DOCSLIB.ORG

Enzymatic Synthesis and Application of Structured Lipids For

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Enzymatic Synthesis and Application of Structured Lipids For ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF STRUCTURED LIPIDS FOR INFANT FORMULA by LONG ZOU (Under the Direction of Casimir C. Akoh) ABSTRACT A human milk fat (HMF) analogue synthesis from tripalmitin, stearidonic acid (SDA) soybean oil, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was scaled up by interesterification catalyzed by Novozym 435 and acidolysis by Lipozyme TL IM, and then purified by short-path distillation (SPD). This structured lipid (SL) contained 5.4 mol% DHA and 8.0 mol% SDA, with 57.0 mol% palmitic acid esterified at sn-2 position. Although tocopheryl and tocotrienyl fatty acid esters were formed during interesterification and acidolysis, >50% of vitamin E isomers were lost into distillates (wastes) during SPD, which contributed mostly to the rapid oxidative deterioration of SLs in the recent and past studies. Response surface methodology was applied to investigate the effects of lecithin, monoacylglycerol, locust bean gum (LBG), and carrageenan on the physical and oxidative properties of SL-based infant formula (IF) emulsion. Particle size, optical stability, viscosity, relative content of DHA and SDA, and total oxidation value were assessed during 28-day storage. In addition, the effect of permitted antioxidants (added at 0.005 and 0.02% of oil, respectively), including α-tocopherol, β-carotene, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbic acid, citric acid, and their combinations, on the lipid oxidation was evaluated under an accelerated storage. The peroxide value, anisidine value, and hexanal concentration of emulsion samples were measured. It was found that the optimal conditions to achieve the highest physical and oxidative stability of SL-based IF emulsion were 0.2 g/100 mL lecithin, 0.4 g/100 mL monoacylglycerol, 0.045 g/100 mL LBG, 0.015 g/100 mL carrageenan, and 0.005% ascorbyl palmitate. On the basis of measurement of peroxide and anisidine values over a 28-day period, annatto TRF was found to be a more effective antioxidant than palm TRF and α-tocopherol in inhibiting lipid oxidation in menhaden fish oil and SL-based IF emulsion at 0.02% and 0.05%. Addition of α-tocopherol (0-75%) did not interfere with the antioxidant activity of tocopherol-free annatto TRF in the foods tested. Overall, this study has important implications for the successful incorporation of SL into IF products for better infant nutrition and health. INDEX WORDS: Structured lipid, Lipase, Infant formula, Tocopherol, Tocotrienol, Antioxidant, Lipid oxidation, Oil-in-water emulsion, Annatto, Stearidonic acid soybean oil, Human milk fat ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF STRUCTURED LIPIDS FOR INFANT FORMULA by LONG ZOU B.S., Jimei University, China, 2005 M.S., Ocean University of China, China, 2008 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2014 © 2014 Long Zou All Rights Reserved ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF STRUCTURED LIPIDS FOR INFANT FORMULA by LONG ZOU Major Professor: Casimir C. Akoh Committee: Rakesh K. Singh William L. Kerr Ronald B. Pegg Electronic Version Approved: Julie Coffield Interim Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2014 DEDICATION To my dear wife, my parents, and my sister iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to especially thank my advisor, Dr. Casimir C. Akoh, for his valuable advice and guidance on my academics, career, and personal matters throughout the Ph.D. study. It has been my greatest pleasure to be his student under his enthusiasm and expertise. I also express my deep appreciation to Drs. Yao-Wen Huang, William L. Kerr, Rakesh K. Singh, Alex Kojo Anderson, and Ronald B. Pegg for serving on my advisory committee, and to Dr. Mark Harrison, Ms. Karen Simmons, and Ms. Lisa Cash for their support and advice during my study. Also, I deeply appreciate my former M.S. advisor, Dr. Hong Lin for his constant encouragement, support, and advice to lead my step forward. I am grateful for the funding support from USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture for their grant to Dr. Akoh and also the two-year assistantship from the Graduate School, The University of Georgia. I would like to thank all my lab members for their kind support towards the completion of my research. Special thanks to Ms. Victoria Wentzel, Garima Pande, Supakana Nagachinta, Leslie Kleiner, and Ebenezer Ifeduba. I owe my sincere thanks to all the faculty and staff of the Department of Food Science & Technology for helping me out through the study. Lastly, I would like to thank my parents and family for their endless love and encouragement. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 7 3 IDENTIFICATION OF TOCOPHEROLS, TOCOTRIENOLS, AND THEIR FATTY ACID ESTERS IN RESIDUES AND DISTILLATES OF STRUCTURED LIPIDS PURIFIED BY SHORT-PATH DISTILLATION .. 67 4 CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF PHYSICAL AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF STRUCTURED LIPID-BASED INFANT FORMULA EMULSION: EFFECTS OF EMULSIFIERS AND BIOPOLYMER THICKENERS ................................................................... 98 5 OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF STRUCTURED LIPID-BASED INFANT FORMULA EMULSION: EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANTS ....................... 129 6 ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ANNATTO AND PALM TOCOTRIENOL-RICH FRACTIONS IN FISH OIL AND STRUCTURED LIPID-BASED INFANT FORMULA EMULSION ................................... 161 7 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................ 185 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1: Dietary reference intakes: recommended dietary allowances and adequate intakes for infants from birth to 1 year................................................................ 58 Table 2.2: Composition of mature human milk .............................................................. 59 Table 2.3: Major fatty acid composition of mature human milk ..................................... 60 Table 2.4: Representative studies on lipase-catalyzed synthesis of human milk fat analogues ........................................................................................................... 61 Table 2.5: Compositional regulations of infant formula ................................................. 63 Table 2.6: Additives permitted in infant formula products ............................................. 65 Table 3.1: Total fatty acid profiles (mole percent) and molecular weight of substrates and scaled-up SLs at optimal conditions ................................................................... 91 Table 3.2: Tocopherol and tocotrienol concentration and free fatty acid percentage of substrates and scaled-up SLs .............................................................................. 92 Table 3.3: Tocopheryl and tocotrienyl esters identified by GC-MS in distillates after short-path distillation ......................................................................................... 93 Table 4.1: Composition of the micronutrient premix fortified in ready-to-feed structured lipid-based infant formula ................................................................................ 122 Table 4.2: Composition of structured lipid-based infant formula emulsion ................... 123 Table 4.3: D-optimal design: independent (Xi) and response variables (Yi). ................. 124 vii Table 4.4: ANOVA for the effects of independent variables on the dependent variables, and corresponding coefficients of the regression models .................................. 125 Table 4.5: Correlation coefficients (R) among methods for assessing the physical and oxidative stability of infant formula emulsion .................................................. 126 Table 4.6: Expected and observed values for the model verification using a Chi-squared test ............................................................................................................ 127 Table 5.1: Volatile oxidation compounds of structured-lipid based infant formula identified by dynamic headspace GC-MS ......................................................... 154 Table 5.2: Fatty acid profiles (mole percent) of extracted fat from infant formulas ....... 155 Table 6.1: Summaries of research on the antioxidant activity of tocotrienols in model systems, fats, and oils ....................................................................................... 179 viii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 3.1: MALDI-TOF mass spectra of α-tocopherol, α-tocopheryl oleate and α- tocopheryl linoleate from vitamin E linoleate mixture in positive ion mode. ....... 94 Figure 3.2: Total ion chromatograms of tocopheryl and tocotrienyl esters identified in the (A) WNSL and (B) WLDHA in the SIM mode. ................................................. 95 Figure 3.3: Representative structures and EI full scan mass spectra of tocopheryl and tocotrienyl esters: (A) α-tocopheryl oleate from vitamin E linoleate mixture, (B) β(or γ)-tocopheryl palmitate from WNSL, and (C) α-tocotrienyl palmitate from WLDHA. ..........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fats in the Diet Georgia M
    ® ® University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources Know how. Know now. G2187 Fats in the Diet Georgia M. Jones, Extension Food Specialist What Are Fats? Although fats sometimes are associated with weight gain or health problems, fats aren’t all bad. This Fats are composed mostly of the same three elements as publication discusses fats and their roles in the body carbohydrates, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Fats are made and in foods. Different types of fats, fat substitutes, of a 3-carbon glycerol unit (Figure 1). This is sometimes and ways to reduce fats in some foods are other topics. referred to as the backbone of a fat. Each carbon on the glycerol can hold one fatty acid. Fats supply 9 calories per For some people, fat has a negative connotation. How- gram. Carbohydrates and protein supply 4 calories per gram. ever, like all nutrients, fat, in the appropriate amounts, is beneficial and necessary. Fat has many roles in the body Types of Fatty Acids and in food products. Fats are a source of energy for the body and supply Saturated Fatty Acids essential fatty acids, such as linoleic and linolenic. Fats are required for maintaining healthy skin and regulating cho- These fatty acids have all the hydrogen they can hold. lesterol production. Fats carry the fat-soluble vitamins A, They are normally solid at room temperature. Most saturated D, E, and K and aid in their absorption from the intestine. fatty acids are from animals; however, coconut and palm Fats play a key role in determining texture, taste, and oils also contain saturated fatty acids.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding Studies of Dietary Diacylglycerol Oil in Normal and Lipoprotein Lipase-Deficient Cats ______
    FEEDING STUDIES OF DIETARY DIACYLGLYCEROL OIL IN NORMAL AND LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE-DEFICIENT CATS ___________________________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri __________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science _________________________ by CRAIG DATZ Dr. Robert Backus, Thesis Supervisor DECEMBER 2008 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled FEEDING STUDIES OF DIETARY DIACYLGLYCEROL OIL IN NORMAL AND LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE-DEFICIENT CATS Presented by Craig Datz A candidate for the degree of Master of Science And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. __________________________________________ Dr. Robert Backus __________________________________________ Dr. Kevin Fritsche __________________________________________ Dr. David Ledoux ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. Robert Backus served as a mentor and advisor throughout the project. He originated the idea for the studies and provided guidance, expertise, and laboratory support for all steps involved in carrying out the research. Dr. Kevin Fritsche also provided a great deal of guidance and the use of his laboratory facilities for performing much of the hands-on research. Dr. David Ledoux allowed the use of his laboratory facilities for a portion of the project and was always available to help with questions and procedures. Dr. Jon Ramsey served as the principal investigator at the University of California, Davis, where the feeding studies were performed. He provided oversight and assistance with animal protocols. Deborah Bee was the supervisor of the Feline Nutrition and Pet Care Center at U.C. Davis and carried out the actual feeding studies. Her expertise in handling and caring for the cats in the colony was invaluable in completing the research.
    [Show full text]
  • Olestra, Also Known As Sucrose Polyester, Is a Heterogeneous Synthetic Fat Substitute Consisting Primarily of Hexa-, Hepta
    Olestra, also known as sucrose polyester, is a heterogeneous synthetic fat substitute consisting primarily of hexa -, hepta -, and octaesters formed by the reaction of sucrose with fatty acids derived form edible oil sources, including soybean, corn, and cot tonseed.(1) Olestra shares many of the physical properties of traditional dietary fats, including texture, palatability, and flavor -enhancement (2); however, it is different in that it contributes virtually no calories to a meal. How is this possible? Dige stible triglycerides consist of three fatty acids joined by ester linkages to an alcohol known as glycerol. Esters of alcohols with more than three fatty acids become more and more difficult to digest and absorb. Six fatty acids joined in ester linkages to a central alcohol moiety are enough to render the molecule insusceptible to hydrolytic cleavage by pancreatic lipases.(1,2) Since lipids (even typical triglycerides) cannot be absorbed across the intestinal mucosa without first being broken down, olestra moves through the intestine without being absorbed and exits the gastrointestinal (GI) tract intact. What is the difference between olestra and existing fat substitutes available to the food industry? Although fat -free foods have been around for some time, olestra is the first substitute that does not degrade when cooked.(2) Olestra potato chips, for example, will be fried rather than baked, thus offering the oozing, greasy, can't -eat -just -one appeal of the original minus the fat. This sounds like a dream come true for an obese America and the doctors who cannot convince their patients to reduce their excessive fat intake levels even when the risks include coronary heart disease and cancer.(3) Olestra does, however, have its opponents, mainly in the health care and public health fields, and the fact that the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • I Effect of Shortening Replacement with Oatrim on the Physical and Rheological Properties of Cakes
    i Effect of Shortening Replacement with Oatrim on the Physical and Rheological Properties of Cakes Suyong Lee, Sanghoon Kim, and George E. Inglett ABSTRACT Cereal Chem. 82(2):120-124 Oatrim (oat -glucan amylodextrins) was evaluated as a fat substitute cakes were investigated during baking and correlated with the differential in a cake system. The physical and rheological properties of cakes scanning calorimetry results. The oscillatory shear storage moduli containing shortening replaced with 20, 40, and 60% by weight of Oatrim decreased upon initial heating, then increased due to starch gelatinization, were characterized. The increase in the specific gravity of the cakes and and finally reached a plateau value that varied based on the sample the decrease in the viscosity as more shortening was replaced with Oatrim composition. Moreover, increased replacement of shortening with Oatrini were correlated with the change in the cake volume. The number of air resulted in higher observed oscillatory shear storage moduli. The cakes bubbles present in the cake batters varied significantly: however, the size prepared with up to 20% by weight of Oatrim did not evidence significant of the observed bubbles did not change. The cakes containing more changes in softness (P < 0.01) and generally exhibited similar physical Oatrim displayed a higher starch gelatinization temperature due to the properties to the control cake. amylodextrins in the Oatrim. The dynamic rheological properties of the As one of the principal and essential nutritional components of Oatrim can he used in most foods as a powder or gel. In a diet, fat contributes pleasing flavor and texture to food products, previous study.
    [Show full text]
  • Voluntary Labeling of Bioengineered Food: Cognitive Dissonance in the Law, Science, and Public Policy
    California Western Law Review Volume 38 Number 1 Article 6 2001 Voluntary Labeling of Bioengineered Food: Cognitive Dissonance in the Law, Science, and Public Policy Frank J. Miskiel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cwlr Recommended Citation Miskiel, Frank J. (2001) "Voluntary Labeling of Bioengineered Food: Cognitive Dissonance in the Law, Science, and Public Policy," California Western Law Review: Vol. 38 : No. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cwlr/vol38/iss1/6 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by CWSL Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in California Western Law Review by an authorized editor of CWSL Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Miskiel: Voluntary Labeling of Bioengineered Food: Cognitive Dissonance in VOLUNTARY LABELING OF BIOENGINEERED FOOD: COGNITIVE DISSONANCE IN THE LAW, SCIENCE, AND PUBLIC POLICY Frank J. Miskiel It has become commonplace-the norm-for government regulation to seem completely detached from comnmon sense. So much so that regulation typically imposes enormous costs-in terms of money, time, and inconven- ience-on American consumers, businesses, and employees, with very lit- tle benefit, if any.' I. INTRODUCTION "Non-GMO." This is a label that has recently begun to appear on many foods in the United States. Now the "non-GMO" segment of the food indus- try is vying with the "organic" food industry's growing popularity.2 "GMO" is an acronym for "genetically modified organisms" and has been embraced as shorthand for all bioengineered foods.' The "non-GMO" label itself has J.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulking Agents for Sugar Polyols, Novel Sugars, Polymeric and Exploratory Bulking Agents
    Bulking Agents for Sugar Polyols, novel sugars, polymeric and exploratory bulking agents Michael Lindley, PhD LinTech Within the food ingredients sector of our to that of sugar. While there remain some industry, there are a number of ingredient technical challenges — and there is still no jtargets that can only be described as “holy natural high-potency sweetener that deliv- grails.”These are ingredients that are capa- ers high-quality sweetness — sugar replace- ble of performing and delivering to foods ment in many food categories, particularly a range of functional properties that match beverages, can be accomplished successfully precisely the ideal physical characteristics with little sensory compromise demanded of that may be desired. Many of these holy consumers. grails have a nutritional dimension. Here Commercialization of olestra went some are some examples: way towards meeting the zero-calorie fat Dr. Michael Lindley is • A high-potency sweetener that is zero substitute requirements, but regulatory director of LinTech, a calorie and yet delivers the precise taste technical consultancy restrictions and other issues have limited character of sucrose; such an ingredient for new functional should also preferably comply with a nat- its potential to have a wider impact across ingredients. He has ural designation. the food industry. As a zero-calorie frying more than 30 years of • A zero-calorie fat substitute that does not oil, however, it fulfills most of the technical experience providing scientific and technical cause intestinal discomfort. demands on such a specialty ingredient. support to food com- • A bulk alternative to sucrose that deliv- Finally, many bulk alternatives to sucrose panies, focused on ers all the myriad functionalities of sugar, have been developed and commercialized, sugars high-potency but is zero calorie and has no potential sweeteners and bulk- to induce laxation.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Allergies Food Allergy Myths
    CHILD AND ADULT CARE FOOD PROGRAM NUTRITION EDUCATION HOME ASSIGNMENT FOOD ALLERGIES FOOD ALLERGY MYTHS WHAT ARE FOOD ALLERGIES? MYTH: A recent study showed that up to 25 percent of adults A food allergy is an abnormal response of the immune system to believe they have food allergies. otherwise harmless foods such as peanuts, nuts, milk, eggs, soy, fish, Scientific studies show, however, shellfish, and wheat. that only 1 to 2 percent of adults truly have a food allergy. WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF AN ALLERGIC REACTION? MYTH: Food allergies are not real. Symptoms can include hives, vomiting, diarrhea, and respiratory Not true. An allergic reaction distress. In some cases, just one bite of food can bring on involves the body’s immune anaphylaxis, a severe reaction that involves various areas of the body system. In the case of food allergy, simultaneously. In extreme cases, it can cause death. the immune system misinterprets a food as a harmful invader and HOW CAN FOOD ALLERGIES BE MANAGED? releases histamine and other chemicals to protect the body The only way to manage food allergies is to strictly avoid the foods to from harm. Symptoms include which you are allergic. One should learn how to read and interpret hives, vomiting, diarrhea, and ingredients on food labels and how to spot high-risk foods. respiratory distress. GENERAL INFORMATION MYTH: Food allergies should not be taken seriously. Every year 1. A food allergy is the immune system’s reaction to a certain food more people die of food allergic in which the body creates antibodies to that food.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposed Rules Federal Register Vol
    67243 Proposed Rules Federal Register Vol. 61, No. 246 Friday, December 20, 1996 This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: under § 101.9(c)(1)(i)(C), by multiplying contains notices to the public of the proposed Virginia L. Wilkening, Center for Food the general factor of 4 calories per g by issuance of rules and regulations. The Safety and Applied Nutrition (HFS± the amount of total carbohydrate less purpose of these notices is to give interested 165), Food and Drug Administration, the amount of insoluble dietary fiber; persons an opportunity to participate in the 200 C St. SW., Washington, DC 20204, under § 101.9(c)(1)(i)(D), by using data rule making prior to the adoption of the final rules. 202±205±5763. for specific energy factors for particular SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: foods or ingredients approved by FDA through the food additive or generally I. Background DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND recognized as safe (GRAS) petition HUMAN SERVICES A. The 1990 Amendments and processes in parts 170 and 171 (21 CFR Implementing Regulations parts 170 and 171) and provided in Food and Drug Administration The Nutrition Labeling and Education parts 172 or 184 (21 CFR parts 172 or 184); or under § 101.9(c)(1)(i)(E), by 21 CFR Part 101 Act of 1990 (the 1990 amendments) and the final regulations that implement the using bomb calorimetry data. [Docket Nos. 96N±0421 and 94P±0453/CP1] 1990 amendments (58 FR 2066, January FDA also defined the basic nutrients 6, 1993, as modified at 58 FR 44020, that are to be declared as part of the Food Labeling: Nutrient Content August 18, 1993) provided for a number nutrition label (58 FR 2079 at 2086).
    [Show full text]
  • Hurdles and Hopes in the Management of Human Obesity
    Mal J Nutr 2: 87-111, 1996 Hurdles and hopes in the management of human obesity AG Dulloo Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1, Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland ABSTRACT A population shift towards obesity is a major side-effect of changes in lifestyle that accompany economic prosperity, and a high risk factor for many chronic degenerative diseases including non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), coronary heart disease and hypertension. According to current WHO population statistics, 40% of obese patients eventually develop NIDDM, 80% of individuals with NIDDM are obese and the incidence of hypertension in obesity and NIDDM could be as high as 50%. Of particular concern for developing countries is the strong epidemiological evidence indicating that the prevalence of obesity and diabetes often increase in epidemic proportions in communities emerging from lifestyles of subsistence into affluence. Even modest increase in prosperity seem to be associated with the most marked increases in the proportion of these chronic diseases. Indeed, obesity and its pathophysiological complications have become health priorities among American Indians, Australian Aborigines, Pacific Islanders, and are rapidly becoming major concerns among many other developing countries. For example, the prevalence of obesity (BMI >30) for the middle-age group is 32% in women living in Urban Trinidad, 16.4% in Nicaragua, 14% in Costa Rica, values which are higher than for the USA (12-15%) or in the UK (8-9%). Even more spectacular are the health statistics about the middle-aged Pima Indians in Arizona and inhabitants of the South Pacific Island of Nauru, showing that more than 80% are obese, and 50-70% have NIDDM.
    [Show full text]
  • Fat Replacers and Their Applications in Food Products: a Review Omayma, E
    Alex. J. Fd. Sci. & Technol. Vol. 4, No.1, pp. 29-44, 2007 Fat Replacers and Their Applications in Food Products: A Review Omayma, E. Shaltout1 & Youssef, M.M.2 1Food Science Dept., Fac. of Agric., Saba basha, Alex. Univ., Alexandria, Egypt. 2Food Science & Technology Dept., Fac. of Agric., El-Shatby, 21545, Alex. Univ., Alexandria, Egypt. ABSTRACT Link of fats to chronic disease in Europe and North America is well established. Overconsumption of high en- ergy-dense foods may contribute to energy imbalance and lead to increasing incidence and prevelance of obesity as well as the risk of chronic diseases. Fat replacers are used to provide some or all of the functional properties of fat while providing fewer calories than the fat being replaced. They are either fat substitutes or mimetics. Fat substitutes are lipid-like substances intended to replace fats on a one-to-one basis. Fat mimetics are protein or carbohydrate ingredients which function by imitating the physical, textural mouth feel and organoleptic properties of real fats. Carbohydrate-based fat replacers are derived from cereals, grains and plants, these ingredients include both digestible and indigestible complex carbohydrates. They include starch and fiber-based fat mimetics. The former in- clude maltodextrins, and modified starches, while the latter include microcrystalline cellulose methylcellulose, gums, pectins, hydrocolloid gums and polydextrose. Protein-based fat replacers such as microparticulated whey protein pro- vide structure, viscosity, creaminess and opacity, a clean flavour base with only one-thrid of the calories in fat. The majority of fat-based fat replacers are emulsifiers or lipid analogs. They are neither hydrolyzed nor absorbed by the body in the same manner as normal fat and thus contribute substantially fewer calories.
    [Show full text]
  • Fat Substitutes Linked to Weight Gain 20 June 2011
    Fat substitutes linked to weight gain 20 June 2011 Synthetic fat substitutes used in low-calorie potato large number of calories, and the taste triggers chips and other foods could backfire and contribute various responses by the body, including salivation, to weight gain and obesity, according to a study hormonal secretions and metabolic reactions. Fat published by the American Psychological substitutes can interfere with that relationship when Association. the body expects to receive a large burst of calories but is fooled by a fat substitute. The study, by researchers at Purdue University, challenges the conventional wisdom that foods There is some good news if a diet is naturally low in made with fat substitutes help with weight loss. fat. The rats that were fed a low-fat diet didn't "Our research showed that fat substitutes can experience significant weight gain from either type interfere with the body's ability to regulate food of potato chips. However, when those same rats intake, which can lead to inefficient use of calories were switched to a high-fat diet, the rats that had and weight gain," said Susan E. Swithers, PhD, the eaten both types of potato chips ate more food and lead researcher and a Purdue psychology gained more weight and body fat than the rats that professor. The study was published online in the had eaten only the high-calorie chips. APA journal Behavioral Neuroscience. Swithers and Davidson have reported similar The study used laboratory rats that were fed either findings in previous rat studies that showed a high-fat or low-fat diet of chow.
    [Show full text]
  • 4.01 – Food Additives & Substitutions Vocab
    4.01 – Food Additives & Substitutions Vocab Define these words in your notebook – you do not need to include this sheet in your notebook – just these words and definitions. Saccharin – Aspartame – Acesulfame K – Sucralose – Polyols – Bulking Agent – Simplesse – Olestra – Additives PowerPoint Notes Definition Two Classifications of Additives Intentional Incidental Additives are legally Two Functions of Additives allowed when: 1. 2. Approximately ____________ intentional food additives in _______ major groups. THIS IS A FOLDABLE! 12 Major Groups Preservatives Antioxidants Sequestrants Surface Active Agents Stabilizers and Thickeners Bleaching & Maturing Agents, Starch Modifiers Buffers, Acids, and Alkalies Food Colors Food Substitutes Nutritional additives Flavoring Agents Miscellaneous Additives Food Substitutes SUGAR SUBSTITUTES Food Substitutes Also known as – _____________ or _____________ substances. Typicalyl designed to reduce caloric content whilick mimicking functional properticesm, such as: - - - - FAT SUBSTITUTES SALT SUBSTITUTES Lab: Non-Nutritive Sweeteners or Sugar Substitutes Background Knowledge – Read then summarize in your own words. In the United States, five artificially derived sugar substitutes have been approved for use. They are saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, neotame and acesulfame potassium. These compounds are all high intensity sweeteners. There is ongoing controversy whether artificial sweeteners are health risks. Some studies show that some may cause disease in laboratory rats. There is also an herbal supplement, stevia, used as a sweetner. Controversy surrounds stevia's safety, although natural, and there is a battle over its approval as a sugar substitute. [ The majority of sugar substitutes approved for food use are artificially synthesized compounds. However, some natural sugar substitutes (in addition to stevia) are known, including sorbitol and xylitol, which are found in berries, fruit, vegetables and mushrooms.
    [Show full text]