A Model for Free Will and Destiny- Part One
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978-1-62808-450-4 Ch1.Pdf
In: Recent Advances in Magnetism Research ISBN: 978-1-62808-450-4 Editor: Keith Pace © 2013 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted commercially in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. Chapter 1 TOWARDS A FIELD THEORY OF MAGNETISM Ulrich Köbler FZ-Jülich, Institut für Festkörperforschung, Jülich, Germany ABSTRACT Experimental tests of conventional spin wave theory reveal two serious shortcomings of this typical local or atomistic theory: first, spin wave theory is unable to explain the universal temperature dependence of the thermodynamic observables and, second, spin wave theory does not distinguish between the dynamics of magnets with integer and half- integer spin quantum number. As experiments show, universality is not restricted to the critical dynamics but holds for all temperatures in the long range ordered state including the low temperature regime where spin wave theory is widely believed to give an adequate description. However, a rigorous and convincing test that spin wave theory gives correct description of the thermodynamics of ordered magnets has never been delivered. Quite generally, observation of universality unequivocally calls for a continuum or field theory instead of a local theory. -
Department of Physics and Astronomy 1
Department of Physics and Astronomy 1 PHSX 216 and PHSX 236, provide a calculus-based foundation in Department of Physics physics for students in physical science, engineering, and mathematics. PHSX 313 and the laboratory course, PHSX 316, provide an introduction and Astronomy to modern physics for majors in physics and some engineering and physical science programs. Why study physics and astronomy? Students in biological sciences, health sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, engineering, and prospective elementary and secondary Our goal is to understand the physical universe. The questions teachers should see appropriate sections of this catalog and major addressed by our department’s research and education missions range advisors for guidance about required physics course work. Chemistry from the applied, such as an improved understanding of the materials that majors should note that PHSX 211 and PHSX 212 are prerequisites to can be used for solar cell energy production, to foundational questions advanced work in chemistry. about the nature of mass and space and how the Universe was formed and subsequently evolved, and how astrophysical phenomena affected For programs in engineering physics (http://catalog.ku.edu/engineering/ the Earth and its evolution. We study the properties of systems ranging engineering-physics/), see the School of Engineering section of the online in size from smaller than an atom to larger than a galaxy on timescales catalog. ranging from billionths of a second to the age of the universe. Our courses and laboratory/research experiences help students hone their Graduate Programs problem solving and analytical skills and thereby become broadly trained critical thinkers. While about half of our majors move on to graduate The department offers two primary graduate programs: (i) an M.S. -
Inspec Archive - List of Journals Covered Between 1898 and 1968
February 2006 www.iee.org/inspec Inspec Archive - List of Journals Covered between 1898 and 1968 Abhandlungen der Berlin Akademie Acta Universitatis Lundensis. Sectio II. Medica, Abhandlungen der Braunschweigischen Mathematica, Scientiae Rerum Naturalium Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Acta Universitatis Tamperensis Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Acustica Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Klasse fur Advanced Energy Conversion Mathematik, Physik und Technik Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics Abhandlungen der Konigliches Preussisches Advances in Electronics Meteorologies Institut Advances in Physics Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademieder Advances in Theoretical Physics Wissenschaften Advances of Science Accademia delle Scienze, Medico e Naturali, AEG Mitteilungen Ferrara AEG Progress ACEC Journal AEG Zeitung ACEC Review AEI Engineering Acero y Energia AEI Engineering Review Acta Academiae Aboensis, Mathematical AEI Journal of Telecommunications Physics AEI Research Laboratory Reports Acta and Commentationes Universitatis Aerial Age Tartuensis (Dorpatensis) Aerial Age Weekly Acta Automatica Sinica Aeronautical Engineering Review Acta Bolyaiana Aeronautical Journal Acta Chemica Scandinavica Aeronautical Research Council Current Papers Acta Crystallographica Aeronautical Research Council Reports and Acta Electronica Memoranda Acta Electronica Sinica Aeronautics Acta Geophysica Sinica Aeroplane Acta Mathematica Aerospace Engineering Acta Mathematica Sinica Agricultural and Horticultural Engineering Acta Mechanica Abstracts Acta Medica -
Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science
Nuclear Science—A Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart ©2018 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science Many Nobel Prizes have been awarded for nuclear research and instrumentation. The field has spun off: particle physics, nuclear astrophysics, nuclear power reactors, nuclear medicine, and nuclear weapons. Understanding how the nucleus works and applying that knowledge to technology has been one of the most significant accomplishments of twentieth century scientific research. Each prize was awarded for physics unless otherwise noted. Name(s) Discovery Year Henri Becquerel, Pierre Discovered spontaneous radioactivity 1903 Curie, and Marie Curie Ernest Rutherford Work on the disintegration of the elements and 1908 chemistry of radioactive elements (chem) Marie Curie Discovery of radium and polonium 1911 (chem) Frederick Soddy Work on chemistry of radioactive substances 1921 including the origin and nature of radioactive (chem) isotopes Francis Aston Discovery of isotopes in many non-radioactive 1922 elements, also enunciated the whole-number rule of (chem) atomic masses Charles Wilson Development of the cloud chamber for detecting 1927 charged particles Harold Urey Discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) 1934 (chem) Frederic Joliot and Synthesis of several new radioactive elements 1935 Irene Joliot-Curie (chem) James Chadwick Discovery of the neutron 1935 Carl David Anderson Discovery of the positron 1936 Enrico Fermi New radioactive elements produced by neutron 1938 irradiation Ernest Lawrence -
Universal Scaling Behavior of Non-Equilibrium Phase Transitions
Universal scaling behavior of non-equilibrium phase transitions HABILITATIONSSCHRIFT der FakultÄat furÄ Naturwissenschaften der UniversitÄat Duisburg-Essen vorgelegt von Sven LubÄ eck aus Duisburg Duisburg, im Juni 2004 Zusammenfassung Kritische PhÄanomene im Nichtgleichgewicht sind seit Jahrzehnten Gegenstand inten- siver Forschungen. In Analogie zur Gleichgewichtsthermodynamik erlaubt das Konzept der UniversalitÄat, die verschiedenen NichtgleichgewichtsphasenubÄ ergÄange in unterschied- liche Klassen einzuordnen. Alle Systeme einer UniversalitÄatsklasse sind durch die glei- chen kritischen Exponenten gekennzeichnet, und die entsprechenden Skalenfunktionen werden in der NÄahe des kritischen Punktes identisch. WÄahrend aber die Exponenten zwischen verschiedenen UniversalitÄatsklassen sich hÄau¯g nur geringfugigÄ unterscheiden, weisen die Skalenfunktionen signi¯kante Unterschiede auf. Daher ermÄoglichen die uni- versellen Skalenfunktionen einerseits einen emp¯ndlichen und genauen Nachweis der UniversalitÄatsklasse eines Systems, demonstrieren aber andererseits in ubÄ erzeugender- weise die UniversalitÄat selbst. Bedauerlicherweise wird in der Literatur die Betrachtung der universellen Skalenfunktionen gegenubÄ er der Bestimmung der kritischen Exponen- ten hÄau¯g vernachlÄassigt. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit steht eine bestimmte Klasse von Nichtgleichgewichts- phasenubÄ ergÄangen, die sogenannten absorbierenden PhasenubÄ ergÄange. Absorbierende PhasenubÄ ergÄange beschreiben das kritische Verhalten von physikalischen, chemischen sowie biologischen -
Universal Scaling Behavior of Non-Equilibrium Phase Transitions
Universal scaling behavior of non-equilibrium phase transitions Sven L¨ubeck Theoretische Physik, Univerit¨at Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany, [email protected] December 2004 arXiv:cond-mat/0501259v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech] 11 Jan 2005 Summary Non-equilibrium critical phenomena have attracted a lot of research interest in the recent decades. Similar to equilibrium critical phenomena, the concept of universality remains the major tool to order the great variety of non-equilibrium phase transitions systematically. All systems belonging to a given universality class share the same set of critical exponents, and certain scaling functions become identical near the critical point. It is known that the scaling functions vary more widely between different uni- versality classes than the exponents. Thus, universal scaling functions offer a sensitive and accurate test for a system’s universality class. On the other hand, universal scaling functions demonstrate the robustness of a given universality class impressively. Unfor- tunately, most studies focus on the determination of the critical exponents, neglecting the universal scaling functions. In this work a particular class of non-equilibrium critical phenomena is considered, the so-called absorbing phase transitions. Absorbing phase transitions are expected to occur in physical, chemical as well as biological systems, and a detailed introduc- tion is presented. The universal scaling behavior of two different universality classes is analyzed in detail, namely the directed percolation and the Manna universality class. Especially, directed percolation is the most common universality class of absorbing phase transitions. The presented picture gallery of universal scaling functions includes steady state, dynamical as well as finite size scaling functions. -
Arxiv:1012.0653V3
Quantum phase transitions in transverse field spin models: From Statistical Physics to Quantum Information Amit Dutta∗ Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208 016, India Uma Divakaran† Theoretische Physik, Universit¨at des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbr¨ucken, Germany Diptiman Sen‡ Centre for High Energy Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India Bikas K. Chakrabarti§ Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics Division and Centre for Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700 064, India Thomas F. Rosenbaum¶ Department of Physics and the James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Gabriel Aeppli∗∗ London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom We review quantum phase transitions of spin systems in transverse magnetic fields taking the examples of some paradigmatic models, namely, the spin-1/2 Ising and XY models in a transverse field in one and higher spatial dimensions. Beginning with a brief overview of quantum phase transitions, we introduce the model Hamiltonians and discuss the equivalence between the quantum phase transition in such a model and the finite temperature phase transition in a higher dimensional classical model. We then provide exact solutions in one spatial dimension connecting them to conformal field theoretical studies when possible. We also discuss Kitaev models, and some other exactly solvable spin systems in this context. Studies of quantum phase transitions in the presence of quenched randomness and with frustrating interactions are presented in details. We discuss novel phenomena like Griffiths-McCoy singularities associated with quantum phase transitions of low- dimensional transverse Ising models with random interactions and transverse fields. -
Bootstrapping Hypercubic and Hypertetrahedral Theories in Three Dimensions
CERN-TH-2018-012 Bootstrapping hypercubic and hypertetrahedral theories in three dimensions Andreas Stergiou Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland There are three generalizations of the Platonic solids that exist in all dimensions, namely the hypertetrahedron, the hypercube, and the hyperoctahedron, with the latter two being dual. Conformal field theories with the associated symmetry groups as global symmetries can be argued to exist in d = 3 spacetime dimensions if the " = 4 − d expansion is valid when " ! 1. In this paper hypercubic and hypertetrahedral theories are studied with the non-perturbative numerical conformal bootstrap. In the N = 3 cubic case it is found that a bound with a kink is saturated by a solution with properties that cannot be reconciled with the " expansion of the cubic theory. Possible implications for cubic magnets and structural phase transitions are discussed. For the hypertetrahedral theory evidence is found that the non-conformal window that is seen with the " expansion exists in d = 3 as well, and a rough estimate of its extent is given. arXiv:1801.07127v4 [hep-th] 28 Apr 2018 January 2018 1. Introduction The numerical conformal bootstrap [1] in three dimensions has produced impressive results, especially concerning critical theories in universality classes that also contain scalar conformal field theories (CFTs). For the Ising universality class the bootstrap is in fact the state-of-the-art method for the determination of critical exponents [2]. For theories with continuous global symmetries there has also been significant progress, with important developments for the Heisenberg universality class [3{5]. In this work we study critical theories with discrete global symmetries in three dimensions, focusing on the hypercubic and hypertetrahedral symmetry groups. -
Report from Trieste: ICTP on the March Why Have More Than 22 000 Scientists Studied at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics? by Akhtar Mahmud Faruqui
Special reports Report from Trieste: ICTP on the march Why have more than 22 000 scientists studied at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics? by Akhtar Mahmud Faruqui A small Roman town under the Caesars, an indepen- responsibility to continue this flow of benefits to society dent municipality in the Middle Ages, a flourishing and, most important, to extend them to the very large international port and trading centre between the West fraction of the world's burgeoning populations that have and East after 1700, and an Italian entity since 1918, thus far — for whatever reason — been denied them," Trieste is a city of entrancing scenic attractions. Tucked D. Allan Bromley has noted.* The report, Physics in away in the northeast of Italy on the Adriatic Sea, the Perspective, strengthens Saiam and Bromley's view: city stands on tree-dotted hills resembling a sunlit sea- "Science is knowing. What man knows about inanimate washed amphitheatre, with the surrounding Carso nature is physics, or rather the most lasting and univer- plateau rated as one of the most enchanting landscapes sal things that he knows make up physics. As he gains in Europe. more knowledge, what would have appeared compli- But Trieste is now known not just for its scenic splen- cated or capricious can be seen as essentially simple and dours or past grandeurs. It is identified increasingly as in a deep sense orderly. And, to understand how things a meeting place of bright scientific minds from the West work is to see how, within environmental constraints and the East, from the North and the South. -
Critical Exponents and Scaling Invariance in the Absence of a Critical Point
ARTICLE Received 22 Apr 2016 | Accepted 18 Oct 2016 | Published 5 Dec 2016 | Updated 17 Jan 2017 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13611 OPEN Critical exponents and scaling invariance in the absence of a critical point N. Saratz1, D.A. Zanin1, U. Ramsperger1, S.A. Cannas2, D. Pescia3 & A. Vindigni1 The paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition is classified as a critical phenomenon due to the power-law behaviour shown by thermodynamic observables when the Curie point is approached. Here we report the observation of such a behaviour over extraordinarily many decades of suitable scaling variables in ultrathin Fe films, for certain ranges of temperature T and applied field B. This despite the fact that the underlying critical point is practically unreachable because protected by a phase with a modulated domain structure, induced by the dipole–dipole interaction. The modulated structure has a well-defined spatial period and is realized in a portion of the (T, B) plane that extends above the putative critical temperature, where thermodynamic quantities do not display any singularity. Our results imply that scaling behaviour of macroscopic observables is compatible with an avoided critical point. 1 Laboratorium fu¨r Festko¨rperphysik, Eidgeno¨ssische Technische Hochschule Zu¨rich, CH-8093 Zu¨rich, Switzerland. 2 Facultad de Matema´tica, Astronomı´a yFı´sica y Computacion, Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba, Instituto de Fı´sica Enrique Gaviola (IFEG-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Co´rdoba, Argentina. 3 Laboratorium fu¨r Festko¨rperphysik, Eidgeno¨ssische Technische Hochschule Zu¨rich, and SIMDALEE2 Sources, Interaction with Matter, Detection and Analysis of Low Energy Electrons 2, Marie Sklodowska Curie FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN, CH-8093 Zu¨rich, Switzerland. -
Main Attributes of Nuclides Presented in This Book
Appendix A Main Attributes of Nuclides Presented in This Book Data given in TableA.1 can be used to determine the various decay energies for the specific radioactive decay examples as well as for the nuclear activation examples presented in this book. M stands for the nuclear rest mass; M stands for the atomic rest mass. The data were obtained from the NIST and are based on CODATA 2010 as follows: 1. Data for atomic masses M are given in atomic mass constants u and were obtained from the NIST at: (http://www.physics.nist.gov/pml/data/comp.cfm). 2. Rest mass of proton mp, neutron mn, electron me, and of the atomic mass constant u are from the NIST (http://www.physics.nist.gov/cuu/constants/index. html) as follows: −27 2 mp = 1.672 621 777×10 kg = 1.007 276 467 u = 938.272 046 MeV/c (A.1) −27 2 mn = 1.674 927 351×10 kg = 1.008 664 916 u = 939.565 379 MeV/c (A.2) −31 −4 2 me = 9.109 382 91×10 kg = 5.485 799 095×10 u = 0.510 998 928 MeV/c (A.3) − 1u= 1.660 538 922×10 27 kg = 931.494 060 MeV/c2 (A.4) 3. For a given nuclide, its nuclear rest energy was determined by subtracting the 2 rest energy of all atomic orbital electrons (Zmec ) from the atomic rest energy M(u)c2 as follows 2 2 2 Mc = M(u)c − Zmec = M(u) × 931.494 060 MeV/u − Z × 0.510 999 MeV. -
Full Nonuniversality of the Symmetric 16-Vertex Model on the Square Lattice
Full nonuniversality of the symmetric 16-vertex model on the square lattice Eva Pospíšilová, Roman Krčmár, Andrej Gendiar, and Ladislav Šamaj Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia (Dated: May 24, 2021) We consider the symmetric two-state 16-vertex model on the square lattice whose vertex weights are invariant under any permutation of adjacent edge states. The vertex-weight parameters are restricted to a critical manifold which is self-dual under the gauge transformation. The critical properties of the model are studied numerically by using the Corner Transfer Matrix Renormalization Group method. Accuracy of the method is tested on two exactly solvable cases: the Ising model and a specific version of the Baxter 8-vertex model in a zero field that belong to different universality classes. Numerical results show that the two exactly solvable cases are connected by a line of critical points with the polarization as the order parameter. There are numerical indications that critical exponents vary continuously along this line in such a way that the weak universality hypothesis is violated. I. INTRODUCTION several regions in their parameter space belonging to different universality classes because the corresponding According to the universality hypothesis [1], order parameters are defined differently. critical exponents of a statistical system at the The partition function of the “electric” 8-vertex model second-order phase transition do not depend on details on the square lattice can be mapped onto the partition of the corresponding Hamiltonian. Equivalently, the function of a “magnetic” Ising model on the dual (also critical exponents depend only on the system’s space square) lattice with the nearest-neighbor two-spin and dimensionality and the symmetry of microscopic degrees four-spin interactions on a square plaquette [18, 19].