DOCSLIB.ORG

Pruning and Caring for Apple Trees

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Pruning and Caring for Apple Trees 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 1 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 2 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 3 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 4 Pruning Objectives To train a plant To maintain plant health To improve quality of flowers, fruit, foliage and stems To control growth 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 5 Two Interrelated Processes 1. Sunlight and carbohydrate physiology 2. Plant hormone physiology (plant growth regulators) 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 6 1. Fruit Trees Require Sunlight !!! Leaves require 30- 50% Fruit need >70% Fiesta Apple 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 7 Prevent Heavy Shading Site selection Tree spacing Proper limb positioning Pruning (dormant & Summer) 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 8 Trees Love Sunshine Eatable landscape 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 9 Apple Blossom State Flower: Arkansas & Michigan Sekai-Ichi 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 10 Bees Love Sunshine Mason Bee on plum 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 11 Everybody Loves The Sun Summer Bellflower 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 12 Prune For Fruit Quality Increase Light Better Pollination Reduce over cropping Disease & pest Control Frost peach 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 13 “What Makes An Apple Taste Good” (Soluble Solids – Sugars) Lower in fruit from over-cropped trees. Higher in well thinned crops. Higher in fruit taken from sunny parts of tree. Higher from trees with healthy foliage. 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 14 Apple Scab 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 15 Anthracnose Canker “bull’s-eye-rot” (when on fruit) [A fungus] 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 16 Anthracnose Limb Canker 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 17 2. Plant Growth Regulators (Hormones) Auxins Cytokinins Gibberellins Ethylene 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 18 Auxins (Produced in vertical growing tips) Strong apical dominance Moves under gravity to roots Stimulates vertical growth Restricts lateral shoots Controlled by pruning and limb bending 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 19 Cytokinins Produced in roots Important in cell division and growth Stimulates growth of laterals after Auxins have been reduced 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 20 Gibberellins Produced in seeds and expanding leaves Functional in fruit cell expansion & rate of growth Can inhibit flower buds and cause bi-annual fruiting 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 21 Ethylene Gaseous hormone Released after injury Accelerates healing (timing of heavy pruning) Used to ripen fruit 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 22 Five Elements of Early Training & Care 1. Select rootstock 2. Variety selection 3. Proper planting 4. Early pruning 5. Limb bending [training] 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 23 1. Rootstock (critical) Adaptability to soils Early fruiting Help control tree size Standard trees are most hardy and vigorous 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 24 2. Variety Selection Individual growth habit Differing fruit bearing pattern Ultimate tree size Chill Hours Required 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 25 How Big Will My Tree Grow ? 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 26 Chill Requirement # of hrs. between 32 - 45 degrees F 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 27 Chill Hours temps. < 45 degrees Apple 700-1800 E. Plum 800-900 Apricot 500-600 J. Plum 300-500 Cherry 700-800 Peach 600-800 E. Pear 600-800 Persimmon 200-400 A. Pear 400-500 Kiwi 600-800 Fig 100-200 Citrus 0 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 28 3. Planting Warm sunny site Adequate hole Tree position in hole Watering-in Support 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 29 Support Young Tree 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 30 Serpent Tree (Apple trees go walking) 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 31 Eye of the Dragon 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 32 Permanent Support Permanent Support 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 33 4. Early Pruning Light Pruning Remove damaged wood Remove undesirable wood Select strong scaffold limbs Good angles and spacing Head at 3-4 ft. to stimulate branching as needed 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 34 Notching: Remove a piece of bark to produce a limb where needed. Notching above a lateral bud in early spring prevents auxin from reaching the lateral bud, resulting in a limb. 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 35 Vase-like Form 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 36 Pyramid Form 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 37 Vase-like Form Spartan apple 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 38 Limb Pattern 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 39 Four Main Limbs With vertical separation 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 40 Tight Limb Cluster 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 41 Five Can Get Crowded 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 42 Three are Okay 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 43 Limb Angle 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 44 5. Limb Bending and Positioning 45-60 degree limb angles (3-5 well spaced) Apical dominance is reduced Limb elongation is reduced Lateral branching is increased Branches are stiffened Flower density is increased 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 45 Limb Bending 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 46 Tie-Down Bowline Knot 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 47 Limb Spreading 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 48 Branch Replacement 2-year old upright shoot tied down to 60 degrees for replacement branch 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 49 Limb Bending Sometimes a heavy fruit load can be used to lower growing tips 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 50 Good Angles & Spacing 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 51 Narrow Weak Angle 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 52 Advanced Decay 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 53 Weepy Branch 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 54 Types of Pruning Cuts Heading Thinning Not safe for pruning 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 55 Definition: Limb v. Branch Limb – entire appendage all the way back to the main trunk Branch – Intermediate appendages attached to a limb or to other branches. 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 56 1. Heading Cuts Control height or Size Most invigorating type of cut Reduce apical dominance Stimulates new shoots Stiffens the branches Useful to induce branching at specific points (especially in young trees) 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 57 Heading of Young Tree 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 58 Heading Older Tree 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 59 Tree Too Tall? PNW 400 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 60 2. Thinning Cuts Thin for light penetration, fruit quality and keep bearing wood young. A tree maintenance function Removes undesired wood Shorten limbs Control amount of growth Directs growth Reduce total amount of fruiting wood 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 61 Types of Thinning Cuts Removal of entire limb to main trunk Shorten limb or branch back to a lateral branch or vigorous bud Remove strong upright water sprouts or shoots 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 62 PNW 400 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 63 Pollination Apples are: Genetically diverse 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 64 Parts of a Flower 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 65 Apple Pollination Chart 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 66 Apple Truisms Fertilization is necessary to produce seeds. (individually) Fruit rarely develop without seeds. Most apples have 5-10 seeds. With < 3 seeds, an apple will usually drop. Misshapen or lopsided fruit indicate inadequate pollination. More seeds = larger the fruit. Rain, wind, cool weather can inhibit pollination. >55 degree weather okay -- with enough bees. Mason Bees will be active sooner than Honey Bees. Only 2-8 % of apple blossoms need pollination to set full load of fruit. 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 67 Apple Blossom King blossom 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 68 Pear Blossoms 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 69 Plum Flowers 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 70 Thinning Fruit Improve size and quality Early is better than later Ultimate fruit size is greater Promotes fruit bud development for next year Helps prevent bi-annual fruiting 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 71 Nutrient Sink Interactions Vegetative sinks Roots, steams, leaves Fruit are major sinks Balance vegetative growth and fruit load (pruning & thinning) 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 72 Fruit are Nutrient Sinks Liberty apple 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 73 When Should I Prune ? A L W A Y S 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 74 When Should I prune ? ANYTIME PRUNING Remove dead, damaged, diseased Crowded, weak, low vigor Interfering, wrong way, and bottom branches. Unwanted suckers. 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 75 When Should I Prune DORMANT PRUNING Best time for heavy pruning Clear view without leaves Just Before bud swell is best Quicker start for healing Less overall stress Greatest growth response Best for restoration of old trees 4/5/2011 Loyd Collett, Easter Valley Ranch 76 Old Tree Restored Yellow
Recommended publications
  • Apples Catalogue 2019

    Apples Catalogue 2019

    ADAMS PEARMAIN Herefordshire, England 1862 Oct 15 Nov Mar 14 Adams Pearmain is a an old-fashioned late dessert apple, one of the most popular varieties in Victorian England. It has an attractive 'pearmain' shape. This is a fairly dry apple - which is perhaps not regarded as a desirable attribute today. In spite of this it is actually a very enjoyable apple, with a rich aromatic flavour which in apple terms is usually described as Although it had 'shelf appeal' for the Victorian housewife, its autumnal colouring is probably too subdued to compete with the bright young things of the modern supermarket shelves. Perhaps this is part of its appeal; it recalls a bygone era where subtlety of flavour was appreciated - a lovely apple to savour in front of an open fire on a cold winter's day. Tree hardy. Does will in all soils, even clay. AERLIE RED FLESH (Hidden Rose, Mountain Rose) California 1930’s 19 20 20 Cook Oct 20 15 An amazing red fleshed apple, discovered in Aerlie, Oregon, which may be the best of all red fleshed varieties and indeed would be an outstandingly delicious apple no matter what color the flesh is. A choice seedling, Aerlie Red Flesh has a beautiful yellow skin with pale whitish dots, but it is inside that it excels. Deep rose red flesh, juicy, crisp, hard, sugary and richly flavored, ripening late (October) and keeping throughout the winter. The late Conrad Gemmer, an astute observer of apples with 500 varieties in his collection, rated Hidden Rose an outstanding variety of top quality.
  • APPLE (Fruit Varieties)

    APPLE (Fruit Varieties)

    E TG/14/9 ORIGINAL: English DATE: 2005-04-06 INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS GENEVA * APPLE (Fruit Varieties) UPOV Code: MALUS_DOM (Malus domestica Borkh.) GUIDELINES FOR THE CONDUCT OF TESTS FOR DISTINCTNESS, UNIFORMITY AND STABILITY Alternative Names:* Botanical name English French German Spanish Malus domestica Apple Pommier Apfel Manzano Borkh. The purpose of these guidelines (“Test Guidelines”) is to elaborate the principles contained in the General Introduction (document TG/1/3), and its associated TGP documents, into detailed practical guidance for the harmonized examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) and, in particular, to identify appropriate characteristics for the examination of DUS and production of harmonized variety descriptions. ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS These Test Guidelines should be read in conjunction with the General Introduction and its associated TGP documents. Other associated UPOV documents: TG/163/3 Apple Rootstocks TG/192/1 Ornamental Apple * These names were correct at the time of the introduction of these Test Guidelines but may be revised or updated. [Readers are advised to consult the UPOV Code, which can be found on the UPOV Website (www.upov.int), for the latest information.] i:\orgupov\shared\tg\applefru\tg 14 9 e.doc TG/14/9 Apple, 2005-04-06 - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. SUBJECT OF THESE TEST GUIDELINES..................................................................................................3 2. MATERIAL REQUIRED ...............................................................................................................................3
  • Germplasm Sets and Standardized Phenotyping Protocols for Fruit Quality Traits in Rosbreed

    Germplasm Sets and Standardized Phenotyping Protocols for Fruit Quality Traits in Rosbreed

    Germplasm Sets and Standardized Phenotyping Protocols for Fruit Quality Traits in RosBREED Jim Luby, Breeding Team Leader Outline of Presentation RosBREED Demonstration Breeding Programs Standardized Phenotyping Protocols Reference Germplasm Sets SNP Detection Panels Crop Reference Set Breeding Pedigree Set RosBREED Demonstration Breeding Programs Clemson U WSU Texas A&M UC Davis U Minn U Arkansas Rosaceae Cornell U WSU MSU MSU Phenotyping Affiliates USDA-ARS Driscolls Corvallis Univ of Florida UNH Standardized Phenotyping Protocols Traits and Standardized Phenotyping Protocols • Identify critical fruit quality traits and other important traits • Develop standardized phenotyping protocols to enable data pooling across locations/institutions • Protocols available at www.RosBREED.org Apple Standardized Phenotyping Firmness, Crispness – Instrumental, Sensory Sweetness, Acidity – Intstrumental, Sensory Color, Appearance, Juiciness, Aroma – Sensory At harvest Cracking, Russet, Sunburn Storage 10w+7d Storage 20w+7d Maturity Fruit size 5 fruit (reps) per evaluation Postharvest disorders Harvest date, Crop, Dropping RosBREED Apple Phenotyping Locations Wenatchee, WA St Paul, MN Geneva, NY • One location for all evaluations would reduce variation among instruments and evaluators • Local evaluations more sustainable and relevant for future efforts at each institution • Conduct standardized phenotyping of Germplasm Sets at respective sites over multiple (2-3) seasons • Collate data in PBA format, conduct quality control, archive Reference
  • Ästhetische Bildung Im Museum Sinclair-Haus

    Ästhetische Bildung Im Museum Sinclair-Haus

    MUSEUM SINCLAIR-HAUS | BLATTWERKE 03 | »FRÜCHTE« SEITE 01 Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie sitzen ausschließlich in ihrem Küchenraum, er wäre Ihre ganze Welt. Sie verfolgen selbst die unscheinbarsten Anregungen. Etwas Mehl an Ihren Händen wird zu Schneeverwehungen, siedendes Wasser zu Gischt in einem Bergbach, und das dazugehörende Geräusch aus der Pfanne lässt Sie an eine wilde Kanufahrt denken. Allein die Umbenennung einer Küche in ein Atelier bewirkt, was Umbenennungen mit sich bringen können: Die Wahrnehmung verändert sich. Peter Jenny Weshalb gibt es Früchte? Warum steckt eine Pflanze So vielfältig die Formen und Farben von Früchten sind, soviel Energie in das Hervor- ebenso vielfältig ist die Darstellung von Früchten in der bringen von Früchten? Kunst: In Malerei, Fotografie, Zeichnung oder Skulptur. Seit hunderten von Jahren zeigen Künstlerinnen und Künstler Früchte als Zeichen für Leben und Vitalität, aber auch für Vergänglichkeit und Verfall. Die folgende Zusammenstellung vereint unterschiedliche künst- lerische und experimentelle Ideen rund um die Frucht und richtet sich an Kinder, Lehrer/innen und Erzieher/innen. MUSEUM SINCLAIR-HAUS | BLATTWERKE 03 | »FRÜCHTE« SEITE 02 Was ist eine Frucht? Nicht alles was wir in der Obst- und Gemüseabteilung eines Supermarktes finden darf man „Frucht“ nennen. Eine Frucht ist das Organ einer Pflanze, das die Samen bis zur Reife umschließt und dann zu ihrer Ausbreitung dient. Früchte gehen aus Blüten hervor. Eine Frucht ist also eine verblühte Blüte im Zustand der Samenreife. Dieses sind keine Früchte, da sie nicht aus einer Blüte hervorgehen und auch keinen Samen enthalten: - Kartoffel, sie ist eine Sprossknolle und wächst unter der Erde. - Zwiebel, sie ist ein unterirdisches Speicherorgan aus der die Zwiebelpflanze hervorgeht.
  • Reliable Fruit Tree Varieties for Santa Cruz County

    Reliable Fruit Tree Varieties for Santa Cruz County

    for the Gardener Reliable Fruit Tree Varieties for Santa Cruz County lanting a fruit tree is, or at least should be, a considered act involving a well thought-out plan. In a sense, you “design” a tree, or by extension, an orchard—and as tempting as it may be to grab a shovel and start digging, the Plast thing you do is plant the tree. There are many elements to the plan for successful deciduous fruit tree growing. They include, but are not limited to – • Site selection • Sanitation, particularly on the orchard floor • Soil—assessment and improvement • Weed management • Scale and diversity of the planting • Pruning/training systems • What genera and species (apple, pear, plum, • Thinning peach, etc.) and what varieties grow well in an area • Pest and disease control • Pollination • Sourcing quality trees • Irrigation • The planting hole and process • A fertility plan and associated fertilizers • Harvest and post-harvest All of the above factors comprise the jigsaw puzzle or the Rubik’s Cube of fruit growing. In essence, you must align all the colored cubes to induce smiles on the faces of both growers and consumers. This article focuses on the selection of genera, species, and varieties that do well in Santa Cruz County, and discusses chill hour requirements as one major criterion for successful fruit tree growing. THE RELIABLE—AND NOT SO RELIABLE What Grows Well Here By “what grows well,” I mean what produces a reliable annual crop and is relatively disease and pest free. In Santa Cruz County, that includes— • Apples • Pluots • Pears
  • A Manual Key for the Identification of Apples Based on the Descriptions in Bultitude (1983)

    A Manual Key for the Identification of Apples Based on the Descriptions in Bultitude (1983)

    A MANUAL KEY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF APPLES BASED ON THE DESCRIPTIONS IN BULTITUDE (1983) Simon Clark of Northern Fruit Group and National Orchard Forum, with assistance from Quentin Cleal (NOF). This key is not definitive and is intended to enable the user to “home in” rapidly on likely varieties which should then be confirmed in one or more of the manuals that contain detailed descriptions e.g. Bunyard, Bultitude , Hogg or Sanders . The varieties in this key comprise Bultitude’s list together with some widely grown cultivars developed since Bultitude produced his book. The page numbers of Bultitude’s descriptions are included. The National Fruit Collection at Brogdale are preparing a list of “recent” varieties not included in Bultitude(1983) but which are likely to be encountered. This list should be available by late August. As soon as I receive it I will let you have copy. I will tabulate the characters of the varieties so that you can easily “slot them in to” the key. Feedback welcome, Tel: 0113 266 3235 (with answer phone), E-mail [email protected] Simon Clark, August 2005 References: Bultitude J. (1983) Apples. Macmillan Press, London Bunyard E.A. (1920) A Handbook of Hardy Fruits; Apples and Pears. John Murray, London Hogg R. (1884) The Fruit Manual. Journal of the Horticultural Office, London. Reprinted 2002 Langford Press, Wigtown. Sanders R. (1988) The English Apple. Phaidon, Oxford Each variety is categorised as belonging to one of eight broad groups. These groups are delineated using skin characteristics and usage i.e. whether cookers, (sour) or eaters (sweet).
  • Using Whole-Genome SNP Data to Reconstruct a Large Multi

    Using Whole-Genome SNP Data to Reconstruct a Large Multi

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna Muranty et al. BMC Plant Biology (2020) 20:2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2171-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Using whole-genome SNP data to reconstruct a large multi-generation pedigree in apple germplasm Hélène Muranty1*† , Caroline Denancé1†, Laurence Feugey1, Jean-Luc Crépin2, Yves Barbier2, Stefano Tartarini3, Matthew Ordidge4, Michela Troggio5, Marc Lateur6, Hilde Nybom7, Frantisek Paprstein8, François Laurens1 and Charles-Eric Durel1 Abstract Background: Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) is one of the most important fruit tree crops of temperate areas, with great economic and cultural value. Apple cultivars can be maintained for centuries in plant collections through grafting, and some are thought to date as far back as Roman times. Molecular markers provide a means to reconstruct pedigrees and thus shed light on the recent history of migration and trade of biological materials. The objective of the present study was to identify relationships within a set of over 1400 mostly old apple cultivars using whole-genome SNP data (~ 253 K SNPs) in order to reconstruct pedigrees. Results: Using simple exclusion tests, based on counting the number of Mendelian errors, more than one thousand parent-offspring relations and 295 complete parent-offspring families were identified. Additionally, a grandparent couple was identified for the missing parental side of 26 parent-offspring pairings. Among the 407 parent-offspring relations without a second identified parent, 327 could be oriented because one of the individuals was an offspring in a complete family or by using historical data on parentage or date of recording.
  • INF03 Reduce Lists of Apple Varieites

    INF03 Reduce Lists of Apple Varieites

    ECE/TRADE/C/WP.7/GE.1/2009/INF.3 Specialized Section on Standardization of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Fifty-fifth session Geneva, 4 - 8 May 2009 Items 4(a) of the provisional agenda REVISION OF UNECE STANDARDS Proposals on the list of apple varieties This note has been put together by the secretariat following the decision taken by the Specialized Section at its fifty-fourth session to collect information from countries on varieties that are important in international trade. Replies have been received from the following countries: Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Slovakia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland and the USA. This note also includes the documents compiled for the same purpose and submitted to the fifty-second session of the Specialized Section. I. Documents submitted to the 52nd session of the Specialized Section A. UNECE Standard for Apples – List of Varieties At the last meeting the 51 st session of the Specialized Section GE.1 the delegation of the United Kingdom offered to coordinate efforts to simplify the list of apple varieties. The aim was to see what the result would be if we only include the most important varieties that are produced and traded. The list is designed to help distinguish apple varieties by colour groups, size and russeting it is not exhaustive, non-listed varieties can still be marketed. The idea should not be to list every variety grown in every country. The UK asked for views on what were considered to be the most important top thirty varieties. Eight countries sent their views, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, USA, Slovakia, Germany Finland and the Czech Republic.
  • 2020 RETAIL PRICE LIST LANDSCAPE DESIGN Landscape Design Services for Residential and Commercial Sites Are Available Upon Request

    2020 RETAIL PRICE LIST LANDSCAPE DESIGN Landscape Design Services for Residential and Commercial Sites Are Available Upon Request

    20021 St. Croix Trail N 2100 Tower Drive 1257 State Road 35 Scandia, MN 55073 Stillwater, MN 55082 St. Croix Falls, WI 54024 651-433-2431 651-439-2140 715-483-3040 2020 RETAIL PRICE LIST LANDSCAPE DESIGN Landscape design services for residential and commercial sites are available upon request. A minimum fee of $350.00 is charged for each design, which is then credited back to the customer if we complete the installation. PRICES Prices do not include sales tax and are subject to change without notice. Call for plant and tree delivery prices. GUARANTEE . We will replace, one time only, any tree, shrub, or evergreen which fails to grow within two growing seasons or perennial that fails to grow within one season. This guarantee is available only on plants that have been properly cared for and for accounts that have been paid in full within 30 days of the original purchase. Animal damage is not included in guarantee. Plants not included in our guarantee include: wholesale stock, seconds, annuals, tropical plants, house plants, zone 5 plants & zone 4 plants planted in areas that are zone 3 or less. We guarantee to provide a high quality product and trust that you will provide that same level of care for your tree or shrub. Please contact us if you notice a decline in the health of your nursery purchase as we may be able to provide some guidance to correct any potential problems. Replacements can be made after May 31st. Labor and/or delivery for replacement plants are charged at the same rate as new installations.
  • Response of Apple to Fertigation of N and K Under Conditions Susceptible to the Development of K Defi Ciency

    Response of Apple to Fertigation of N and K Under Conditions Susceptible to the Development of K Defi Ciency

    J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 129(1):26–31. 2004. Response of Apple to Fertigation of N and K under Conditions Susceptible to the Development of K Defi ciency G.H. Neilsen,1 D. Neilsen,1 L.C. Herbert,2 and E.J. Hogue1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacifi c Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, B.C., Canada V0H 1Z0 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. fruit titratable acidity, fruit color, leaf and fruit N, Ca, Mg, K, Malus ×domestica, soil solution N and K ABSTRACT. A split-plot experimental design was imposed in the year of planting and maintained for the first five growing seasons in a high density apple orchard on M.9 rootstock planted at 1.5 m (within row) × 4 m (between row) in a loamy sand soil susceptible to K defi ciency when drip-irrigated. Four N–K fertigation treatments involving low (N1) and high (N2) rates of N combined with 0 (K0) or 15 g K/tree per year (K1) were applied in fi ve replicated and randomized main plot units. Subplots consisted of three-tree plots of each of the apple cultivars Gala, Fuji, Fiesta and Spartan. Soil solution monitoring indicated the maintenance of distinctly different soil solution N and K concentrations in the respective N–K treatments during the study. The most important plant response was prevention of the development of K defi ciency by the K1-fertigation treatment. Fertigation of 15 g K/tree generally increased leaf K, fruit K and Mg concentrations, fruit size and yield and fruit titratable acidity and red coloration at harvest for all cultivars.
  • Founding Clones, Inbreeding, Coancestry, and Status Number of Modern Apple Cultivars

    Founding Clones, Inbreeding, Coancestry, and Status Number of Modern Apple Cultivars

    J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 121(5):773–782. 1996. Founding Clones, Inbreeding, Coancestry, and Status Number of Modern Apple Cultivars Dominique A.M. Noiton The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Havelock North Research Center, Havelock North, New Zealand Peter A. Alspach The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Riwaka Research Center, Motueka, New Zealand Additional index words. breeding, genetic diversity, Malus ×domestica Abstract. Pedigrees of apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) cultivars were used to study worldwide genetic diversity among clones used in modern apple breeding. The most frequent founding clones were ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Red Delicious’, ‘Jonathan’, and ‘McIntosh’. Coefficients of coancestry between 50 mainstream cultivars and these clones averaged 0.03, 0.12, 0.07, 0.06, and 0.02, respectively, but they were frequently as high as 0.25 with certain pairings. Among a group of 27 cultivars carrying the Vf gene for scab resistance, coefficients of coancestry with the five founding clones were of the same order. Although few of the cultivars sampled were substantially inbred, inbreeding could reach serious levels in their future offspring if current breeding practices are continued. The status effective number was 8 for the mainstream group and 7 for the Vf-carrier clones. This indicates clearly that apple breeders are operating with a population of greatly reduced genetic diversity. Careful consideration of pedigrees and increased size of the genetic base are needed in future apple breeding strategies. The domestic apple (Malus ×domestica), one of the world’s floribunda 821 x ‘Rome Beauty’.
  • Apple Pollination Groups

    Apple Pollination Groups

    Flowering times of apples RHS Pollination Groups To ensure good pollination and therefore a good crop, it is essential to grow two or more different cultivars from the same Flowering Group or adjacent Flowering Groups. Some cultivars are triploid – they have sterile pollen and need two other cultivars for good pollination; therefore, always grow at least two other non- triploid cultivars with each one. Key AGM = RHS Award of Garden Merit * Incompatible with each other ** Incompatible with each other *** ‘Golden Delicious’ may be ineffective on ‘Crispin’ (syn. ‘Mutsu’) Flowering Group 1 Very early; pollinated by groups 1 & 2 ‘Gravenstein’ (triploid) ‘Lord Suffield’ ‘Manks Codlin’ ‘Red Astrachan’ ‘Stark Earliest’ (syn. ‘Scarlet Pimpernel’) ‘Vista Bella’ Flowering Group 2 Pollinated by groups 1,2 & 3 ‘Adams's Pearmain’ ‘Alkmene’ AGM (syn. ‘Early Windsor’) ‘Baker's Delicious’ ‘Beauty of Bath’ (partial tip bearer) ‘Beauty of Blackmoor’ ‘Ben's Red’ ‘Bismarck’ ‘Bolero’ (syn. ‘Tuscan’) ‘Cheddar Cross’ ‘Christmas Pearmain’ ‘Devonshire Quarrenden’ ‘Egremont Russet’ AGM ‘George Cave’ (tip bearer) ‘George Neal’ AGM ‘Golden Spire’ ‘Idared’ AGM ‘Irish Peach’ (tip bearer) ‘Kerry Pippin’ ‘Keswick Codling’ ‘Laxton's Early Crimson’ ‘Lord Lambourne’ AGM (partial tip bearer) ‘Maidstone Favourite’ ‘Margil’ ‘Mclntosh’ ‘Red Melba’ ‘Merton Charm’ ‘Michaelmas Red’ ‘Norfolk Beauty’ ‘Owen Thomas’ ‘Reverend W. Wilks’ ‘Ribston Pippin’ AGM (triploid, partial tip bearer) ‘Ross Nonpareil’ ‘Saint Edmund's Pippin’ AGM (partial tip bearer) ‘Striped Beefing’ ‘Warner's King’ AGM (triploid) ‘Washington’ (triploid) ‘White Transparent’ Flowering Group 3 Pollinated by groups 2, 3 & 4 ‘Acme’ ‘Alexander’ (syn. ‘Emperor Alexander’) ‘Allington Pippin’ ‘Arthur Turner’ AGM ‘Barnack Orange’ ‘Baumann's Reinette’ ‘Belle de Boskoop’ AGM (triploid) ‘Belle de Pontoise’ ‘Blenheim Orange’ AGM (triploid, partial tip bearer) ‘Bountiful’ ‘Bowden's Seedling’ ‘Bramley's Seedling’ AGM (triploid, partial tip bearer) ‘Brownlees Russett’ ‘Charles Ross’ AGM ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ */** ‘Crispin’ (syn.