IoT Cellular Networks

October 2017 INDEX

1. In Brief 2. Overview 3. Market Forecasts 4. Technology Landscape 5. Technology Comparative 6. Towards 5G 7. Altice Labs Positioning 8. Conclusions 9. References

2 IoT Cellular Networks 1. In Brief 01. In brief 1. IoT connectivity opens doors to new markets, but also allows for easy entry of new competitors through proprietary technologies in the unlicensed bands. 2. To provide LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) connectivity operators may choose proprietary technologies, such as Sigfox or LoRa, 3GPP standardized systems such as EC-GSM, LTE- M or NB-IoT, or a mix of both. 3. LPWAN proprietary technologies have been in the field for some time, while standard solutions are already available but still starting. 4. The unlicensed spectrum used by proprietary technologies could represent a difficulty in terms of reliability and service level assurance due to the high number of competing technologies sharing the same spectrum, while licensed spectrum used by 3GPP standardized systems allows for the control of quality of service. 5. Proprietary solutions have lower prices and achieve higher levels of penetration with simpler deployments, while 3GPP cellular technologies offer the quality of mobile networks, enable higher throughputs and take advantage of existing operational and business systems.

4 IoT Cellular Networks 01. In brief

6. The prices of the communication modules continue to decrease, but are still far from the target prices, with Sigfox presenting hard-to-beat prices (around $1 per module vs $12 per NB-IoT module in 2018). (1)

7. Partnering with LPWAN vendors, such as Sigfox, fosters a fast entry into the market, but may limit the definition of the operator's strategy as it becomes dependent on third-party decisions.

8. The revenues from connectivity alone will be low, the significant gains will be in the offer of complementary services and applications for the different verticals.

9. Operators need to consolidate M2M managed connectivity business offers to support convergence of traditional cellular and LPWANs.

10. IoT massification requires suitable network management platforms to control the huge number of “things” with specific requirements that should rely on automated mechanisms to decrease operational costs.

5 IoT Cellular Networks 2. Overview 02. Overview: IoT

The gap between the digital and the physical world is thinning. A massive spread of small ‘intelligent’ objects with communication capabilities is starting to materialise the Internet of Things vision. By 2020, tens of billion of devices will require convergent connectivity and intelligent data management services in order to facilitate the creation of smarter and innovative services to enterprises and end-users, fostering new business opportunities to operators. There are key market drivers for the IoT growth: • Devices are becoming cheaper • Network access is getting ubiquitous • New vertical services are born daily, creating new markets Operators must become key players in the IoT market in order to leverage new businesses in vertical domains that are typically out of their scope.

7 IoT Cellular Networks 02. Overview: IoT Benefits & Application Areas

IoT is the basis of a new industry affecting transversally all Health & sectors of activity in the path to a connected society Wellness

Environment & Smart Home • IoT enables optimized resource usage ensuring a sustainable Sustainability growth for future generations. • Time and costs are decreasing through process optimization giving room for new savings. IoT • Better decision making can be achieved using insights Mobility Smart Cities coming from real-time data providing the means for enhanced governance. • Innovative services are easily created providing new Industry 4.0 functionalities and better user experiences improving generically the quality of life.

8 IoT Cellular Networks 02. Overview: Wireless Landscape

Bluetooth WiFi • Business aspects guide the RFID ZigBee definition of requirements NFC

impacting the access type Cellular selection. • 2G\3G\4G\5G 3GPP Cellular LPWAN: • Different wireless • LTE NB-IOT WPAN WLAN WWAN Wireless • LTE-M technologies support different Proximity Wireless Wireless Personal Area Local Area Wide Area • EC-GSM-IoT IoT scenarios. Network Network Network Proprietary LPWAN: • •SIGFOX The expected massification of •LORA devices with limited capabilities requires new up to 10 meter up to 100 meter technologies to provide up to 1000 meter suitable connectivity. up to 100 Km (2)

9 IoT Cellular Networks 02. Overview: Requirements that led to the specification of LPWAN

• Low cost of communication modules: Low under 5$ for the radio chip set • LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Networks) Cost • Reduced subscription fee: up to 1$ per device per year (target) technologies are the answer to enable a cost effective deployment and maintenance of services

• Robust propagation characteristics: requiring large coverage and long battery life Extended possibility to communicate with representing a market opportunity for Coverage underground and inner buildings communication service providers.

• LPWAN only allows low data rate communications Long • Battery life time around 10 years: being inappropriate for multimedia services. Battery Life reduce operational expenses • It is a scale-based business requiring a massive deployment and user acceptance in order to Massive • Large network capacity: Number of become profitable. thousands of devices per cell Devices

10 IoT Cellular Networks 3. Market Forecasts 03. Market Forecasts: IoT and LPWAN

Machina Research forecasts (3):

• The total number of IoT connections will grow from 6 billion in 2015 to 27 billion in 2025, a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 16%.

• 11% of connections in 2025 will use LPWAN connections, such as Sigfox, LoRa or NB-IoT.

• By 2025, IoT will generate over 2 zettabytes of The GSMA predicts that the IoT ecosystem revenues data, but it will account for less than 1% of cellular will see significant growth in the mobile industry data traffic. being the area with the strongest expansion. (4)

12 IoT Cellular Networks 03. Market Forecasts: LPWAN revenues

Analysys Mason predicts (42):

• LPWAN connectivity revenues will be low, reaching only USD 5 billion in 2025.

• LPWAN applications will typically exchange low quantities of data and therefore average revenue per connection (ARPC) will be less than USD1 per year for some applications.

• The overall ARPC for LPWAN connections is forecasted to be only USD1.5 per year

13 IoT Cellular Networks 03. Market Forecasts: LPWAN modules cost

• The existence of communication modules at a reduced cost is a fundamental premise for the massification of IoT devices.

• Gartner expects a strong cost reduction in communication modules, in particular in the Sigfox and LoRa devices. (1)

14 IoT Cellular Networks 4. Technology Landscape 04. Technology landscape: LPWAN Technologies

EC- •LoRa – proprietary / LoRaWAN open standard of LoRa GSM- LTE-M Alliance, operate over ISM bands (5) IoT •SIGFOX – proprietary, developed by SigFox company, operate over ISM bands (6) •3GPP - open standards, operate over LTE and GSM licensed bands: NB- •EC-GSM-IoT - GSM enhanced technology to IoT support low power wide area needs; •LTE-M (formally known as eMTC) - LTE evolution for IoT communications enabling a wide range of service; •NB-IoT – New LTE solution to support ultra-low bitrate applications. •Other technologies: DASH7, Weightless, RPMA,…

16 IoT Cellular Networks 04. Technology landscape: LoRa

Overview Recent Activities • March 2015 - LoRa Alliance was launched at MWC . The board of directors approved the LoRaWAN 1.0. (7) • March 2015 - Bouygues Telecom has announced it will roll out one of the Data Rate Range Confident. Battery Life Unlicensed Proprietary Available first implementations of LoRa low-power WAN technology. Bouygues has <50Kbps < 15 Km AppSKey >10 Years spectrum /Open Now been trialling LoRa in Grenoble since 2013. (8) • June 2015 - LoRaWAN 1.0 released. (9) LoRa Alliance Description • June 2015 - A group of tech companies including operators Orange, KPN and Swisscom and manufacturing giant Foxconn have put $25 million into Actility, an IoT startup focused on the LoRaWAN standard. (10) • LoRa is a patented spread-spectrum radio modulation developed by Cycleo (Grenoble, France) and acquired by • June 2015 – Senet (NaaS provider) announced the deployment of US Semtech in 2012. LoRa uses a wideband CDMA approach. nationwide LoRaWAN network, based on Semtech LoRa technology. (11) • LoRaWAN is the MAC protocol for a network of LoRa • September 2015 - Orange has confirmed its commitment to the Internet of nodes. It is an open LPWAN standard maintained by Things by announcing its investment in a network based on LoRa technology. (12). the LoRa Alliance. • October 2015 - Semtech announced The Lace Company, a global wireless • LoRaWAN™ Certification Program to ensure product network operator, has deployed an Internet of Things (IoT) network, compliance. enabled by LoRa® RF technology covering more than a dozen major cities in Russia. (13) • November 2016 - The LoRa Alliance has launched a new release of the Operators implementing technology LoRaWAN technology specification, version 1.0.2. (14)

… • February 2017 – Roaming started being supported, enabling IoT devices … to communicate through multiple operator LPWA networks .(14)

17 IoT Cellular Networks 04. Technology landscape: SIGFOX

Overview Recent Activities

• January 2015 - Tele2 partnering with Aerea, the Netherlands’ Data Rate Range Confident. Battery Life Unlicensed Proprietary Available exclusive SIGFOX network operator. (14) <0.1Kbps < 50 Km No >10 Years spectrum Now • February 2015 - Telefónica, SK Telecom, NTT Docomo invest in SIGFOX. (15) Description Sigfox Network Operator • November 2016 – Sigfox announced the launch of new Sigfox • Portugal, NarrowNet certified and ready to use modules costing around US $2.00 for • SIGFOX network operates on sub-GHz frequencies, on ISM • South Africa, SquidNET European, Middle East and African markets, and less than $3.00 for bands : 868MHz in Europe/ETSI & 915MHz in the US/FCC • Germany, Sigfox American and Asian markets.(16) and uses an Ultra-Narrow Band (UNB) modulation. • France, Sigfox • December 2016 - Sigfox announced several growth milestones, • French Guyana, IDEO Caraibes • SIGFOX network supports up to 140 messages per object including 20 percent population coverage within the U.S. and • Australia, thinhxtra network deployment in 100+ U.S. cities, including major per day and 12 bytes payload size. Messages are • Belgium, engie metropolitan areas, such as Houston, San Francisco, Los Angeles, forwarded to applications using SIGFOX's API. • Brazil, WND Chicago, New York City and Atlant. (17) • • Single chip solutions from semiconductor vendors ATMEL Colombia, PHASI • Czech republic, SimpleCell • and AXSEM. June 2017- The new Sigfox Access Station represents a major • Denmark, IoT Denmark technological step forward, being designed according to cognitive • Certified modules for SIGFOX network: Adeunis RF, Atim, • Netherlands, AEREA radio or SDR (Software Defined Radio) principles. It enables • Telecom Design, Telit, Texas Instruments, … Spain, cellnex processing more than 10 million messages per day and offers ten • United Stats, Sigfox times more computing power than its previous version, while • Finland, ConnectFinland consuming half as much energy. (18) Operator partnerships/agreements • Ireland, VT Networks • Japan, Kyocera • UK, Arquiva …..

18 IoT Cellular Networks 04. Technology landscape: GSM, Cat EC-GSM-IoT

Overview Recent Activities

• August 2015 - GSMA launched the ‘Mobile IoT Initiative’, a new project backed by 26 of the world’s leading mobile operators, OEMs, Data Rate Range Confident. Battery Life Licensed Open On Trial chipset, module and infrastructure companies to accelerate growth <74Kbps < 15Km GE4\5 >10 Years spectrum Standard of the Internet of Things in licensed spectrum. (21) • February 2016 – Ericsson, Orange and Intel have successfully Description completed one of the world's first extended coverage trial for • EC-GSM (Extended Coverage GSM) is a GSM enhanced cellular IoT using EC-GSM-IoT technology, optimized for low-cost & technology to support low power wide area needs, operating low-complexity devices. This trial was carried out in Paris between in GSM bands. November 2015 and February 2016, using the 900 MHz band.(22) • EC-GSM was standardized by 3GPP in Release 13 aiming at • February 2017 - Groundtruth announced a partnership with Orange, supporting long battery life, long range communications and Sierra Wireless and Nokia to test EC-GSM-IoT technology in its high numbers of terminals per cell. Cat EC-GSM-IoT user weather stations, enabling the deployment of smart weather equipment was specified stations. The information gathered will be used by smallholder • It assumes up to 10 years of operation depending on traffic by 3GPP in Release 13 farmers to better adapt to climate change in rural areas. (23) pattern and coverage needs and supports the massive deployment of terminals, in the order of thousand per cell. to work with EC-GSM-IoT networks • EC-GSM is backwards-compatible to previous releases allowing the introduction of the technology into existing GSM networks as simple software upgrades.(19) • EC-GSM adopts security and privacy features from mobile networks, including mutual authentication, confidentiality and Commercially unavailable data integrity. (20)

19 IoT Cellular Networks 04. Technology landscape: LTE-M, Cat M1

Overview Recent Activities

• January 2016 - KT and Nokia conduct world's first LTE-M field trial on LTE network to address medium data-rate Internet of Things (IoT) Data Rate Range Confident. Battery Life Licensed Open Available connectivity use cases. (25) <1Mbps < 11 Km EEAx >10 Years spectrum Standard Now • December 2016 - Verizon became the first carrier in the world to Description deploy commercially the LTE-M technology for IoT applications in specific U.S. markets. (26) • eMTC (enhanced Machine-type communication) is a Release 13 LTE evolution for IoT communications enabling a wide range of services. • January 2017 - Gemalto launched LTE Cat M1 wireless module to enable IoT solutions requiring network longevity and improved • LTE-M is the popular name for which eMTC is best known . indoor coverage such as asset trackers, healthcare solutions, smart meters or industrial sensors.(27) • LTE-M enables increased coverage, reduced complexity, lower cost and battery life of more than 10 years for a broad range of uses cases. • February 2017 - Orange announced its commitment to deploy LTE-M technology in Spain and Belgium, with rest of Europe to follow, to • LTE-M technology supports mobility, seamless handovers and low Cat M1 terminal develop an IoT ecosystem, with the launch of Europe’s first LTE-M latency time intervals. was specified in Open IoT Lab. (28) • It operates with a maximum channel bandwidth of 1.4 MHz within the Release 13 for • May 2017 – AT&T has completed deployment of its nationwide LTE- 4G bands. eMTC systems M network to enable a new generation of Internet of Things (IoT) • To support LTE-M features, the existing LTE base stations only need a devices and applications.(29) software update, keeping the hardware component unchanged.

Operators implementing technology (24)

20 IoT Cellular Networks 04. Technology landscape: LTE, Cat NB-IoT

Overview Recent Activities

• February 2015 – Vodadone announced the launch of Cellular Internet of Things, that will operate in its licensed spectrum and will Data Rate Range Confident. Battery Life Licensed Open Available be proposed as an open industry standard by 3GPP. (30) <250kbps < 15 Km EEAx >10 Years spectrum Standard Now • September 2015 – Nokia, Ericsson and Intel are going to collaborate on Narrow band LTE, an optimized variant of LTE well-suited for the Description IoT market segment. (22) (31) • NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things) is a new LTE solution, standardized in Release 13, to support ultra-low bit rate • June 2016 - Standardization of NB-IoT completed as part of LTE applications under licensed spectrum. Release 13. (32) • February 2017 – Ericsson, Telefónica and TELIT have successfully • NB-IoT aims to reduce terminal costs, being optimized for tested the first end-to-end data call on NB-IoT over the air on cheaper wireless modules, to enable very long battery life and Telefónica's network in Spain.(33) to extend the radio coverage to support long range and deep indoor communications. Cat NB-IoT user • March 2017 - Altice Group and Huawei intend to develop IoT equipment solutions in partnership in order to speed up the creation of new • NB-IoT may be deployed in a standalone mode by replacing a was specified by 3GPP in services that will benefit their customers around the world. (34) GSM carrier, it can be installed in the bandwidth reserved for Release 13 • June 2017 - Deutsche Telekom launched in Germany its first NB-IoT LTE guard bands or may be deployed on LTE carriers of existing for NB-IoT networks. 4G networks. service packages following the rapid growth of NB-IoT ecosystem. (35)

Operators implementing technology (24)

21 IoT Cellular Networks 5. Technology Comparative 05. Technology Comparative: Traditional Celular vs LPWAN

100 4G Mbit/s

10 3G Mbit/s

100 2G LTE-M kbit/s

NB-IoT 10 EC-GSM kbit/s LORA SIGFOX

Bit rate/ Days Weeks Month Years Decades Battery life (Qualitative Perspective Analysys)

23 IoT Cellular Networks 05. Technology Comparative: LPWAN (I)

Parameter LoRa SigFox EC-GSM LTE-M NB-IoT Range (36) <15Km <50Km <15Km <11Km <15Km Maximum coupling loss (37) 157dB 153dB 164dB 160dB 164dB Max peak data rate (37) 50kbps 100bps 74kbps 1Mbps 250Kbps Spectrum Unlicensed Unlicensed GSM bands LTE bands LTE in-band, guard EU 868, 433MHz EU 868-869MHz bands, stand-alone US 915MHz (41) US 902-928MHz (42)

Bandwidth <500KHz (36) 100KHz (36) 200KHz per ch.(38) 1.08MHz (38) 180KHz (38)

Radio Tecnhology Spread Spectrum Ultra Narrow Band (39) TDMA/FDMA OFDM OFDM (36) Bidirectional modes (37) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Voice (Ericsson) No No No Yes No Device max transmitted power 14dBm 20dBm 23,33dBm (38) 20, 23dBm (38) 23dBm (38) Autonomy (36) >10years >10years >10years >10years >10years

24 IoT Cellular Networks 05. Technology Comparative: LPWAN (II)

Parameter LoRa SigFox EC-GSM LTE-M NB-IoT Re-use existing cellular networks No No yes yes yes

Link adaption Yes No Yes Yes yes

Device categories yes No yes yes yes

Operational mode Public or private Public Public Public Public

Handover No No Not seamless yes Not seamless

Data confidentiality (37) Yes (AppSKey) No Partial (GEA4/5) Yes (EEAx) Yes (EEAx)

Network authentication (37) Optional No UMTS AKA LTE AKA LTE AKA

Typical module cost (37) Low Very low Low Medium Low

Technology availability Now Now On trial Now Now

25 IoT Cellular Networks 05. Technology Comparative: 3GPP Solutions

•NB-IoT is answer for application requiring only limited Parameter EC-GSM LTE-M NB-IoT data connections at low cost. •LTE-M targets more advanced services allowing higher Range <15Km <11Km <15Km bandwidths, mobility and voice calls. Max peak data 74kbps 1Mbps 250Kbps rate •EC-GSM and NB-IoT modules are less expensive than Spectrum GSM bands LTE bands LTE in-band, LTE-M ones. guard bands, stand-alone •NB-IoT is the most flexible technology in terms of spectrum usage and can be deployed on LTE, GSM Voice No Yes No UMTS bands. Typical module Low Medium Low •EC-GSM can be deployed on existing GSM networks cost being a suitable option in the absence of 4G systems. Technology On trial Now Now availability • EC-GSM is the system with lower traction and is not being adopted by the market.

26 IoT Cellular Networks 6. Towards 5G 06. Towards 5G

5G key capabilities in different usage scenarios 5G scenarios for IMT 2020 and beyond are centred on three core cases: 1.Enhanced Mobile Broadband – Focused on human-centric requirements for accessing multimedia content, services and data. 2.Ultra-reliable and low latency communications – Addresses mission-critical communications scenarios. 3.Massive machine type communications – Targets enormous deployments of low-cost devices typically with constrained capabilities. (40)

28 IoT Cellular Networks 06. Towards 5G

Low cost, low energy, Small data Massive IoT volumes, Massive numbers • 3GPP is evolving its current standards to enable the Smart Smart building metering Internet of Things market. The set of possible IoT use cases requires different connectivity characteristics and Logistics, tracking therefore different approaches are being taken. and fleet Capillary Smart management networks agriculture • The first responses for massive IoT communications are already being defined on top of the existing cellular Critical IoT networks (EC-GSM, LTE-M, NB-IoT).

Remote Traffic safety Health care and control • 5G will be the answer for the majority of critical IoT communications requiring ultra-reliable and low Ultra reliable, Very Industrial Remote low latency, manufacturing, latency features. Very high Smart grid application automation and control training, surgery availability

29 IoT Cellular Networks 06. Towards 5G: Vehicular Technology

Cellular V2X (“Vehicle to Everything” ) is the 3GPP umbrella term for 3GPP-based vehicular technologies consisting of 4 types of connectivity:

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) •V2V communication resort to broadcast capabilities between vehicles or between vehicles to make available information about location, velocity or direction to avoid accidents. Vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) •V2P encompasses the communication between a vehicle and a device carried by a person, for instance a terminal carried by a pedestrian, cyclist, driver or passenger. •V2I transmissions are done between transportation infrastructure entities, which collects roads and traffic information, and vehicles to recommend new driving Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) behaviors. •V2N communications occurs between a vehicle and a application server in the Internet via 4G or 5G network. (41) Vehicle-to-network(V2N)

30 IoT Cellular Networks 06. Towards 5G: Vehicular Technology

5G is considering more challenging use cases to derive service requirements: (41) V2N •Vehicle platooning V2P V2L •Sensor and state map sharing •Remote driving of vehicles V2V •Collective perception of the environment •Information sharing for full/automated driving/platooning •Dynamic ride sharing •Intersection safety information provisioning for Vehicle platooning urban driving

31 IoT Cellular Networks 7. Altice Labs Positioning 07. Altice Labs Positioning

• The technological evolutions and the new business expectations around IoT make clear the need for Altice Labs to keep up with these trends of the future.

• The roadmap of some products will for sure be impacted by the IoT evolutions. For instance, it is necessary to ensure that M2M products will incorporate the new requirements coming from the LPWAN technologies.

• Smart2M platform from Altice Labs is integrating the support for new mobile terminations making it possible to fully manage the LPWAN connectivity alongside with 2G/3G/4G.

• The monetization of IoT events, services and applications entails advances in the Online Charging System framework. Updates have been introduced in the charging solution to cope with IoT business specificities.

• IoT requires also suitable network management platforms to supervise a huge number of terminals with specific needs.

33 IoT Cellular Networks 07. Altice Labs Positioning

• The network quality management functions provided by platforms like ALTAIA are considering an evolution roadmap targeting the IoT specific requirements such as new KPIs and metrics. Moreover, operational support systems may even be advanced towards Self-Organizing Networks to support autonomous LPWAN management.

• The market forecasts of IoT point the way to proceed the search for opportunities in the value chain; besides the connectivity, the engagement in the IoT ecosystem should be reached at service enablement or application delivery levels.

34 IoT Cellular Networks 8. Conclusions 08. Conclusions

• Sigfox and LoRa are two LPWAN proprietary technologies using unlicensed spectrum to provide connectivity. They already have a strong presence in the market and have by now been successfully installed in different countries. • EC-GSM, LTE-M and NB-IoT are 3GPP-based cellular LPWAN technologies supporting massive deployment and they are perfectly integrated in the LTE and GSM systems that encompass a broad variety of applications and usages scenarios addressing the most relevant IoT needs. • 3GPP IoT solutions reuse the existing mobile infrastructure being easily deployed over the existing 2G and 4G mobile networks. • Operators need to have a strategy to deal with network deployment: licensed vs unlicensed; proprietary or open standards; partnership or moving alone. • Chipset and Equipment Vendors will have a primordial role in the selection of these technologies; Sigfox modules tend to be cheaper than standardized ones.

36 IoT Cellular Networks 08. Conclusions

• IoT is not anymore a trend, it is a reality that demands connectivity for billions of devices. The connectivity requirements of IoT are significantly different from traditional approaches. In the next years the IoT connectivity will grow faster than mobile broadband connections. • Different wireless technologies support different IoT scenarios, the business aspects guide the definition of requirements impacting the access type selection. • LPWAN enables cost effective communications while ensuring long range and extended batteries life, facilitating the deployment of specific new services that become viable through a reduced CAPEX and OPEX. • Different LPWAN connectivity technologies – proprietary and standardized - are emerging, competing for the IoT connectivity business. In the mid-long term, the market needs consolidation.

37 IoT Cellular Networks 9. References 09. References

(1) Report: “Market Trends: LoRa Offers Low-Risk, High-Reward LPWA Opportunity” GARTNER, May 2017 (2) http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-4000110_65802.htm, April 2016 (3) https://machinaresearch.com/news/press-release-global-internet-of-things-market-to-grow-to-27-billion-devices-generating-usd3-trillion-revenue-in- 2025/ , August 2016. (4) https://www.gsmaintelligence.com/research/?file=a892b75a3a1199a07637708e422bf24a&download, June 2016 (5) https://www.lora-alliance.org (6) www.sigfox.com/ (7) http://www.scoop.it/t/the-french-wireless-connection/p/4038666933/2015/03/07/successful-launch-of-lora-alliance (8) http://www.bouygues.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/0326_CP_reseau_LoRa_IoT_ENG.pdf (9) https://www.lora-alliance.org/kbdetail/Contenttype/ArticleDet/moduleId/583/Aid/23/PR/PR (10) http://telecoms.com/426011/consortium-including-orange-and-foxconn-backs-lora-iot-startup-actility/ (11) https://www.semtech.com/Press-Releases/2015/Senet-Deploys-First-Low-Power-Wide-Area-Network--in-North-America-for-IoT-Applications-Based-on- Semtech-LoRaT-RF-Platform.html (12) http://www.orange.com/en/Press-and-medias/press-releases-2015/Orange-deploys-a-network-for-the-Internet-of-Things (13) http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151001005413/en/LoRa%C2%AE-enabled-IoT-Network-Russia-Covering-30-Million#.VhGN_flViko

39 IoT Cellular Networks 09. References

(14) https://www.lora-alliance.org/alliance-press-releases (15) http://telecoms.com/397992/telefonica-sk-telecom-ntt-docomo-invest-in-french-iot-firm-sigfox/ (16) https://www.sigfox.com/en/news/sigfoxs-ecosystem-delivers-worlds-first-ultra-low-cost-modules-fuel-internet-things-mass (17) https://www.sigfox.com/en/news/sigfox-achieves-record-growth-us-confirms-network-coverage-100-us-cities (18) https://www.sigfox.com/en/news/bosch-partners-sigfox-produce-sigfox-access-station (19) https://www.gsma.com/iot/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/3GPP-Low-Power-Wide-Area-Technologies-GSMA-White-Paper.pdf (20) https://fhcouk.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/lpwa-technology-security-comparison.pdf (21) http://www.gsma.com/newsroom/press-release/gsma-launches-low-power-wide-area-network-initiative-accelerate-growth-internet-of-things/ (22) https://www.ericsson.com/en/press-releases/2016/2/ericsson-and-orange-in-internet-of-things-trial-with-ec-gsm-iot (23) http://www.groundtruthdata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Groundtruth-MWC-2017-Press-Release.pdf (24) https://www.gsma.com/iot/mobile-iot-commercial-launches/ (25) http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2016/01/26/kt-nokia-conduct-worlds-first-emtc-field-trial-on-lte-network (26) https://www.orange.com/en/Press-Room/press-releases/press-releases-2017/AT-T-KDDI-KPN-NTT-DOCOMO-Orange-Telefonica-Telstra-TELUS-and- Verizon-Back-Deployment-of-LTE-M-for-Internet-of-Things (27) http://www.gemalto.com/press/Pages/Gemalto-launches-LTE-Cat-M1-wireless-module-to-enable-new-IoT-use-cases.aspx

40 IoT Cellular Networks 09. References

(28) https://www.orange.com/en/Press-Room/press-releases/press-releases-2017/Orange-accelerates-towards-the-Mobile-Internet-of-Things (29) http://about.att.com/story/att_launches_lte_m_network_a_step_forward_to_5g.html (30) http://www.vodafone.com/content/index/about/what/technology-blog/2015/02/vodafone_extendsits.html (31) http://www.fiercewireless.com/story/nokia-ericsson-intel-back-nb-lte-yet-another-wireless-technology-iot/2015-09-14 (32) http://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1785-nb_iot_complete (33) https://www.ericsson.com/en/press-releases/2017/2/ericsson-telefonica-and-telit-successfully-test-first-end-to-end-nb-iot-data-call-in-spain (34) https://www.telecom.pt/en-us/media/noticias/Pages/2017/marco/Altice-e-Huawei-promovem-desenvolvimento-de-servicos-IoT.aspx (35) )https://www.telekom.com/en/media/media-information/archive/first-narrowband-iot-service-packages-launched-in-germany-497494 (36) https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/SiteAssets/Pages/Events/2016/Dec-2016- IoT/IoTtraining/IoT%20network%20planning%20ST%2015122016.pdf (37) https://fhcouk.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/lpwa-technology-security-comparison.pdf (38) http://www.3gpp.org/images/articleimages/iot_summary_large.jpg (39) https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/SiteAssets/Pages/Events/2016/Dec-2016- IoT/IoTtraining/IoT%20network%20planning%20ST%2015122016.pdf (40) https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf (41) http://www.5gamericas.org/files/2914/7769/1296/5GA_V2X_Report_FINAL_for_upload.pdf (42) http://www.analysysmason.com/Research/Content/Reports/M2M-and-Internet-of-Things-IoT-opportunities-for-telecoms-operators/

(28) www.3gpp.org/s-events/3gpp-news/1798-v2x_r14

41 IoT Cellular Networks IoT- Cellular Networks

October 2017