DOCSLIB.ORG

Proposed Rules Federal Register Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proposed Rules Federal Register Vol 67243 Proposed Rules Federal Register Vol. 61, No. 246 Friday, December 20, 1996 This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: under § 101.9(c)(1)(i)(C), by multiplying contains notices to the public of the proposed Virginia L. Wilkening, Center for Food the general factor of 4 calories per g by issuance of rules and regulations. The Safety and Applied Nutrition (HFS± the amount of total carbohydrate less purpose of these notices is to give interested 165), Food and Drug Administration, the amount of insoluble dietary fiber; persons an opportunity to participate in the 200 C St. SW., Washington, DC 20204, under § 101.9(c)(1)(i)(D), by using data rule making prior to the adoption of the final rules. 202±205±5763. for specific energy factors for particular SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: foods or ingredients approved by FDA through the food additive or generally I. Background DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND recognized as safe (GRAS) petition HUMAN SERVICES A. The 1990 Amendments and processes in parts 170 and 171 (21 CFR Implementing Regulations parts 170 and 171) and provided in Food and Drug Administration The Nutrition Labeling and Education parts 172 or 184 (21 CFR parts 172 or 184); or under § 101.9(c)(1)(i)(E), by 21 CFR Part 101 Act of 1990 (the 1990 amendments) and the final regulations that implement the using bomb calorimetry data. [Docket Nos. 96N±0421 and 94P±0453/CP1] 1990 amendments (58 FR 2066, January FDA also defined the basic nutrients 6, 1993, as modified at 58 FR 44020, that are to be declared as part of the Food Labeling: Nutrient Content August 18, 1993) provided for a number nutrition label (58 FR 2079 at 2086). In Claims Pertaining to the Available Fat of fundamental changes in how food is particular, FDA defined ``total fat'' as Content of Food labeled, including requiring that total lipid fatty acids expressed as nutrition labeling appear on most foods triglycerides (§ 101.9(c)(2)) and AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, and establishing that terms that HHS. ``saturated fat'' as the sum of all fatty characterize the level of a nutrient in a acids containing no double bonds ACTION: Proposed rule. food may not be used in food labeling (§ 101.9(c)(2)(i) (58 FR 2079 at 2089)). unless defined by FDA. SUMMARY: The Food and Drug In addition to adding section 403(q) The 1990 amendments added section Administration (FDA) is proposing to on nutrition labeling to the act, the 1990 403(q) to the Federal Food, Drug, and amend its food labeling regulations to Cosmetic Act (the act) (21 U.S.C. amendments added section 403(r) on provide for the use of nutrient content 343(q)), which requires that most food nutrient-related claims and, in claims on the food label or in labeling bear nutrition labeling. In response to particular, section 403(r)(1)(A) of the based on the reduced availability of fat this provision, in the January 6, 1993, act, which states that a food is to the body from the food because of the final rule on nutrition labeling (entitled misbranded if it bears a claim in its use of a fat substitute ingredient in the ``Food Labeling: Mandatory Status of label or labeling that expressly or food. This proposal responds, in part, to Nutrition Labeling and Nutrient Content implicitly characterizes the level of any a citizen petition on the use of Revision, Format for Nutrition Label,'' nutrient of the type required to be digestibility coefficients in determining (the nutrition labeling final rule (58 FR declared in nutrition labeling unless the the quantity of fat declared on a food 2079)), FDA prescribed how nutrition claim is made in accordance with label. FDA is undertaking this action to labeling is to be provided on the foods section 403(r)(2) of the act. Section encourage innovation on the part of that are regulated by the agency. Among 403(r)(2)(A)(i) of the act states that a food manufacturers and to foster a other things, the agency required that claim may be made only if the situation that will provide increased the nutrition label include information characterization of the level made in the product choices for consumers in on total calories and calories from fat claim uses terms that are defined in achieving dietary goals. and on the quantitative amounts of regulations of the Secretary of the DATES: Submit written comments by specified nutrients (e.g., total fat, Department of Health and Human April 21, 1997. Submit written saturated fat, total carbohydrate, and Services. comments on the information collection dietary fiber) per serving. In the Federal Register of January 6, requirements by January 21, 1997. The In the nutrition labeling final rule (58 1993 (58 FR 2302), FDA published a agency is proposing that any final rule FR 2079 at 2110), FDA recognized that final rule (entitled ``Food Labeling: that may issue based upon this many food ingredients have caloric Nutrient Content Claims, General proposed rule become effective 30 days values substantially different from the Principles, Petitions, Definitions of after its date of publication in the general factors of 4, 4, and 9 calories per Terms; Definitions of Nutrient Content Federal Register. gram (g) for protein, carbohydrate, and Claims for the Fat, Fatty Acid, and ADDRESSES: Submit written comments fat, respectively. Therefore, the agency Cholesterol Content of Food,'' to the Dockets Management Branch provided a number of options for hereinafter referred to as ``the nutrient (HFA±305), Food and Drug calculating the energy value of foods. content claims final rule'') that Administration, 12420 Parklawn Dr., For example, FDA stated that calories implemented the nutrient content rm. 1±23, Rockville, MD 20857. Submit may be calculated, under claims provisions of the act by written comments on the information § 101.9(c)(1)(i)(A) (21 CFR establishing general rules for how such collection requirements to the Office of 101.9(c)(1)(i)(A)), by using specific claims are to be made and defining Information and Regulatory Affairs, Atwater factors given in Table 13 various terms (e.g., ``high,'' ``low,'' OMB, New Executive Office Bldg., 725 ``Energy Value of Foods-Basis and ``free,'' and ``reduced'') that could be 17th St. NW., Washington, DC 20503, Derivation,'' U.S. Department of used to characterize the level of various ATTN: Desk Officer for FDA. Agriculture (USDA) Handbook No. 74; nutrients in the food. 67244 Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 246 / Friday, December 20, 1996 / Proposed Rules FDA noted that its approach to or 184 of this chapter, or by other means as Additionally, the petitioner requested developing a system of nutrient content appropriate. that FDA amend § 101.9(c)(2) to provide claims emphasized three objectives: (1) The requested change would allow the that a food factor be used to calculate Consistency among definitions, (2) amount of total fat present per serving the quantity of all fatty acids (i.e., claims that are consistent with public to be multiplied by a specific factor saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and health goals, and (3) claims that will approved by FDA, to yield the quantity monounsaturated fat) declared on the help consumers to maintain healthy of fat that is to be declared in nutrition nutrition label. dietary practices (58 FR 2302 at 2319). labeling, even though the declared value II. Agency Response The agency stated that it is important for may be less than the actual amount of effective consumer education to fat in the food. The approach suggested A. Definition of Terms establish consistent definitions for by the petitioner, that the factor used to descriptive terms whenever possible to calculate available fat content be To understand the issues raised by the limit the possibility of consumer approved by FDA, is similar to the petition, and the agency's response to confusion (58 FR 2302 at 2319). approach taken by FDA in those issues, it is important to § 101.9(c)(1)(i)(D), which provides that distinguish among three terms, B. Citizen Petition specific food factors may be used to ``bioavailability'' or ``availability,'' ``food Nabisco Group (Nabisco) (hereinafter calculate total caloric content declared factor,'' and ``digestibility coefficient.'' ``the petitioner'') submitted a citizen in nutrition labeling if they have been These terms are often used petition (filed December 21, 1994, approved by FDA and provided for in interchangeably but have substantially Docket No. 94P±0453/CP1) requesting part 172, part 184, or by other means as different meanings. The agency's that FDA amend its food labeling appropriate. The petitioner also approach to how energy and nutrient regulations to permit the use of a suggested that the agency could permit values are declared in nutrition labeling ``digestibility coefficient'' or ``food self-determination of a food factor for is determined by the differences among factor'' in determining the quantity of calculating nutrient availability by a these terms. fat to be declared on the nutrition label manufacturer, pending agency review of FDA notes that bioavailability is the and to permit nutrient content claims to a GRAS petition for the ingredient to result of a series of complex events, i.e., be based on the quantity of fat declared. which the factor applies. digestion, absorption, and metabolism According to the petitioner, this action The petitioner noted, for example, (Ref. 1). Digestion refers to the chemical would permit claims on a class of that it had filed a GRAS petition for and physical breakdown of food and its products that contain significantly less salatrim (GRASP 4G0404) that proposed macromolecular components in the available fat compared to an appropriate a food factor of 5/9 for this ingredient.1 gastrointestinal tract (e.g., the reference food but that may not qualify The petitioner maintained that the breakdown of triglycerides (fats) into to bear a calorie claim or a fat claim amount of available (i.e., absorbed/ fatty acids and glycerol).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fats in the Diet Georgia M
    ® ® University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources Know how. Know now. G2187 Fats in the Diet Georgia M. Jones, Extension Food Specialist What Are Fats? Although fats sometimes are associated with weight gain or health problems, fats aren’t all bad. This Fats are composed mostly of the same three elements as publication discusses fats and their roles in the body carbohydrates, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Fats are made and in foods. Different types of fats, fat substitutes, of a 3-carbon glycerol unit (Figure 1). This is sometimes and ways to reduce fats in some foods are other topics. referred to as the backbone of a fat. Each carbon on the glycerol can hold one fatty acid. Fats supply 9 calories per For some people, fat has a negative connotation. How- gram. Carbohydrates and protein supply 4 calories per gram. ever, like all nutrients, fat, in the appropriate amounts, is beneficial and necessary. Fat has many roles in the body Types of Fatty Acids and in food products. Fats are a source of energy for the body and supply Saturated Fatty Acids essential fatty acids, such as linoleic and linolenic. Fats are required for maintaining healthy skin and regulating cho- These fatty acids have all the hydrogen they can hold. lesterol production. Fats carry the fat-soluble vitamins A, They are normally solid at room temperature. Most saturated D, E, and K and aid in their absorption from the intestine. fatty acids are from animals; however, coconut and palm Fats play a key role in determining texture, taste, and oils also contain saturated fatty acids.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding Studies of Dietary Diacylglycerol Oil in Normal and Lipoprotein Lipase-Deficient Cats ______
    FEEDING STUDIES OF DIETARY DIACYLGLYCEROL OIL IN NORMAL AND LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE-DEFICIENT CATS ___________________________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri __________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science _________________________ by CRAIG DATZ Dr. Robert Backus, Thesis Supervisor DECEMBER 2008 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled FEEDING STUDIES OF DIETARY DIACYLGLYCEROL OIL IN NORMAL AND LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE-DEFICIENT CATS Presented by Craig Datz A candidate for the degree of Master of Science And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. __________________________________________ Dr. Robert Backus __________________________________________ Dr. Kevin Fritsche __________________________________________ Dr. David Ledoux ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. Robert Backus served as a mentor and advisor throughout the project. He originated the idea for the studies and provided guidance, expertise, and laboratory support for all steps involved in carrying out the research. Dr. Kevin Fritsche also provided a great deal of guidance and the use of his laboratory facilities for performing much of the hands-on research. Dr. David Ledoux allowed the use of his laboratory facilities for a portion of the project and was always available to help with questions and procedures. Dr. Jon Ramsey served as the principal investigator at the University of California, Davis, where the feeding studies were performed. He provided oversight and assistance with animal protocols. Deborah Bee was the supervisor of the Feline Nutrition and Pet Care Center at U.C. Davis and carried out the actual feeding studies. Her expertise in handling and caring for the cats in the colony was invaluable in completing the research.
    [Show full text]
  • Olestra, Also Known As Sucrose Polyester, Is a Heterogeneous Synthetic Fat Substitute Consisting Primarily of Hexa-, Hepta
    Olestra, also known as sucrose polyester, is a heterogeneous synthetic fat substitute consisting primarily of hexa -, hepta -, and octaesters formed by the reaction of sucrose with fatty acids derived form edible oil sources, including soybean, corn, and cot tonseed.(1) Olestra shares many of the physical properties of traditional dietary fats, including texture, palatability, and flavor -enhancement (2); however, it is different in that it contributes virtually no calories to a meal. How is this possible? Dige stible triglycerides consist of three fatty acids joined by ester linkages to an alcohol known as glycerol. Esters of alcohols with more than three fatty acids become more and more difficult to digest and absorb. Six fatty acids joined in ester linkages to a central alcohol moiety are enough to render the molecule insusceptible to hydrolytic cleavage by pancreatic lipases.(1,2) Since lipids (even typical triglycerides) cannot be absorbed across the intestinal mucosa without first being broken down, olestra moves through the intestine without being absorbed and exits the gastrointestinal (GI) tract intact. What is the difference between olestra and existing fat substitutes available to the food industry? Although fat -free foods have been around for some time, olestra is the first substitute that does not degrade when cooked.(2) Olestra potato chips, for example, will be fried rather than baked, thus offering the oozing, greasy, can't -eat -just -one appeal of the original minus the fat. This sounds like a dream come true for an obese America and the doctors who cannot convince their patients to reduce their excessive fat intake levels even when the risks include coronary heart disease and cancer.(3) Olestra does, however, have its opponents, mainly in the health care and public health fields, and the fact that the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • I Effect of Shortening Replacement with Oatrim on the Physical and Rheological Properties of Cakes
    i Effect of Shortening Replacement with Oatrim on the Physical and Rheological Properties of Cakes Suyong Lee, Sanghoon Kim, and George E. Inglett ABSTRACT Cereal Chem. 82(2):120-124 Oatrim (oat -glucan amylodextrins) was evaluated as a fat substitute cakes were investigated during baking and correlated with the differential in a cake system. The physical and rheological properties of cakes scanning calorimetry results. The oscillatory shear storage moduli containing shortening replaced with 20, 40, and 60% by weight of Oatrim decreased upon initial heating, then increased due to starch gelatinization, were characterized. The increase in the specific gravity of the cakes and and finally reached a plateau value that varied based on the sample the decrease in the viscosity as more shortening was replaced with Oatrim composition. Moreover, increased replacement of shortening with Oatrini were correlated with the change in the cake volume. The number of air resulted in higher observed oscillatory shear storage moduli. The cakes bubbles present in the cake batters varied significantly: however, the size prepared with up to 20% by weight of Oatrim did not evidence significant of the observed bubbles did not change. The cakes containing more changes in softness (P < 0.01) and generally exhibited similar physical Oatrim displayed a higher starch gelatinization temperature due to the properties to the control cake. amylodextrins in the Oatrim. The dynamic rheological properties of the As one of the principal and essential nutritional components of Oatrim can he used in most foods as a powder or gel. In a diet, fat contributes pleasing flavor and texture to food products, previous study.
    [Show full text]
  • Enzymatic Synthesis and Application of Structured Lipids For
    ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF STRUCTURED LIPIDS FOR INFANT FORMULA by LONG ZOU (Under the Direction of Casimir C. Akoh) ABSTRACT A human milk fat (HMF) analogue synthesis from tripalmitin, stearidonic acid (SDA) soybean oil, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was scaled up by interesterification catalyzed by Novozym 435 and acidolysis by Lipozyme TL IM, and then purified by short-path distillation (SPD). This structured lipid (SL) contained 5.4 mol% DHA and 8.0 mol% SDA, with 57.0 mol% palmitic acid esterified at sn-2 position. Although tocopheryl and tocotrienyl fatty acid esters were formed during interesterification and acidolysis, >50% of vitamin E isomers were lost into distillates (wastes) during SPD, which contributed mostly to the rapid oxidative deterioration of SLs in the recent and past studies. Response surface methodology was applied to investigate the effects of lecithin, monoacylglycerol, locust bean gum (LBG), and carrageenan on the physical and oxidative properties of SL-based infant formula (IF) emulsion. Particle size, optical stability, viscosity, relative content of DHA and SDA, and total oxidation value were assessed during 28-day storage. In addition, the effect of permitted antioxidants (added at 0.005 and 0.02% of oil, respectively), including α-tocopherol, β-carotene, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbic acid, citric acid, and their combinations, on the lipid oxidation was evaluated under an accelerated storage. The peroxide value, anisidine value, and hexanal concentration of emulsion samples were measured. It was found that the optimal conditions to achieve the highest physical and oxidative stability of SL-based IF emulsion were 0.2 g/100 mL lecithin, 0.4 g/100 mL monoacylglycerol, 0.045 g/100 mL LBG, 0.015 g/100 mL carrageenan, and 0.005% ascorbyl palmitate.
    [Show full text]
  • Voluntary Labeling of Bioengineered Food: Cognitive Dissonance in the Law, Science, and Public Policy
    California Western Law Review Volume 38 Number 1 Article 6 2001 Voluntary Labeling of Bioengineered Food: Cognitive Dissonance in the Law, Science, and Public Policy Frank J. Miskiel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cwlr Recommended Citation Miskiel, Frank J. (2001) "Voluntary Labeling of Bioengineered Food: Cognitive Dissonance in the Law, Science, and Public Policy," California Western Law Review: Vol. 38 : No. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cwlr/vol38/iss1/6 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by CWSL Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in California Western Law Review by an authorized editor of CWSL Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Miskiel: Voluntary Labeling of Bioengineered Food: Cognitive Dissonance in VOLUNTARY LABELING OF BIOENGINEERED FOOD: COGNITIVE DISSONANCE IN THE LAW, SCIENCE, AND PUBLIC POLICY Frank J. Miskiel It has become commonplace-the norm-for government regulation to seem completely detached from comnmon sense. So much so that regulation typically imposes enormous costs-in terms of money, time, and inconven- ience-on American consumers, businesses, and employees, with very lit- tle benefit, if any.' I. INTRODUCTION "Non-GMO." This is a label that has recently begun to appear on many foods in the United States. Now the "non-GMO" segment of the food indus- try is vying with the "organic" food industry's growing popularity.2 "GMO" is an acronym for "genetically modified organisms" and has been embraced as shorthand for all bioengineered foods.' The "non-GMO" label itself has J.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulking Agents for Sugar Polyols, Novel Sugars, Polymeric and Exploratory Bulking Agents
    Bulking Agents for Sugar Polyols, novel sugars, polymeric and exploratory bulking agents Michael Lindley, PhD LinTech Within the food ingredients sector of our to that of sugar. While there remain some industry, there are a number of ingredient technical challenges — and there is still no jtargets that can only be described as “holy natural high-potency sweetener that deliv- grails.”These are ingredients that are capa- ers high-quality sweetness — sugar replace- ble of performing and delivering to foods ment in many food categories, particularly a range of functional properties that match beverages, can be accomplished successfully precisely the ideal physical characteristics with little sensory compromise demanded of that may be desired. Many of these holy consumers. grails have a nutritional dimension. Here Commercialization of olestra went some are some examples: way towards meeting the zero-calorie fat Dr. Michael Lindley is • A high-potency sweetener that is zero substitute requirements, but regulatory director of LinTech, a calorie and yet delivers the precise taste technical consultancy restrictions and other issues have limited character of sucrose; such an ingredient for new functional should also preferably comply with a nat- its potential to have a wider impact across ingredients. He has ural designation. the food industry. As a zero-calorie frying more than 30 years of • A zero-calorie fat substitute that does not oil, however, it fulfills most of the technical experience providing scientific and technical cause intestinal discomfort. demands on such a specialty ingredient. support to food com- • A bulk alternative to sucrose that deliv- Finally, many bulk alternatives to sucrose panies, focused on ers all the myriad functionalities of sugar, have been developed and commercialized, sugars high-potency but is zero calorie and has no potential sweeteners and bulk- to induce laxation.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Allergies Food Allergy Myths
    CHILD AND ADULT CARE FOOD PROGRAM NUTRITION EDUCATION HOME ASSIGNMENT FOOD ALLERGIES FOOD ALLERGY MYTHS WHAT ARE FOOD ALLERGIES? MYTH: A recent study showed that up to 25 percent of adults A food allergy is an abnormal response of the immune system to believe they have food allergies. otherwise harmless foods such as peanuts, nuts, milk, eggs, soy, fish, Scientific studies show, however, shellfish, and wheat. that only 1 to 2 percent of adults truly have a food allergy. WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF AN ALLERGIC REACTION? MYTH: Food allergies are not real. Symptoms can include hives, vomiting, diarrhea, and respiratory Not true. An allergic reaction distress. In some cases, just one bite of food can bring on involves the body’s immune anaphylaxis, a severe reaction that involves various areas of the body system. In the case of food allergy, simultaneously. In extreme cases, it can cause death. the immune system misinterprets a food as a harmful invader and HOW CAN FOOD ALLERGIES BE MANAGED? releases histamine and other chemicals to protect the body The only way to manage food allergies is to strictly avoid the foods to from harm. Symptoms include which you are allergic. One should learn how to read and interpret hives, vomiting, diarrhea, and ingredients on food labels and how to spot high-risk foods. respiratory distress. GENERAL INFORMATION MYTH: Food allergies should not be taken seriously. Every year 1. A food allergy is the immune system’s reaction to a certain food more people die of food allergic in which the body creates antibodies to that food.
    [Show full text]
  • Hurdles and Hopes in the Management of Human Obesity
    Mal J Nutr 2: 87-111, 1996 Hurdles and hopes in the management of human obesity AG Dulloo Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1, Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland ABSTRACT A population shift towards obesity is a major side-effect of changes in lifestyle that accompany economic prosperity, and a high risk factor for many chronic degenerative diseases including non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), coronary heart disease and hypertension. According to current WHO population statistics, 40% of obese patients eventually develop NIDDM, 80% of individuals with NIDDM are obese and the incidence of hypertension in obesity and NIDDM could be as high as 50%. Of particular concern for developing countries is the strong epidemiological evidence indicating that the prevalence of obesity and diabetes often increase in epidemic proportions in communities emerging from lifestyles of subsistence into affluence. Even modest increase in prosperity seem to be associated with the most marked increases in the proportion of these chronic diseases. Indeed, obesity and its pathophysiological complications have become health priorities among American Indians, Australian Aborigines, Pacific Islanders, and are rapidly becoming major concerns among many other developing countries. For example, the prevalence of obesity (BMI >30) for the middle-age group is 32% in women living in Urban Trinidad, 16.4% in Nicaragua, 14% in Costa Rica, values which are higher than for the USA (12-15%) or in the UK (8-9%). Even more spectacular are the health statistics about the middle-aged Pima Indians in Arizona and inhabitants of the South Pacific Island of Nauru, showing that more than 80% are obese, and 50-70% have NIDDM.
    [Show full text]
  • Fat Replacers and Their Applications in Food Products: a Review Omayma, E
    Alex. J. Fd. Sci. & Technol. Vol. 4, No.1, pp. 29-44, 2007 Fat Replacers and Their Applications in Food Products: A Review Omayma, E. Shaltout1 & Youssef, M.M.2 1Food Science Dept., Fac. of Agric., Saba basha, Alex. Univ., Alexandria, Egypt. 2Food Science & Technology Dept., Fac. of Agric., El-Shatby, 21545, Alex. Univ., Alexandria, Egypt. ABSTRACT Link of fats to chronic disease in Europe and North America is well established. Overconsumption of high en- ergy-dense foods may contribute to energy imbalance and lead to increasing incidence and prevelance of obesity as well as the risk of chronic diseases. Fat replacers are used to provide some or all of the functional properties of fat while providing fewer calories than the fat being replaced. They are either fat substitutes or mimetics. Fat substitutes are lipid-like substances intended to replace fats on a one-to-one basis. Fat mimetics are protein or carbohydrate ingredients which function by imitating the physical, textural mouth feel and organoleptic properties of real fats. Carbohydrate-based fat replacers are derived from cereals, grains and plants, these ingredients include both digestible and indigestible complex carbohydrates. They include starch and fiber-based fat mimetics. The former in- clude maltodextrins, and modified starches, while the latter include microcrystalline cellulose methylcellulose, gums, pectins, hydrocolloid gums and polydextrose. Protein-based fat replacers such as microparticulated whey protein pro- vide structure, viscosity, creaminess and opacity, a clean flavour base with only one-thrid of the calories in fat. The majority of fat-based fat replacers are emulsifiers or lipid analogs. They are neither hydrolyzed nor absorbed by the body in the same manner as normal fat and thus contribute substantially fewer calories.
    [Show full text]
  • Fat Substitutes Linked to Weight Gain 20 June 2011
    Fat substitutes linked to weight gain 20 June 2011 Synthetic fat substitutes used in low-calorie potato large number of calories, and the taste triggers chips and other foods could backfire and contribute various responses by the body, including salivation, to weight gain and obesity, according to a study hormonal secretions and metabolic reactions. Fat published by the American Psychological substitutes can interfere with that relationship when Association. the body expects to receive a large burst of calories but is fooled by a fat substitute. The study, by researchers at Purdue University, challenges the conventional wisdom that foods There is some good news if a diet is naturally low in made with fat substitutes help with weight loss. fat. The rats that were fed a low-fat diet didn't "Our research showed that fat substitutes can experience significant weight gain from either type interfere with the body's ability to regulate food of potato chips. However, when those same rats intake, which can lead to inefficient use of calories were switched to a high-fat diet, the rats that had and weight gain," said Susan E. Swithers, PhD, the eaten both types of potato chips ate more food and lead researcher and a Purdue psychology gained more weight and body fat than the rats that professor. The study was published online in the had eaten only the high-calorie chips. APA journal Behavioral Neuroscience. Swithers and Davidson have reported similar The study used laboratory rats that were fed either findings in previous rat studies that showed a high-fat or low-fat diet of chow.
    [Show full text]
  • 4.01 – Food Additives & Substitutions Vocab
    4.01 – Food Additives & Substitutions Vocab Define these words in your notebook – you do not need to include this sheet in your notebook – just these words and definitions. Saccharin – Aspartame – Acesulfame K – Sucralose – Polyols – Bulking Agent – Simplesse – Olestra – Additives PowerPoint Notes Definition Two Classifications of Additives Intentional Incidental Additives are legally Two Functions of Additives allowed when: 1. 2. Approximately ____________ intentional food additives in _______ major groups. THIS IS A FOLDABLE! 12 Major Groups Preservatives Antioxidants Sequestrants Surface Active Agents Stabilizers and Thickeners Bleaching & Maturing Agents, Starch Modifiers Buffers, Acids, and Alkalies Food Colors Food Substitutes Nutritional additives Flavoring Agents Miscellaneous Additives Food Substitutes SUGAR SUBSTITUTES Food Substitutes Also known as – _____________ or _____________ substances. Typicalyl designed to reduce caloric content whilick mimicking functional properticesm, such as: - - - - FAT SUBSTITUTES SALT SUBSTITUTES Lab: Non-Nutritive Sweeteners or Sugar Substitutes Background Knowledge – Read then summarize in your own words. In the United States, five artificially derived sugar substitutes have been approved for use. They are saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, neotame and acesulfame potassium. These compounds are all high intensity sweeteners. There is ongoing controversy whether artificial sweeteners are health risks. Some studies show that some may cause disease in laboratory rats. There is also an herbal supplement, stevia, used as a sweetner. Controversy surrounds stevia's safety, although natural, and there is a battle over its approval as a sugar substitute. [ The majority of sugar substitutes approved for food use are artificially synthesized compounds. However, some natural sugar substitutes (in addition to stevia) are known, including sorbitol and xylitol, which are found in berries, fruit, vegetables and mushrooms.
    [Show full text]