAbdel-Wahab * * The author proposes in this paper to introduce Islamic law to the reader in a quick survey that dwells on the fundamental origins and recalls the development of Islamic legal institutions. Such a survey will serve as an introduction to more detailed studies of each of the specific fields which will reveal the growth and maturity of that jurisprudence, its diversity and its similarity to our modern legal thinking. I. IMPORTANCE OF Tis STUDY Islam today represents one of the three great world-systems of law.' It is now the oldest in history, dating back more than thirteen consecutive centuries. Its most distinctive feature is that it originated as divine law embodied in God's Scripture, the Koran, and was then developed and nurtured by the native juristic mind of the Arabs. It was firmly accepted by many different races from Oman to Andalusia.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analytical Study of Women-Related Verses of S¯Ura An-Nisa
    Gunawan Adnan Women and The Glorious QurÞÁn: An Analytical Study of Women-RelatedVerses of SÙra An-NisaÞ erschienen in der Reihe der Universitätsdrucke des Universitätsverlages Göttingen 2004 Gunawan Adnan Women and The Glorious QurÞÁn: An Analytical Study of Women- RelatedVerses of SÙra An-NisaÞ Universitätsdrucke Göttingen 2004 Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Ein Titelsatz für diese Publikation ist bei der Deutschen Bibliothek erhältlich. © Alle Rechte vorbehalten, Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2004 ISBN 3-930457-50-4 Respectfully dedicated to My honorable parents ...who gave me a wonderful world. To my beloved wife, son and daughter ...who make my world beautiful and meaningful as well. i Acknowledgements All praises be to AllÁh for His blessing and granting me the health, strength, ability and time to finish the Doctoral Program leading to this book on the right time. I am indebted to several persons and institutions that made it possible for this study to be undertaken. My greatest intellectual debt goes to my academic supervisor, Doktorvater, Prof. Tilman Nagel for his invaluable advice, guidance, patience and constructive criticism throughout the various stages in the preparation of this dissertation. My special thanks go to Prof. Brigitta Benzing and Prof. Heide Inhetveen whose interests, comments and guidance were of invaluable assistance. The Seminar for Arabic of Georg-August University of Göttingen with its international reputation has enabled me to enjoy a very favorable environment to expand my insights and experiences especially in the themes of Islamic studies, literature, phylosophy, philology and other oriental studies. My thanks are due to Dr. Abdul RazzÁq Weiss who provided substantial advice and constructive criticism for the perfection of this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2021
    PERSONS • OF THE YEAR • The Muslim500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2021 • B The Muslim500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2021 • i The Muslim 500: The World’s 500 Most Influential Chief Editor: Prof S Abdallah Schleifer Muslims, 2021 Editor: Dr Tarek Elgawhary ISBN: print: 978-9957-635-57-2 Managing Editor: Mr Aftab Ahmed e-book: 978-9957-635-56-5 Editorial Board: Dr Minwer Al-Meheid, Mr Moustafa Jordan National Library Elqabbany, and Ms Zeinab Asfour Deposit No: 2020/10/4503 Researchers: Lamya Al-Khraisha, Moustafa Elqabbany, © 2020 The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre Zeinab Asfour, Noora Chahine, and M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin 20 Sa’ed Bino Road, Dabuq PO BOX 950361 Typeset by: Haji M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin Amman 11195, JORDAN www.rissc.jo All rights reserved. No part of this book may be repro- duced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanic, including photocopying or recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Views expressed in The Muslim 500 do not necessarily reflect those of RISSC or its advisory board. Set in Garamond Premiere Pro Printed in The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Calligraphy used throughout the book provided courte- sy of www.FreeIslamicCalligraphy.com Title page Bismilla by Mothana Al-Obaydi MABDA • Contents • INTRODUCTION 1 Persons of the Year - 2021 5 A Selected Surveyof the Muslim World 7 COVID-19 Special Report: Covid-19 Comparing International Policy Effectiveness 25 THE HOUSE OF ISLAM 49 THE
    [Show full text]
  • Unlawful Incomes by Islamic Banks in Malaysia: an Analysis of Juristic Methods of Purification
    PROCEEDING OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EMPOWERING ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION, 7-8 OKTOBER 2017 Proceeding of International Conference of Empowering Islamic Civilization Editors: Rahimah Embong, Mohamad Zaidin Mat @ Mohamad, Hanif Md Lateh @ Junid, Fadzli Adam & Syed Hadzrullathfi Syed Omar © Research Institute for Islamic Product and Malay Civilization (INSPIRE) Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) ISBN 978-967-0899-70-1 (2017), http: //www.inspire.unisza.edu.my Unlawful Incomes by Islamic banks in Malaysia: An Analysis of Juristic Methods of Purification 1Saidatolakma Mohd Yunus, 2Zuraidah Kamaruddin, 3Sayed Sikandar al Haneef, 4Sumayyah Abdul Aziz & 4Rahimah Embong* 1Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Studies Department, Kuliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge, International Islamic University Malaysia 2Fiqh and Usul al Fiqh Department, Kuliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge 3Fakulti Pengajian Kontemporari Islam Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin 4Institut Penyelidikan Produk dan Ketamadunan Islam Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin *corresponding Author Abstract: Islamic banks as a matter of principle should not engage in any risky business activities in the process of which they can procure unlawful incomes. Nevertheless, bank as a corporate entity dealing with people of diverse cultures and International companies is bound not to be able to stay away from transactions which could avoid being tainted with unlawful and objectionable incomes. As to how Islamic banks in Malaysia should treat such an income, Islamic law contains some juristic guidelines on the basis of which, some operational rules could be deduced. Accordingly, this study is an attempt to articulate juristic mechanisms by which Islamic banks in Malaysia can weed out the unlawful incomes from their asset. Keywords: Unlawful income, Purification, Islamic banks, riba-based transaction INTRODUCTION The internal critics of Islamic banking contend that this entity in another gateway for a capitalist banking system as in practice, it receives unlawful incomes in the same way as conventional banks.
    [Show full text]
  • Punishment for Rape in Islamic Law
    Page 1 Malayan Law Journal Articles/2009/Volume 5/PUNISHMENT FOR RAPE IN ISLAMIC LAW [2009] 5 MLJ cxiv Malayan Law Journal Articles 2009 PUNISHMENT FOR RAPE IN ISLAMIC LAW Dr Azman Mohd Noor Assistant Professor Department of Fiqh and Usul al-Fiqh International Islamic University Malaysia In Islam, rape is considered to be a serious sexual crime. Since it consists of forcible sexual intercourse, most of the classical jurists called it zina bi al-ikrah, that is, forcible unlawful sexual intercourse. The ques- tionarises as to whether rape is part of zina or an isolated crime. This paper focuses on the notion of rape, including a definition of this crime, its punishments and a comparison between rape and zina in Islamic ju- risprudence. INTRODUCTION Many controversial issues have arisen recently pertaining to rape, ranging from the actual definition of rape, its classification, adjudication and punishment, and ending with the compensation that is to be paid to the rape victim(s). To a layman, rape has always been associated with zina in the sense that both crimes involve sexual intercourse; this perception is in fact not quite right. To make things more confusing, some modern Islamic Courts in the Muslim world today too, have posited rape to zina in which the victim could be liable for slanderous accusation (qadhf) if she fails to produce four male eyewitnesses to support her indictment. Modern as well as classical scholars of the past have thoroughly studied the issues, based on Islamic sources, and have arrived at the standard of proof required to convict a rapist.
    [Show full text]
  • The Concept of Crime and Punishment in Islam
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research ISSN: 2455-2070 Impact Factor: RJIF 5.22 www.socialsciencejournal.in Volume 4; Issue 5; September 2018; Page No. 27-34 The concept of crime and punishment in Islam Dr. Meraj Ahmad Meraj Assistant Professor, Department of Arabic, Aliah University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Abstract Islam proposes a society of righteousness and justice. Islam caters to people’s need for peace and serenity and therefore takes every legal measure to safeguard the society against disruptive elements. The notion of punishments in Islam is not the primary laws. They are only to the declaratory laws which are always enforced as a condition or sequence an as a vindication of the primary structure of Islamic society. Criminal behaviour is not tolerated in the Islamic order of society. Islam pursues its social objectives through reforming the individual in the first place. Shariah law has a role for individual rights, but those individual rights are exercised within a system that is primarily concerned with human relations. Islam does not disregard the relative responsibility of the criminal and the role of circumstances in commission of crimes. Islam stands out distinctly among the religions of the world in that its punishment and retribution laws are applied under exclusive rules and regulations. Islam ensures proportionality between crime and punishment. Islamic concept of punishment is perfectly justified as Islam not only takes every possible measure to prevent crimes but also inculcates commendable moral scruples in the criminals. The Islamic Criminal law has approved many crimes with providing deterrent, reformative, retaliate and other kinds of penalties in order to uphold peace in the society and reform the criminals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Status of Rebels in Islamic Law Sadia Tabassum Sadiatabassum Is Lecturer in the Department of Law,International Islamic University,Islamabad
    Volume 93 Number 881 March 2011 Combatants, not bandits: the status of rebels in Islamic law Sadia Tabassum SadiaTabassum is Lecturer in the Department of Law,International Islamic University,Islamabad. She received her LLM in International Law from the same University. Abstract The Islamic law on rebellion offers a comprehensive code for regulating the conduct of hostilities in non-international armed conflicts and thus it can be used as a model for improving the contemporary international legal regime. It not only provides an objective criterion for ascertaining existence of armed conflict but also recognizes the combatant status for rebels and the necessary corollaries of their de facto authority in the territory under their control. Thus it helps reduce the sufferings of civilians and ordinary citizens during rebellion and civil wars. At the same time, Islamic law asserts that the territory under the de facto control of the rebels is de jure part of the parent state. It therefore answers the worries of those who fear that the grant of combatant status to rebels might give legitimacy to their struggle. The contemporary world faces many armed conflicts, most of which are deemed ‘internal’ – or ‘non-international’. This article attempts to identify some of the important problems in the international legal regime regulating these conflicts and to find solutions to these problems by taking the Islamic law of rebellion as our point of reference. Islamic international law – or Siyar – has been proven to deal with the issue of rebellion, civil wars, and internal conflicts in quite some detail. Every manual of fiqh (Islamic law) has a chapter on Siyar that contains a section on rebellion (khuruj/baghy);1 some manuals of fiqh even have separate chapters on rebellion.2 The Qur’an, the primary source of Islamic law, provides fundamental doi:10.1017/S1816383111000117 121 S.
    [Show full text]