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Design for Fish Passage at Roadway-Stream Crossings: Synthesis Report

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Design for Fish Passage at Roadway-Stream Crossings: Synthesis Report U.S. Department Publication No. FHWA-HIF-07-033 of Transportation June 2007 Federal Highway Administration DESIGN FOR FISH PASSAGE AT ROADWAY-STREAM CROSSINGS: SYNTHESIS REPORT Federal Highway Administration Office of Infrastructure Research and Development Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, Virginia 22101 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-HIF-07-033 June 2007 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date June 2007 DESIGN FOR FISH PASSAGE AT ROADWAY-STREAM CROSSINGS: 6. Performing Organization Code SYNTHESIS REPORT 7. Author(s) Rollin H. Hotchkiss and Christopher M. Frei 8. Performing Organization Report No. 9. Performance Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Washington State University Pullman, WA 11. Contract or Grant No. Brigham Young University Provo, UT 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency and Address Final Report September 2004 – June 2007 Office of Infrastructure Research and Development Federal Highway Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101 15. Supplementary Notes Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative: Bart Bergendahl 16. Abstract Cataloging and synthesizing existing methods for the design of roadway-stream crossings for fish passage began in January 2005 with an extensive literature review covering the topics of culvert design and assessment to facilitate fish passage. A survey was posted online to gather input from design professionals across the country, and a Culvert Summit Meeting was held in Denver Colorado from February 15-16, 2006, to allow presentation and discussion of state-of-practice design and assessment techniques. Following the Summit meeting, a Technical Advisory Committee was developed with individuals specifically knowledgeable in the topics of interest. Members were crucial in shaping and reviewing the direction of these guidelines. This document places current culvert design techniques into four categories based on design premise and objectives. These categories include: No Impedance techniques, which span the entire stream channel and floodplain; Geomorphic Simulation techniques, which create fish passage by matching natural channel conditions within the culvert crossing; Hydraulic Simulation techniques, which attempt to closely resemble hydraulic diversity found in the natural channels through the use of natural and oversized substrate; and Hydraulic Design techniques, which may utilize roughness elements such as baffles and weirs to meet species specific fish passage criteria during periods of fish movement. Preliminary chapters covering the topics of fish biology and capabilities, culverts as barriers, fish passage hydrology, and design considerations aid in the selection of appropriate design techniques based on hydraulic, biologic, and geomorphic considerations. A further section presents examples of design techniques fitting the defined design categories. Design examples and case histories for a selection of design techniques are presented next, and are followed by a discussion on construction, maintenance, monitoring, and future research needs. 17. Key Words: 18. Distribution Statement Fish passage, Culverts, Bridges, No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the Culvert assessment, Design methods National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 280 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized ACKNOWLEDGMENT Dr. Rollin H. Hotchkiss and Mr. Christopher Frei are the primary authors of this document. Their work was guided by Mr. Bart Bergendahl, Senior Hydraulic Engineer, Central Lands Federal Highway Division. Significant and invaluable discussion, review, and input were provided by two review committees. Federal Highway Administration Technical Advisory Committee Andrzej (“Andy”) Kosicki Maryland State Highway Administration Marcin Whitman California Department of Fish and Game Mark Miles (deceased) Alaska Department of Transportation Michael Furniss United States Forest Service Robert Gubernick United States Forest Service Scott Jackson University of Massachusetts Bryan Nordland National Marine Fisheries Service Charles Hebson Maine Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Review Team Larry Arneson Resource Center, Hydraulic Engineer Eric Brown Resource Center, Hydraulic Engineer Mark Browning Federal Lands Highway Division, Hydraulic Engineer Paul Garrett Office of Environment, Ecologist Mary Gray Office of Environment, Environmental Specialist Scott Hogan Federal Lands Highway Division, Hydraulic Engineer Kevin Moody Office of Environment, Environmental Specialist Jorge Pagan Office of Infrastructure, Hydraulic Engineer Melissa Schnier Federal Lands Highway Division, Environmental Biologist -ii­ DEDICATION This document is dedicated to the memory of Mark Miles for his interest in promoting and preserving fish passage at roadway-stream crossings and his many overall contributions to the hydraulic engineering community. He is and will always be remembered as a valued source of knowledge, experience, and reason in his profession. His friendship, candor, and leadership will be sorely missed by all who knew him. -iii­ BACKGROUND Development of this publication began in January 2005 with a literature review covering the topics of culvert design and assessment to ensure fish passage. In February 2005 a project website was posted to keep others apprised of progress, as well as to enhance contact with professionals interested in fish passage design and assessment. In May 2005, a fish-passage survey was posted online to gather input from design professionals, non-governmental organizations, and other interested parties. Through February 2006 there were 67 respondents from 29 states representing biologists, fisheries managers, hydraulic engineers, bridge engineers, drainage engineers, and environmental managers. All respondents were actively involved in roadway-stream crossing issues; their opinions can be assumed to be representative of their agencies. Of the states represented, only five reported fish passage to be of minor importance including New Hampshire, Florida, Oklahoma, Arizona, and Illinois. Furthermore, 13 states rated fish passage as an extremely important concern. Survey comments were used to shape the initial direction of the document. A Fish Passage Summit Meeting was held on February 15th – 16th, 2006 in Denver, Colorado. This comprised of 3 sessions – over one and a half days – covering the topics of culvert assessment, design and retrofit, and culvert replacement case histories. Speakers were selected, with design professionals known to be knowledgeable in each of our session topics, and care was taken to ensure that information was presented from regions that are under-represented in fish passage literature. Panel discussions were conducted at the conclusion of each session to invite audience participation and gain perspective on the topics presented. Overall, there were 110 people in attendance, including 16 speakers. Affiliation ranged from non-governmental-organizations to state departments of transportation. A Technical Advisory Committee Meeting was held at the conclusion of the Summit Meeting. Those in attendance are specifically knowledgeable in each of the topic areas, and were active in shaping this document. Members of the Technical Advisory Committee included: Andrzej (“Andy”) Kosicki Maryland State Highway Administration Marcin Whitman California Department of Fish and Game Mark Miles (deceased) Alaska Department of Transportation Michael Furniss United States Forest Service Robert Gubernick United States Forest Service Scott Jackson University of Massachusetts Bryan Nordland National Marine Fisheries Service -iv­ Mr. Hebson from the Maine Department of Transportation has since joined the Technical Advisory Committee. In addition to the Culvert Summit Meeting, consultation with members of the Forest Service Technology and Development Center in San Dimas, California, as well as with Michael Love and Associates and Michael Furniss (key developers in USFS’s FishXing) was important in shaping project scope and direction. These meetings included site visits to inspect completed fish passage restoration projects and tide gates. The following document represents the culmination of an effort to gather and share information necessary to understand the current state of bridge and culvert design for fish passage. -v­ This page intentionally left blank -vi­ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………………………………………… ii DEDICATION………………………………………………........................................ iii BACKGROUND…………………………………………………………….…………...iv TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………..vii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………… xv LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………xvii GLOSSARY…………………………………………………………………………… xxi GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS……………………………………………………....xxix LIST OF SYMBOLS………………………………………………………………….. xxx 1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1-1 1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE.........................................................................1-1 1.2 HIGHWAY PERSPECTIVE .....................................................................1-2 1.3 ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ...............................................................1-4
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