Aposematism and Mimicry in Caterpillars
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Aposematic Coloration
Preprint for: Joron, M. 2003. In Encyclopedia of insects (R. T. Cardé & V. H. Resh, eds), pp. 39-45. Academic Press, New York. Aposematic Coloration Mathieu Joron Leiden University nsects attract collectors’ attention because they are ex- tremely diverse and often bear spectacular colors. To I biologists, however, bright coloration has been a con- stantly renewed puzzle because it makes an insect a highly FIGURE 1 Pseudosphinx tetrio hawk moth caterpillar from the Peruvian conspicuous prey to prospective predators. Charles Darwin Amazon showing a combination of red and black, classical colors used by aposematic insects. These larvae feed on toxic latex-sapped trees in understood that bright colors or exaggerated morphologies the Apocynaceae. Length 14 cm. (Photograph © M. Joron, 1999.) could evolve via sexual selection. However, he felt sexual selection could not account for the conspicuous color pattern Unprofitability is difficult to define, and even more difficult of non-reproductive larvae in, for example, Pseudosphinx to measure. It is certainly contextually defined, because the hawk moth caterpillars (Fig. 1). In a reply to Darwin about propensity of an animal to eat something is highly dependent this puzzle, Alfred R. Wallace proposed that bright colors on its level of hunger and its ability to use the prey for energy could advertise the unpalatability of the caterpillars to experi- once eaten. Palatability (i.e., the predator’s perception of prey enced predators. Indeed, prey that are not edible to predators profitability), greatly determines whether the predator will or are predicted to gain by exhibiting conspicuous and very rec- will not eat the prey. -
Insects of Western North America 4. Survey of Selected Insect Taxa of Fort Sill, Comanche County, Oklahoma 2
Insects of Western North America 4. Survey of Selected Insect Taxa of Fort Sill, Comanche County, Oklahoma 2. Dragonflies (Odonata), Stoneflies (Plecoptera) and selected Moths (Lepidoptera) Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University Survey of Selected Insect Taxa of Fort Sill, Comanche County, Oklahoma 2. Dragonflies (Odonata), Stoneflies (Plecoptera) and selected Moths (Lepidoptera) by Boris C. Kondratieff, Paul A. Opler, Matthew C. Garhart, and Jason P. Schmidt C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 March 15, 2004 Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University Cover illustration (top to bottom): Widow Skimmer (Libellula luctuosa) [photo ©Robert Behrstock], Stonefly (Perlesta species) [photo © David H. Funk, White- lined Sphinx (Hyles lineata) [photo © Matthew C. Garhart] ISBN 1084-8819 This publication and others in the series may be ordered from the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Copyrighted 2004 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………….…1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..…………………………………………….…3 OBJECTIVE………………………………………………………………………………………….………5 Site Descriptions………………………………………….. METHODS AND MATERIALS…………………………………………………………………………….5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………………..…...11 Dragonflies………………………………………………………………………………….……..11 -
Species of Greatest Conservation Need 2015 Wildlife Action Plan
RHODE ISLAND SPECIES OF GREATEST CONSERVATION NEED 2015 WILDLIFE ACTION PLAN RI SGCN 2015 (454) Contents SGCN Mammals ............................................................................................................................. 2 SGCN Birds .................................................................................................................................... 3 SGCN Herptofauna ......................................................................................................................... 6 SGCN Fish ...................................................................................................................................... 7 SGCN Invertebrates ........................................................................................................................ 9 1 RHODE ISLAND SPECIES OF GREATEST CONSERVATION NEED 2015 WILDLIFE ACTION PLAN SGCN Mammals (21) Scientific Name Common Name Balaenoptera physalus Fin Whale Eptesicus fuscus Big Brown Bat Eubalaena glacialis North Atlantic Right Whale Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired Bat Lasiurus borealis Eastern Red Bat Lasiurus cinereus Hoary Bat Lynx rufus Bobcat Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback Whale Microtus pennsylvanicus provectus Block Island Meadow Vole Myotis leibii Eastern Small-footed Myotis Myotis lucifugus Little Brown Myotis Myotis septentrionalis Northern Long-eared Bat Perimyotis subflavus Tri-colored Bat Phoca vitulina Harbor Seal Phocoena phocoena Harbor Porpoise Scalopus aquaticus Eastern Mole Sorex (Otisorex) fumeus Smoky -
Macrolepidoptera Inventory of the Chilcotin District
Macrolepidoptera Inventory of the Chilcotin District Aud I. Fischer – Biologist Jon H. Shepard - Research Scientist and Crispin S. Guppy – Research Scientist January 31, 2000 2 Abstract This study was undertaken to learn more of the distribution, status and habitat requirements of B.C. macrolepidoptera (butterflies and the larger moths), the group of insects given the highest priority by the BC Environment Conservation Center. The study was conducted in the Chilcotin District near Williams Lake and Riske Creek in central B.C. The study area contains a wide variety of habitats, including rare habitat types that elsewhere occur only in the Lillooet-Lytton area of the Fraser Canyon and, in some cases, the Southern Interior. Specimens were collected with light traps and by aerial net. A total of 538 species of macrolepidoptera were identified during the two years of the project, which is 96% of the estimated total number of species in the study area. There were 29,689 specimens collected, and 9,988 records of the number of specimens of each species captured on each date at each sample site. A list of the species recorded from the Chilcotin is provided, with a summary of provincial and global distributions. The habitats, at site series level as TEM mapped, are provided for each sample. A subset of the data was provided to the Ministry of Forests (Research Section, Williams Lake) for use in a Flamulated Owl study. A voucher collection of 2,526 moth and butterfly specimens was deposited in the Royal BC Museum. There were 25 species that are rare in BC, with most known only from the Riske Creek area. -
Moths & Butterflies of Grizzly Peak Preserve
2018 ANNUAL REPORT MOTHS & BUTTERFLIES OF GRIZZLY PEAK PRESERVE: Inventory Results from 2018 Prepared and Submi�ed by: DANA ROSS (Entomologist/Lepidoptera Specialist) Corvallis, Oregon SUMMARY The Grizzly Peak Preserve was sampled for butterflies and moths during May, June and October, 2018. A grand total of 218 species were documented and included 170 moths and 48 butterflies. These are presented as an annotated checklist in the appendix of this report. Butterflies and day-flying moths were sampled during daylight hours with an insect net. Nocturnal moths were collected using battery-powered backlight traps over single night periods at 10 locations during each monthly visit. While many of the documented butterflies and moths are common and widespread species, others - that include the Western Sulphur (Colias occidentalis primordialis) and the noctuid moth Eupsilia fringata - represent more locally endemic and/or rare taxa. One geometrid moth has yet to be identified and may represent an undescribed (“new”) species. Future sampling during March, April, July, August and September will capture many more Lepidoptera that have not been recorded. Once the site is more thoroughly sampled, the combined Grizzly Peak butterfly-moth fauna should total at least 450-500 species. INTRODUCTION The Order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) is an abundant and diverse insect group that performs essential ecological functions within terrestrial environments. As a group, these insects are major herbivores (caterpillars) and pollinators (adults), and are a critical food source for many species of birds, mammals (including bats) and predacious and parasitoid insects. With hundreds of species of butterflies and moths combined occurring at sites with ample habitat heterogeneity, a Lepidoptera inventory can provide a valuable baseline for biodiversity studies. -
Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fauna of Bombyces, Sphinges And
driemaandelijks tijdschrift van de VLAAMSE VERENIGING VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE Afgiftekantoor 2170 Merksem 1 ISSN 0771-5277 Periode: oktober – november – december 2002 Erkenningsnr. P209674 Redactie: Dr. J–P. Borie (Compiègne, France), Dr. L. De Bruyn (Antwerpen), T. C. Garrevoet (Antwerpen), B. Goater (Chandlers Ford, England), Dr. K. Maes (Gent), Dr. K. Martens (Brussel), H. van Oorschot (Amsterdam), D. van der Poorten (Antwerpen), W. O. De Prins (Antwerpen). Redactie-adres: W. O. De Prins, Nieuwe Donk 50, B-2100 Antwerpen (Belgium). e-mail: [email protected]. Jaargang 30, nummer 4 1 december 2002 Contribution to the knowledge of the fauna of Bombyces, Sphinges and Noctuidae of the Southern Ural Mountains, with description of a new Dichagyris (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae, Endromidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, Notodontidae, Noctuidae, Pantheidae, Lymantriidae, Nolidae, Arctiidae) Kari Nupponen & Michael Fibiger [In co-operation with Vladimir Olschwang, Timo Nupponen, Jari Junnilainen, Matti Ahola and Jari- Pekka Kaitila] Abstract. The list, comprising 624 species in the families Lasiocampidae, Endromidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, Notodontidae, Noctuidae, Pantheidae, Lymantriidae, Nolidae and Arctiidae from the Southern Ural Mountains is presented. The material was collected during 1996–2001 in 10 different expeditions. Dichagyris lux Fibiger & K. Nupponen sp. n. is described. 17 species are reported for the first time from Europe: Clostera albosigma (Fitch, 1855), Xylomoia retinax Mikkola, 1998, Ecbolemia misella (Püngeler, 1907), Pseudohadena stenoptera Boursin, 1970, Hadula nupponenorum Hacker & Fibiger, 2002, Saragossa uralica Hacker & Fibiger, 2002, Conisania arida (Lederer, 1855), Polia malchani (Draudt, 1934), Polia vespertilio (Draudt, 1934), Polia altaica (Lederer, 1853), Mythimna opaca (Staudinger, 1899), Chersotis stridula (Hampson, 1903), Xestia wockei (Möschler, 1862), Euxoa dsheiron Brandt, 1938, Agrotis murinoides Poole, 1989, Agrotis sp. -
World Bank Document
Public Disclosure Authorized Desertification Control and Ecological Conservation Project in Ningxia, China Pest Management Plan Public Disclosure Authorized Forestry Bureau of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Public Disclosure Authorized October 10, 2011 Public Disclosure Authorized Contents 2.1 Occurrence of Pests and Diseases ................................................................3 2.2 Current Pest Control Methods in Ningxia ..................................................7 3.1 Pesticide regulatory framework in Ningxia ................................................9 3.2 Administration of pests/diseases control ...................................................10 3.3 Organizational Responsibilities for Quality and Safety .......................... 11 4.1 The basic principles .....................................................................................12 4.2 Improving pesticide use for forest pest control ........................................12 4.3 Management of pesticides distribution and use. ....................................13 4.4 Measures of pesticides use ........................................................................14 5.1 Purpose of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) System ....................16 5.2 Main Forest Pest Control Methods and Pesticide Types Proposed ........17 5.2.1 Control methods .......................................................................................17 5.2.2 Pesticide types ...........................................................................................18 -
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40 Review and Update of Non-mollusk Invertebrate Species in Greatest Need of Conservation: Final Report Leon C. Hinz Jr. and James N. Zahniser Illinois Natural History Survey Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois 30 April 2015 INHS Technical Report 2015 (31) Prepared for: Illinois Department of Natural Resources State Wildlife Grant Program (Project Number T-88-R-001) Unrestricted: for immediate online release. Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Brian D. Anderson, Interim Executive Director Illinois Natural History Survey Geoffrey A. Levin, Acting Director 1816 South Oak Street Champaign, IL 61820 217-333-6830 Final Report Project Title: Review and Update of Non-mollusk Invertebrate Species in Greatest Need of Conservation. Project Number: T-88-R-001 Contractor information: University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign Institute of Natural Resource Sustainability Illinois Natural History Survey 1816 South Oak Street Champaign, IL 61820 Project Period: 1 October 2013—31 September 2014 Principle Investigator: Leon C. Hinz Jr., Ph.D. Stream Ecologist Illinois Natural History Survey One Natural Resources Way, Springfield, IL 62702-1271 217-785-8297 [email protected] Prepared by: Leon C. Hinz Jr. & James N. Zahniser Goals/ Objectives: (1) Review all SGNC listing criteria for currently listed non-mollusk invertebrate species using criteria in Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, (2) Assess current status of species populations, (3) Review criteria for additional species for potential listing as SGNC, (4) Assess stressors to species previously reviewed, (5) Complete draft updates and revisions of IWAP Appendix I and Appendix II for non-mollusk invertebrates. T-88 Final Report Project Title: Review and Update of Non-mollusk Invertebrate Species in Greatest Need of Conservation. -
Two Aberrations of Callosamia Promethea (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
©Entomologischer Verein Apollo e.V. Frankfurt am Main; download unter www.zobodat.at 323 Two Aberrations of Callosamia promethea (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) by Richard S. PEIGLER Zwei Aberrationen bei Callosamia promethea (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Zusammenfassung: Die drei Arten der Gattung Callosamia leben im östlichen Nordamerika. In den letzten 25 Jahren wurden unter einigen hundert gefangenen oder gezüchteten Tieren nur zwei bemerkenswerte Aberrationen festgestellt, die hier beschrieben, abgebildet und mit Literaturmeldungen anderer derartiger Aberrationen verglichen werden. Beide Stücke sind im Naturhistorischen Museum in Denver de poniert. Es handelt sich erstens um einen unregelmäßigen Mosaikgynandromorphen von Callosamia promethea (Abb. 1), der aus Zuchtpuppen von Ada, Kent Co., Mi chigan, schlüpfte. Er zeigte in einer Nacht kein weibliches Paarungsverhalten; ein normales Weibchen zum Test in Gegenrichtung stand nicht zur Verfügung. Das zweite Tier ist ein Weibchen von Callosamia promethea (Abb. 2) aus Pine Grove, Schuylkill Co., Pennsylvania, mit praktisch symmetrischen Aussparungen in den Hinterflügeln. Solche Löcher in den Flügeln sind oftmals die Folge von Verlet zungen im Puppenstadium; jedoch könnten bei so dezidiert symmetrischer Ausbil dung auch andere Ursachen in Frage kommen. Introduction Moths of the genus Callosamia range in eastern North America. Over the past 25 years, I have collected or reared several hundred specimens of the three species, among which only two aberrations have been noted. This paper describes and figures these two specimens, and cites reports of similar specimens from earlier literature. Both specimens described below are in the Denver Museum of Natural History (see News of the Lepidopterists’ Society, January/February 1991, page 3). Gynandromorphs and sexual mosaics At least four gynandromorphs ofCallosamia promethea (DRURY) have been reported; one was given by HESSEL (1964), and SCHUSSLER (1934: 587) listed literature citations for the other three. -
Testing a Popular Indicator Taxon at Local Scales
Biological Conservation 103 (2002) 361–370 www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Does butterfly diversity predict moth diversity? Testing a popular indicator taxon at local scales Taylor H. Ricketts*, Gretchen C. Daily, Paul R. Ehrlich Department of Biological Sciences, Gilbert Hall, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA Received 23 July 2000; received in revised form 2 May 2001; accepted 10 June 2001 Abstract Indicator taxa are often proposed as efficient ways of identifying conservation priorities, but the correlation between putative indicators and other taxa has not been adequately tested. We examined whether a popular indicator taxon, the butterflies, could provide a useful surrogate measure of diversity in a closely related but relatively poorly known group, the moths, at a local scale relevant to many conservation decisions (100–101 km2). We sampled butterflies and moths at 19 sites representing the three major terrestrial habitats in sub-alpine Colorado: meadows, aspen forests, and conifer forests. We found no correlation between moth and butterfly diversity across the 19 sites, using any of five different diversity measures. Correlations across only meadow sites (to test for correlation within a single, species-rich habitat) were also not significant. Butterflies were restricted largely to meadows, where their host plants occur and thermal environment is favorable. In contrast, all three habitats contained substantial moth diversity, and several moth species were restricted to each habitat. These findings suggest that (1) butterflies are unlikely to be useful indica- tors of moth diversity at a local scale; (2) phylogenetic relatedness is not a reliable criterion for selecting appropriate indicator taxa; and (3) a habitat-based approach would more effectively conserve moth diversity in this landscape and may be preferable in many situations where indicator taxa relationships are untested. -
Butterflies of North America
Insects of Western North America 7. Survey of Selected Arthropod Taxa of Fort Sill, Comanche County, Oklahoma. 4. Hexapoda: Selected Coleoptera and Diptera with cumulative list of Arthropoda and additional taxa Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177 2 Insects of Western North America. 7. Survey of Selected Arthropod Taxa of Fort Sill, Comanche County, Oklahoma. 4. Hexapoda: Selected Coleoptera and Diptera with cumulative list of Arthropoda and additional taxa by Boris C. Kondratieff, Luke Myers, and Whitney S. Cranshaw C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 August 22, 2011 Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity. Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177 3 Cover Photo Credits: Whitney S. Cranshaw. Females of the blow fly Cochliomyia macellaria (Fab.) laying eggs on an animal carcass on Fort Sill, Oklahoma. ISBN 1084-8819 This publication and others in the series may be ordered from the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1177. Copyrighted 2011 4 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................7 SUMMARY AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS -
Does Spatial Variation in Predation Pressure Modulate Selection for Aposematism?
Received: 3 April 2017 | Revised: 25 May 2017 | Accepted: 30 May 2017 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3221 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Does spatial variation in predation pressure modulate selection for aposematism? S. Tharanga Aluthwattha1,2 | Rhett D. Harrison3 | Kithsiri B. Ranawana4 | Cheng Xu5 | Ren Lai5 | Jin Chen1 1Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Abstract Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, It is widely believed that aposematic signals should be conspicuous, but in nature, they Mengla, Yunnan, China vary from highly conspicuous to near cryptic. Current theory, including the honest 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China signal or trade- off hypotheses of the toxicity–conspicuousness relationship, cannot 3World Agroforestry Centre, East & Southern explain why adequately toxic species vary substantially in their conspicuousness. Africa Region, Woodlands, Lusaka, Zambia Through a study of similarly toxic Danainae (Nymphalidae) butterflies and their mimics 4Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka that vary remarkably in their conspicuousness, we show that the benefits of conspicu- 5Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese ousness vary along a gradient of predation pressure. Highly conspicuous butterflies Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China experienced lower avian attack rates when background predation pressure was low, Correspondence but attack rates increased rapidly as background predation pressure increased. Jin Chen, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Conversely, the least conspicuous butterflies experienced higher attack rates at low Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, predation pressures, but at high predation pressures, they appeared to benefit from Mengla, Yunnan, China. crypsis. Attack rates of intermediately conspicuous butterflies remained moderate and Email: [email protected] constant along the predation pressure gradient.