Að Gera Eitthvað Frábært En Annar Fær Heiðurinn Vínlandsfarar Í Menningarlegu Minni Frá Elstu Heimildum Til 1705

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Að Gera Eitthvað Frábært En Annar Fær Heiðurinn Vínlandsfarar Í Menningarlegu Minni Frá Elstu Heimildum Til 1705 MA ritgerð Miðaldafræði Að gera eitthvað frábært en annar fær heiðurinn Vínlandsfarar í menningarlegu minni frá elstu heimildum til 1705 Bjarni Ólafsson Júní 2021 SAGNFRÆÐI- OG HEIMSPEKIDEILD Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Miðaldafræði Að gera eitthvað frábært en annar fær heiðurinn Vínlandsfarar í menningarlegu minni frá elstu heimildum til 1705 Ritgerð til M.A.-prófs 30 ECTS Bjarni Ólafsson Kt.: 3006943069 Leiðbeinandi: Sverrir Jakobsson Júní 2021 Ágrip Rannsóknin snýr að Vínlandsförunum í menningarlegu minni frá miðöldum til ársins 1705. Raktar eru birtingarmyndir Bjarna Herjólfssonar, Leifs Eiríkssonar og Þorfinns karlsefnis í ritverkum tímabilsins. Sérstök athygli er veitt umtali um landafundina og skiptingu heiðurs, sérstaklega milli Bjarna og Leifs heppna. Auk þess verður stuttlega gerð grein fyrir tengslum Ólafs sögu Gunnlaugs Eiríks sögu rauða og Þorvalds þætti víðförla, en vegna þessara tengsla við Gunnlaug Leifsson munk í Þingeyrarklaustri, virðist líklegast að Eiríks saga rauða var skrifuð af aðila sem hafði greiðan aðgang að verkum hans og deildi markmiðum hans við söguritun. Ímynd Leifs heppna fór í gegnum miklar og áþreifanlegar breytingar á tímabilinu. Líklega var Leifur ekki þekktur sem kristniboði á 12. öld, það breytist á fyrrihluta 13. aldar og ímynd Leifs kristilegri. Á nýöld hygluðu fræðimenn afrekum Leifs fremur en Bjarna með orðavali sínu. Íslenskir fræðimenn 17. aldar áttuðu sig vel á tengslunum milli Ameríku og Vínlandsferðanna. Þessar upplýsingar voru þó aldrei settar í samhengi við tilkall til heiðurs fyrr en Þormóður skrifaði bók sína um Vínland. Hvergi er minnst á Bjarna Herjólfsson í varðveittum íslenskum miðaldaritum utan Flateyjarbókar. Söguþráður Vínlandssagnanna, heimsmynd miðaldamanna og lítil útbreiðsla Grænlendinga sögu höfðu áhrif á hve minning hans var fyrirferðalítil. 1 Abstract This thesis studies the Vínland explorers in cultural memory, from the Middle Ages until 1705. It aims to analyze how the explorers Bjarni Herjólfsson, Leifur Eiríksson and Þorfinnur Karlsefni are presented throughout the period and how honor is divided between them, especially between Bjarni and Leifur. An observation on connections between the monk Gunnlaugur Leifsson, Þorvalds þáttur víðförla, Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar and Eiríks saga rauða is also briefly discussed and a case will be made that the author of Eiríks saga rauða had superb access to the literary work produced in Þingeyrar monastery. The image of Leifur goes through major changes in the medieval period. While Leifur is heavily associated with Christianity in the 13th and 14th century, clues in certain sources give us no reason to believe that this saga tradition was dominant in the 12th and early 13th century. Bjarni’s position in cultural memory was never strong due to factors related to the saga narrative, the medieval world view, and little influence of Saga of the Greenlanders on other medieval sources. During the Modern period, writers tended to favor Leifur’s discoveries as more important compared to Bjarni’s, mostly with word chose and language. 2 Efnisyfirlit Inngangur ............................................................................................................. 4 1 Hvað er menningarlegt minni? ....................................................................... 8 2 Miðaldaheimildir .......................................................................................... 15 2.1 Miðaldaheimildir raktar................................................................................. 15 2.2 Hvað vitum við um Bjarna Herjólfsson?....................................................... 39 2.3 Persónulýsingar og ættir ................................................................................ 41 2.4 Nafngiftir og landafræðikunnátta .................................................................. 48 3 Nýöld ............................................................................................................ 52 3.1 Grönlandia Arngríms lærða ........................................................................... 52 3.2 Grænlandsannáll ............................................................................................ 56 3.3 Thomas Bartholin og Johan Peringskiöld ..................................................... 59 3.4 Þormóður Torfason og Historia Vinlandiæ ................................................... 60 Niðurstöður ......................................................................................................... 64 Heimildaskrá ...................................................................................................... 72 3 Inngangur Meðal Íslendinga er Leifur heppni, vel þekkt persóna, helst fyrir það stórvirki að hafa fundið Ameríku um 500 árum á undan Kólumbusi (1451–1506). Afrek Leifs eru líka kunnug meðal erlendra söguáhugamanna, og er nafn Leifs oft það fyrsta sem kemur upp í umræðunni þegar þeir ólmir vilja sýna höfundi hve fróðir þeir eru um afrek víkinga. Það mætti segja að persóna Leifs heppna sé í dag söguleg táknmynd fyrir siglingarafrek norrænna manna, landafundi og sérstakrar tengingar Norðurlandana og Ameríku. Nútímaáhugamenn um fornsögurnar eiga nokkuð auðvelt með að flækja þessa einföldu hetjusögu af Leifi sem fyrsta fundarmanni Ameríku. Þar sem Bjarni Herjólfsson, samkvæmt Grænlendinga sögu, fann landið fyrst, en hann sigldi meðfram austurströnd heimsálfunnar og færði fréttir um þessi nýju lönd til Leifs heppna á Grænlandi. Ólíkt öðrum fræknum sögupersónum Vínlandsagnanna, á borð við Leif heppna, Eirík rauða, Þorfinn karlsefni og Guðríði Þorbjarnardóttir, hefur verið minni vilji til að halda minningu Bjarna Herjólfssonar sérstaklega á lofti. Ólíkt öðrum þekktum Vínlandsförum á Bjarni Herjólfsson sér engar styttur, minnisvarða og engir hátíðardagar eru tileinkaðir minningu hans. Engar flugstöðvar bera nafn hans eða mynd. Ekki heldur bækur, myndasögur, hótel, ölstofur, bjórtegundir, frímerki, söfn, verðlaun, teiknimyndafígúrur, textabútar bandarískra rapplaga, kaffibollar, hjólastígar, rokkalbúm og svo mætti lengi telja. Bjarni virðist vera, að minnsta kosti samkvæmt Vínlandssögunum tveimur, jafn líklegur og Leifur heppni til að hafa fundið Ameríku fyrstur norrænna manna. Samt hefur hann staðið að mestu utan við sviðsljós heimssögunnar. Ekki skal þó tala minningu Bjarna of mikið niður, hægt væri að tína saman nokkur dæmi þar sem henni er haldið á lofti, til að mynda í nöfnum íslenskra farartækja 20. aldar og síðustu tvo áratugi hefur honum verið meðvitað haldið á lofti sem bæjarhetju á Eyrarbakka. Það er þó ekki jöfn skipti ef minning hans er borin saman við Leif, eða jafnvel Guðríði og Þorfinn karlsefni. Ýmsir söguáhugamenn hafa tekið eftir þessu grimma ójafnvægi. Þar á meðal einn notandi vefsins Urban dictonary, sem er vefur þar sem notendur geta útskýrt eða skáldað upp slangur og nýyrði. Samkvæmt einum notenda vefsins væri hægt kalla einhvern „bjarni“ ef manneskjan: „gerir eitthvað frábært en annar fær 4 heiðurinn af því.”1 Þetta misvægi heiðrunar virðist sérstaklega áhugavert í ljósi þess að sagnfræðingar og aðrir áhugamenn í dag gætu fært afar gild rök um að Grænlendinga saga sé að minnsta kosti jafn óáreiðanleg /eða áreiðanleg um raunverulega atburði Vínlandsferðanna og Eiríks saga rauða. Eflaust mætti bera minningu Bjarna Herjólfssonar saman við Náttfara, sem á að hafa fylgt Garðari til Íslands og varð eftir við Skjálfanda. Þessi leiðangur Garðars á að hafa átt sér stað á undan Ingólfi, hinum viðurkennda fyrsta landnámsmanni. Náttfari naut þó ekki hylli sem fyrsti landnámsmaður Íslands fyrr en seint á síðustu öld. Ekki er hægt að segja að ævintýri Náttfara þyki sérstaklega traust í heimildum. Áhugavert er þó hvernig persóna Náttfara hefur orðið fyrirfarameiri á síðustu öld. Staða Náttfara sem hugsanlegur þræll í sumum heimildum hefur komið í veg fyrir að persóna hans gæti þótt virðingarverð og þannig hefur Ingólfur verið ákjósanlegri sem fyrsti landnámsmaðurinn. Með auknum stéttarstjórnmálum á 20. öld var aftur á móti hægt að hampa honum og benda á óréttlætið sem olli því að hann fékk ekki þann heiðurssess sem hann átti skilið.2 Einnig mætti bera Bjarna saman við geimfarann Michael Collins, sem sat í geimfarinu Columbia á sporbaug um tunglið á meðan Neil Armstrong og Buzz Aldrin stigu þar fyrst fæti. Nafn Collins er mun minna þekkt samanborið við hina tvo geimfarana. Samkvæmt báðum Vínlandssögunum á Leifur að hafa verið fyrstur til að lenda á Vínlandi, Þorfinnur karlsefni fetaði svo í fótspor hans á meðan Bjarni Herjólfsson varð eftir í skipinu þegar hann átti leið hjá. Aðrar persónur Vínlandssagnanna hafa gengið í gegnum tímabil tískusveiflna þar sem umfjöllun um þær minnkar og eykst eftir tímabilum. Guðríður Þorbjarnardóttir væri gott dæmi um slíkt og það var ekki fyrr en á 20. öld sem minningin um hana fór að ryðja sér til rúms.3 Tilgangur þessarar ritgerðar verður að rannsaka meðvitaða og ómeðvitaða hetjudýrkun fortíðarmanna á persónum Vínlandssagnanna. Ekki skal miskilja þemu ritgerðarinnar að hér sé verið að berjast fyrir áróðurskenndri söguendurskoðun með það markmið að koma minningu Bjarna Herjólfssonar fram í sviðsljósið. Svo Bjarni 1 Vef. Theurer, „bjarni“. Mín þýðing á: „A person that does something amazing but another gets the credit. An Icelandic slang named after Bjarni Herjólfsson , the first known european to site America, but Leif Ericksen and Chris Colombus get all the credit. [Seinna fylgir dæmi] Many think Milton wrote some of Shakespears plays and is a bjarni“. 2 Sjá: Gunnar Benediktsson, „Náttfari. Fyrsti landnámsmaðurinn“.
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