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Early Enhancement in Antigen Presentation and CD80 on the Cell CD40-Induced Aggregation of MHC Class II and CD80 on the Cell Surface Leads to an Early Enhancement in Antigen Presentation This information is current as Abigail Clatza, Laura C. Bonifaz, Dario A. A. Vignali and of September 26, 2021. José Moreno J Immunol 2003; 171:6478-6487; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.12.6478 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/171/12/6478 Downloaded from References This article cites 65 articles, 32 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/171/12/6478.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 26, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2003 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology CD40-Induced Aggregation of MHC Class II and CD80 on the Cell Surface Leads to an Early Enhancement in Antigen Presentation1 Abigail Clatza,* Laura C. Bonifaz,* Dario A. A. Vignali,† and Jose´Moreno2* Ligation of CD40 on B cells increases their ability to present Ag and to activate MHC class II (MHC-II)-restricted T cells. How this occurs is not entirely clear. In this study we demonstrate that CD40 ligation on Ag-presenting B cells (APC) for a short period between 30 min and 3 h has a rapid, augmenting effect on the ability of a B cell line and normal B cells to activate T cells. This is not due to alterations in Ag processing or to an increase in surface expression of CD80, CD86, ICAM-1, or MHC-II. This effect is particularly evident with naive, resting T lymphocytes and appears to be more pronounced under limiting Ag concentrations. Shortly after CD40 ligation on a B cell line, MHC-II and CD80 progressively accumulated in cholesterol-enriched microdomains Downloaded from on the cell surface, which correlated with an initial enhancement in their Ag presentation ability. Moreover, CD40 ligation induced a second, late, more sustained enhancement of Ag presentation, which correlates with a significant increase in CD80 expression by APC. Thus, CD40 signaling enhances the efficiency with which APC activate T cells by at least two related, but distinct, mechanisms: an early stage characterized by aggregation of MHC-II and CD80 clusters, and a late stage in which a significant increase in CD80 expression is observed. These results raise the possibility that one important role of CD40 is to contribute to the formation of the immunological synapse on the APC side. The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 171: 6478–6487. http://www.jimmunol.org/ D4ϩ T cells recognize protein Ags as peptides bound to been studied in detail in B cells, where CD40 ligation modulates MHC class II molecules (MHC-II)3 (1, 2). Peptide- the expression of many genes (10), leading to B cell proliferation loaded MHC-II (peptide-MHC-II) is the ligand for the and survival (11, 12), differentiation into Ab-secreting cells (13– C ϩ TCR that, upon recognition by CD4 T cells, marks the beginning 15), isotype switching (13, 16), and an enhancement of their ability of an adaptive immune response. Although recognition of peptide- to activate T cells during Ag presentation. The latter is due at least MHC-II is essential, it is insufficient for Ag-specific CD4ϩ T cell in part to up-regulation of CD80 expression (17–20). Others have activation, as a number of additional cell surface interactions are proposed that CD40-induced enhancement of Ag presentation required (3). Among these are costimulatory signals, of which the could be related to changes in the ability of B cells to process Ags by guest on September 26, 2021 interaction of CD80 or CD86 surface molecules on the APC with (21). These findings are not mutually exclusive. CD28 on the T cell is the best characterized (4, 5). Costimulation In many cell systems it has been demonstrated that receptor is a reciprocal process, as activated T cells also provide signals signaling is greatly enhanced by incorporation into cholesterol- leading to APC maturation. The best-characterized cognate signal enriched cell membrane microdomains (22–24), also referred to as provided by T cells to the APC is the interaction of CD154 (CD40 lipid rafts. During T cell Ag recognition, TCR signaling induces ligand), a member of the TNF family, with its receptor CD40 on the aggregation of TCR and costimulatory receptor-containing APC, a TNF receptor family molecule. rafts, eventually leading to the formation of the immunological Signaling through CD40 induces a number of functions that dif- synapse, which polarizes the reciprocal activation processes of the fer depending on the type of APC (6, 7). CD40 ligation on den- T cell and the APC (25–28). Lipid rafts containing MHC-II also dritic cells (DC) induces the release of IL-12 and plays a role in exist on the APC surface before T cell Ag recognition (29). These their final maturation. On macrophages, CD40 ligation induces appear to be essential to increase the number of TCR/CD3 com- their activation and hence plays a role in the defense against in- plexes engaged during Ag presentation. Clustering of these lipid tracellular pathogens (8, 9). The effects of CD40 signaling have rafts on the APC side during early T cell Ag recognition could lead to a local increase in MHC-II and costimulatory molecule density. Therefore, the increased overall T cell-APC avidity would result in *Research Unit on Autoimmune Diseases, Centro Me´dico Nacional Siglo XXI, In- stituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico; and †Department of Im- more efficient T cell activation. Besides an increase in the effi- munology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794 ciency of Ag presentation, this could lead to enhanced signaling Received for publication March 3, 2003. Accepted for publication October 1, 2003. through MHC-II on the APC itself (30). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page During DC maturation, MHC-II molecules are transported from charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance intracellular processing compartments to the cell surface (31, 32). with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Moreover, engagement by specific TCR triggers the export of 1 This work was supported by Grant 30899-M from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologial Me´xico (to J.M. and L.C.B.), and by Cancer Center Support Center of MHC-II molecules from intracellular compartments in a unidirec- Research Excellence Grant CA21765 and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated tional manner to the immunological synapse on DC (31, 32). Al- Charities (to D.A.A.V.). though it is not known whether a similar phenomenon occurs dur- 2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Jose´ Moreno, Research Unit on ing Ag presentation by B cells, candidate signals that may induce Autoimmune Diseases, Centro Me´dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Apartado Postal A-047, 06703, Coahuila No. 5, Col. Roma, Me´xico. E-mail address: [email protected] the recruitment of MHC-II to the cell surface and the immunolog- 3 Abbreviations used in this paper: MHC-II, class II MHC molecule; CTB, cholera ical synapse are surface Ig, CD40, and the ligands for the different toxin B; DC, dendritic cell; GM1, ganglioside M1; HEL, hen egg-white lysozyme. Toll-like receptors. Indeed, MHC-II and CD40 can be associated Copyright © 2003 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/03/$02.00 The Journal of Immunology 6479 on the cell surface, and reciprocal stimulation through either molecule at 4°C in PBS containing 0.1% sodium azide and 1% rabbit serum to increases their presence in detergent-insoluble fractions (33, 34). prevent binding of mAb to Fc receptors. Some Abs were biotinylated (as In the present study we found that CD40 ligation on B cells had indicated in the figure legends), followed by fluorescent dye-labeled streptavidin (BD PharMingen or Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories a dual positive effect on Ag presentation. An early effect was char- (West Grove, PA)). One- to four-color flow cytometry was conducted in a acterized by a rapid clustering of MHC-II and CD80 in cholester- dual laser FACSort flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). ol-enriched domains on the cell surface that correlates with an increased ability to stimulate both T cell hybridomas and naive T Confocal microscopy cells, which is followed by a more pronounced late effect, which LK35.2 cells (104) were cultured at 37°C on sterile glass slides in a volume correlates with increased expression of CD80. of 200 ␮l for 24 h, after which 10 ␮g/ml anti-CD40 or anti-CD11b (con- trol) was added and incubated at 37°C for varying lengths of time. Slides Materials and Methods were washed, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, stained for the expression of MHC-II (Texas Red or Alexa 488), ganglioside M1 (GM1; Alexa 488- Reagents and Ags cholera toxin B (Alexa 488-CTB)) and CD80-Texas Red.
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