DOCUMENT RESUME ED 082 625 HE 004 650 AUTHOR Hayden, Howard TITLE Higher Education and Development in South-East Asia. Volume I, Director's Report. INSTITUTION International Association of Universities, Paris (France).; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). SPONS AGENCY Ford Foundation, New York, N.Y. PUB DATE 67 NOTE 508p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Comparative Education; Developing Nations; *Educational Development; *Educational History; Educational Improvement; Educational Innovation; *Foreign Countries; *Higher Education; Social Development IDENTIFIERS Burma; Cambodia; Indonesia; Laos; Malaysia; Philippines; Singapore; *Southeast Asia; Thailand; Viet Nam ABSTRACT This document reports a study of the role of institutions of higher education in the development of countries in South-East Asia covering Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet-Nam. Emphasis is placed on the geographical, historical and social background; patterns of education within the region; higher education; education as a service and investment; economic problems and development planning in the region; characteristics of national economic development plans; the high-level manpower needs of development; social development and higher education; language policy and higher education; national development and qualitative implications for higher education; the structure and growth of post-secondary institutions; students, study and welfare; teachers, teaching and research; and regional co-operation and higher education. Major issues discussed include manpower, social and cultural projection of higher education, institutional patterns, students and studies, teachers and teaching, inter-regional co-operation, and a proposed South-East Asian Institute of Higher Education and Development. Appendices of related material and statistical data are included. Related documents are HE 004 651, HE 004 652, and HE 004 673. (MJM) FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY higher education and development in south-east asia Volume IDirector's Report by Howard Hayden Director of the Study of the Role of Institutions of Higher Education in the Development of Countries in South-East Asia CCHE ONLY" C a A4,`"::,114E.7,.?-- LT f , (14'r "uca%Fci°,P, Unesco and the International Association of Universities First published in 1967 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultei.al Organization Place de Fontenoy, 75 Paris-7e, and the International Association of Universities 6, rue Franklin, 75 Paris-16e. 2nd impression 1969 Printed by Boudin, Paris The designations employed inthis publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of Unesco or the S.cretariat of the International Association of Universities concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitations of the frontiers of any country or territory, nor do the points of view adopted by the authors, the facts stated or the opinions expressed with regard to those facts and the presentation and content of the material in general imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the Secretariat of Unesco or of the International Association of Universities. C) Unesco 1967 Played in France EDS.69 /XVIt.Sa /A The development of higher education Titles in this series Published jointly by Unesco and the IAU: Access to higher education: Vol. I, by Frank Bowles (Director's report). Vol. II, National studies. Higher education and development in South-East Asia: Vol. I: Director's report, by Howard Hayden. Vol: IL Country profiles. by Howard Hayden and the Office of the Study in Kuala Lumpur (to appear 1967). Vol. III: PartI, High-level manpower for developint itby Guy Hunter (to appear 1967). Part 2, Language policy and higher education, by Richard Noss (to appear 1967). Summary report and conclusions. Published by Unesco: The development of higher education in Africa. The teaching of sciences in African universities. Some other publications on higher education Published by Unes:o: Industrial sociology, by J. H. Smith. (Unesco, 1961. -; rUniversity Teaching of Social Sciences series.) ::usiness management, by Roger Grdgoire. (Unesco. The University Teaching of Social Sciences series.) World survey of education, Vol. IV: Higher educat on. (iJnesco, 1966.) A survey of the teaching of physics at universities. (L.. zsco. 1966. The Teaching of Basic ., ciences series.) Published by the IAU: University education and public service. (IAU, t:-.e financial assistance of Unesco, 1959.) The interplay of scientific and cultural values in 'agileeducation today. (IAU, with financial assistance of Unesco, 1960.) The expansico. nigher education. (IAU, with the financial assistance of Unesco, 1960.) Sonic economic aspects of educational development in Europe. (IAU, 1961.) University autonomy, its meaning today. (IAU, 1965.) lAU publication% arc obtainable from 6. rue Franklin, " Preface The Study of the Role of Institutions of Higher Education in the Develop- ment of Countries in South-East Asia is the second project to be carried out under the Joint Unesco-International Association of Universities Research Programme in Higher Education. This programme, which constitutes a novel form of co-operation between an intergovernmental organization and an international academic body, was brought into oeing at the end of 1959. Directed by a Joint Steering Committee, its purpose is to carry out under the auspices of the two organizations, with the financial support of private foundations or such other private or public bodies as may be appropriate, a series of studies of important problems affecting the organization, operation and functions of institutions of higher education in the present world. 1 study was set up with the co-operation and support of the Ford Foundation which generously authorized grants in the amount of $534,000 for its conduct. Work began in September 1961 End from then until April 1965 extensive inquiries were made into the actual and potential contribu- tion of higher education in the countries of South-East Asia to the achieve- ment of the goals of social and cultural development as well as its role in providing the knowledge and skills needed for their economic progress. A Summary Report on this work and the conclusions emerging from it was published in July 1965 and the present volume contains the full report of the study. Complementary volumes will include the reports of expert con- sultants to the study and a series of detailed country profiles. The Joint Steering Committee is indebted to all those who helped to carry out this important undertaking and most specially to the chairman of its Commission of Experts, Sir John Lockwood, Master of Birkbeck College in the University of London and former Vice-Chancellor of the University, who died suddenly on 11 July 1965. Despite other heavy commitments in the United Kingdom and Africa, he had for four years contributed selflessly to the study, travelling extensively in the region, and bringing to the planning and evaluation of the inquiries which were carried out the stimulus of the keen mind of a distinguished scholar and gifted administrator. On behalf of all who were associated with the study we here pay tribute to Sir John for his devotion to the cause of higher education and for the warm generosity of his companionship. The Committee's thanks are also due to the members of the International Commission of Experts, individually and collectively, for the advice and guidance they gave throughout the study as well as to the consultants for the specialized knowledge and experience they brought to bearon,important parts of the undertaking. The main burden of the work was inevitably borne by the directors of the study and its small staff in Kuala Lumpur, and the Committee is grateful to them for their devotion to a difficult and onerous task. Three directors each made a distinctive contribution to its accomplishment: Dr. Matta Akrawi served from September 1961 to December 1962 and was responsible, with Sir John Lockwood, for the initiation of the study and the successfill conclu- sion of its first phase; Dr. R. M. Sundrum. brought to the work the special skills of a political economist and statistician until March 1964; from then on the work went forward under the direction of Mr. Howard Haydena comparative educationist, he was responsible for making a synthetic analysis of the complex body of material assembled by the study and is the author of the present report. Finally, the Committee wishes to express its appreciation to the Govern- ment of Malaysia and to the University of. Malaya for the special facilities afforded to the study in, Kuala Lumpur and to thank them as well as the governments and university institutions of the other South-East Asian coun- tries associated with the study for their co-operation and assistance. CONSTANTINE K. ZURAYK, RENE MAHEU, President, IAU Director-General, Unesco Co-Chairmen, Unesco-IAU Joint Steering Committee Contents Foreword 15 Introduction 17 1 The geographical, historical and social background 23 The regional concept 23 Geographical factors 24 Population of the region 26 A historical sketch 26 Ethnic groups 29 Religion 32 Language 33 The general picture 33 2Patterns of education within the region 35 Preamble 35 I.Primary and secondary education 41 Some demographic aspects 41 Quantitative aspects 43 Enrolments, 44; The