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Lever Or Barrier to the Globalization of Knowledge- Intensive Smes of Small Country Origin

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Lever Or Barrier to the Globalization of Knowledge- Intensive Smes of Small Country Origin ISSN 1392 – 2785 Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 2010, 21(4), 387-398 Intellectual Property – Lever or Barrier to the Globalization of Knowledge- intensive SMEs of Small Country Origin Tonis Mets, Kalev Kaarna, Aleksei Kelli University of Tartu Ülikooli 18, 50090 Tartu, Estonia e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Although hundreds of research papers have been penetration. Protected patent portfolio has allowed Skype published on the issue of accelerated internationalisation, to advance to different markets and increase the number of Born Globals and International New Ventures, the services provided. Icosagen has been able to standardise advancement for common theory of International their patent protected technology, which is heavy blocker, Entrepreneurship (IE) has been limited. Little attention has but also creates leverage effects for Icosagen technology. been paid to Intellectual Property (IP) and its strategies in KSMEs have usually relatively low resources for rapidly internationalising companies. marketing, but not only, there is a lack of resources for Researching the role of IP in the internationalisation anything. But this can be not disturbing to global process is especially important in case of knowledge breakthrough as seen on the example of Skype. Clever intensive small and medium size companies (KSME). It has business model, protected IP and free of charge basic been shown that KSME leverage knowledge and other service can create absolutely new approach in the industry. resources in order to internationalise rapidly and gain Moving from a single product/knowledge domain to a competitive advantage on global market. This includes “high system” products is not the absolute rule. Market building on existing knowledge of markets and technology, can cause the contrary processes, i.e. simplifying and incorporating new knowledge domains until the value complexity of the product and its IP protection. For SME of products or services, incorporating all the knowledge, the focus on the concrete technology and product creates becomes more valuable than the sum of different knowledge preconditions for global breakthrough, but is not the domains. guarantee for leverage of all accumulated competences The paper aims to explore the role of intellectual globally. It depends on “happy” combination of product property in the process of becoming global technology- development and IP, allied partnerships and market, and and knowledge-intensive SME of small open economy business model linking all these factors together. country origin. The authors suggest that the impact of IP Keywords: accelerated internationalisation, International on globalization can be threefold. Intellectual Property Entrepreneurship, knowledge leverage, IPR Rights (IPR) can be a barrier to internationalisation, it can be a blocker for constraining competitors’ ability to leverage, and it can support the market and knowledge Introduction leverage. Conducted case study analysis is based on POM- Global business development based on a company’s strategy model, the process theory and market-knowledge intellectual property (IP) strategy cannot be assumed as leverage framework of globalization of KSMEs, and above habitual issue for small company’s growth. Yet the role of mentioned IPR categorisation. IP strategy in rapid internationalisation has been Four companies were chosen for case studies: Regio underscored in the research field of entrepreneurial (mobile positioning software company), Skype Technologies internationalisation. S.A. (global VoIP company), Asper Biotech (small global Research of internationalisation has advanced within biotech company), and Icosagen (small biotech company). last four decades from incremental models such as U- and For all companies obtaining IP rights or not obtaining I-models (Johanson, Vahlne, 1977; Bilkey, Tesar, 1977) to them has been a barrier. Patenting is costly for companies integrated research field of International Entrepreneurship in early stages. In case of software, the best strategy can (McDougall, Oviatt, 2000) studying accelerated be the utilisation of copyright and trade secret protection internationalisation process, which does not have apparent (as in case of Regio). Skype, Asper and Icosagen have used step-by-step behaviour described by incremental models patenting also for either blocking their competition or (Oviatt, McDougall, 1994). Several concepts and terms guaranteeing freedom to operate for themselves. All four have been proposed for describing the accelerated case companies gained VC funding or financial support internationalisation phenomenon starting from from academic institutions. In case of Regio the funding “leapfrogging” (Hedlund, Kverneland, 1985; Madsen, was gained despite the lack of protected IP in form of Servais, 1997) to “Early Internationalising Firms” (Rialp et patents. The companies used the financing and funding in al., 2005). The most predominant terms are Born Global different development stages and for different purposes. firms (BG) and International New Ventures (INV) (Oviatt, Only two companies out of the four have used their McDougall, 1994; Keupp, Gassmann, 2009). The Born patents to leverage their knowledge domains or market Global firms have been defined through the start of -387- Tonis Mets, Kalev Kaarna, Aleksei Kelli. Intellectual Property – Lever or Barrier to the Globalization of… exporting activity relative to foundation of the company Vanage, 2008; Gudas, 2009). This includes building on and the share of export in company’s revenues. The existing knowledge of markets and technology, and earliest definition of BGs was “companies, which started incorporating new knowledge domains until the value of exporting, on average, only two years after their products or services, incorporating all the knowledge, foundation”, compete successfully against larger becomes more valuable than the sum of different companies globally, and “gain... (most)... of their revenues knowledge domains. Such leverage process cannot happen from international markets” (Rennie, 1993). Although accidentally, but require decisions about IP such as several authors have tried to improve the original protection, sharing, and acquiring. definition and define BG company via share of sales on The paper aims to explore the role of intellectual international/global markets or period of becoming property in the process of becoming global technology- international/global, there is no agreement about the and knowledge-intensive SME of small open economy concrete value of criteria (Svensson, 2006; Rialp, Rialp, country origin. The object of research is the role of IP in Urbano, Vaillant, 2005). The BG definition has also lead to KSME internationalisation. The authors suggest that the defining another category of rapidly internationalising impact of IP on globalization can be threefold. In general, companies: Born Again Global (BAG). These are “firms it constitutes a barrier to development of new products that have been well established in their domestic markets, (blocking), entry into new markets (freedom to operate), with apparently no great motivation to internationalise, but etc. Due to these features a company can use IP as a which have suddenly embraced rapid and dedicated blocker for constraining competitors and build barriers. internationalization”. Rapid internationalisation of BAG However, after an KSME has reached certain level of companies is triggered by some critical incident such as development (i.e. has globalized) IP can be utilized as a internationalisation of clients, network partners or change leverage for enhancing, market penetration, and knowledge in management or owners. (Bell et al, 2001) Such domains. Research method is longitudinal case study of behaviour is defined as reactive (Bell et al, 2003). four Estonian origin companies. Case study analysis is Domestic companies having proactive approach for based on secondary data and personal interviews. The internationalisation and intentionally build up their POM-strategy model, process theory and market- knowledge, capabilities and resources over several years knowledge leverage framework of globalisation are used as for rapid internationalisation are labelled as Learned theoretical bases for case analysis. Global (LG) (Mets, 2008). Scientific novelty: The results of the study provide The original definition of International New Ventures better understanding of strategic options that “new (INV) is much more accepted and used by research economy” companies may follow in their community. Oviatt and McDougall (1994) defined INV as internationalization process. The paper highlights possible a “business organization that, from inception, seeks to difficulties that KSMEs face when managing their derive significant competitive advantage from the use of proprietary knowledge, and general possibilities for using resources and the sale of outputs in multiple countries” IP as a lever. Through analysing cases different strategies (Oviatt, McDougall, 1994). In general, BG and INV are identified for overcoming IP barriers, creating blockers, definitions do not differ significantly and therefore could and using IP for leveraging the internationalisation of the be used interchangeably. In current paper we prefer the company. term BG for semantic reasons. Although hundreds of research papers have been Barriers and leverage in globalization process published on the issue of BGs and INVs, the advancement of KSME
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