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Culvert Damage Was in a Supercritical Or Turbulent State, Damage May Have Occurred to Either the Entrance Or Outlet Or Both

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Culvert Damage Was in a Supercritical Or Turbulent State, Damage May Have Occurred to Either the Entrance Or Outlet Or Both FLOOD HAZARD MITIGATION HANDBOOK FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES Produced By: FEMA Region 10 Response & Recovery Division Infrastructure Section June 2001 High Velocity Flows 99 FLOOD HAZARD MITIGATION HANDBOOK FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES Federal Emergency Management Agency Region 10 June 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS VII. MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES A. Inundation ................................................................ 92 B. High Velocity Flows.................................................. 96 Introduction Appendices A. Regulations and Considerations.................................. i Purpose of Handbook B. Glossary & Keyword Index..........................................iii C. Acronyms ....................................................................xi Mitigation Alternatives For Flood Damaged D. References.................................................................xii Public Facilities E. List of Contributors....................................................xiii Flood Damage Introduction I. ROADS A. Ditch Erosion.............................................................. 3 B. Embankment Erosion................................................. 8 C. Surface and Shoulder Erosion................................. 14 II. CULVERTS A. Insufficient Capacity &/or Inefficient End Sections .. 20 B. Plugging ................................................................... 29 C. Embankment Erosion............................................... 34 D. Misalignment............................................................ 40 III. BRIDGES A. Misalignment............................................................ 48 B. Insufficient Capacity (Decks) ................................... 53 C. Erosion (Approaches) .............................................. 59 D. Scour (Piers & Abutments) ...................................... 60 E. Debris Impact (Piers & Abutments).......................... 64 IV. BUILDINGS A. Inundation ................................................................ 71 B. High Velocity Flows.................................................. 77 V. UTILITIES A. High Velocity Flows.................................................. 81 B. Soil Settlement......................................................... 85 VI. IRRIGATION FACILITIES A. High Velocity Flows.................................................. 89 TABLE OF CONTENTS VII. MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES A. Inundation ................................................................ 92 B. High Velocity Flows.................................................. 96 Introduction Appendices A. Regulations and Considerations.................................. i Purpose of Handbook B. Glossary & Keyword Index..........................................iii C. Acronyms ....................................................................xi Mitigation Alternatives For Flood Damaged D. References.................................................................xii Public Facilities E. List of Contributors....................................................xiii Flood Damage Introduction I. ROADS A. Ditch Erosion.............................................................. 3 B. Embankment Erosion................................................. 8 C. Surface and Shoulder Erosion................................. 14 II. CULVERTS A. Insufficient Capacity &/or Inefficient End Sections .. 20 B. Plugging ................................................................... 29 C. Embankment Erosion............................................... 34 D. Misalignment............................................................ 40 III. BRIDGES A. Misalignment............................................................ 48 B. Insufficient Capacity (Decks) ................................... 53 C. Erosion (Approaches) .............................................. 59 D. Scour (Piers & Abutments) ...................................... 60 E. Debris Impact (Piers & Abutments).......................... 64 IV. BUILDINGS A. Inundation ................................................................ 71 B. High Velocity Flows.................................................. 77 V. UTILITIES A. High Velocity Flows.................................................. 81 B. Soil Settlement......................................................... 85 VI. IRRIGATION FACILITIES A. High Velocity Flows.................................................. 89 During the disaster, FEMA works with governmental and INTRODUCTION volunteer agencies, such as the Red Cross, to meet the immediate needs of disaster victims by providing food, shelter, and medical care. Through the Federal Response Plan, FEMA The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) coordinates the resources of other Federal agencies to continuously strives to improve the delivery of disaster respond to emergency situations that are beyond the assistance to states and local governments. This Flood capabilities of State and local resources. Hazard Mitigation Handbook for Public Facilities (Handbook) assists those entities directly affected by natural catastrophic After a disaster, FEMA coordinates long-term recovery efforts events and Presidentially-declared disasters by providing through a number of mitigation programs. The Public various ideas for mitigation measures. These measures are Assistance Program provides funding opportunities for intended to help identify options and mitigation ideas for local implementing mitigation measures during the rebuilding of jurisdictions that can be used at any time, not only after a disaster-damaged public infrastructure. The Hazard Mitigation disaster. Program supports a number of mitigation programs that help protect communities by working to reduce or eliminate future FEMA is charged to provide the focal point of disaster disaster damage. response at the Federal level. FEMA’s mission to reduce loss of life and property caused by natural disasters is The Problem: As disasters have grown in frequency and accomplished through a comprehensive emergency severity, the costs of response and recovery have escalated to management program. unsustainable levels. In the Pacific Northwest, between 1996 and 1998 alone, FEMA provided over $535 million in disaster Before a disaster strikes, FEMA provides funding and technical assistance. This figure does not include assistance paid by assistance for a range of preparedness and mitigation other Federal agencies, costs to State and local governments, activities. One example is floodplain management, of which or direct individual or business losses. Nationwide, natural FEMA has several programs that provide incentives for disasters cost over $50 billion each year. communities to reduce future flood risks. Introduction Introduction During the disaster, FEMA works with governmental and INTRODUCTION volunteer agencies, such as the Red Cross, to meet the immediate needs of disaster victims by providing food, shelter, and medical care. Through the Federal Response Plan, FEMA The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) coordinates the resources of other Federal agencies to continuously strives to improve the delivery of disaster respond to emergency situations that are beyond the assistance to states and local governments. This Flood capabilities of State and local resources. Hazard Mitigation Handbook for Public Facilities (Handbook) assists those entities directly affected by natural catastrophic After a disaster, FEMA coordinates long-term recovery efforts events and Presidentially-declared disasters by providing through a number of mitigation programs. The Public various ideas for mitigation measures. These measures are Assistance Program provides funding opportunities for intended to help identify options and mitigation ideas for local implementing mitigation measures during the rebuilding of jurisdictions that can be used at any time, not only after a disaster-damaged public infrastructure. The Hazard Mitigation disaster. Program supports a number of mitigation programs that help protect communities by working to reduce or eliminate future FEMA is charged to provide the focal point of disaster disaster damage. response at the Federal level. FEMA’s mission to reduce loss of life and property caused by natural disasters is The Problem: As disasters have grown in frequency and accomplished through a comprehensive emergency severity, the costs of response and recovery have escalated to management program. unsustainable levels. In the Pacific Northwest, between 1996 and 1998 alone, FEMA provided over $535 million in disaster Before a disaster strikes, FEMA provides funding and technical assistance. This figure does not include assistance paid by assistance for a range of preparedness and mitigation other Federal agencies, costs to State and local governments, activities. One example is floodplain management, of which or direct individual or business losses. Nationwide, natural FEMA has several programs that provide incentives for disasters cost over $50 billion each year. communities to reduce future flood risks. Introduction Introduction The Solution: The most effective way to reduce these PURPOSE OF HANDBOOK excessive losses is through disaster preparedness and mitigation. To best achieve this goal, we as a society need to vigorously pursue three objectives: The Flood Hazard Mitigation Handbook for Public Facilities (Handbook) is intended to aid local jurisdictions in identifying a OBJECTIVE 1: To break the disaster–rebuild–disaster cycle. variety of feasible mitigation ideas that can
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