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Elizabeth Cady Stanton: the Right Is Ours (Oxford Portraits)

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton: the Right Is Ours (Oxford Portraits) Elizabeth Cady Stanton The Right Is Ours Image Not Available OXFORD PORTRAITS Elizabeth Cady Stanton The Right Is Ours Harriet Sigerman 1 To my father, Leon Sigerman, who never doubted that a daughter could be everything a son could be. 1 Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 2001 by Harriet Sigerman Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Design: Greg Wozney Layout: Alexis Siroc Picture research: Fran Antmann Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sigerman, Harriet. Elizabeth Cady Stanton : the right is ours / Harriet Sigerman. p. cm. -- (Oxford portraits) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: A biography of one of the first leaders of the women's rights movement, whose work led to women's right to vote. ISBN 0-19-511969-X 1. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 1815-1902--Juvenile literature. 2. Feminists-- United States--Juvenile literature. 3. Women’s rights--United States-- History--Juvenile literature. [1. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 1815-1902. 2. Suffragists. 3. Women’s rights. 4. Women--Suffrage. 5. Women--Biography.] I. Title. II. Series. HQ1413.S67 S54 2001 305.42'092--dc21 [B] 2001031404 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper On the cover: Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1871, age 56 Frontispiece: Elizabeth Cady Stanton in her New York City apartment in 1901 CONTENTS PROLOGUE: “THE ELEMENTS HAD CONSPIRED TO IMPEL ME ONWARD”6 1 “I TAXED EVERY POWER”11 2 “A NEW INSPIRATION IN LIFE”22 3 “A NEW BORN SENSE OF DIGNITY AND FREEDOM”31 4 “WOMAN HERSELF MUST DO THIS WORK”43 The Declaration of Sentiments 52 5 “I NEVER FELT MORE KEENLY THE DEGRADATION OF MY SEX”59 “I Have All the Rights I Want” 72 6 “A SIMULTANEOUS CHORUS FOR FREEDOM”79 An Appeal to the Women of the Republic 83 7 “WE ARE READY, WE ARE PREPARED”93 8 “I GET MORE RADICAL AS I GROW OLDER” 111 “Boys Are Cheaper than Machinery”: Stanton’s Outrage over Child Labor 122 EPILOGUE 128 CHRONOLOGY 131 MUSEUMS AND HISTORIC SITES 134 FURTHER READING 135 INDEX 138 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 142 PROLOGUE: “THE ELEMENTS HAD CONSPIRED TO IMPEL ME ONWARD” On the morning of July 11, 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton traveled to Waterloo, New York, three miles west of her home in Seneca Falls, to visit her good friend Lucretia Mott. Stanton had first met Mott, a Quaker and well- known antislavery activist, eight years before in London at the World’s Anti-Slavery Convention; Stanton had attended the convention with her husband, Henry, while on their honeymoon. Both Mott and Stanton were very committed to the antislavery cause, which drew hundreds of American women into its ranks. Female members circulated petitions to abolish slavery, raised funds to pay for the freedom of runaway slaves, attended regional conventions, and wrote and lectured on the evils of slavery. Their tireless efforts resulted in the freedom of scores of slaves and helped galva- nize Northerners’ opposition to slavery. But, to the astonishment of Mott and Stanton, a debate over allowing women to participate in the proceedings in London dominated the opening session of the convention. After several hours, the delegates who opposed women’s participation prevailed. These delegates expressed the tradi- tional view that woman’s place was demurely in the home 6 PROLOGUE: “THE ELEMENTS HAD CONSPIRED TO IMPEL ME ONWARD” as wife and mother, not in the noisy public arena of reform and politics. As Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott walked out of the hall together, stunned that the most liberal and enlightened re- formers in the world would dare to silence their female comrades, Image Not Available they vowed to hold a convention as soon as they returned to America to proclaim women’s rights. Now, eight years later, they still had not organized such a con- vention. Although the two women had corresponded with each other in the intervening years, neither one had taken any action to fulfill the promise made in London. For her part, Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady Stanton had been preoccupied with the pleasures and Stanton, photographed responsibilities of being a wife and mother. Her first son, with her sons Henry Daniel, was born in 1842, and two more sons, Henry and and Daniel in about 1848, believed that Gerrit, followed over the next three years. She took great being a mother helped joy in being a mother and was happily immersed in the her to better understand many responsibilities of keeping a house. the domestic constraints From 1844 to 1847, the Stantons had lived in Boston, in women’s lives. at that time the cultural and intellectual capital of America. This understanding When she was not preoccupied with household duties, shaped her thoughts about women’s Elizabeth Cady Stanton attended lectures and readings and rights—especially her socialized with an exciting circle of reformers and thinkers— advocacy of birth intellectual giants like the poet and essayist Ralph Waldo control, divorce reform, Emerson; the brilliant minister Theodore Parker; and and property rights Frederick Douglass, a former slave and a powerful orator and for women. newspaper editor. But now her life was very different. In 1847, the Stantons moved to Seneca Falls, a quiet country village nestled in the beautiful Finger Lakes region of western New 7 ELIZABETH CADY STANTON York. The damp climate of Boston had not agreed with Henry Stanton’s health, and his career prospects in law and politics had dwindled in Boston. When his father-in-law offered them a house in Seneca Falls, Henry Stanton decided to move. Seneca Falls offered none of the intellectual and cultural richness of Boston, and Elizabeth Stanton found her new neighbors to be friendly but narrow-minded. Because she could not find suitable servants and her family had expanded, she also had to confront the difficult chores of housekeeping and full-time child raising on her own. Dust from the unpaved street in front of her house kept the floors and furniture permanently dirty, and her children were often sick with malaria from mosquitoes that bred in the nearby lakes. For the first time in her life, Stanton fully understood the plight of the isolated home- maker whose life revolved solely around keeping a house and raising children. “It seemed,” she later wrote in her autobiography, “as if all the elements had conspired to impel me to some onward step. I could not see what to do or where to begin.” In this “tempest-tossed condition of mind,” as she described herself in her autobiography, she went to visit Lucretia Mott in Waterloo. Joining Stanton and Mott that day were three other women: Martha Wright, Jane Hunt, and Mary Ann McClintock. As they sat around a table drinking tea, Stanton poured out “the torrent of my long- accumulating discontent, with such vehemence and indig- nation that I stirred myself, as well as the rest of the party, to do and dare anything.” What Stanton and the others dared to do was to organize a women’s rights convention, which, they declared in an announcement in the local newspaper, would be devoted to the question of, “the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women.” That convention became known as the Seneca Falls Convention, and it set into motion the orga- nized American women’s rights movement. 8 PROLOGUE: “THE ELEMENTS HAD CONSPIRED TO IMPEL ME ONWARD” “Tempest-tossed” and wholly devoted to the cause of women, Elizabeth Cady Stanton would soon stand at the very center of that movement, as its leader and, occasionally, as an opponent of other women’s rights advocates who were not visionary or bold enough for her satisfaction. As she sat with the other four women on that momentous July 11, planning the Seneca Falls Convention, she had crossed a divide—from being a politician’s wife and an occasional reformer herself to a warrior for female emancipation. The aftershocks of her actions continue to reverberate to this day. 9 Image Not Available To the mischievous Elizabeth Cady, Johnstown, New York, was a somber place to grow up, but the Cady house, above, provided her and her sisters with some amusements such as playing in the attic. The girls also loved to roam the forests surrounding Johnstown and wade in the Cayadutta River, despite their parents’ prohibition. CHAPTER 1 “I TAXED EVERY POWER” In 1815, the year that Elizabeth Cady was born, Johnstown, New York, was a thriving town of about 1,000 citizens located 40 miles northwest of Albany, the state capital. Bound by the Cayadutta River to the north, Johnstown overlooked the sprawling Mohawk Valley, a region steeped in history and natural beauty. In autumn, the hillsides and valleys surrounding Johnstown were ablaze in fiery hues of scarlet, orange, and yellow. In winter, the entire area was blanketed in white, and young Elizabeth Cady and her sis- ters happily played in the snow. Beyond Johnstown lay a young nation flush with confi- dence from fighting a much more powerful Great Britain to a draw in the War of 1812.
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