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1201 QUEENSLAND's STRUGGLE AGAINST RABBITS (1880-1930) [By K

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1201 QUEENSLAND's STRUGGLE AGAINST RABBITS (1880-1930) [By K 1201 QUEENSLAND'S STRUGGLE AGAINST RABBITS (1880-1930) [By K. T. CAMERON.] (Read at a meeting of the Society on February 23, 1956.) Of introduced pests in Queensland, the rabbit was perhaps the most expensive to the Treasury and the pastoral industry, even allowing for the ravages of Prickly Pear. The family Leporidae, which also includes the hare, has about seventy species; it is not indigenous to Australia or the great islands of the world. An English magazine, "The Hutch," of October 7, 1896, claims the rabbit arrived in Europe by way of Spain, being brought from the Atlas Mountains, North Africa, giving its authority as Strabo, 63 B.C.—25 A.D. (The extract is from Book III, page 252, Geography of Strabo, translated by Hamilton and Falconer, 1854, London.) They spread from Spain over Europe and Asia by migration or human agency, and in all these countries they were highly valued for food and for their fur. They were a deciding factor on the arrival of many convicts in Australia for it is stated that more people Were transported for poaching than for any other crime. Varro, a Roman writer, in his work on Farming in 116 B.C. writes "their burrowing habit in the fields is a great pestilence to farmers and vineyards." (The reference is from the translation by Lloyd Storr-Best, 1912, page 315.) Pliny, A.D. 28-79, tells of famine in the Balearic Islands caused by rabbits destroying the harvest, and according to him, the Romans found a medicinal value derived from "the ashes of a rabbit or hare mixed with Oil of Myrtle as a relief for headache"; the patient afterwards "drank from a trough that an ox or ass had been watered at." (Natural History by Pliny, page 349, translated 1855.) The rabbit covers a particularly wide range in the New World, where it existed before Columbus crossed 1202 the Atlantic Ocean, as it is found from 63° North Latitude, Greenland, to 40° South, in Patagonia. Its vertical range extends from sea-level to above timber line, reaching an altitude of 14,000 feet in Mexico. (Cambridge Natural History—Mammalia, page 16.) One of the earliest references in Australia is in a "Return of Live Stock in the Settlement" sent to Lord Sydney as at May 1, 1788; Governor Phillip includes five rabbits, three belonging to the Governor, and two to the oflficers and men of the detachment; the dispatch was dated July 1, 1788. At an early date they must have been taken to Tasmania for in the "Colonial Times" (Hobart) of May 11, 1827, appears a statement "the domesticated rabbit is becoming numerous on some of the large estates"; in the same year they were mentioned as being numerous on Rabbit Island, off Wil­ son's Promontory, believed to have been introduced by whalers. In Victoria, a dispute arose over the owner­ ship of some of the rodents in May 1836, not long after the founding of the Colony. All these have been referred to as domesticated rabbits. Apparently the forebears of all our troubles arrived in 1859 per the clipper ship "Lightfoot," when Mr. Thomas Austin, of Barwon Park, Geelong, Victoria, imported what was described as "an excellent addition to the livestock of the Colony" in the shape of sixty-six partridges, four hares and twenty-four wild rabbits. In later years, Mr. Frank Mack, of Narromine, nephew of Mr. Austin, recounted to the late C. W. Holland: "They (the rabbits) were placed in special enclosures built of palings, and a special game-keeper was appointed to attend and feed them and destroy their natural enemies; as a special favour my uncle presented pairs to some of his land-owning neighbours. 0) A high flood, however, swept away the fences and they dispersed, but they were still protected. Three years later they were reported as "becom­ ing a pest." An article in "The Yeoman" (Melboume), July 7, 1865, reads, "Six years ago Mr. Austin liberated thirteen, since then he has killed twenty thousand and his neighbours ten thousand rabbits." ]. Pa^er to Oucenslaiul Field Naturalist Club, March 1923. 1203 The rabbit has extraordinary powers of reproduc­ ing its species. It lives to about seven or eight years (according to an English authortiy),^^) \y^i I would estimate in Australia its life-span would not be more than five years. They begin their breeding life at from three to four months, the period of gestation being thirty days, with an average litter of six. (Again quot­ ing the English authority.) They are reputed to have about nine litters in a year, but under Australian sea­ sonal conditions I do not think the number of litters would exceed five. The young are born in a small burrow about eight inches in depth, running under the surface for about three feet; at the far end a nest of dry grass and fur has been prepared. The mouth is covered with loose earth and camouflaged with dry leaves. The mother enters twice a day to nourish them, and when they are about twelve to fifteen days old, she opens the burrow and sends them out to fend for them­ selves. It has been estimated that the yearly increase from a pair of rabbits and their offspring would be twelve hundred, but some authorities are not so con­ servative, and declare this number should be multiplied tenfold. Introduction into Queensland In 1864, about two years after its foundation, the Queensland Acclimatisation Society introduced the silver-grey rabbit. No danger of their reaching pest proportions was evinced from the fact that the Honorary Secretary offered 2/- per head for the first half dozen bred in the Colony. ("Brisbane Courier," July 27, 1864.) Next year in the same paper, a correspondent protested against a proposal to turn some of them loose as they might become a nuisance (May 13, 1865). Again the "Brisbane Courier," October 30, 1866, reported some wild rabbits obtained from Mr. Austin of Victoria had been liberated on Woody Island, Hervey Bay. Two years later, the Queensland Acclimatisation Society reported them as having formed a permanent 2. "The Hutch," 7th October 1896. 1204 settlement on the island from which they would be difficult to dislodge; next year they said that they estimated their numbers at 12,000. The newspaper "The Express," Brisbane, May 21, 1870, reported them as "positively swarming." There were more liberated on the islands off the coast as far north as Booby Island, Torres Straits, also on the mainland at Warwick, Helidon, Clermont, Kilkivan, and Wamba (Burnett District). Happily they did not apparently multiply at any of these places. In the south, the rabbits imported by Austin over­ ran Victoria. The Murray River, which was confidently expected to be a barrier to them, was taken in their stride, and they penetrated into New South Wales, and South Australia. By 1874 they were driving people off their holdings in the Riverina, and along the Darling River. The Braidwood district suffered worse than any other part of the colony. During the "seventies" they spread rapidly north. In 1879 a warning was was sounded by Mr. G. M. Simpson in the Queensland Parliament. Later in the year a Bill was introduced to prohibit the further importation or breeding of the animals, the mover being Mr. G. H. Davenport. The Bill was read a first time, the motion for a second reading, however, lapsing. In the following year a Bill was brought forward by a private member, Hon. E. J. Stevens. This Bill was on the lines of the former one moved by Mr. G. H. Daven­ port. Voices were raised in Parliament claiming the measure was too stringent. During the debate, in the Legislative Council, one member said: "To provide that the whole population of a colony containing millions of acres should be debarred from introducing one of the most domesticated and certainly one of the most innocent of animals is too absurd." The Bill, however, was passed and became law as "The Rabbit Act of 1880" (Vol. XXXI (31), 1880, Queensland Parliamentary Debates) ; it forbade the keeping, introducing, or breeding of rabbits. The Act was administered by the Marsupial Board, which was the forerunner of a Rabbit Board. The first prosecution under the Act was on July 4, 1205 1883, when W. McKenzie was fined in the Police Court, Brisbane (extract from Pugh's Almanac, 1884). If the Government of the day—the Mcllwraith Ministry ^ hoped they had now quietened public clamour, they were mistaken. This was a period when country members wielded enormous influence, and they prodded and goaded the unfortunate Ministry into activity. The Hon. E. J. Stevens was again critical of the Ministry when he drew their attention to the presence of rabbits only 200 miles from the Queensland border on the lower Paroo River. The Government sent an expert to investigate and he returned and airily reported that all was well, as the enemy was 140 miles away in New South Wales, while in South Australia they were even further away. However, the authorities were evidently becoming alarmed for, in 1885, a ship arrived in the Brisbane River with a solitary rabbit on board, and an oflficial was sent to the ship to see the unfortunate creature despatched. The Griffith's Ministry now in power was more sympathetic to the demands of the pastoralists, and passed "The Rabbit Act of 1885" (which is still in force), which went further than the Act of 1880. Sir Thomas Mcllwraith, then in opposition, in supporting the Bill, said, "In our present temper we would destroy them without an Act of Parliament." The Government was perhaps influenced by a monster public meeting held in Charleville, convened by the late W.
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