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1214-Text.Html 130 Sovereign Rights to Nuclear Weapons Farhad Rezaei Center for Iranian Studies (IRAM), Ankara, Turkey January 2017 Abstract Mahmoud Ahmadinejad won the election in 2005, on behalf of the Principalists, a hardline secular opposition, that considered the clerical establishment corrupt and soft on foreign policy. In particular, the Principalists railed against the NPT, describing it as a product of Western hegemony. Ahmadinejad asserted that Iran, like other nations, had a sovereign right to run a nuclear program. Hinting broadly that Iran would not be dissuaded from weaponizing, Ahmadinejad proceeded to fashion a “civil religion” around the alleged nuclear prowess of Iran. Nuclear Day was celebrated around the country as part of a new secular nationalist identity. But in his customary contradictory and occasionally unpredictable and even bizarre manner, the president also claimed that pursuing the nuclear program is part of his mission ordained by the Mahdi. Ahmadinejad’s “in your face” nuclear diplomacy, coupled with his penchant for messianic visions and denial of the Holocaust, rattled the West. Unsure whether Ahmadinejad spoke for himself or for the regime, the international community became alarmed that Iran crossed the threshold from nuclear rationality to messianic irrationality. The SC reacted by imposing a series of increasingly punitive sanctions on Iran. References: 1. Goodenough, Patrick. 2010. No Sign of International Unity on Iran After Administration’s Latest Deadline Passes. CNS News, January 26. http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/no-sign- international-unity-iran-after-administration-s-latest-deadline-passes 2. Adebahr, Cornelius. 2014. Tehran Calling: Understanding a New Iranian Leadership. Carnegi Endowment for International Peace, January 20. http://carnegieendowment.org/ 2014/01/20/tehran-calling-understanding-new-iranian-leadership 3. Afarinesh, Ahmadinejad. 2007. Tormoze Ghatare Hastehee ra Kandeheem Ahmadinejad: We Threw Away the Reverse Gear and the Brakes of the Nuclear Train. Afarinesh Newspaper, February 25. 4. Aftab. 2006. Baztab-e Jahanie Tolide Kayke Zard [The Global Consequences of Yellow Cake Production]. Aftab.ir, April 11. http://aftabnews.ir/vdcjayex.uqeixzsffu.html 5. Aganji, Saeed. 2013. Up and Down of Nuclear Program. TehranReview, November 28. http://tehranreview.net/articles/13643 6. Ahdiyyih, Mohebat. 2008. Ahmadinejad and the Mahdi. Middle East Quarterly XV (4): 27–36. 7. Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud. 2006a. In Meeting with Clergies of Mazandaran. December 4. 8. ———. 2006b. Sakhtane Iran va Moarefie Enghelab do Mamoryate Melate Iran Ast [Building Iran and Introducing Revolution are Two of Iranians Missions], Speech for Clergies of Arak Province (available at State’s Secretariat). President.ir. http://www. tehran.gov.ir/new/negaresh/Printversion.asp?newaId=7136 9. ———. 2007a. In Meeting with IRGC Commanders, August 28. 10. ———. 2007b. In Meeting with IRGC Commanders. September 11. 11. ———. 2007c. Interview with Iranian National TV Channel 2, January 23. 12. ———. 2007d. Interview with Jam-eJam TV, September 16. 13. ———. 2007e. Masaaley-e Hastehee Iran Sahneye Taghabole zibaeeha va zeshtiha bode hast. President.ir, September 9. http://www.president.ir/fa/6569 14. ———. 2008a. In Meeting with Supreme Council of Islamic Propagation Organization at Qom Seminary. August 29. 15. ———. 2008b. In Meeting with the Head of Three Branches, Government Cabinet and Parliament Members. February 2. 16. ———. 2008c. Sokhanrani dar Nohomin Hamayeshe Sarasary Sepah Pasdaran Enghelab Islami [Speech at Ninth Nationwide Conference of Political Executives of IRGC], January 23. 17. Akhbar-eRooz. 2007. Baraye Hejlehaye Atomi dar Iran Digar Jaee Nist [There is No Place Anymore for Nuclear Bridal Chambers in Iran]. Akhbar-eRooz.com, January 23. http://www.akhbar-rooz.com/article.jsp?essayId=7904 18. Al-Awsat, Asharq. 2007. Iran Warns West of ‘Historic Slap’ Over Nuclear Drive. Asharq AlAwsat, January 3. 19. Alfoneh, Ali. 2008a. The Militarisation of Iran’s Politics. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, August 1. http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense- policy/regional/middle-east-and-north-africa/the-militarisation-of-irans-politics/ 20. ———. 2008b. The Revolutionary Guards’ Role in Iranian Politics. Middle East Quarterly XV (4): 3–14. 21. Aljazeera. 2005. Ahmadinejad: Wipe Israel Off Map. Aljazeera.com, October 26. http:// www.aljazeera.com/archive/2005/10/200849132648612154.html 22. Aminzadeh, Mohsen. 2008. Akharin Barge Karnameye Yeksaleye Hastehee [The Last Page of the Nuclear Gradesheet]. Iran-e Emrooz, March 14. http://www.iran-emrooz.net/ index.php?/news1/more/15634/ 23. Amuzegar, Jahangir. 2006. Khatami’s Legacy: Dashed Hopes. The Middle East Journal 60 (1): 57–74. 24. Ansari, Ali M. 2007. Iran Under Ahmadinejad: The Politics of Confrontation. London: Routledge. 25. Arjomand, Said Amir. 2010. After Khomeini: Iran Under His Successors. New York: Oxford University Press. 26. Bar, Shmuel, Rachel Machtiger, and Shmuel Bachar. 2008. Iranian Nuclear Decision Making Under Ahmadinejad. Eighth Herzliya Conference on the Balance of Israel’s National Security, 20–23. 27. Barzegar, Kayhan. 2009. The Paradox of Iran’s Nuclear Consensus. World Policy Journal 26 (3): 21–30. 28. Baztab. 2012. Iran and Liberal Democracy’s Dead-end. Baztabonline.com. www.baztab.com/print.php?id=59531 29. BBC. 2007a. Iran ‘Swiftly Seeks Nuclear Goal. BBC News, February 21. http://news.bbc. co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6381477.stm 30. ———. 2007b. Iran Official Charged with Spying. BBC News, November 14. http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7094683.stm 31. ———. 2005. UN Inspectors Visit Iran Complex. BBC News, November 3. http://news. bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4401844.stm 32. BFNA. 2005. President Ahmadi Nejad: Turning to Mahdism is the Only Way for the Survival of Humanity. Bright Future News Agency, September 14. http://www. mahdaviat-conference.com/vdcca0q182bqx.y-2.html 33. Bronner, Ethan. 2006. Just How Far Did They Go, Those Words Against Israel? The New York Times, June 11. 34. Channel 2 Iranian T.V. 2007. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad: So What If Two U.N. Resolutions Were Issued against Us? America Cannot Cause Iran Real Damage. Quoted by Middle East Media Research Institute MEMRI, January 23. http://www. memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/1369.htm 35. Chenar, Ali. 2010. Hail Cyrus: An Extravagant Cry Echoes with Irony. pbs.org, September 24. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2010/09/hail- cyrus.html 36. Chicago Tribune. 2005. President-Elect Says No to Nuclear Arms. Chicago Tribune, July 22. 37. Chubin, Shahram. 2010. The Iranian Nuclear Riddle After June 12. The Washington Quarterly 33 (1): 163–172. 38. CNN. 2005. Iran Rejects Europe’s Nuclear Deal. CNN.com , August 6. http://www.cnn. com/2005/WORLD/meast/08/06/iran.nuclear/index.html?iref=newssearch 39. Connell, Michael. 2006. Iranian Negotiating Strategies. Analysis and Solutions, April 19. http://www.cna.org/news/events/2006-04-19 40. Coughlin, Con. 2005. UN Inspectors ‘Powerless to Stop Atom Bomb Plans in Iran’. The Telegraph, September 11. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/ 1498163/UN-inspectors-powerless-to-stop-atom-bomb-plans-in-Iran.html 41. Cyrus, Mea. 2010. On His Way Out: Taste for Controversy Increases President’s Own Risks. pbs.org , September 25. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/ 2010/09/on-his-way-out.html 42. Dareini, Ali Akbar. 2005. Iran Threatens to Resume Enrichment. The New York Times, September 27. 43. ———. 2006a. Iran Hits Milestone in Nuclear Technology. Associated Press, April 11. 44. ———. 2006b. Iran to Make Counteroffer to Nuclear Incentives Package. The New York Times, May 18. 45. ———. 2007. Ahmadinejad Says Iran Ready to Halt Enrichment Program Provided The West Does The Same. The Washington Post, February 20. 46. Dehghani, Jalal. 2007. Goftman Osolgeraee, Adalat Mahvar dar Syasat Khareji-e Dawlat- e Ahmadinejad [Osolgaraee Justice-base Discourse in Ahmadinejad Foreign Policy]. Danesh-e Siasi Quarterly 5 (1): 22–35. 47. Delpech, Therese. 2009. Iran and the Bomb: The Abdication of International Responsibility. New York: Columbia University Press. 48. Ehteshami, Anoushiravan, and Mahjoob Zweiri. 2007. Iran and the Rise of Its Neoconservatives: The Politics of Tehran’s Silent Revolution. New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers. 49. Entekhab. 2008. Ma Bayad Modele Mojod Dar Jahan Ra Az Bayn Bebarim [We Have to Smash the Existing Models in the World]. Entekhab news Agency, May 8. 50. Entessar, Nader. 2009. Iran’s Nuclear Decision-Making Calculus. Middle East Policy 16 (2): 26–28. 51. Etemad Newspaper. 2006, March 11. 52. ———. 2007. Ahmadinejad on 16-Year-Old Nuclear Scientist. Etemad Newspaper, March 6. 53. Fararu. 2008. Negahe Enteghadie Mohsen Aminzadeh be Diplomacy Hastehee Ahmadinejad [Critical Viewpoint of Mohsen Aminzadeh to Ahmadinejad Nuclear Diplomacy]. Fararu.com , March 10. http://fararu.com/fa/news/9065/ 54. Farda. 1999. Azmayesh-haye hasteyee hend va Pakistan va chalesh-haye siasat-e khareji- ye Iran [Nuclear Tests in India and Pakistan and Challenges for Iran’s Foreign Policy]. Farda, May 27. 55. Farda News. 2008a. Pole Naft ra bar Sare Sofreye Mardom Miavarim [We Bring Oil Money on Every Iranian Dinner Table]. Farda News, May 18. http://www.fardanews. com/fa/news/52184/ 56. ———. 2008b, February 19. 57. Farhi, Farideh. 2009. Ahmadinejad’s Nuclear Folly. Middle East Research and Information Project 252 (1): 2–5. 58. Fars-News-Agency. 2005. Ahmadinejad Remarks on Zionist
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