OPEN ACCESS The Journaf of Threafened Taxa fs dedfcafed fo buffdfng evfdence for conservafon gfobaffy by pubffshfng peer-revfewed arfcfes onffne every monfh af a reasonabfy rapfd rafe af www.fhreafenedfaxa.org . Aff arfcfes pubffshed fn JoTT are regfsfered under Creafve Commons Afrfbufon 4.0 Infernafonaf Lfcense unfess ofherwfse menfoned. JoTT affows unresfrfcfed use of arfcfes fn any medfum, reproducfon, and dfsfrfbufon by provfdfng adequafe credff fo fhe aufhors and fhe source of pubffcafon.

Journaf of Threafened Taxa Buffdfng evfdence for conservafon gfobaffy www.fhreafenedfaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Onffne) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Prfnf) Shorf Communfcaffon Addfffons fo fhe sea snaff fauna (Moffusca: Gasfropoda: Opfsfhobranchfa) of Lakshadweep Isfands, Indfa

B.K. Sneha Chandran, R. Ravfnesh & A. Bfju Kumar

26 December 2017 | Vof. 9| No. 12 | Pp. 11045–11053 10.11609/jof. 2342 .9. 12.11045-11053

For Focus, Scope, Afms, Poffcfes and Gufdeffnes vfsff hfp://fhreafenedfaxa.org/Abouf_JoTT For Arfcfe Submfssfon Gufdeffnes vfsff hfp://fhreafenedfaxa.org/Submfssfon_Gufdeffnes For Poffcfes agafnsf Scfenffc Mfsconducf vfsff hfp://fhreafenedfaxa.org/JoTT_Poffcy_agafnsf_Scfenffc_Mfsconducf For reprfnfs confacf

Pubffsher/Hosf

Parfner

Threafened Taxa

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2017 | 9(12): 11045–11053

Additions to the sea snail fauna (: : Opisthobranchia) of Lakshadweep Islands, India

1 2 3 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) B.K. Sneha Chandran , R. Ravinesh & A. Biju Kumar Communication Short ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 1, 2, 3 Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] (corresponding author) OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: Among the 373 species of opisthobranchs reported from there is renewed research interest in this fauna (Apte India, 92 are from Lakshadweep. This paper documents 11 species 2009, 2012; Apte et al. 2010, 2012; Raghunathan et of opisthobranch fauna from Lakshadweep Islands, classified under the families Haminoeidae, Colpodaspididae, Volvatellidae, al. 2010; Ramakrishna et al. 2010; Bhave & Apte 2011, Dendrodorididae, Chromodorididae, Goniodorididae, , 2013; Sreeraj et al. 2012; Apte & Bhave 2014; Carmona and , of which five are new records to India. Goniobranchus rufomaculatus and Volvatella ventricosa are reported for the first time et al. 2014, 2016). Among the 373 species reported from the western Indian Ocean. from India (Venkataraman et al. 2015), 92 are from the Lakshadweep group of Islands (Ravinesh & Bijukumar Keywords: Coral islands, Indian Ocean, Lakshadweep, new records, opisthobranch, sea slug, union territory. 2015). The earlier works on opisthobranchs of Lakshadweep Archipelago include those of Eliot (1903), Smith (1903), Hornell (1921), Nagabhushanam & Rao Opisthobranchs are a group of marine sea snails (1972), Rao et al. (1974), Sakthivel (1974), Namboodiri characterised by many unique features (Yonow 2008). & Sivadas (1979), Appukuttan et al. (1989), Rao & Rao They are diverse in morphological, dietary, and feeding (1991) and Rao (2003). Subsequently, Apte (2009), Apte aspects, and are ideal indicators of ecosystem health. & Salahuddin (2011), Susan et al. (2012), Ravinesh et al. They are characterised by unique behaviour such as (2013), and Apte & Bhave (2014) compiled information kleptoplasty and maintenance of photosynthetically on opisthobranchs of these islands. Ravinesh & active chloroplasts in their body, acquisition of Bijukumar (2015) published a consolidated checklist nematocysts from cnidarian prey, in situ synthesis of of marine molluscs from Lakshadweep Islands. In the repugnatory fluids, and aposematic colouration (Wägele present study, 11 additional species of opisthobranchs & Willan 2000). They have a strong chemical defence are reported from various islands of Lakshadweep. system by synthesising potent biochemicals as secondary metabolites (Beesoo et al. 2014) which possess Materials and Methods pharmaceutical value. They are distributed in almost Live specimens were collected by snorkelling all marine habitats and are present in both temperate and handpicking from the intertidal areas, lagoons, and tropical waters. Even though opisthobranchs and sea grass beds up to 4m depth. Specimens were were the least studied molluscan group in India, of late photographed and documented alive, then preserved

DOI: http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2342.9.12.11045-11053 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7FBC2818-0CF1-4F40-B41A-6AD72C0E517C

Editor: Nathalie Yonow, Swansea University, Swansea, UK. Date of publication: 26 December 2017 (online & print)

Manuscript details: Ms # 2342 | Received 28 September 2015 | Final received 09 December 2017 | Finally accepted 12 December 2017

Citation: Chandran, B.K.S., R. Ravinesh & A.B. Kumar (2017). Additions to the sea snail fauna (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) of Lakshadweep Islands, India . Journal of Threatened Taxa 9(12): 11045–11053; http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2342.9.12.11045-11053

Copyright: © Chandran et al. 2017. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduc- tion and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.

Funding: The assistance of UGC CAS is acknowledged by all the authors.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: B.K. Sneha Chandran is greateful to the Department of Science and Technology (Government of India) for the INSPIRE fellowship. R. Ravinesh thanks the student research awards offered by the Unitas Malacologica for the PhD programme.

11045 Addffons sea snaffs of Lakshadweep Isfands Chandr an ef af. fn 90% efhyf afcohof for furfher faxonomfc sfudfes. pfaced bfack eye spofs are vfsfbfe. Foof efongafe wffh Aff voucher specfmens are deposffed fn fhe museum smaff whffe bfofches. Ovafe, fransparenf barref shaped coffecfons of fhe Deparfmenf of Aquafc Bfofogy and sheff ffghf brown and wfder af fhe mfddfe, profruded Ffsherfes, Unfversffy of Kerafa, Indfa (accessfon numbers af fhe anferfor regfon and fruncafed, narrower af fhe DABF/UOK/GAS 05-22). posferfor end. Conspfcuous sfrfafons are seen af fhe Specfmens were coffecfed from Kavaraf sheff base and apex, cfoser fogefher af fhe ends. The (10.56500000 N & 72.62611111 E), Kadmaf (11.17833333 cenfraf porfon of fhe sheff fs wffhouf sfrfafons. There N & 72.76027778 E), Kafpenf (10.06833333 N & are approxfmafefy 10 anferfor grooves and 12 posferfor 73.63361111 E), Mfnfcoy (8.32305556 N & 73.07888889 grooves fn fhe sheff. Spfre sunken, sheff aperfure E), Bffra (11.59916667 N & 72.18527778 E), and broader anferforfy and narrow posferforfy. Cheffaf (10.68111111 N & 72.70527778 E) fsfands of Sfze: Sheff fengfh 4.5–5.7 mm, wfdfh 2.8–3.1 mm Lakshadweep Archfpefago from December 2013 fo June Remarks: Wfdefy dfsfrfbufed fn fhe Indo-Pacffc, fhfs 2015. specfes was frsf recorded from fhe Sandwfch Isfands (Pease 1860). Thfs fs a new record fo Indfa. Coffecfed Resuffs from fnferfdaf areas and found among fhe seaweed Durfng fhe survey 11 specfes of opfsfhobranchs were Haffmeda sp., af a depfh of 1.5m. recorded for fhe frsf fme from Lakshadweep Isfands; of Dfsfrfbufon: Madagascar, Indonesfa, Mafaysfa, Japan, fhese, fve are new records fo Indfa. Phfffppfnes, Papua New Gufnea, New Cafedonfa, Guam, Tahff, Hawaff (Ingram 1939; Kuroda & Habe 1952; Infra-cfass: Opfsfhobranchfa Mffne-Edwards, 1848 Gosffner ef af. 2008; Too ef af. 2014), Norfh Tufuffa Order: Cephafaspfdea P. Ffscher, 1883 Isfand, Samoa (Rudman 2000a), Red Sea (Yonow 2008). Superfamffy: Hamfnoeofdea Pffsbry, 1895 Famffy: Hamfnoefdae Pffsbry, 1895 Superfamffy: Phfffnofdea Gray, 1850 (1815) Genus: Afys Monforf, 1810 Famffy: Cofpodaspfdfdae Oskars, Bouchef & Mafaqufas, 1. Afys semfsfrfafa Pease, 1860 (Image 1 a–c) 2015 Synonyms: Afys semfsfrfafa fordfnsufae Pffsbry, Genus: Cofpodaspfs M. Sars, 1870 1921; Afys semfsfrfafa mua Pffsbry, 1921 2. Cofpodaspfs fhompsonf G.H. Brown, 1979 (Image Maferfafs examfned: 12; accessfon numbers: DABF/ 2) UOK/GAS 05-07 Maferfaf examfned: 1; Accessfon number: DABF/ Sfze: Sheff fengfh 4.5–5.7 mm, wfdfh 2.8–3.1 mm. UOK/GAS 08 Locafffy: Kadmaf, Kavaraf, Agaf, and Mfnfcoy Sfze: Lengfh 2mm fsfands Locafffy: Kavaraf Isfand Descrfpfon: Anfmaf fs fransfucenf whffe fn cofour. Descrfpfon: Smaff, fny bfack body wffh numerous The cephaffc regfon and parapodfa are characferfsed farge yeffow pusfufes bordered by whffe rfngs; faff bfack. wffh numerous brown spofs. The body fs speckfed wffh An exhafenf sfphon fs presenf on fhe rfghf, af fhe back numerous smaff peach cofoured spofs vfsfbfe fhrough fhe of fhe body. Rhfnophores roffed, wffh whffsh fps. Thfn sheff on fhe dorsaf surface of fhe body. Two anferforfy coffed and deffcafe fnfernaf sheff remafns compfefefy

© R. Ravfnesh

c

Image 1 a–c. Afys semfsfrfafa Pease, 1860. a - venfraf vfew of sheff; b - dorsaf vfew of sheff (scafe = 5mm); c - ffve anfmaf 5mm.

11046 Journaf of Threafened Taxa | www.fhreafenedfaxa.org | 26 December 2017 | 9(12): 11045–11053 Addffons sea snaffs of Lakshadweep Isfands Chandr an ef af.

© R. Ravfnesh

© R. Ravfnesh a Image 2. Cofpodaspfs fhompsonf G. H. Brown, 1979. Lfve anfmaf, 2mm. envefoped by fhe manffe. The foof fs conspfcuous, wffh a cenfraf groove and expanded fo form a rounded fobe fn fhe anferfor regfon and fs vfsfbfe beneafh fhe rhfnophores. Large mucous gfand fs presenf fn fhe foof whfch hefps fhe anfmaf fo afach frmfy fo fhe subsfrafum. Remarks: Ffrsf descrfbed from fhe Tanzanfan coasf (Brown 1979). A new record for Indfa. Found crawffng on fhe hard coraf Gonfasfrea pecfnafa af a depfh of 0.80m. b Dfsfrfbufon: Red Sea (Heffer & Thompson 1983, Yonow 2008), Japan, Réunfon, Queensfand, Chrfsfmas Image 3. Vofvafeffa venfrfcosa Jensen & Weffs, 1990. a - ffve anfmaf, 7mm; b - Radufar feefh. Isfand (Rudman 2000b), Ffjf (Brodfe & Brodfe 1990), Guam (Carfson & Hof 2003), Hawaff Isfands (Gosffner ef af. 2008), Tanzanfa (Brown 1979), Madagascar (Gosffner anferfor regfon. Cafcareous, ovafe, fhfn deffcafe sheff ef af. 2008), and Mozambfque (Tfbfrfçá & Mafaqufas wffh a conspfcuous posferfor spouf skewed fowards fhe 2016). rfghf sfde of fhe sheff (Image 3a). Radufar feefh efongafe wffh numerous fne denfcfes dfsfaffy (Image 3b). Order: Sacogfossa Iherfng, 1876 Remarks: The dfsfrfbufon records of V. venfrfcosa Superfamffy: Oxynoofdea Sfoffczka, 1868 shows fhe presence of fhfs specfes fn fhe wesfern and Famffy: Vofvafefffdae Pffsbry, 1895 cenfraf Pacffc. Ffrsf record for fhe Indfan coasf and new Genus: Vofvafeffa Pease, 1860 dfsfrfbufon record for fhe wesfern Indfan Ocean. The 3. Vofvafeffa venfrfcosa Jensen & Weffs, 1990 specfes was coffecfed from fhe fnferfdaf area afong wffh (Image 3a, b ) fhe sea weed Cauferpa sp. af a depfh of 1m. Maferfaf examfned: 1; accessfon number: DABF/ Dfsfrfbufon: Ausfraffa (Jensen & Weffs 1990), UOK/GAS 09 Sfngapore (Jensen 2015). Sfze: Lengfh 7mm Locafffy: Cheffaf Isfand Order: Nudfbranchfa Cuvfer, 1817 Descrfpfon: The anfmaf fs green fn cofour fn ffve Superfamffy: Phyfffdfofdea Rafnesque, 1814 condffon when vfewed exferforfy fhrough fhe sheff, Famffy: Dendrodorfdfdae O’Donoghue, 1924 (1864) buf appears sfraw cofoured when preserved fn efhanof. Genus : Dendrodorfs Ehrenberg, 1831 Rhfnophores confcaf, smaff, conspfcuous, and whffe. 4. Dendrodorfs krusensfernff (Gray, 1850) (Image 4 ) Whffe oraf fenfacfe fs presenf fn fhe anferfor regfon. Synonyms: Acfnodorfs krusensfernff Gray, 1850; Eyes are focafed af fhe base of anferfor fenfacfe. Dendrodorfs cfavufafa (Afder & Hancock, 1864); Cephaffc shfefd fs absenf. Whffe foof wffh rounded Dendrodorfs denfsonf (Angas, 1864); Dendrodorfs

Journaf of Threafened Taxa | www.fhreafenedfaxa.org | 26 December 2017 | 9(12): 11045–11053 11047 Addffons sea snaffs of Lakshadweep Isfands Chandr an ef af. gemmacea (Afder & Hancock, 1864); Dorfdopsfs cfavufafa Afder & Hancock, 1864; Dorfdopsfs gemmacea Afder & Hancock, 1864. Maferfaf examfned: 1; accessfon number: DABF/ UOK/GAS 13 Sfze: Lengfh 19mm Locafffy: Bffra Isfand Descrfpfon: Body fs ovafe, convex and brown fn cofour; numerous yeffowfsh feshy fubercfes wffh ffghf purpffsh ffnes are found scafered on fhe dorsum; presence of fhree rows of fsofafed smoofh brown © R. Ravfnesh pafches wffh 3–5 efecfrfc bfue spofs fs a feafure of fhe Image 4. Dendrodorfs krusensfernff (Gray, 1850). Lfve anfmaf, specfes; fwo rows of fhese emerge faferaffy beyond fhe 19mm. rhfnophore cfubs and one seen mfdffne on fhe dorsum. The manffe edge fs bordered wffh affernafe whffe and purpffsh cofour. Brown fameffafe rhfnophore cfubs wffh ffghf yeffow fps. Lfghf yeffow farge, feafhery gfffs wffh brown rachfs. Foof fs ffghf purpffsh fn cofour. Remarks: Dendrodorfs krusensfernff fs a wfdespread specfes fn fhe Indo-Pacffc (Vafdés & Fahey 2006) and from Indfan wafers ff fs recorded from Andaman and Nfcobar Isfands (Ramakrfshna ef af. 2010; Venkafaraman ef af. 2015), Andhra Pradesh (Afder & Hancock 1864) as Dendrodorfs denfsonf (Angas, 1864) and from Goa (Apfe & Desaf 2017). The currenf record exfends ffs © R. Ravfnesh dfsfrfbufon fo fhe Lakshadweep coasfs. Image 5. Ardeadorfs angusfofufea (Rudman, 1990). Lfve anfmaf, Dfsfrfbufon: Tropfcaf and warm femperafe Indo- 5mm Wesf Pacffc (Rudman 1998), Japan (Vafdés & Fahey 2006), Red Sea (Yonow 2015), Andhra Pradesh (Afder & Hancock 1864), Andaman & Nfcobar Isfands opaque whffe margfn exfends beyond fhe manffe. (Ramakrfshna ef af. 2010; Venkaframan ef af. 2015). Remarks: From Indfan wafers, presence of fhfs common Indo-Pacffc specfes was reporfed from fhe Superfamffy: Dorfdofdea Rafnesque, 1815 Andaman and Nfcobar Isfands (Sreeraj ef af. 2013; Famffy: Chromodorfdfdae Bergh, 1891 Venkafaraman ef af. 2015; Apfe & Desaf 2017). Genus: Ardeadorfs Rudman, 1984 Ardeadorfs angusfofufea fs reporfed for fhe frsf fme 5. Ardeadorfs angusfofufea (Rudman, 1990) (Image 5 ) from Lakshadweep. Synonym: Noumea angusfofufea Rudman, 1990 Dfsfrfbufon: Indo-Wesf Pacffc (Rudman 1990), Maferfaf examfned: 1; accessfon number: DABF/ Marshaff Isfand (Johnson & Gosffner 2012), Hawaff UOK/GAS 14 (Mafsuda & Gosffner 2017). Sfze: Lengfh 5mm Locafffy: Mfnfcoy Isfand Genus: Gonfobranchus Pease, 1866 Descrfpfon: Body efongafe, ovafe, and fransfucenf 6. Gonfobranchus conchyffafus (Yonow, 1984) creamy whffe fn cofour. Manffe skfrf broad, wavy and (Image 6 ) fs bordered wffh an opaque whffe band. Presence of Synonym: Chromodorfs conchyffafa Yonow, 1984 a medfan whffe pafch exfendfng from anferfor fo fhe Maferfafs examfned: 2; accessfon number: DABF/ rhfnophore coverfng fhe gfff arc posferforfy. Rhfnophoraf UOK/GAS15-16 sheafh fs rafsed and fransfucenf whffe fn cofour. The Sfze: Lengfh 7–9 mm orange fameffafe rhfnophores are efongafe, faperfng, Locafffy: Kavaraf, Kadmaf fsfands and fhe mfdffnes marked by a whffe ffne posferforfy. Gfffs Descrfpfon: Body ovafe, anferfor porfon sffghffy sfmpfe, upper haff orange, fower haff whffe; arranged wfder fhan fhe resf of fhe body. Manffe whffe, nof posferforfy fn a cfrcfef around fhe anus. Whffe foof wffh smoofh, wffh numerous yeffow pusfufes and deep

11048 Journaf of Threafened Taxa | www.fhreafenedfaxa.org | 26 December 2017 | 9(12): 11045–11053 Addffons sea snaffs of Lakshadweep Isfands Chandr an ef af. vfofef markfngs; manffe edge wavy and whffe. One ffghf vfofef band. A bfurred creamy yeffow submargfnaf vfofef markfng fs presenf anferfor fo fhe rhfnophores, band fs presenf. Rhfnophores perfoffafe wffh brown one on fhe mfddfe of fhe dorsum, whfch fs X-shaped, fameffae on a fransfucenf sfafk. Rhfnophore fameffae and fhe fasf one fs fn fhe fronf of fhe gfffs. Rhfnophores edged fn a whffe ffne, on bofh anferfor and posferfor perfoffafe wffh deep orange fameffae on fransfucenf regfons. Transfucenf whffe, sfmpfe, feafhery gfffs on whffe sfafks. Efghf sfmpfe pfnnafe gfffs arranged fn a whffe rachfs arranged fn a cup-shaped cfusfer posferforfy cfrcfef around fhe anus. A fhfn, confnuous deep vfofef around fhe anus. Foof whffe and exfends beyond fhe ffne runs faferaffy befween fhe foof and fhe manffe. The manffe. undersfde of fhe anferfor manffe fap fs fhfckfy bordered Remarks: Rudman (1987) recorded fhfs specfes from by deep orange and an fnner dark vfofef ffne. Foof whffe Ausfraffa. Thfs fs a new record fo bofh Indfa and fhe exfended beyond fhe manffe. wesfern Indfan Ocean. Thfs specfes cfosefy resembfes Remarks : Gonfobranchus conchyffafus , affhough Gonfobranchus affus (Rudman 1987). Gonfobranchus found wfdespread on bofh easf and wesf coasfs of Indfa, rufomacufafus dffers from fhe ofher specfes fn fhe fs recorded for fhe frsf fme from fhe Lakshadweep. In genus by ffs narrow manffe overfap, erecf cup-shaped fhe fsfand ff was found on rock afong wffh hydrofds and gfff cfusfer, and fndfsfncf yeffow submargfnaf band. bryozoans, up fo depfh of 3m. Dfsfrfbufon: Tahff (Pease, 1871), Ausfraffa (Rudman Dfsfrfbufon: Srf Lanka (Yonow 1984), Seycheffe 1987), Japan, Phfffppfnes (Debeffus & Kuffer 2007). Isfands (Yonow 2012), Thaffand, Mafdfves, Myanmar (Rudman 2000c), Andaman & Nfcobar Isfands (Sreeraj ef Genus: Mexfchromfs Berfsch, 1977 af. 2012; 2013; Shakfvef ef af. 2014), Goa (Apfe & Desaf 8. Mexfchromfs pusfffa (Bergh, 1874) (Image 8 ) 2017). Synonyms: Chromodorfs pusfffa Bergh, 1874; Durvfffedorfs pusfffa (Bergh, 1874) 7. Gonfobranchus rufomacufafus (Pease, 1871) Maferfaf examfned: 1; accessfon number: DABF/ (Image 7 ) UOK/GAS 17 Synonyms: Chromodorfs hfsfrfo Bergh, 1877; Sfze: Lengfh 4mm. Chromodorfs rufomacufafa Pease, 1871; Gfossodorfs Locafffy: Kafpenf Isfand. rufomacufafa (Pease, 1871) Descrfpfon: Efongafe pfnk-bfufsh cofoured body. Maferfaf examfned: 1; accessfon number: DABF/ Irregufar ffghf yeffowfsh-cream band afong fhe manffe UOK/GAS16 edge, narrowfng af fhree pfaces: one behfnd fhe Sfze: Lengfh 3.31mm. rhfnophores, fhe ofher jusf fn fronf of fhe gfffs, and af fhe Locafffy: Kavaraf Isfand. posferfor end afer gfffs. Two promfnenf, dfsconfnuous Descrfpfon: Body efongafe, manffe whffe, wavy wffh whffe sfreaks presenf on fhe dorsum, one befween fhe numerous smaff yeffow spofs excepf af fhe manffe edge; rhfnophore and fhe second jusf fn fronf of fhe gfffs. The manffe edge fs ornamenfed wffh dark vfofef spofs fn a purpfe cofour sfafns fhe creamy whffe band fn fronf of fhe rhfnophores, faferaffy on effher sfde of fhe frsf

© R. Ravfnesh © R. Ravfnesh Image 6. Gonfobranchus conchyffafus (Yonow, 1984). Lfve anfmaf, Image 7. Gonfobranchus rufomacufafus (Pease, 1871). Lfve anfmaf, 7–9 mm. 3.31mm.

Journaf of Threafened Taxa | www.fhreafenedfaxa.org | 26 December 2017 | 9(12): 11045–11053 11049 Addffons sea snaffs of Lakshadweep Isfands Chandr an ef af.

© R. Ravfnesh

Image 8. Mexfchromfs pusfffa (Bergh, 1874). Lfve anfmaf, 4mm. © R. Ravfnesh Image 9. Trapanfa euryefa Gosffner & Fahey, 2008. Lfve anfmaf, 3–3.5 mm. whffe sfreak, faferaffy on effher sfde of fhe second whffe sfreak, and behfnd fhe gfffs. The orange rhfnophoraf cfub sffs on a fransfucenf whffe sfafk. Efghf sfmpfe gfffs have a recurved faferaf processes, one wffh each rhfnophoraf whffe rachfs and orange fameffae, and are arranged fn a cfub and fhe ofhers pfaced on effher sfde of fhe gfffs. cfrcfef. Foof efongafe, purpffsh fn cofour dorsaffy, whffe Posferforfy pfaced bfpfnnafe gfffs; predomfnance of venfraffy, and exfends beyond fhe manffe. yeffow wffh brown fnges and spofs fhroughouf fhe gfffs. Remarks: Thfs specfes fs recorded for fhe frsf fme The anferfor regfon of fhe foof fs expanded faferaffy fnfo from Lakshadweep. foof corners. Dfsfrfbufon: Norfh wesfern Ausfraffa, Enewefok Remarks: Orfgfnaffy descrfbed from Madang, Papua Afoff (Rudman 1986), Soufh Afrfca (Gosffner 1987), New Gufnea by Gosffner & Fahey (2008). Thfs fs a new Mafdfve fsfands (Yonow 1994), Red Sea (Yonow 2008), record fo Lakshadweep fsfands. Seen crawffng on rocks Andaman (Sreeraj ef af. 2013; Venkaframan ef af. 2015; among hydrozoans and bryozoans af depfhs of 0.7–3 m. Apfe & Desaf 2017). Dfsfrfbufon: Réunfon, Papua New Gufnea, Indonesfa: Sufawesf and Baff; Okfnawa, Marshaff Isfands, Hawaff Superfamffy: Onchfdorfdofdea Gray, 1827 (Rudman 2008), Madang, Papua New Gufnea (Gosffner Famffy: Gonfodorfdfdae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 & Fahey 2008), Red Sea (Yonow 2015), Andaman & Genus: Trapanfa Pruvof-Fof, 1931 Nfcobar Isfands, Indfa (Apfe & Desaf 2017). 9. Trapanfa euryefa Gosffner & Fahey, 2008 (Image 9) Famffy: Embfefonffdae Pruvof-Fof, 1954 Maferfafs examfned: 2; accessfon number: DABF/ Genus: Embfefonfa Afder & Hancock, 1851 UOK/GAS 19 10. Embfefonfa gracfffs Rfsbec, 1928 (Image 10 ) Sfze: Lengfh 3–3.5 mm. Synonyms: Embfefonfa paucfpapfffafa Baba, 1967; Locafffy: Kavaraf Isfand. Embfefonfa gracfffs paucfpapfffafa Baba & Hamafanf, Descrfpfon: Body efongafe, convex wffh a broad 1963 cenfraf regfon. Body dark brown wffh fne yeffow Maferfafs examfned: 8; accessfon numbers: DABF/ speckffng aff over fhe body. The dorsum bears hfghfy UOK/GAS 20-21 dfspersed symmefrfcaf yeffow markfng from anferfor fo Sfze: Lengfh 12–16 mm. posferfor. A dfsfncf yeffow markfng fs presenf befween Locafffy: Kavaraf Isfand. fhe oraf fenfacfes, whfch are shorf and rounded. Descrfpfon: Body sfender, efongafe and fransfucenf Presence of a farge, conspfcuous yeffow markfng whffe. A sfngfe row of sfx pafrs of peach-cofoured befween fhe rhfnophores and fhe branchfaf pfume. cerafa. Presence of bffd sfrucfures on fhe cerafaf fps. There fs afso a fong yeffow markfng exfendfng behfnd fhe Presence of numerous smaff opaque whffe spofs are gfff up fo fhe posferfor fp of fhe body. Smaff fameffafe scafered fhroughouf fhe dorsaf sfde of fhe anfmaf. rhfnophore cfubs wffh efongafe whffe fps, whfch bear Bffobed, rounded oraf veff and fs seen fn fronf of fhe seven fameffae wffh varyfng amounfs of brown and rhfnophores. Rhfnophores shorf, cyffndrfcaf, fransfucenf, yeffow from fhe base fo haff way up. Two pafrs of and dfsfanffy spaced; a cfear whffe markfng fs presenf

11050 Journaf of Threafened Taxa | www.fhreafenedfaxa.org | 26 December 2017 | 9(12): 11045–11053 Addffons sea snaffs of Lakshadweep Isfands Chandr an ef af.

© R. Ravfnesh

Image 10. Embfefonfa gracfffs Rfsbec, 1928. Lfve anfmaf, 12–16 mm.

© R. Ravfnesh Image 11. Phesfffa mefanobrachfa Bergh, 1874. Lfve anfmaf, 4mm. befween fhe rhfnophores. Each cerafaf base emergfng from fhe nofum fs characferfsed by an opaque whffe cfrcufar markfng. References Remarks: The onfy earffer record of Embfefonfa gracfffs from Indfa was from Rafnagfrf (Apfe ef af. 2012). Afder, J. & A. Hancock (1864). Nofce of a coffecfon of nudfbranchfafe Thfs fs a new record fo Lakshadweep. The specfmens Moffusca made fn Indfa by Waffer Efffof Esq., wffh descrfpfons of severaf new genera and specfes. Transacfons of Zoofogfcaf Socfefy were found crawffng on hard coraf Porffes soffda 5: 113–147. (Forskåf, 1775) af a depfh of 4m. Appukufan, K.K., A. Cheffam, K. Ramdoss, A.C.C. Vfcfor & M.M. Dfsfrfbufon: New Cafedonfa, Chrfsfmas Isfand Mefyappan (1989). Moffuscan resources, pp. 77–92. In: Suseefan, C. (ed.). Marfne Lfvfng Resources of fhe Unfon Terrffory of Lakshadweep: (Rudman 2002), Soufh Afrfca, Japan, Red Sea (Yonow An Indfcafve Survey wffh Suggesfons for Devefopmenf. Buffefn 43, 2000; 2008), New Zeafand (Mfffer & Wfffan 1991), Cenfraf Marfne Ffsherfes Research Insffufe, Kochf, Kerafa, 256pp. Rafnagfrf (Apfe ef af. 2012). Apfe, D. (2009). Opfsfhobranch fauna of Lakshadweep Isfands, Indfa wffh 52 new records fo Lakshadweep and 40 new records fo Indfa. Parf 1. Journaf of fhe Bombay Nafuraf Hfsfory Socfefy 106(2): 162– Superfamffy: Ffonofdea Gray, 1857 175. Famffy: Tergfpedfdae Bergh, 1889 Apfe, D. (2012). Ffefd Gufde fo fhe Marfne Lffe of Indfa. Sfusa Mudra Pvf. Lfd., Mumbaf, 502pp. Genus: Phesfffa Bergh, 1874 Apfe, D. & V. Bhave (2014). New records of opfsfhobranchs from 11. Phesfffa mefanobrachfa Bergh, 1874 (Image 11 ) Lakshadweep, Indfa (Moffusca: Heferobranchfa). Journaf of Threafened Taxa 6(3): 5562–5568; hfp://dof.org/10.11609/JoTT. Maferfaf examfned: 1; accessfon number: DABF/ o3487.5562-8 UOK/GAS 22 Apfe, D. & D. Desaf (2017). Ffefd Gufde fo Opfsfhobranchs of Indfa . Sfze : Lengfh 4mm. Bombay Nafuraf Hfsfory Socfefy, Mumbaf, 459pp. Apfe, D. & V.K. Safahuddfn (2011). Record of Hexabranchus sangufneus Locafffy: Kavaraf Isfand. (Rüppeff & Leuckarf, 1828) from Lakshadweep Archfpefago, Indfa. Descrfpfon: Body fransfucenf whffe wffh numerous Journaf of fhe Bombay Nafuraf Hfsfory Socfefy 107(3): 261–262. bfack cerafa wffh opaque whffe fps. A cenfraf whffe Apfe, D., V. Bhave & D. Parasharya (2010). An annofafed and fffusfrafed checkffsf of fhe Opfsfhobranch fauna of Guff of Kufch, area fs presenf afong fhe enfre fengfh of fhe body whfch Gujaraf, Indfa Wffh 21 new records for Gujaraf and 13 New Records fs devofd of cerafa. Arrangemenf of cerafa fs on an for Indfa: Parf 1. Journaf of fhe Bombay Nafuraf Hfsfory Socfefy efevafed cushfon on effher sfde of fhe body. Rounded 107(1): 14–23. Apfe, D., V. Bhave, R. Pffafe, P. Nagafe & A. Prasade (2012). oraf veff wffh fong oraf fenfacfes arfsfng from ffs edges. A Preffmfnary Reporf on Dfversffy of Coasfaf Ecosysfems of Rhfnophores are fong, sfender, smoofh, and whffe. Maharashfra Parf 3: Ecofogfcaffy Sensffve Coasfaf Areas of Remarks: Many cofour morphs of fhfs specfes were Rafnagfrf, Rajapur and Vfjaydurga . Bombay Nafuraf Hfsfory Socfefy, Mumbaf, 173pp. reporfed fn fhe Indo-Wesf Pacffc, as cofour varfafon Beesoo, R., V.N. Bhujun, R. Bhagooff & T. Bahorun (2014). Apopfosfs occurs fn accordance wffh dfef (Yonow 2008). Thfs fs a fnducfng fead compounds fsofafed from marfne organfsms of pofenfaf refevance fn cancer freafmenf. Mufafon Research 768: new record fo Lakshadweep fsfands. 84–97. Dfsfrfbufon: Queensfand (Rudman 1981), Red Sea Bergh, L.S.R. (1874). Neue Nackfschnecken der Sudsee. 2. Journaf de (Yonow 2000, 2008), Mafdfves (Yonow 1994), Thaffand Museum Gudefroy 2: 91–116. Bhave, V. & D. Apfe (2011). Iffusfrafed Checkffsf of Opfsfhobranch (Mehrofra & Scof 2016). Fauna of Rafnagfrf, Maharashfra, Indfa, wffh Efghf New Records fo Indfa. Journaf of fhe Bombay Nafuraf Hfsfory Socfefy 108(3): 172– 182. Bhave, V. & D. Apfe (2013). Currenf sfafus of Indfan Opfsfhobranch fauna, pp. 63–79. In: Venkafaraman, K., C. Sfvaperuman & C. Raghunafhan (eds.). Ecofogy and Conservafon of Tropfcaf Marfne

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2017 | 9(12): 11045–11053 11053 OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservation globally by publishing peer-reviewed articles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate atwww.threatenedtaxa.org . All articles published in JoTT are registered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License unless otherwise mentioned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of articles in any medium, reproduction, and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) December 2017 | Vol. 9 | No. 12 | Pages: 10985–11104 Date of Publication: 26 December 2017 (Online & Print) DOI: 10.11609/jott.2017.9.12.10985-11104 www.threatenedtaxa.org

Communications Dragonflies and damselflies of University of North Bengal campus, West Bengal, India with new distribution record ofAgriocnemis Nyctibatrachus mewasinghi, a new species of night frog kalinga Nair & Subramanian, 2014 (Amphibia: Nyctibatrachidae) from Western Ghats of Kerala, India -- Aaratrik Pal, Pp. 11067–11073 -- Keerthi Krutha, Neelesh Dahanukar & Sanjay Molur, Pp. 10985– 10997 A first record of the Bentfin Devil Ray Mobula thurstoni (Lloyd, 1908) (Myliobatiformes: Mobulidae) from the Indian EEZ of the An interview-based survey to determine the conservation status of Andaman Sea Softshell Turtles (Reptilia: Trionychidae) in the Irrawaddy Dolphin -- Swapnil Shivdas Shirke, M. Nashad, Monalisha Devi Sukham & Protected Area, Myanmar H.D. Pradeep, Pp. 11074–11080 -- Steven G. Platt, Tint Lwin, Naing Win, Htay Lin Aung, Kalyar Platt & Thomas R. Rainwater, Pp. 10998–11008 First records of the Indo-Pacific Finless PorpoiseNeophocaena phocaenoides (G. Cuvier, 1829) (Cetartiodactyla: Phocoenidae) from Notes on and captive development of the Sri Lanka Rattus andamanensis (Blyth, 1860) (Rodentia: Muridae) from -- Ranil P. Nanayakkara, Thomas A. Jefferson & southern Andamans, India Sandaruwan Abayaratne, Pp. 11081–11084 -- S.S. Talmale & T. Bharathimeena, Pp. 11009–11015

Review and analysis of human and Mugger Crocodile conflict in Notes Gujarat, India from 1960 to 2013 -- Raju Vyas & Colin Stevenson, Pp. 11016–11024 Largest fungal fruit body from India -- Manoj Kumar, Prahlad Singh Mehra, N.S.K. Harsh, Amit Pandey & Status of conflict mitigation measures in Nilambur, Western Ghats Vijay Vardhan Pandey, Pp. 11085–11086 of Kerala, India -- C.K. Rohini, T. Aravindan, K.S. Anoop Das & P.A. Vinayan, Ichthyofauna of Udayasamudram Reservoir in Nalgonda District, Pp. 11025–11032 Telangana State, India -- Rachamalla Shyamsundar, Kante Krishna Prasad & Chelmala Srinivasulu, Pp. 11087–11094 Short Communications First record of migratory Grey-necked Bunting Emberiza buchanani Notes on the taxonomy and distribution of two endemic and Blyth, 1844 (Aves: Passeriformes: Emberizidae) as a winter visitor in threatened dipterocarp trees from the Western Ghats of Kerala, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India India -- T. Siva & P. Neelanarayanan, Pp. 11095–11096 -- M.S. Sanil, V.B. Sreekumar, K.A. Sreejith, A.J. Robi & T.K. Nirmesh, Pp. 11033–11039 New distribution records of Elegant Water ShrewNectogale elegans Milne-Edwards, 1870 (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Soricidae) from the Phenology and seed germination of the Indian Screw Tree western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India Helicteres isora L. (Malvales: Malvaceae) -- Aashna Sharma, Vandana Rajput, Vineet K. Dubey, Aavika Dhanda, -- Mariappan Muthukumar, Thiruppathi Senthil Kumar & Shagun Thakur, J.A. Johnson, S. Sathyakumar & K. Sivakumar, Mandali Venkateswara Rao, Pp. 11040–11044 Pp. 11097–11099

Additions to the sea snail fauna (Mollusca: Gastropoda: The persistence of the Striped Hyena Hyaena hyaena Opisthobranchia) of Lakshadweep Islands, India Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Hyaenidae) as a predator -- B.K. Sneha Chandran, R. Ravinesh & A. Biju Kumar, Pp. 11045– of Olive Ridley Sea Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea Eschscholtz, 1829 11053 (Reptilia: Testudines: Cheloniidae) eggs -- Divya Karnad, Pp. 11100–11102 Preliminary checklist of springtails (Arthropoda: Collembola) of

Uttar Pradesh, India -- Ramesh Singh Yadav, Pp. 11054–11059 Book Review

A new species of zygaenid moth Elcysma ziroensis (Lepidoptera: Book review: A Photographic Guide -- Endemic Woody Plants of Zygaenidae: Chalcosiinae) from India The Western Ghats -- Punyo Chada, Monsoon Jyoti Gogoi & James John Young, -- Jis Sebastian, Pp. 11103–11104 Pp. 11060–11066

Threatened Taxa